Contents

Preface ix

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
1.1 A Sample Controversy 1
1.2 Requirements of a Good Sample 3
1.3 Selection Bias 5
1.4 Measurement Error 9
1.5 Questionnaire Design 11
1.6 Sampling and Nonsampling Errors 16
1.7 Exercises 19

CHAPTER 2 Simple Probability Samples 25

2.1 Types of Probability Samples 25
2.2 Framework for Probability Sampling 28
2.3 Simple Random Sampling 33
2.4 Sampling Weights 39
Copyright © 2019. CRC Press LLC. All rights reserved.

2.5 Confidence Intervals 40

2.6 Sample Size Estimation 46
2.7 Systematic Sampling 50
2.8 Randomization Theory Results for Simple Random Sampling 51
2.9 A Prediction Approach for Simple Random Sampling 54
2.10 When Should a Simple Random Sample Be Used? 58
2.11 Chapter Summary 59
2.12 Exercises 61

Lohr, Sharon L.. Sampling : Design and Analysis, CRC Press LLC, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/pitt-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5748873.
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iii
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CHAPTER 3 Stratified Sampling 73

3.1 What Is Stratified Sampling? 73
3.2 Theory of Stratified Sampling 77
3.3 Sampling Weights in Stratified Random Sampling 82
3.4 Allocating Observations to Strata 85
3.5 Defining Strata 91
3.6 Model-Based Inference for Stratified Sampling 95
3.7 Quota Sampling 96
3.8 Chapter Summary 99
3.9 Exercises 101

CHAPTER 4 Ratio and Regression Estimation 117

4.1 Ratio Estimation in a Simple Random Sample 118
4.2 Estimation in Domains 133
4.3 Regression Estimation in Simple Random Sampling 138
4.4 Poststratification 142
4.5 Ratio Estimation with Stratified Samples 144
4.6 Model-Based Theory for Ratio and Regression Estimation 146
4.7 Chapter Summary 154
4.8 Exercises
Copyright © 2019. CRC Press LLC. All rights reserved.

155

CHAPTER 5 Cluster Sampling with Equal Probabilities 165

5.1 Notation for Cluster Sampling 168
5.2 One-Stage Cluster Sampling 170
5.3 Two-Stage Cluster Sampling 182
5.4 Designing a Cluster Sample 191
5.5 Systematic Sampling 196
5.6 Model-Based Inference in Cluster Sampling 200
5.7 Chapter Summary 205
5.8 Exercises 207
Lohr, Sharon L.. Sampling : Design and Analysis, CRC Press LLC, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/pitt-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5748873.
Created from pitt-ebooks on 2024-05-15 02:46:23.
 Contents v

CHAPTER 6 Sampling with Unequal Probabilities 219

6.1 Sampling One Primary Sampling Unit 221
6.2 One-Stage Sampling with Replacement 225
6.3 Two-Stage Sampling with Replacement 235
6.4 Unequal-Probability Sampling Without Replacement 238
6.5 Examples of Unequal-Probability Samples 249
6.6 Randomization Theory Results and Proofs 254
6.7 Models and Unequal-Probability Sampling 262
6.8 Chapter Summary 265
6.9 Exercises 267

CHAPTER 7 Complex Surveys 281

7.1 Assembling Design Components 281
7.2 Sampling Weights 285
7.3 Estimating a Distribution Function 288
7.4 Plotting Data from a Complex Survey 294
7.5 Design Effects 309
7.6 The National Crime Victimization Survey 312
7.7 Sampling and Design of Experiments 317
7.8 Chapter Summary
Copyright © 2019. CRC Press LLC. All rights reserved.

319
7.9 Exercises 320

CHAPTER 8 Nonresponse 329

8.1 Effects of Ignoring Nonresponse 330
8.2 Designing Surveys to Reduce Nonsampling Errors 332
8.3 Callbacks and Two-Phase Sampling 336
8.4 Mechanisms for Nonresponse 338
8.5 Weighting Methods for Nonresponse 340
8.6 Imputation 346
8.7 Parametric Models for Nonresponse 351
Lohr, Sharon L.. Sampling : Design and Analysis, CRC Press LLC, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/pitt-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5748873.
Created from pitt-ebooks on 2024-05-15 02:46:23.
 vi Contents

8.8 What Is an Acceptable Response Rate? 354

8.9 Chapter Summary 356
8.10 Exercises 357

CHAPTER 9 Variance Estimation in Complex Surveys 365

9.1 Linearization (Taylor Series) Methods 366
9.2 Random Group Methods 370
9.3 Resampling and Replication Methods 373
9.4 Generalized Variance Functions 386
9.5 Confidence Intervals 388
9.6 Chapter Summary 392
9.7 Exercises 394

CHAPTER 10 Categorical Data Analysis in Complex Surveys 401

10.1 Chi-Square Tests with Multinomial Sampling 401
10.2 Effects of Survey Design on Chi-Square Tests 407
10.3 Corrections to χ2 Tests 411
10.4 Loglinear Models 417
10.5 Chapter Summary 421
10.6 Exercises 422
Copyright © 2019. CRC Press LLC. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 11 Regression with Complex Survey Data 429

11.1 Model-Based Regression in Simple Random Samples 430
11.2 Regression in Complex Surveys 434
11.3 Using Regression to Compare Domain Means 445
11.4 Should Weights Be Used in Regression? 447
11.5 Mixed Models for Cluster Samples 453
11.6 Logistic Regression 455
11.7 Generalized Regression Estimation for Population Totals 457
11.8 Chapter Summary 461
11.9 Exercises 462
Lohr, Sharon L.. Sampling : Design and Analysis, CRC Press LLC, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/pitt-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5748873.
Created from pitt-ebooks on 2024-05-15 02:46:23.
 Contents vii

CHAPTER 12 Two-Phase Sampling 469

12.1 Theory for Two-Phase Sampling 472
12.2 Two-Phase Sampling with Stratification 473
12.3 Ratio and Regression Estimation in Two-Phase Samples 477
12.4 Jackknife Variance Estimation for Two-Phase Sampling 481
12.5 Designing a Two-Phase Sample 482
12.6 Chapter Summary 485
12.7 Exercises 486

CHAPTER 13 Estimating Population Size 495

13.1 Capture–Recapture Estimation 495
13.2 Multiple Recapture Estimation 501
13.3 Chapter Summary 505
13.4 Exercises 505

CHAPTER 14 Rare Populations and Small Area Estimation 511

14.1 Sampling Rare Populations 512
14.2 Small Area Estimation 518
14.3 Chapter Summary 522
14.4 Exercises 523
Copyright © 2019. CRC Press LLC. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 15 Survey Quality 527

15.1 Coverage Error 529
15.2 Nonresponse Error 533
15.3 Measurement Error 535
15.4 Sensitive Questions 540
15.5 Processing Error 542
15.6 Total Survey Quality 543
15.7 Chapter Summary 545
15.8 Exercises 546

Lohr, Sharon L.. Sampling : Design and Analysis, CRC Press LLC, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/pitt-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5748873.
Created from pitt-ebooks on 2024-05-15 02:46:23.
 viii Contents

APPENDIX A Probability Concepts Used in Sampling 549

A.1 Probability 549
A.2 Random Variables and Expected Value 552
A.3 Conditional Probability 556
A.4 Conditional Expectation 558

References 563

Author Index 587

Subject Index 592

Copyright © 2019. CRC Press LLC. All rights reserved.

Lohr, Sharon L.. Sampling : Design and Analysis, CRC Press LLC, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/pitt-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5748873.
Created from pitt-ebooks on 2024-05-15 02:46:23.