• A hydrogen atom is in ground state.

What is the quantum number to which it will

be excited absorbing a photon of energy 12.75 eV?
Solution:
The ground state energy of hydrogen atom 𝒊𝒔 − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝒆𝑽.
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟓 𝒆𝑽
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟓
= −𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒆𝑽 𝐸𝑛 = −0.85 𝑒𝑉
𝑛 =?
Since, from Bohr’s atomic theory for H- atom,
−𝟏𝟑.𝟔
𝑬𝒏 = 𝒆𝑽
𝒏𝟐

−𝟏𝟑.𝟔
Or −𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒆𝑽 = 𝒆𝑽
𝒏𝟐
−𝟏𝟑.𝟔
Or 𝒏𝟐 =
−𝟎.𝟖𝟓

Or 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
Or 𝒏=𝟒
Hence, the atom is excited to fourth quantum number (𝒏 = 𝟒).
Rough:

For H-atom
 • Find the wavelength of the radiation emitted from a hydrogen atom when an
electron jumps from 4th orbit to 2nd orbit. (Given: 𝜖0 = 8.85 ×
10−12 𝐶 2 𝑁 −1 𝑚−2 ; ℎ = 6.62 × 10−34 𝐽𝑆 ; 𝑚𝑒 = 9.1 × 10−31 𝐾𝑔)
Solution:
According to Bohr’s atomic theory for H- atom,
The wavelength of radiation emitted:
1 𝑚𝑒 4 1 1
= 2
[ − ]
𝜆 8𝜖0 𝑐 ℎ3 𝑛1 2 𝑛2 2

Here, n1= 2
n2= 4
1 9.1×10−31 ×(1.6×10−19 )4 1 1
∴ = [ − ]
𝜆 8×(8.85×10−12 )2 (3×108 ) (6.62×10−34 )3 22 42

1 1 1
Or = 1.09 × 107 × [ − ]
𝜆 4 16
1 3
Or = 1.09 × 107 × [ ]
𝜆 16
16
Or 𝜆= × 10−7
1.09×3

Or 𝜆 = 4.89 × 10−7
Hence, the required wavelength is 4.89 × 10−7 m.
• Calculate the wavelength of EM radiation emitted by hydrogen atom which undergoes a
transition between energy levels −1.36 × 10−19 J and −5.45 × 10−19 J.
Given plank constant, ℎ = 6.62 × 10−34 JS.
Hint:
Energy of emitted radiation:
ℎ𝑐
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 = = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1
𝜆
ℎ𝑐
∴ 𝜆=𝐸
2 −𝐸1

6.62×10−34 ×3×108
Or 𝜆=
−1.36×10−19 −(−5.45×10−19 )

Solve and find the value of wavelength (λ).

 • The first member of Balmer series of hydrogen atom has a wavelength of 6563 Ao.
calculate the wavelength of its second member.
Solution: Given
Wavelength of first member, 𝜆1 = 6563 𝐴𝑜
Wavelength of second member, , 𝜆2 =?
For Balmer series,
1 1 1
=𝑅 [ 2 − ]
𝜆 2 𝑛2 2
For first member, 𝑛2 = 3
1 1 1
∴ =𝑅 [ − ]
𝜆1 22 32
1 1 1
Or = 𝑅 [4 − 9 ]
𝜆1
1 5
Or = 𝑅 [36]
𝜆1
36
Or 𝜆1 = 5𝑅 … … … … … (1)

For second member, 𝑛2 = 4

1 1 1
∴ = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2]
𝜆2 2 4
16
Or 𝜆2 = 3𝑅 … … … … (2)
On dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get
𝜆2 16 5𝑅
= 3𝑅 × 36
𝜆1
16×5
Or 𝜆2 = 3×36 × 𝜆1
80
Or 𝜆2 = 108 × 6563

Or 𝜆2 = 4861.48
Hence, the required wavelength is 4861.48 𝐴𝑜 .
Numerical:

