Pune Mathematics 2024

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PURE MATHEMATICS Guide Answens
Algebna & Analgtic Solid 0eomeing ----{
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First Algebra

Permutations, combinations
21 and binomial theorem.

z2 Gomplex numbers.

Determinants and matrices.

 Answers of exercises
Unit One:
Permutations, combinations
and binomial theorem

,&
--:
 Il
r@o (7) O.lrrhc plres mdiiind = l0E=2a0
.lrrhc p1ftrJ m symmdric = E= 2.1 Trkins
thEe poina
3 poins our of 7 poinG
{e norcollinur
ii condl.ior or rh.
(4 ) Numbs ol ways or li(ins
Number dr wdys or linins
4 boys =

3 cnh =
E
ll
@7ll= r63 Numb.r or srrehariv.s boys od snk = =z
.. Nnmb.'orri gl.s=rcr rcr 1Cr=30
12

.. fte rumb€, or ways = 2 x Ex E=x3

B
(l)6c.=20 (2lrcLxrcr=12 o
(r)(a) (2)(a) (3)G) (4)(d) (5)(d)
F u"y,l|l e,-'L
(s)Numh€sdivhibLby5m(5,15,25,
l.' E;,',"][il;l
.,la5)
(31:cj xicr+':crx1c,= r6
( 6 ) risl: (r) Sdnd: (d) Tthd: (c)
rnllrodroN b solrc nube. ID ,. thc number of rhc gi v.nnunb.6 cquds 76
(3r)G)
(33) (d)
(ir4) (d)

(39) (d)
o
(1)r'c6=rs564 (2)roc6+'q=13
( r ) . Ir
od
zD
6
h8s b..n sleGd
or 7 ib rh.
in nE units
hu lEds plG.
plec In
nmb6
oida 6 gd a prcdui muhpl. ol 5 enne. hdtt
b?divisibL by5 (5 l5 r 25 !... 145)
' '
Gqny m ofrlin h. by 5 .rd r!dlrr ii d
B ,'. 'fte nusbd
-lx3x2=6wryr.
of uoy! or foming rh. nnmber
,', Numterot*ryr = rrc,+
'livisiblc
Lt,, 76 rrc,
(2)5r = r?5 (4) 1oC, 3C4+ 1oC4
x xscr=9030
ple t'c, rozo
. If 2 hB be€n slecbd in rhc uni6
''c, * ''c,,= =

(4)lx3x3+1x3x2=15 q ,rd 6 o.7 in rh. hundEds plE. ( 6 ) nrd : To dE* a srakht liic yd i.cd *o poinb
.', nE nuftb.r o, wcy$ of fomhg rh. nDnb.'
EI -lx3x2=6wa$.
(3)rC1x ecr+rcri eC,
+
rcr x
ecr
= 369
( I )2 x 5 x:r+2 x 5 x 5 x 5 +2 r 5 x 5 x5 x5
. Ir 6 hG b.en sleftd in ihc uni6 pl&. a.d 7

@'c,+'c6+'c,=re
(2) l x3x 3+ r x r x 2+2 x4x I x2 ,', Th. numb€r o, ldys of t0milg rh. nuDbr
+2i4x3x2xl=llr rc: rcr rcr rc:=6
0 "
+
" =lx3xl=3!3y3
o] q .. flr.
nunb
number oI wayl of
morc ilm
fming
5m md onsis6 of 3
m ev.n

(2)lPr+1P4=43 (1) dirfeEnrdigiE=6+ 6+3= l5 *ay3.

.'. Numbq of srdght lin s.an b. drawD

ombd fm.d 6Dn I

E 6P1-
@
The
'2,3 '4,5
lm SEond , To fom I di.ngl. you n..d rhm poin6.
. N6b.rotnunb.6 =6 x5 i4 i 3 = 360
(z)rcr=10 (3)6ca=m
.'. Tnc number oI wsys = E = ways.

sPr
r Numb.r ol nunbeE divhibl. by 5 = l x = 60 'It! Dunbd rm.d 6.D0,1 ,2
. Numb.! of ev.n iumb6 rPr ID '4,5
=3 x = I SO
(l)6cr-6=9 (r)Bc1-s=?o .'. Thc numbs or ways =.a E = e6 vays.

