Basic Energy Considerations

By considering the basic operation of

Household fan (pump).
Windmill (turbine).

10
Household Fan 1/2
™ Consider a fan blade driven at constant angular velocity by the
motor.
™ Absolute velocity is the vector sums of relative and blade velocities.
r
The blade velocity U = ωr
The absolute velocity V seen by a person
sitting stationary at the table on which the fan
rests.
The relative velocity seen by a person riding on
the fan blade W
r r r
V=W+U
11
Household Fan 2/2

Idealized flow through a fan: (a) fan blade geometry: (b) absolute
velocity, V; relative velocity, W, and blade velocity, U at the inlet and
exit of the fan blade section. 12
Windmill
™ Consider the windmill. Rather than the rotor being driven by a
motor, it is rotated in the opposite direction by the wind blowing
through the rotor.

Idealized flow through a windmill: (a) windmill blade geometry; (b)

absolute velocity, V; relative velocity, W, and blade velocity, U at
the inlet and exit of the windmill blade section. 13
Example 12.1 Drag from Pressure and
Shear Stress Distributions
z The rotor shown in Fig. E12.1a rotates at a constant angular velocity
of ω= 100 rad/s. Although the fluid initially approaches the rotor in
an axial direction, the flow across the blades is primarily radial.
Measurements indicate that the absolute velocity at the inlet and
outlet are V1 = 12 m/s and V2 = 15 m/s, respectively. Is this device a
pump or a turbine?

14
Example 12.1 Solution1/2
If the tangential component f the force of the blade on the fluid is in
the direction of the blade motion (a pump) or opposite to it (a
turbine).

The inlet and outlet blade

U1 = ωr1 = 10m / s U 2 = ωr2 = 10m / s

15
Example 12.1 Solution2/2
The inlet velocity triangle The outlet velocity triangle

At the inlet there is no component of absolute velocity in the

direction of rotation; at the outlet this component is not zero. That is,
the blade pushes and turns the fluid in the direction of the blade
motion, thereby doing work on the fluid. Æ This device is a pump.
16
Basic Angular Momentum
Considerations

17
Angular Momentum Considerations 1/6

™ Work transferred to or from a fluid flowing through a

pump or a turbine occurs by interaction between moving
rotor blades and the fluid.
DPump: The shaft toque (the torque that the shaft applies
to the rotor) and the rotation of the rotor are in the same
direction, energy is transferred from the shaft to the
rotor and from the rotor to the fluid.
DTurbine: The torque exerted by the shaft on the rotor is
opposite to the direction of rotation, the energy transfer
is from the fluid to the rotor.
18
Angular Momentum Considerations 2/6

™ All of the turbomachines involve the rotation of an

impeller or a rotor about a central axis, it is appropriate to
discuss their performance in terms of torque and angular
momentum.

19
Angular Momentum Considerations 3/6

™ In a turbomachine a series of particles (a continuum)

passes through the rotor.
™ For steady flow, the moment of momentum equation
applied to a control volume
r r r r r r
∑ ∫
( r × F ) = ( r × V )ρ V ⋅ n dA
CS

Net rate of flow of moment-of-

Sum of the external torques momentum (angular momentum)
through the control volume
20
Angular Momentum Considerations 4/6
Applied to the one-dimensional simplification of flow
through a turbomachine rotor, the axial component

& 1 ( r1Vθ1 ) + m
Tshaft = − m & 2 ( r2 Vθ 2 ) (2)

Shaft work applied to the contents Euler turbomachine equation

of the control volume
“+” : in the same direction as rotation
“-” : in the opposite direction as rotation

Euler turbomachine equation : the shaft torque is directly

proportional to the mass flowrate. The torque also depends on the
tangential component of the absolute velocity, Vθ.
21
Angular Momentum Considerations 5/6

&
W shaft =T shaft ω
(2) (3)

&
W shaft = − m
& 1 ( U1Vθ1 ) + m
& 2 ( U 2 Vθ2 ) (4)

W&
w shaft = shaft = −( U1Vθ1 ) + ( U 2 Vθ2 ) (5)
&
m
& =m
m &1 =m
&2

(3)
(3 (4) (5) :The basic governing equations for pumps or
turbines whether the machines are radial-, mixed, or axial-flow
devices and for compressible and incompressible flows.
22
Angular Momentum Considerations 6/6
Another useful but more laborious form.
Based on the velocity triangles at the entrance or exit.

