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8 - Intro To Cestodes & D. Latum

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20 views2 pages

8 - Intro To Cestodes & D. Latum

Uploaded by

Rich Nyle
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CESTODES MEDICALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES OF TAPEWORMS

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TAPEWORMS I. Order Pseudophillidea

1. Does not have a digestive tract 1. Diphyllobothrium latum

2. Hermaphoditic - have both testes and ovaries II. Order Cyclophillidea

3. Dorsoventrally flattened A. Species which requires vertebrae intermediate host

4. Bilateral symmetry 1. Taenia solim

5. Segmented with ribbon-like appearance 2. Taenia saginata

6. Adult tapeworms are found in the small intestines of definitive host and B. Species which require invertebrate intermediate host

larval stage is encysted in tissues of intermediate host. 1. Dipyllidium caninum

7. Oncospheres are membranes of cestide eggs that serves as covering / 2. Hymenolepis diminuta

protection 3. Raillietina garrisoni

BASIC PARTS C. Species which may or may not require


1. Hymenolepis nana
1. Head / Scolex - anterior structure and is the main organ of attachment
D. Species which may infect man in their larval stage
a. Attachment organs (acetabula) - mouth, suckers
1. Echinococcus granulosus
b. Anterior portion (cyclophyllidean, pseudophyllidean)
2. Echinococcus multilocularis
c. Hooks (armed, unarmed)
3. Taenia solium
2. Neck - region of growth
4. Spirometra mansoni
3. Strobila - body (portions are called proglottids)
a. Anterior portion - segments that are immature → GIT tract
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
b. Middle portion - mature segments → sex organs
COMMON NAME: Broad or Fish tapeworm / Broadfish tapeworm
c. Terminal portion - gravid segments → houses the eggs DISEASE ASSOCIATED:
 Vitamin B12 deficiency / Megaloblastic anemia
MOT: Ingestion
INFECTIVE STAGE: Plerocercoid larva
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Eggs and proglottids in stool
INTERMEDIATE HOST:
○ 1st - Copepods (Cyclops or Diaptomus sp.)
○ 2nd - Fish
→ Adults resemble Spirometra spp.

SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAME OF CESTODES


Eggs - has operculum or “opening”
Taenia saginata Beef tapeworm
Scolex - spatulate / spoon shaped in appearance
Taenia solium Pork tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana Dwarf tapeworm Proglottids - broad, rosette shaped uterus that is centrally located

Hymenolepis diminuta Rat tapeworm (Norway rats)


Dipylidium caninum Dog tapeworm, Double-pored tapeworm,
Flea tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum Broadfish tapeworm
Echinococcus granulosus Hydatid worm

INFECTIVE STAGES

Cysticercus bovis Taenia saginata


Cysticercus cellulosae Taenia solium
Plerocercoid larva Diphyllobothrium latum
Hydatid cyst Echinococcus granulosus
(embryonated egg - ingested → hydatid cyst in intestine)

Cysticercoid larva Hymenolepis nana (indirect),


Hymenolepis diminuta, Dipylidium caninum
Embryonated agg Hymenolepis nana (direct)
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
○ Direct Fecal Smear

○ Peripheral Blood Smear - showing megalocytes


(indicative of Vitamin B12 deficiency)

TREATMENT & PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Treatment:
 The drug of choice is Praziquantel, if not available, Niclosamide
and Quanacrine hydrochloride maybe used.

Prevention and Control:


 The prevalence of infection due to this parasite is reduced by
avoiding the consumption of insufficiently cooked fish or by
freezing the fish for 24 to 48 hours at -18°C which will kill the
plerocercoid;

 Controlling the disposal of human feces, especially the proper


treatment of sewage prior to disposal in lakes and promptly
treating infections.

SPIROMETRA

→ Adults are mistaken for adult D. latum


INFECTIVE STAGE: Plerocercoid larva / spargana
DEFINITIVE HOST: dogs and cats
INTERMEDIATE HOST:
○ 1st - Cyclops
○ 2nd - Frogs, snakes, birds
→ Diagnosis is made by finding white larva / plerocercoid (glistening in white)
in lesions

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