o
(r)4crx5c:=4{ (2)4cr+rc:=r4
.'. Th. tobl nunba ot

= 120 + 96 = 2 16
viyr
*iys.
ro fom i\c nmba

IE (3 ) Lr rh. i!mb., of sidd o, thc polygoi = i snks

: l1tll=3n
( 5 ) Put d bdl in

< 6)
dh

,', No ol *ays =
tc1"6cz,'c1"2\=
bor thcn dis.ibur. ihe other

3+5-rcr
=2l
zsm .,. Nurb€r of cimgns = rcr
"
rc, +
{l'
rc?
"
rcr
= l0
.'. The num6€r of sides ii 7 $des.
.. Nunbsofdi gles cm b. tomd
Thlrd I To Idtu i qnadril eml you ne.d rorpoms @r : "'Pi = 990
'Itc sum of lh. tro digib h odd ]:Hr oic of rhe
so dkib should b. odd md rh. orhd i cren . --t="^
zt2
-trE.EE ... "rP =66 L2= ru= rr
^
I =i,P
,', ft. nuihd of vry! =5 x5+5 x4=45
.'.n+l=12
lo.c]
(ch@. 2 d@tu bg.ljier dd chms 3 docroB llm
ihrorhd l0)E(choeioorth! NodmroB d
._3n 2n=5 n=5or3!-5+2n=25
.'-5n-5=25 trn=6 (s)...h:l=6=E i n-r=3
chc. 5 d@bB frbn !h. orh.r l0)
r.r=n 3 ,r"C=lO
(e) 3P,-3 =\
r ...orn 3r3 .riC =10 .."C =t0 ..--=10
E
@l rp
r TL numb.r qulnilrtaL dnm
r.ne{3,4,5,6,.,.,rr} ... "p = lo b= 60= 5 a r=
^ ^
of cm h. (ch@s oE of $. so 6alys efu.d io Mll
bg.rh6 od ch@& 4 oaly$ IiDD rh. oth* l0) O0)'-tP,='_'P, ...i-4.9
or (ch@ nM of th. re e.lysts fd .hdc 5 .'. n.13 ...,e{r3, ra, 15,...} 01
lEl (1)'.'Pi=120 ,i "P,= 120='&l
(r ) Nlmbd or*.ys = E= 120 *rys .,. n= l, ,r= I
(r)r-AedBb.@mirmE]EE ..', ="P *'P =tP
,nd Nmb.r of mys 6.y @ .ir =E = 2.4 @E ..n 3=6
trn-l=5
:n=9
.'.n=3
,.'
,P,
= ]20 =
6P3 ,: n=6,r=3