Heisenberg Principle:
ℎ
∆𝑥 × ∆𝑝 ≥ 2𝜋

Where, 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
∴ ∆𝑝 = 𝑚 × ∆𝑣
• If an electron position can be measured to an accuracy of 10-9 m. how
accurately can its velocity be measured? (𝑚 = 9.1 × 10−31 𝐾𝑔).
Solution: Given,
Uncertainty in position, ∆𝑥 = 10−9 𝑚
Uncertainty in velocity, ∆𝑣 =?
From Heisenberg principle,
ℎ
∆𝑥 × ∆𝑝 ≥ 2𝜋
ℎ
Or ∆𝑥 × 𝑚∆𝑣 ≥ 2𝜋
ℎ
Or ∆𝑣 ≥ 2𝜋 ∆𝑥 𝑚
6.62×10−34
Or ∆𝑣 ≥ 2𝜋 × 10−9 × 9.1×10−31

Or ∆𝑣 = 1.157 × 105
Hence, the accuracy in the measurement of velocity is about 1.157 × 105 m/s.
Numerical:
Wavelength of matter wave (like: wavelength of electron; wavelength of proton; wavelength of any other particles)

According to De- Broglie,

ℎ
𝜆 = 𝑝 … … … … (1) 𝒉 = 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 (JS)

𝒑 = 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 (kgms-1)
ℎ
[∵ 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣] ∴ 𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣 … … (2) 𝒎 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (Kg)

𝒗 = 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (ms-1)
ℎ
[∵ 𝑝 = √2𝑚𝐸] ∴ 𝜆= … .. (3) 𝑬 = 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 (J)
√2𝑚𝐸

(Simply Energy)
ℎ
[∵ 𝐸 = 𝑒𝑉] ∴ 𝜆= … (4) 𝑽 = 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒐𝒕. (volt- V)
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉

[1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐽]
Questions:
• Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of electron having kinetic
energy of 400 eV. [mass of electron= 9.1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔.]
Soln: Given,
Kinetic energy, 𝐸 = 400 × 1.6 × 10−19 𝐽
= 6.4 × 10−17 𝐽
Mass, 𝑚 = 9.1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔
To find: wavelength, 𝜆 =?
From de Broglie hypothesis,
ℎ
∴ 𝜆=
√2𝑚𝐸
 6.62×10−34
∴ 𝜆=
√2× 9.1×10−31 ×6.4×10−17

𝜆 = 6.13 × 10−11
Hence, the required de Broglie wavelength is 6.13 × 10−11 𝑚.
• Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the proton having kinetic energy of 3600 V. [𝑚 =
1.67 × 10−27 𝐾𝑔, ℎ = 6.6 × 10−34 𝐽𝑆].
Solution: Given,
Kinetic energy, 𝐸 = 3600 × 1.6 × 10−19 J
Proceed as above method…….
Alternatively:
Given ,
Accelerating potential, 𝑉 = 3600 𝑉
From de Broglie hypothesis,
ℎ
∴ 𝜆=
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉
6.6×10−34
Or 𝜆 =
√2×1.67×10−27 ×1.6×10−19 ×3600

Solve and find 𝜆.

Numerical:
Bragg’s law (X-ray spectrometer)
2𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆
Here,
𝑑 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔; 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔; 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 (m)
𝜃 = 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 90 − 𝑖 (degree)
𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝑛 = 1,2,3, … …
For first order diffraction, 𝑛 = 1
For second order diffraction, 𝑛 = 2 and so on… … .
𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑟𝑎𝑦 (m)

Angstrom unit (AU): 1𝐴0 = 10−10 𝑚

Nanometer: 1𝑛𝑚 = 10−9 𝑚

Questions:
• X-rays of wavelength 0.36 A0 is diffracted by a crystal at a glancing angle of
4.80 find the spacing of the atomic planes in the crystal.
Solution: Given,
Wavelength, 𝜆 = 0.36 × 10−10 𝑚
Glancing angle, 𝜃 = 4.80
To find:
Planar spacing, 𝑑 =?
Note:
From Bragg’s law:
If value of n is not given or not asked, then put
2𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 n=1 (assuming first order diffraction).

Put n=1 and find the value of d.