V 2 = Vθ2 + Vx2 Vx2 = V 2 − Vθ2 (6)

Vx2 + ( Vθ − U ) 2 = W 2 (7)

V2 + U2 − W2
(6)+(7) Vθ U =
2

V22 − V12 + U 22 − U12 − ( W22 − W12 )

(5) w shaft = (8)
2
Turbomachine work is related to changes in absolute, relative, and
blade velocities. 23
The Centrifugal Pump

24
Structure of the Centrifugal Pump 1/3

™ Centrifugal pump has two main components: an impeller

and a stationary casing, housing, or volute.

25
Structure of the Centrifugal Pump 2/3

™ An impeller attached to the rotating shaft. The impeller

consists of a number of blades, also sometimes called
vanes, arranged in a regular pattern around the shaft.

Type of impeller
(a) Open impeller, (b) enclosed or shrouded impeller
26
Structure of the Centrifugal Pump 3/3

™ A stationary casing, housing, or volute enclosing the

impeller.
DThe casing shape is designed to reduce the velocity as
the fluid leaves the impeller, and this decrease in kinetic
energy is converted into an increase in pressure.
DThe volute-shaped casing, with its increase area in the
direction of flow, is used to produce an essentially
uniform velocity distribution as the fluid moves around
the casing into the discharge opening.

27
Operation of the Centrifugal Pump

™ As the impeller rotates, fluid is sucked in through the eye

of the casing and flows radially outward.
™ Energy is added to the fluid by the rotating blades, and
both pressure and absolute velocity are increased as the
fluid lows from the eye to the periphery of the blades.

28
Stages of the Centrifugal Pump

™ Simple stage pump: Only one impeller is mounted on the

shaft.
™ Multistage pump: Several impellers are mounted on the
same shaft.
DThe flowrate is the same through all stages.
DEach stage develops an additional pressure rise.
DFor a very large discharge pressure.

29
Theoretical Considerations 1/5

™ The basic theory of

operation of a centrifugal
pump can be developed by
considering the average
one-dimensional flow of
the fluid as it passes
between the inlet and the
outlet sections of the
impeller as the blades
rotate.
Velocity diagrams at the inlet and exit of a centrifugal pump impeller.
30
Theoretical Considerations 2/5

™ The moment of momentum equation indicates that the

shaft torque required to rotate the pump impeller is
T shaft = m
& ( r2 Vθ2 − r1Vθ1 ) = ρQ( r2 Vθ2 − r1Vθ1 ) (9) (10)

& =m
m &1 =m
&2 The tangential components of the absolute velocity

&
W shaft =T shaft ω = ρQω( r2 Vθ 2 − r1Vθ1 ) = ρ Q( U 2 Vθ 2 − U1Vθ1 ) (11)

W&
w shaft = shaft = U 2 Vθ2 − U1Vθ1 (12)
&
m

31
Theoretical Considerations 3/5

™ The head that a pump adds to the fluid is an important

parameter. The ideal or maximum head rise possible, hi
&
W shaft = ρgQh i
1
+(12) h i = ( U 2 Vθ2 − U1Vθ1 ) (13)
g
( V22 − V12 ) + ( U 22 − U12 ) + ( W12 − W22 )
(8)+(12) hi = (14)
2g

32
Theoretical Considerations 4/5

™ An appropriate relationship between the flowrate and the

pump ideal head rise:
U 2 Vθ2
α1=90º +(12) hi = (15)
g
U 2 − Vθ2
cot β 2 =
Vr 2
U 22 U 2 Vr 2 cot β 2
(15) hi = − (16) Q = 2 πr2 b 2 Vr 2 (17)
g g
U 22 U 2 cot β 2
(16)+(17) hi = − Q (18)
g 2 πr2 b 2 g
33
Theoretical Considerations 5/5
U 22 U 2 cot β 2 For a centrifugal pump with
hi = − Q
g 2 πr2 b 2 g backward curved vanes ( β2 <90º )

34
Example 12.2 Centrifugal Pump Performance
Based on Inlet/Outlet Velocities
z Water is pumped at the rate of 1400 gpm through a centrifugal pump
operating at a speed of 1750 rpm. The impeller has a uniform blade
length, b, of 2 in. with r1 = 1.9 in. and r2 = 7.0 in., and the exit blade
angle is β=23º . Assume ideal flow conditions and that the
tangential velocity component, Vθ1, of the water entering the blade
is zero (α1=90 º). Determine (a) the tangential velocity component,
Vθ2, at the exit, (b) the ideal head rise, ha, and (c) the power, W &
shaft ,
transferred to the fluid. Discuss the difference between ideal and
actual head rise. Is the power, W &
shaft ,ideal or actual? Explain.