, ... nun6.r of says dEr A and B m sir Mr 6 llj -"P,= I2o=rPJ ... n=5,r=5
.*h.,h-=E=,EEEEl t3)G) {4) (b) (s)(b)
(3)(b) (9)(c) (10) (.) -'-a+2=2-n ,'.2n=0 .'. n=0
: NDhs ol wrys = 2 xz=43
(B)(.) (rO O) G5) (i)
(3 ) rA md B $dld mr b. n.ir ro @h orh. 03) (b) -..4=4 vdifq lor.ll $lucs of n
: Nmtdof mysi0Ebblmmh.r oMh.r rrchrha!n+2r4'2 nr4 G t4)lLl!> lLl!
ol *!yr lh.y sn exr 6 ach orhd = 12, - 43 El "€i'6,r,ra,..1
u).'bl=r i,,n€{2,1,0,-1,2} tJr.'rC,:>!Cj, .nlrl
(. ) r! E,B !dc h.c !,jrEEEEffl E,I
(2)@:E=2a=E .. ro h=a
.'. NMb.r of qays th.y co .ir b.6n. .&b \rf\=2=2Pz :n=z
.h=6=b .1n=3
'""Pr-qo 'n>23
(3)D hi2=60 h .. DG+r)(D+ Db=60[
'-'"r=*=''r. .-ne{u,x,N,.--l
, ., rh.nmbdof r.yNdrrB rCxiE6 Bir : l=3
bsnh .eh dh* = 13 .., n(n+ l)(n+2)-3 x4 x 5 ... n = I (2)1[-r20=E r4, lcs."c":"cr.'cr . 1- :,.
.. r"-:rltr=[E
:.llEbbr mb{=Dx E= 16
'{lft==;4 .,. "P, = 2520 =
7Pj ...n=7 . =_-,_; ..rn Trin 5r>43
(5 ) nun$d of M,3 dr.t A ud Bm sn ar $. ..b:2=r2o=b ...n-2=6 ...r=B .'. bE2! =b (5)- r(7)= [Ui! =I (Ndierhlr:n 5 > 0 hecauE D: 3)
(5)r" JP,=25m=\
:,3n-5=7 .r.=a .. n: 12 n+3i >43 ...r'-t2n+36>49
, numtE.orways orsinins B,c, D- 13 .'. (n-6)':.49 ,. n 5:?
qr1\,-,=rzm=\ :. r" r=s .,"=z
... Number or *?ys = 12 x lt = 12 ,', i> l3 (*hd. D eln)
3
 (2)'cr=r20=Lt,
E ,r, rr =! 4-E=l
i': [:t'
. L- b! -l .Llr-:r,U-.
p"., - I
I r+l _i 1r
'+r:i .!:l^ 0 r=r ..?+2,=2'+5 ,J=5
b.1E [.?.]E: ".,
c n+ r)(2D r ! r br! r
..,=alq(-tu*o - l*r,*2,*5=ro
b - bllr _u ' r*:r r* ,; L.1 ' p"1 s = .;+ar-s=o (r+ 5) k r).0
..2; 2. = 1.. r3'**o .. r= 5(Etuso or r=l
" rh.1 ...r+l6r 30=o r (r 4)t+20)=o
$ 4 b<tqttr"E!=!
E4 'l .. r=.1or r= 20ircl$cJ)
(3 ) "'"r,1= rrl2 = r4P,
(ll) ('n + tr) ('n + | l) n+i , = 380 bL!!:2
,',G o '.'' rc.= si .'.' Pr=8,18'5oa='Pr
n:- r(ru !!r ir =4 .'.n r-9 ."tr:l0
(n 3) (n 7) =0 r r< 29 !rhetrr=r+ 2 y ,, y =0

. LrlL 1 .. la:r= 3 bi1

(,1) . h=72o- h .'. n=6
" rx-ro,x+2y=2s '=+
t= +
{x=30,x+2y=10
(7) :=4,: ..7 r=4.t6 r . x=79,X+2y =25 :y=0
. (7 ,br=4 bir
,3,.1=$! Ii
(3)(c) (4)(b) (5)(c)
..L4=Err=l{=r4
lil -:ocm (r) (9 (r) (d
E! (3 ) ) (10)
..r I=4 ir=5
b!:1:c blrl- l (13)(c) (14)(r) (r5)(c)
.. [=7,o=tq r,3)rd) (19)ld) lxr) (c)
, ,,p (23) (O (24)(d) (2s) (b)

. !:5lla. !:L !l!Lr = soo .'.

=,o,|
Licr,.'ic:.6= i']cj"= I
(231 G) (29) (d) (30) (c) ==E-E=ui
Lli l
o (, 6)i!.f E
5)
blr llj (r3) (r) (r4) (r) (rs) (.)
(sr .'. (r 5) ('r 6) =6 x 7
..56 x 55 n=10300 (rJ8)ld) ll9)lb) (40) (r)
(44) (d) t4.{) ld) (4s) (b) (6).nP=s040,lc.=2r0

I I= -1
r,l
., L-!j at*,' q"*I
".
(q-n(o ,)(n , 5
0
(n+ r)G)14--i1 12 .'. r2n-43=;-si+50 (r).'tr .=15 .: "cr=a5= "t1 .. n= 10

b =n
'o -o . [q.q4 ..h=n
: (n la)(n-7)=o n= laorr=7 E
.14=4h L!=E

*"=|r.ri,*o t ^ 1l(. r)+L- n nr,

.. bl=Ei=b= rm :23-2r=r+l -:!
 (l))::r=, .. Lr=r=
,.., ... l+9r-62-o ... (r1r+31)C-21=0
? ',,, ,,
" ', - ...=z-,= ll ,-r,,*,r,
t.. .,-
ji.=iir=irnl=, . .- =i i 5,+s - r7 Frcmll):..2(2) + 6= n ..n=10
er ,t
i=? ... Llcj+1oPL=2002+
... to=20t2
,r,. r_ =1 .ia=i
03)b:l=uo=E ... i- 3= 5 .rn-3 'c6+t, = 1432 .'. "'rc?=3432=11c1 ..oJ r.*r=r, o" ,'.= o o)

:4^ ls{
_ ,,n, !r=tr+ r- z0=1.
llrEr =9^LljI
]=
E boL:l ;
:r+1=6 ir=5 b:4r [:r
.0, 'E =n, b i "cr +'ti = "rcr = 56 = rcr
Er(,+
')h brL " ,,re- E=i
"1"-r

ip ..- L=i
"c =3p
{c
=h=6 09) "'P. = 360="P r+y=6 o)
.ln l0r=-10
," @.,,.=.
h
.12&='o4o=E
(2)
by solviig rhe rro cqu iotu(r),(2):
12)

..(n+2)(tr+l)+rn=74 ,E= E
(Li (L1l=5"
by sorving rh. rwo .quarions ( t) od (2) :
n1+6n 72
L[ L(,* L
,,, =o

.'. I)=40') ..21+2r-10=o

(2r(r+
n= r2 (rctusd) orn = 6 .. [=6=E
q
.'. /+r 20=0 ..(r+5)t 4)=0
o""
r= 5(E u$d)orr=4ud hcicc n =7
rsr -j!=l . Ljtl=! ,, ?=i+
. n (r+l)+r
oo)... "c,,= "c,., ...3,=,*3
.. ,= j r"r,*ar
:,1n 1r+7=5r .'.1n tzr- 7 lt)
,',5n-l3r-3 (l)
orSr+r+3 15 ..4r= l2
""1 r
=
b=r b ..9.r-zt ,,- n-k+Lt+1. 'l (2)'.' 308=El2
b:l ttr r (i r+1)lE-s ,.,i l+2 -6 30 E= (r+r)(r(*,) E
b.qE-' 1,.r a
r+t_5
5=6 = ,.,
..1-=.2 .bn-br 6=rr+14
@_rro
..8b.2- rmn11)!(2),.'.n=ll,r=7
12)
i 6n l3r=20 (2)
by solviig lhc rvo eqo ion (l),(2) l
.. ""P, = * , E= 3ora - h. ---rjr= ? .4,E=i
n+?=9 in=7
,16,..
"P 1". I L=,"L ., Eif=x[.a
".,lu =, .. (B rr l]jI= aEjf
t^ :.2r+6=n (l) ..
{,,,bP=a'P . q=.^ q ..4
], x=4
br tlr :i+b L,+., .
," Er=ts!
..0 ,) lqr={ lljr ' , =1 . =4 t16ljjt4E !:+ 1,.+r r4 .30E!.(r+r(-x+arE1l
...7r=23 :r=4 L!(,'?)('+ r)E ;, i, *, r
r (r+5)(:r+4)-615
.. bir=6=Lr ..i r=r ,. b=:2 = lq:li-z - lq =I 14l+42r+ 28 -31+33r+ e0 x+5=6
(s).lxrr=rs2 A x rr r'r) |+ L=--L (br,,rnprr*s .l!!l (2) 4'c5 , l 'c6 3'cr is sn sdrhnetic squ.me.
lrr h i+r h':' '
"c tl
.: (a+ r) (a+ r) la= r3, - L1 @*@=n
i(I+2)(x+1)=14x13
r+t=rl h+rh+ rl, r -
'n+1rl,.
(6) : (q + q)- ('c1-'c
h hr!
j) = ..n':+3n+2+n+2=9 n'+4n-5=o
',o .6 24i7+Gn-[)(n-t)

., n- s(cfu*d)ori=I ...42 (n 5) - 163 + 3;- r3 n +90

(, )...2 x
nc.+ 22 x
!c,= Il ncl
I (n+l)itr {1 .'.42i-2lo=lnr 3:ln+25s
,=ll F+rln +
,,, 1+ I ll . ri+l'+(n+?r rl ... 3 n'? 75n+463:O(bydividinc+:l)
;;- 41 @:r,, r - !,
,2(i-.+r)+ 22xr rl
(tr 12)(n l3)-0 .',i=12.tn=13

(i (tr 2)+66(2) .-
i 42 (2 i+ 3)= l3 (n: + rn+2) (3).. 2i4c,.1 ,314c,oid6r4c.
r) I
?(n- r) 34n+ 126 = 1l nz+ r9 n+26 is a B@mtic :equenes
,-, n1-5n+6+ 117=2Zn- rA .'. 13 n?-45 i- loo =o
,'. (n- 5) (1r n+ 20)=o
(tr 13)(n la)=0,'.n=13dn=14
..

.n!.. rrn r)rn 2r 1ll:!= 1., ..*5 i\ _;--i=7 (-----,

(1s) . bl2lr-d= hb-4
.. j;j= l
' b4
. ltrl
E - Erl
f l;;,=:\--r
.-.56, a?= 3?+a2,+a5
.., n(n r)(n 2) 3n(n- l)-nr-6n':+ 30
..a+2=ln 2 :,2n-4
.'. n (n' - 3 n + 2) - (3 n1 - 3 n) = .3 6 D: + 30 ,.,/-14r+45=o : (r-9)t 5)=o
.,.5n=30 ...n=6 06) . Erb:f=?, bd
mtrlriply boln sid.s x (3 n 6)
icr..-.230 ..9=t c = 230
5L! tr s .Elbl,r(, r)=726:t!cn o
sn ten vrtuc ot x =
rp3
.., =6
IErbl=rz Dt!
,ror @r-L=E=r! [E=(o* r,= 1j
'.l2rbl=,4bro
bi! lL9 b E
...1r,"-2=41r.-6,lfl=lU
h t,? ,', sndl.$ voluc or 14 1l = l! 1a = {320

rnr.Ei.r-b4 .,6 1p ,t)p rte .ndlcd rduc or E:l ocuEs wh.n

lr' .'.2tr=3n-6
'., n=6
lDl
.'. ftc smrrb$ wlu. or l4f = E:! = 19 =I @
0r).,E!=G+r)(r+r)(ln)'
:' c+rh+'rl, l,'l ( 1)nEn dlefatuhn-3=9 m
b E :. n-t2 :, x1-]f=4 .x1-16 ,; c, =.-,1,
b,b=rl4="Lr^Lr
h-r ,1, r r-r
(nj)ln--O
,', r=4(rh.-Y.sldi h rfu&dl
E= E= 2a
 mh r) /nlm D.' 6
rs)fc +t r+(t +"c r ID,!I]
"- "o r) ---l-\---- '/
ond n k sum of
h
uilnreri. sq. it fEr n o

-.,.,'' ''r=----=- 'od

irs h$ is l dd rhe nunber of rms i5 n

=.-T1--l
i'oq+, "'oc6+ '0c,= ".,=7e, (3)L.Hs.=(2 r)[
ai=.lllr:i1911i
'P l. l.-. L ".-r =
(r+ 1)m(r l)(m l) +G I)E+(a-r)E+--
!-, to-r to-r Ln-r +(n+r-r)h=2[-[+3E
=)Yz=jli E"aE E
+-.+c+')h-h
tzt"'c,+"'c,*"t.+"\+ -, =12-lr- E-E- lr- lr
b G+ l)b (o+2)(n+l)E +-+l4r-h=la{-[=lqiH
acr 5ca 6cr
(4 ) '.' + + + ... +'ca
5c, 6c, +...+tc,,
G+l)(r+ l)Li =ac, + +
(3)*=n(n+ l) (.- r) G + a G - 2),..(r+, (r-
- : (i-O'.G+ l)? : n-r>'+ I
r)
'By $ing rh. d. 't ='ti i'
(i+ao+r)h (n + 4.. (i +2)(n+ l)
n:rr+ r (b€rDe n !ref,d:,) = ('c, *'c, * 5c, * "c, * ... * 'c,,) - ('c")
G* D'
- G-D("-r)E- (*rx*]'b- (n l) (n "By odding od subtutn8 {co'
2)...(n +I)
lul
= ri!= Rx s Numbq or.l.m.nb of zr =
ica ! =fc,.q,'c,-..+"c,,)-,
'By usiDs oE sun rle'
(3)Lrrs.= Ej Numbd of eGnenb ofz! =
rP1
= (!+'c,....-'c,,) , *.'
=ri(ri D(rn r).....x4x3x2xr '' .LL
b-E [l
, '.' "'q,. I
i, p@iioE ilrss ""a

: l2r= [2"4 r 6...... i2n] l1g!

@E
, is pGitiv. incsd
ilrx3x5i.... (2i- r, . bl=bll1 :(n-2)bl=6b:l j * is divirihl. by Elat
: l2r=2'Il 2 i] :.a-2=6 in=3 IlJ
" '3.... ' m
, [r, i,5,...(2, r)
- ,-r-. t-t.. (bt) (r )(x+y)r 5co yox5
+
rcr
rr jr'
-...kD r-l = + ^ --l=--l +5 3
=
.: l]!=1'hh,3 xs.....(2" r)l-Rr.s. 't, "
LEE L(L!!) Els
.^ ,t =""'q,"'q +
5c5
y5.xo = x5 + 5, rn+ r0y'1xr
l.l,-,,1.-,1,' '2\2k11t-t-4 ^--r+14
.. ""'t..ld3'"creinEsed +royrr'?+5y'r+yj
'1.-.-r ..-,-r = P,
. rlr r !:!r+ {o (r)(r rf =6co(2f i(6 6c, tzrx5+6qizr'1
Lb Lh : lrv Lr E rncg.r
.,hr=4,9+ao.,,r,r=as r r"c, (r)'r' * uc. (r)'n"cj (2)' x
, -Df=u=b )2t=1 ) *=z 'ffi"*-"-" .\rzf x"=r' t2 xs + & x4 ftr x3
@l
..
".b+."d"",bhb"f . bL\
Ltth.nunb.sb.n,r-l,i-2'...'n-r+l lEl tt -",+-
,,,+.,.#-,.+..
( )(c) (2)(.) (3)(.)
I Gt ex* r vt'= \tr tc,yt'tz xrn
,r Tt"EnFldud=nG D(n 2).,.(n r+D=rp
IrG!.dD to iolrc trmbo aEl *
nc, (3
, ,' * (3 y)' (2 ,'
(2

+4\o i3 e n +aca\3 y)a t:x ta = 16 xa

*"^LliL="*r"-I'*i,-rr* * j
+ g6y x.3 + 216 y1 x2 + 2$yx x + ar y1

11
(4) (x-+)'=rc,, (+)'i
(*)rl c, ( 3) (r * xi'='torr + 'cj x*"c, xr * "cr xr (4)'ftcniddh rcm i. dre *paNioi

-t, (+)',,-t, (+I,, (r,trf (r 1trl=,ora.zo(rrl[)

.:ot't/l=*1[
.r. l-!f r h /rl'r ' (a ) (SLllrt:!ll +r)' +(ir ri
.'. (i + lf="c + t, + t1+ tr+ -.+lc"=12)" ,r.rc l l=l^trai'=rr'r). "
@(r +d= r +t (5 ) Thc lwo niddle rcnns in dr. cxpansion
=x55xr+rox-+-:-+ =txr x+ t*xta"tx'] tl
(s)(,x'-#r-!,(*)"(,,l1r =(x,+ r/+(xr r)a =, [rj +r] + t.,l
By did.rentiarion the r*o sides Nith rspect
€.+)'^',-.',
ac, (x +r' L=0+'rcr+r"cra+3"c.r: ,r,. ''c, (rr)'(f)'=,145
= , [4c,, (a 1a + T + ac. (r:)o ] ."
"(l '('
scL
(*) (z x'2)a-rc2 (#' o x 1l =2 [rr+6xr+ r]= 2xr + r2rr +2
+-.+n'c,i'l 6
, r, = 'Jc! (:1)' (+)? = r,305 x
Purinsn=3, r(=l
+5c. (#' c a 1
rc,
(;1)r c ,r