 • An x-ray spectrometer has a crystal rock salt for which atomic
spacing is 2.82 A0 set at an angle of 140 to the beam coming from a
tube operated at a constantly increasing voltage. An intense first line
appears when the voltage across the tube is 9045 V. calculate the
value of plank constant.
Solution:
Atomic spacing, 𝑑 = 2.82 × 10−10 𝑚
Glancing angle, 𝜃 = 140
Order of diffraction, 𝑛 = 1
Operating voltage, 𝑉 = 9045 𝑉
To find: plank constant, h=?
From Bragg’s law:
2𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆
Find 𝜆 =. … . . … 𝑚
Next,
From principle of conservation of Energy,
ℎ𝑐
𝑒𝑉 =
𝜆
𝑒𝑉𝜆
Or ℎ=
𝑐

Solve and find the value of plank constant.

• X-rays are incident on a crystal of crystal spacing 3.08 × 10−8 𝑐𝑚
such that first order reflection takes place at glancing angle 12 0.
Calculate the glancing angle for second order maximum.
Hint: FIRST from first order reflection (n=1), find the value of
wavelength(λ).
Second use same value of wavelength for second order (n=2)
and find the corresponding value of glancing angle (𝜃).
Numerical note: (Operation of X-ray tube)

• If,
𝑉 = 𝐻𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 = 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐼 = 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
Then,
Total power, 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
• Kinetic energy of electron,
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑒𝑉
2
• From conservation of energy:
Loss in KE of electron= energy of X-ray
1 𝑐
Or 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑒𝑉 = ℎ𝑓 = ℎ
2 𝜆
; 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡.

1 𝑐
Or 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 = 𝑒𝑉 = ℎ𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ ; 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ.
2 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛
• From definition of current:
𝑄
Current, 𝐼=
𝑡
𝑁𝑒
𝐼 = 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
Or 𝐼=
𝑁
𝑡
𝐼 𝑒 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶
Or =
𝑡 𝑒
𝑁
Here, = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡.
𝑡
Question:
• An x-ray tube , operated at a dc potential difference of 10 KV, produces
heat at the target at the rate of 720 Watt. Assuming 0.5% of the
incident electron is converted into X-radiation (X-ray), calculate the
number of electrons striking per second at the target and velocity of
the incident electrons.
𝑒
[ = 1.8 × 1011 𝐶𝐾𝑔−1 ]
𝑚

Solution:
Given,
Operational Pd, 𝑉 = 10 × 103 𝑉
If , 𝐼 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
Total power, 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
Or 𝑃 = 10 × 103 𝐼 …. …. … … … (1)
According to question,
Power consumed in the production of heat= 720 W
And, power consumed in the production of X-ray= 0.5 %
Therefore, power consumed in the production of heat= 99.5 %
∴ 99.5 % 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 720 𝑊
99.5
Or × 10 × 103 𝐼 = 720
100

Or 𝐼 = 0.072 𝐴
Now, number of electrons striking per second at the target:
𝑁 𝐼
=
𝑡 𝑒
𝑁 0.072
Or =
𝑡 1.6×10−19
𝑁
Or = 4.5 × 1017 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑡

Next,
 1
Kinetic energy of electron: 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑒𝑉
2

2𝑒𝑉
Or 𝑣=√
𝑚

𝑒
Or 𝑣 = √2 𝑉
𝑚

Or 𝑣 = √2 × 1.8 × 1011 × 10 × 103

Or 𝑣 = 6 × 107 𝑚/𝑠

• An x-ray tube works at dc potential difference of 50 KV. Only 0.4% of the

energy of cathode rays (electrons) is converted into X-rays and heat is
generated in the target at the rate of 600 watt. Estimate the current
passed into the tube and the velocity of the electrons striking the target.
(Mass of electron=9 × 10−31 𝐾𝑔, 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒= 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶).

• An x-ray tube works at a dc potential difference of 50 KV and the current through

tube is 0.5 mA. Find :
I. The number of electrons hitting the target per second.
II. The energy falling the target per second as the KE of electrons
III. The cut off wavelength of x-ray emitted.
(e=1.6 × 10−19 𝐶, c=3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠, h=6.62 × 10−34 𝐽𝑠)
Hint:
𝑁 𝐼
I. =
𝑡 𝑒
𝑁
II. Total KE of electrons per second= × 𝑒𝑉
𝑡
1 𝑐
III. 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 = 𝑒𝑉 = ℎ𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ ; 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
2 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑐
𝑒𝑉 = ℎ
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑐
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑒𝑉