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18 views16 pages

Topic 1 Notes

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p.kpaam12
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Topic 1: The Lion King aka

populations
C4.1.1
Populations
• Population: all individuals of the
same species in a habitat at one
time

• members of a population
normally breed

• reproductive isolation is used to


distinguish one population of a
species from another.
• Sample: a subset of a whole population or habitat used to estimate the values that
might have been obtained if every individual or response was measured
C4.1.2 - • Populations are usually large in size and very complex, making it difficult to examine
Estimation of every organism. Instead, biologists can take samples.

population size by • Sampling error statistical errors that arise when a sample does not represent the
whole population. (the sample does not match the real values of the population

random sampling • Random sampling is needed to avoid bias. Someone might choose an area that clearly
has a large biodiversity to hopefully obtain the results they are looking for.
C4.1.3 Estimating population
size for sessile organisms
Sessile organisms: non motile organisms like plants and/or
barnacles.

Quadrat sampling: Using a square frame called a quadrat to


sample an area.

Quadrats are placed randomly on a grid of the area.

Presence or absence or organisms/species are recorded.


C4.1.4 Capture–mark–release–recapture and the Lincoln index to estimate population size for
motile organisms.

• capture- mark- release-recapture sampling – animals/motile


organisms are captured, marked, released, then resampled.
• A calculation called the Lincoln Index is used to determine
the population size
• Assumptions used in Lincoln Index
o Marked individuals have been equally spread/mixed into the
population
o Marks are not removed between capture and recapture
o Marks are not harmful to the animal and don't make them more visible
to predators
o It is easy to catch each individual in the population
o No immigration or emigration , births or deaths between times of
sampling

• Population size estimate = M × (N/R), where M is the


number of individuals caught and marked initially, N is the
total number of individuals recaptured and R is the number
of marked individuals recaptured.
C4.1.7 Population growth curves.

• Carrying capacity – max number of species that can be


supported by a given environment

• species have the ability to produce more offspring than


the environment can support.

• Exponential growth: increasing or accelerating rate of


growth

• conditions in which populations can grow exponentially:


o Limiting factors are not restricting the growth of the population
o There are a lot of resources, light, space, food, lack of competition
o Favourable abiotic components, temperature, rainfall, lack of
predators, and disease
C4.1.7 Population growth curves.

• reasons for the pattern of sigmoid


population growth curve:
exponential growth faces
environmental resistance and
causes a decrease in births
(natality) and deaths (mortality)
o The result is an S shaped curve meaning
the population growth slows down
o When the carrying capacity is reached
C4.1.7 Population growth curves.
Logarithmic equations to summarize S shaped curves

N= natality – the rate at which individuals are born


M = mortality – death rate
I= immigration – movement of individuals into a
population
E= emigration – departure of individuals from a
population

Exponential phase : I+N > E + M = natality exceeds


mortality, pop. Rapidly increases. Abundant resources
low comp.

Transition phase: I+N > E +M = natality rate approaches


mortality rate – recourses are scarce and comp.
Increases

Plateau: I+N = E + M = fluctuation around set point,


curve slopes downward M>N or slopes upwards N>M =
pop. Stabilizes around the carrying capacity.
C4.1.5 - Carrying capacity and competition for limited resources.

• C4.1.5— Carrying capacity and competition for


limited resources.

• Carrying capacity – max number of species that


can be supported by a given environment

• Limiting factors in plants: light, nutrients in the


soil, water, carbon dioxide, and temperature

• Limiting factors in animals: space, mates, food,


nesting sites, water
C4.1.6 Negative feedback control of population size by density-dependent factors.

• Negative feedback – return of a system to its original starting


state, return of a population to its carrying capacity.

• Example: predators vs. Prey

• Density Dependant factors : factors that lower the birth rate or


raise the death rate as the pop. Grows

• Internal density dependant factors: fertility or size of


breeding territory

• External density dependant factors: increased risk of


predation and the transfer of predation and the transfer of
pathogens or pests in dense populations.
C4.1.6 Negative feedback control of population size by density-dependent factors.

• Density independent factors: will affect all species of a


population, they don't affect carrying capacity because they
don't rely on the numbers of species in a population

• Example: weather, climate, natural disasters.


o Meaning density independent factors may cause number of
individuals in a population to fluctuate but density dependent factors
push the population back to carrying capacity.

• Numbers of individuals in a population may fluctuate due


to density-independent factors, but density-
dependent factors tend to push the population back towards
the carrying capacity.
C4.1.9 Competition versus cooperation in intraspecific relationships.

intraspecific relationship.: competition b/w individuals


of the same species

Cause and effect of competition in a population : within


a species they may have to compete for the limited
resources like food, mating partners, territory, water,
space.

Interspecific competition: competition between


different species
-less intense than intraspecific b/w they often have
different niche, and they don't share resources, which
means they don't need to compete as much
C4.1.9 Competition versus cooperation in intraspecific relationships.

Cooperation – organisms can work together and create a


high order of social complexity, almost like a society to
help with survival

examples: insects like wasps, bees, ants. Females are


supported by large numbers of non breeding workers, the
colony is considered a superorganism
members of the colony demonstrate altruistic
behaviour, for example: protecting the colony at risk to
their own self
C4.1.16 -Predator–prey relationships as an example of density-dependent control of animal
populations.

• Predator Prey relationship – the inter


relationship of population sizes due to
predation of one species over another

• If there is no predator because of low


amount of prey, they number of prey with
increase
• As more prey is available, the number of
predators will increase
• As predators increase, the population of
prey will decrease
• Again, as the number of prey decrease, the
number of predators will decrease again
o =negative feedback controlling population
density (amount)
C4.1.17 Top-down and bottom-up control of populations in communities.

Top down control: higher tropic level (top of food


chain) influences lower trophic level

Bottom up control: lower level trophic level


(producers affect higher tropic levels. Affect
resources for community (food, habitat, space)

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