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4th - Principles of Turbomachine Analysis

The document discusses the principles of turbomachine analysis, focusing on the Euler equation derived from momentum balance, which relates shaft torque and power delivered by turbomachines. It explains the concept of velocity triangles, detailing how fluid velocity components are analyzed in cylindrical coordinates, and the significance of tangential and meridional velocities. Additionally, it covers the moment of momentum balance and energy transfer in turbomachines, providing equations for specific work and torque in compressors and turbines.

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يونس الخالدي
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7 views22 pages

4th - Principles of Turbomachine Analysis

The document discusses the principles of turbomachine analysis, focusing on the Euler equation derived from momentum balance, which relates shaft torque and power delivered by turbomachines. It explains the concept of velocity triangles, detailing how fluid velocity components are analyzed in cylindrical coordinates, and the significance of tangential and meridional velocities. Additionally, it covers the moment of momentum balance and energy transfer in turbomachines, providing equations for specific work and torque in compressors and turbines.

Uploaded by

يونس الخالدي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLES OF

TURBOMACHINE
ANALYSIS
Euler equation of turbomachinery
• The fundamental equation for turbomachinery analysis is developed
from the moment of momentum balance.
• It leads to an expression for the shaft torque in terms of the
difference at which the rate of angular momentum of the working
fluid leaves and enters a properly chosen control volume.
• Power delivered (or absorbed) by a turbomachine is then simply the
product of the torque and the angular speed of the shaft.
• This equation is called the Euler equation of turbomachinery.
Euler equation of turbomachinery
• In applying the momentum of momentum balance to a stationary
control volume, angular momentum is usually expressed in terms of
absolute velocity of the fluid.
• In the analysis of the rotating blades, velocity relative to the rotor is
also needed.
• From it, together with the absolute velocity and the blade velocity,
one can construct a velocity triangle.
VELOCITY TRIANGLES
• The velocity vector of a fluid particle that
flows through a turbomachine is expressed
most conveniently by its components in
cylindrical coordinates, with the z-coordinate
as the axis of rotation of the machine.
• The vector sum of radial and axial
components is called meridional velocity;
VELOCITY TRIANGLES
• Radial plane containing the axis of rotation.
• For axial machines, the radial component of
velocity is small and can be ignored, making
the meridional velocity equal to the axial
velocity.
• Similarly, at the outlet of a centrifugal
compressor, or a radial pump, the axial velocity
vanishes, and the meridional velocity then
equals the radial velocity.
• Motion in z-r axis meridionel action
• Motion in r-θ tangential action
VELOCITY TRIANGLES
VELOCITY TRIANGLES
• The angle that the absolute velocity
makes with the meridional direction is
denoted by α, and the angle that the
relative velocity makes with this
direction is ß.
• These are called the absolute and
relative flow angles. Since the flow
tends to follow the blade, the relative
velocity leaving the rotor is at the angle
ß, which is close to the actual blade
angle designated by the symbol χ
VELOCITY TRIANGLES
VELOCITY TRIANGLES

• r is the distance from the origin to the point in


the xy-plane directly under (or above) the
point we are describing.
• θ is the angle between the x-axis and
that same point in the xy-plane.
• z is the height of the point.
VELOCITY TRIANGLES
• It is convenient to denote the tangential component by the subscript
u and to take it positive when it is in the direction of the blade
motion.
• The meridional components are associated with the rate at which
fluid flows through the machine; the tangential components with the
blade forces.
VELOCITY TRIANGLES
• The tangential and meridional velocity components can be also
written as;
MOMENT OF MOMENTUM
BALANCE
• Consider a flow through a pump, shown in
the schematic diagram in Figure. To apply the
moment of momentum equation, a control
volume is chosen to include both the pump
impeller and the fluid. The velocity vector is
written in cylindrical coordinates as;
MOMENT OF MOMENTUM
BALANCE
• A working equation for the angular momentum balance for a uniform
steady flow is;
MOMENT OF MOMENTUM
BALANCE
• Owing to symmetry about the axis of rotation, pressure forces do not
contribute to the axial torque, as they have radial and axial components
only.
• Viscous forces act in the direction opposite to rotation and increase the
required torque in a shaft of a compressor and decrease it in a turbine.
(These are neglected, or T is taken to be the net torque after they have
been subtracted, or added).
• Rotation is taken to be clockwise when the pump is viewed in the flow
direction. Hence, the rotation vector is Ω = Ωez .
• For the shaft to rotate the pump impeller in this direction, torque must be
given by Tm = ez T , and thus ez Tm = T.
MOMENT OF MOMENTUM
BALANCE
ENERGY TRANSFER IN
TURBOMACHINES
The power delivered to a turbomachine is given by;
ENERGY TRANSFER IN
TURBOMACHINES
• Dividing this equation by the mass flow rate gives an expression for
the work done per unit of mass, i.e. specific work
ENERGY TRANSFER IN
TURBOMACHINES
• It is common to relabel the various terms and call the axial
component of velocity Vx and denote the component of the velocity
in the direction of the blade motion, as Vu.
• The sense of rotation, of course, depends also on whether a rotor is
viewed from the upstream or downstream direction. With these
changes in notation, the Euler equation for turbomachinery may be
written as;
• For compressor and fan or pump:

• For turbine:
ENERGY TRANSFER IN
TURBOMACHINES
• For turbines, since a stage consists of a stator followed by a rotor, the
inlet to the stator is designated as location 1, the inlet to the rotor is
location 2, and the exit from the rotor is location 3.

• For an axial turbomachine, U2 = U3 = U . Work delivered by a turbine


stage is then given by;
=2

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