35
Example 12.2 Solution1/2
The tip velocity of the impeller
U 2 = ωr2 = (7 / 12ft )( 2πrad / rev )(1750rpm / 60s / min) = 107ft / s

Since the flowrate is given

Q
Q = 2πr2 b 2 Vr 2 Vr 2 = = 5.11ft / s
2πr2 b 2
U 2 − Vθ2
cot β 2 = ⇒ Vθ2 = U 2 − Vr 2 cot β 2 = 95.0ft / s
Vr 2

U 2 Vθ2
(15) hi = = 316ft
g
36
Example 12.2 Solution2/2
The power transferred to the fluid

&
W shaft = ρQU 2 Vθ2 = ... = 112 hp

37
Pump Performance Characteristics 1/8

™ Typical experimental arrangement for determining the

head rise, ha, gained by a fluid flowing through a pump.
™ Using the energy equation with ha=hs-hL

p 2 − p1 V22 V12
ha = + z 2 − z1 + − (19)
γ 2g 2g

38
Pump Performance Characteristics 2/8

The differences in elevations p 2 − p1

ha ≈ (20)
and velocities are small γ
The power gained by the fluid
P f = γQh a (21)

γQh a
P f = water horsepower = (22)
550
Overall efficient
power gained by the fluid Pf γQh a / 550
η= = = (23)
&
shaft power driving the pump Wshaft bhp
39
Pump Performance Characteristics 3/8

™ The overall pump efficiency is affected by the hydraulic

losses in the pump, and in addition, by the mechanical
losses in the bearings and seals.
™ There may also be some power loss due to leakage of the
fluid between the back surface of the impeller hub plate
and the casing, or through other pump components.
™ This leakage contribution to the overall efficiency is called
the volumetric loss.

40
Pump Performance Characteristics 4/8

™ The overall efficiency arises from three source, the

hydraulic efficiency, ηh,,the mechanical efficiency, ηm ,,
and the volumetric efficiency, ηv
Dη=ηhηmηv

41
Pump Performance Characteristics 5/8

Performance characteristics for a given pump geometry

and operating speed are usually given in the plots of ha, η,
and bhp versus Q. Rising head curve

Typical performance
characteristics for a centrifugal
pump of a given size operating at a
constant impeller speed.

Best efficiency points (BEP) capacity 42

Pump Performance Characteristics 6/8

™ Rise head curve: the head curve continuously rises as the

flowrate decreases.
™ Falling head curve: ha-Q curves initially rise as Q is
decreased from the design value and then fall with a
continued decrease in Q.
™ Shutoff head: the head developed by the pump at zero
discharge. It represents the rise in pressure head across the
pump with the discharge valve closed.
™ Best efficiency points (BEP): the points on the various
curves corresponding to the maximum efficiency.

43
Pump Performance Characteristics 7/8

™ As the discharge is increased from zero the brake

horsepower increases, with a subsequent fall as the
maximum discharge is approached.
™ The efficiency is a function of the flowrate and reaches a
maximum value at some particular value of the flowrate,
commonly referred to as the normal or design flowrate or
capacity for the pump.
™ The performance curves are very important to the engineer
responsible for the selection of pumps for a particular flow
system.

44
Pump Performance Characteristics 8/8

NPSHR
Required net positive
suction head
Related to conditions
on the suction side of
the pump

Performance curves for a two-stage centrifugal pump operating

at 3500 rpm. Data given for three different impeller diameters. 45
Net Positive Suction Head 1/2

™ On the suction side of a pump, low pressures are

commonly encountered, with the concomitant possibility
of cavitation occurring within the pump.
™ Cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at a given
location is reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid.
When this occurs, vapor bubbles form; this phenomenon
can cause a loss in efficiency as well as structural damage
to the pump.
™ How to characterize the potential for cavitation…

46
Net Positive Suction Head 2/2

™ To characterize the potential for cavitation, define the net

positive suction head (NPSH) as

ps Vs2 p v
NPSH = + − (24)
γ 2g γ
The liquid vapor
The total head on the pressure head
suction side near the
pump impeller inlet

There are actually two values of NPSH of interest.

47
NPSHR and NPSHA 1/3

™ Required NPSH, denoted NPSHR, that must be

maintained, or exceeded, so that cavitation will not occur.
Since pressure lower than those in the suction pipe will
develop in the impeller eye, it is usually necessary to
determine experimentally, for a given pump, the required
NPSHR.
™ Available NPSH, denoted NPSHA, represents the head
that actually occurs for the particular flow system. This
value can be determined experimentally, or calculated if
the system parameters are known.
48
NPSHR and NPSHA 2/3

For a typical flow system

The energy equation applied
between the free liquid
surface and a point on the
suction side of the pump near
the impeller inlet

ps Vs2
∑
p atm Head losses between the free
− z1 = + + hL
γ γ 2g surface and the pump
impeller inlet. 49
NPSHR and NPSHA 3/3

ps Vs2 p atm
γ
+
2g
=
γ
− z1 − ∑h L

The head available at

the pump impeller inlet

∑
p atm pv
NPSH A = − z1 − hL − (25)
γ γ
For proper pump operation

NPSH A ≥ NPSH R
50
Example 12.3 Net Pressure Suction Head

z A centrifugal pump is to be placed above a large, open water tank,

as shown in Fig. 12.13, and is to pump water at a rate of 0.5ft3/s. At
this flowrate the required net positive suction head, NPSHR, is 15 ft,
as specified by the pump manufacturer. If the water temperature is
80ºF and atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi, determine the maximum
height, z1, that the pump can be located above the water surface
without cavitation. Assume that the major loss between the tank and
the pump inlet is due to filter at the pipe inlet having a minor loss
coefficient kL = 20. Other losses can be neglected. The pipe on the
suction side of the pump has a diameter of 4 in. If you were required
to place a valve in the flow path would you place it upstream or
downstream of the pump? Why?
51
Example 12.3 Solution

∑
p atm pv
(25) NPSH A = − z1 − hL −
γ γ

and the maximum value for z1 will occur when ZPSHA=NPSHR

∑
p atm pv
( z1 ) max = − hL − − NPSH R
γ γ
V2
∑
Q
V = = 5.73ft / s hL = KL = ... = 10.2ft
A 2g

∑
p atm pv
( z1 ) max = − hL − − NPSH R = ... = 7.65ft
γ γ
52
System Characteristics and Pump Selection 1/4

For a typical flow system in which a pump is used

The energy equation applied
between points (1) and (2)

h p = z 2 − z1 + ∑ hL (26)

All friction losses

The actual head gained and minor losses
by the fluid from the
pump.
53
System Characteristics and Pump Selection 2/4

(26) h p = z 2 − z1 + KQ 2 (27)

h L ∝ KQ 2
K depends on the pipe size
and lengths, friction factors,
and minor loss coefficients.
(27) is the system equation which shows how the actual
head gained by the fluid from the pump is related to the
system parameters.

54
System Characteristics and Pump Selection 3/4

™ There is also a unique

relationship between the
actual pump head gained
by the fluid and flowrate,
which is governed by the
pump design.

Pipe friction increase due

to wall fouling.
(A)Æ (B) flowrate ↓ Utilization of the system curve and the
pump performance curve to obtain the
efficiency↓ operating point for the system. 55
System Characteristics and Pump Selection 4/4

™ To select a pump for a particular application, it is

necessary to utilize both the system curve, determined by
the system equation, and the pump performance curve.
™ The intersection of both curves represents the operating
point for the system.
DThe operating point wanted to be near the best
efficiency point (BEP).

56
Pumps in Series or Parallel 1/3

Effect of operating pumps in (a) series and (b) in parallel.

57
Pumps in Series or Parallel 2/3

™ When two pumps are placed in series

DThe resulting pump performance curve is obtained by
adding heads at the same flowrate.
DBoth the actual head and the flowrate are increased but
neither will be doubled.
DThe operating point is moved from (A) to (B).

58
Pumps in Series or Parallel 3/3

™ When two pumps are placed in parallel

DThe combined performance curve is obtained by adding
flowrate at the same head.
DThe flowrate is increased significantly, but not be
doubled.
DThe operating point is moved from (A) to (B).

59
Example 12.4 Use of Pump Performance
Curves 1/2
z Water is to be pumped from one large, open tank to a second large,
open tank as shown in Fig. E12.4a. The pipe diameter throughout is
6 in. and the total length of the pipe between the pipe entrance and
exit is 200 ft. Minor loss coefficients for the entrance, exit, and the
elbow are shown on the figure, and the friction factor for the pipe
can be assumed constant and equal to 0.02. A certain centrifugal
pump having the performance characteristics shown in Fig. E12.4b
is suggested as a good pump for this flow system. With this pump,
what would be the flowrate between the tanks? Do you think this
pump would be a good choice?

60
Example 12.4 Use of Pump Performance
Curves 2/2

61
Example 12.4 Solution1/2
Application of the energy equation between the two free surfaces,
points (1) and (2) as indicated, given

p1 V12 p 2 V22 l V2 V2
γ
+
2g
+ z1 =
γ
+
2g
+ z2 + f
D 2g
+ ∑ KL
2g

With p1=p2=0, V1=V2=0, z2-z1=10ft, f=0.02, D=6/12ft, and l =200ft

⎡ ( 200ft ) ⎤ V2
h p = 10 + ⎢0.02 + (0.5 + 1.5 + 1.0)⎥ 2
⎣ (6 / 12ft ) ⎦ 2(32.2ft / s )
Q
V = = .. h p = 10 + 4.43Q 2 Q is in ft 3 / s
A 62
Example 12.4 Solution2/2
With Q in ft3/s System equation for this
particular flow system and
h p = 10 + 4.43Q 2 Eq. (3) reveals how much actual head
the fluid will need to gain from
With Q in gal/min the pump to maintain a certain
flowrate.
h p = 10 + 2.20 × 10 −5 Q 2 Eq. (4)

With intersection occurring at Q=1600 gal/min

With the corresponding actual head gained
equal to 66.5ft
63
Dimensionless Parameters and
Similarity Laws

64
Dimensionless Parameters 1/4

™ The principal, dependent pump variables

DActual head rise ha
DShaft power W &
shaft
Efficiency η
™ The important variables
DCharacteristic diameter D Pertinent lengths li
DSurface roughness ε Flowrate Q
DPump shaft rotational speed ω
DFluid viscosityμ
DFluid density ρ
65
Dimensionless Parameters 2/4

&
dependent var iables : h a , W shaft , η
= f ( D, l i , ε, Q, ω, μ, ρ)

⎛ l i ε Q ρωD 2 ⎞
dependent pi term = φ⎜ , , , ⎟
⎜ D D ωD 3 μ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

66
Dimensionless Parameters 3/4

The dependent pi term may be

gh a ⎛ l i ε Q ρωD 2 ⎞
Head rise coefficient C H = 2 2 = φ1 ⎜⎜ , , 3 , ⎟
⎟
ω D ⎝ D D ωD μ ⎠
&
W ⎛ l i ε Q ρωD 2 ⎞
Power coefficient Cp = shaft
= φ ⎜ , , , ⎟
3 5 2 ⎜ 3 μ ⎟
ρω D ⎝ D D ωD ⎠

ρgQh a ⎛ l i ε Q ρωD 2 ⎞
Efficiency η= = φ3 ⎜ , , , ⎟
W& ⎜ D D ωD 3 μ ⎟
shaft ⎝ ⎠
67
Dimensionless Parameters 4/4

™ For simplicity, ε/D can be neglected in pumps since the

highly irregular shape of the pump chamber is usually the
dominant geometry factor rather than the surface
roughness.
™ With these simplicity and for geometrically similar pumps,
the dependent pi terms are function of only Q/ωD3.
gh a ⎛ Q ⎞ &
W ⎛ Q ⎞
2 2
= φ1 ⎜ 3
⎟ (29) shaft
= φ 2⎜ ⎟
3 5 3 (30)
ω D ⎝ ωD ⎠ ρω D ⎝ ωD ⎠

⎛ Q ⎞
η = φ3 ⎜ 3
⎟ (31) Flow coefficient CQ
⎝ ωD ⎠ 68
Similarity Laws 1/3

Above three equations provide the desired similarity

relationship among a family of geometrically similar pumps
⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ Q ⎞
If ⎜ 3
⎟ =⎜ 3
⎟ (32)
⎝ ωD ⎠1 ⎝ ωD ⎠ 2

⎛ gh a ⎞ ⎛ gh a ⎞ ⎛W & ⎞ ⎛W & ⎞
Then ⎜ 2 2 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 2 ⎟ (33) ⎜ shaft ⎟ =⎜ shaft ⎟ (34)
⎝ ω D ⎠1 ⎝ ω D ⎠ 2 ⎜ ρω3 D 5 ⎟ ⎜ ρω3 D 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠1 ⎝ ⎠2

η1 = η2 (35)

Where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to any two pumps from

the family of geometrically similar pumps. 69
Similarity Laws 2/3

™ With these so-called pump scaling laws, it is possible to

experimentally determine the performance characteristics
of one pump in laboratory and then use these data to
predict the corresponding characteristics for other pumps
within the family under different operating conditions.
DFrom these curves of the performance of different-
sized, geometrically similar pumps can be predicted.

70
Similarity Laws 3/3

Typical performance data for a centrifugal pump:

(a) characteristic curves for a 12-in. centrifugal pump
operating at 1000 rpm, (b) dimensionless characteristic curves. 71
Example 12.5 Use of Pump Scaling Laws

z An 8-in.-diameter centrifugal pump operating at 1200 rpm is

geometrically similar to the 12-in.-diameter pump having the
performance characteristics of Fig. 12.17a and 12.17b while
operating at 1000 rpm. For peak efficiency, predict the discharge,
actual head rise, and shaft horsepower for this smaller pump. The
working fluid is water at 60 ºF.

72
Example 12.5 Solution1/2
(31) For a given efficiency the flow coefficient has
the same value for a given family of pumps.
Fig. 12.17(b) At peak efficiency CQ=0.0625

Q = C Q ωD 3 = 2.33ft 3 / s
= ( 2.33ft 3 / s)(7.48gal / ft 3 )(60s / min) = 1046gpm

The actual head rise and the shaft horsepower can be determined in a
similar manner since at peak efficiency CH=0.019 and Cp=0.014

73
Example 12.5 Solution2/2

C H ω2 D 2
ha = = ... = 41.6ft
g
W& = C ρω3 D 5 = ... = 7150ft ⋅ lb / s = 13.0hp
shaft p

74
Special Pump Scaling Laws 1/6

™ How a change in the operating speed, ω, for a given

pump, affects pump characteristics.
Q1 ω1 Where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to
(32) = (36) the same pump operating at two
Q 2 ω2
different speeds at the same flow
For the same flow coefficient coefficient
with D1=D2
& 3
h a1 ω12 W shaft1 ω
(33) = (37) (34) = 13 (38)
&
W ω2
ha2 ω22 shaft 2

75
Special Pump Scaling Laws 2/6

These scaling laws are useful in estimating the effect of

changing pump speed when some data are available from
a pump test obtained by operating the pump at a particular
speed.

76
Special Pump Scaling Laws 3/6

™ How a change in the impeller diameter, D, of a

geometrically similar family of pumps, operating at a
given speed, affects pump characteristics.
Q1 D13
(32) = 3 (39)
Q2 D2
ω1=ω2

& 5
h a1 D12 W shaft1 D
= 15 (41)
(33) = (40) (34) &
ha2 D 22 W shaft 2 D2

77
Special Pump Scaling Laws 4/6

™ With these scaling laws are based on the condition that, as

the impeller diameter is changed, all other important
geometric variables are properly scaled to maintain
geometric similarity.
™ Geometric scaling is not always possible
™ (39)~(41) will not, in general, be valid.

78
Special Pump Scaling Laws 5/6

™ However, experience has shown that if the impeller

diameter change is not too large, less than about 20%,
these scaling relationships can still be used to estimate the
effect of a change in the impeller diameter.
™ (36)~(41) are sometimes referred to as the pump affinity
law.

79
Special Pump Scaling Laws 6/6

™ It has been found that as the pump size decreases these

effects more significantly influence efficiency because of
smaller clearance and blade size.
™ An approximate, empirical relationship to estimate the
influence of diminishing size on efficiency is
1/ 5
1 − η1 ⎛ D1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (42)
1 − η2 ⎝ D 2 ⎠

80
Specific Speed 1/5

™ Specific speed is a useful pi term obtained by eliminating

diameter D between the low coefficient and the head rise
coefficient
(Q / ωD 3 )1 / 2 ω Q
Ns = 2 2 3/ 4
= 3/ 4
(43)
( gh a / ω D ) ( gh a )

Specific speed varies with flow coefficient just as the

other coefficients and efficiency.

81
Specific Speed 2/5

™ For nay pump it is customary to specify a value of specific

speed at the flow coefficient corresponding to peak
efficiency only.
™ In the United States a modified, dimensional form of
specific speed, Nsd

ω( rpm ) Q( gpm)
N sd = 3/ 4 (44)
[ h a (ft )]

82
Specific Speed 3/5

™ Nsd is expressed in U.S. customary units.

™ Typical value of Nsd are in the range 500 to 4000 for
centrifugal pumps.
™ Both Ns and Nsd have the same physical meaning, but their
magnitudes will differ by a constant conversion factor
Nsd=2733Ns when ωis expressed in rad/s.

83
Specific Speed 4/5

Variation in specific speed with type of pump.

84
Specific Speed 5/5

™ Each family or class of pumps has a particular range of

values of specific speed associated with it.
™ Pumps that have low-capacity, high-head characteristics
will have specific speed that are smaller than that have
high-capacity, low-head characteristics.
™ As Nsd increases beyond about 2000 the peak efficiency of
the purely radial-flow centrifugal pump starts to fall off,
and other type of more efficient pump design are preferred.

85
Suction Specific Speed 1/2

™ Suction specific speed is defined

ω Q
Ss = 3/ 4 (45)
[g( NPSH R )]
™ In the United States a modified, dimensional form of
suction specific speed, Ssd

ω( rpm ) Q( gpm)
Ssd = 3/ 4 (44)
[ NPSH R (ft )]

86
Suction Specific Speed 2/2

™ Typical values for Ssd fall in the range 7000 to 12000.

™ Note that Ssd=2733Ss ,with ω expressed in rad/s.

87
 Axial-Flow and
Mixed-Flow Pumps

88
Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 1/2

™ Centrifugal pumps are radial-flow machines that operate

most efficiently for applications requiring high heads at
relatively low flowrate.
™ For many applications, such as those associate with
drainage and irrigation, high flowrate at low head are
required.
DCentrifugal pumps are not suitable.
DAxial-flow pumps are commonly used.
™ Axial-flow pump, consists of a propeller confined within a
cylindrical casing, is often called propeller pump.
89
Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 2/2

™Schematic diagram of an axial-flow pump arranged for

vertical operation.

DA rotor is connected
to a motor through a
shaft.
DAs the rotor rotates
the fluid is sucked in
through the inlet.
90
Centrifugal Pump vs. Axial-Flow Pump 1/2

™ At design capacity
(maximum efficiency)
the head and brake
horsepower are the
same for the two pumps.
™ As the flowrate
decreases, the power
input to the centrifugal
pump falls to 180 hp at
shutoff.
91
Centrifugal Pump vs. Axial-Flow Pump 2/2

™ Whereas for the axial-flow pump the power input

increases to 520 hp at shutoff.
™ The axial-flow pump can cause overloading of the drive
motor if the flowrate is reduced significantly from the
design capacity.
™ The head curve for the axial-flow pump is much steeper
than that fir the centrifugal pump.
™ Except at design capacity, the efficiency of the axial-flow
pump is lower than that o the centrifugal pump.

92
Comparison of Different Types of
Impellers

93
Fans

94
Fans 1/3

™ Fans: used to move the fluid.

™ Types of fans varying from small fan used for cooling
desktop computers to large fans used in many industrial
applications.
™ Fan are also called blowers, boosters, and exhausters
depending on the location within the system.
™ As in the case for pumps, fans designs include centrifugal
(radial-flow) fans, mixed-flow and axial-flow (propeller)
fans.

95
Fans 2/3

™ Analysis of fans performance closely follows that

previously described for pumps.
™ Scaling relationships for fans are the same as those
developed for pumps, that is, equations (32)~(35) apply to
fans and pumps.
™ For Fans
⎛ pa ⎞ ⎛ pa ⎞
(33) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ (47)
⎜ ρω2 D 2 ⎟ ⎜ ρω2 D 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠1 ⎝ ⎠2

Replace the head, ha, with pressure head pa/ρg

96
Fans 3/3

™ Equations (47), (32) and (34) are called the fan laws and
can be used to scale performance characteristics between
members of a family of geometrically similar fans.

97