' a .'. ${l + r)7=scL + 2 i

3c:
+1x 3cl I 6 ) Thc founh .cm trom lhc cnd ii .h. crpiision

'c, ({)' rz r 1'- :z x '' - rzo r' ( r ) (r r3)'= (r +0.03)'=rc, (0.u1'+5c, (003)
trs"(2)7='cL+2"rcr+3.3c,
x4(:i +)' h,h. f.mh E-fom$c
5c,
+ 13011 l35 r(+,4!+ -4lr
* to.orl + - = r *o rr +ooo*o.ooozr ucgrning rn rrc cxpan"ion xr(l + x)'
,r. =.r'''c.x'( rJ" ar.t
1r11r-9!n *eJ= 1r -r11r=\111" (2) (o9s)ro=(r -oo2to=roco (or2)" ol 7) r +''2cj 1+ 1c1x2+
=
i'1c11r''=(r +rr2
tr1'*'c,tr1'-'c,rr1'
( )(b) (2)(d) (3)(b) (
-.+
-'c, (0.02) + oc:rcnr)r rocr(o.orl -rhc
'ocr (6 )(c) (7) G) (3) (.) . . middL tem is T?
* rca (,x'))4 - icr (rf - 1- 5 x':+ ro xa +-=r-0.2+0I13 0 00096 + - =03r7 (r1)(c) (12) (c) (13)(r)
,t, =t1cu x6 =e24 v6
(t (16)(c) (17) (c) (t3) (a)
( 3) (lr2)B - (098)'-(r +oo2)r on2)3
(2r) (a) (22) (.) (23) (b) (24) (b) (2S)(b) ( t) (r*rr'-'1c (:r*:r1io(r-:r+ 'c.
=2[T,+T,+r^+r,] (26)(b) P7) (b) o*n"l 2al -. | 2a"
a =2 ['c, rcn2)'*'c, (on2f n 'c, (on2l (31)(c) (32) (c)
P3) (!)
k) (r ,!lr=(2+rrorl
(r ) (r+r)6 (a ,6=r[-r,+rr+16] -c,
(33)
= lG+11
+ to.orll (36) (d) (37) (h) (33) (d) rLci
:. r. G -r)r ct = ia2 raro x4
=zl'c (, xi + €, xr + (r)r rl
6c. 6c. =
=, to r6 + o ooo448 +...1-031 ({r) (!) (42) (c) (43) G)
(9)(r ,3+2air(l t)1+2s2xlo x)'
=, t',x5+ r60,.r+ xl
's, !l E
+...+6s61 :!3= kr -r+3rilr" (l + 2rr
( l )(l )r'='q,x" (r )r"="c5 (1)'(rr= r7,, xl ,16=rcJe,5 = r792 r5
(r)(x+1[ )r+(x 16)'=z tr, *r, *r.1 *scrxa- scrr! + 3c.x6 -
3c,
r'* rc, rr rhc numncalvdE arr = r k rTez (rf = 1792
.. nre .elfici.nt ol T6 = 1792
(lo) llE.rpusion (3 * 2I)l + (3 2rx
=, lcd ({tI 14+ t2 (1EIr sc,+Nc, 3c,r . +scs=(r rf=o (, Tie sinh trn itr lnc expansion (2 I
... t )
!..ording !$ndln8 powcs I
y)7
-2 [Tj +T] + Tr *T, + T,l
.,c,(ff",1 (2) G+, o"="c,c oo Gf +
6cj
o b) c)j
ro rhc

sirrh renn in rh..xprnsio, ( y +2 rl

of is rhc

=2 [x1+ l2 r')+ 4] = 2x4+24xr+ s *'c, tz ur' tuI * 'c. ru tf t,f *'c, rr ti ,r, =7c. (2ir)5 ( r:=672r5yl =, rr = , Cc,) (2 11 (3)a = lBla.$xa

(3)
0.{t)'-(r -{t)'-, r,. r.l
tr, - cl + "c. (, b)5 G) + "cr o bf G)" (3 ) rh. fifin dm rmn $. end in
'ne
.xpamion
a
= , ['c, (1ri) -'c, (tl;)' - 'c, (G)'] (1- i) efdmahrh.de( d'nsPow ! i rt r +rr+'c,r'+ - +x'=tr +xt3=zse
..'q,+ic,+.c,- +6c.=(, -, (+)"
=r [s18. ro;r1E-x'1E] .. I +6cL +6ci +. -+6c6- (2f = 64
= ro'[x * zo x"[x * t x''[7 ' '. *'. *.,"t r=63 m. rr:ra r.tt6
=6a ,r _ asas r 3
(r)(, +ft)" (, 6)"-z Ir,*r,*r,1 . .5 .rrT, \i, - & ^ .'. ''c.c vf (rr'= ''c,evtGx)" . ".tT'.
s---r--1=rr^-:.i
(6f ] ,,1=?
=u [c, fl : ) .'c, (raf -"c. ,r" ='c,1i1'9'=,*o x " .5^L!L^rj11L
(2)T,. ='c,(mr'='c,.'r'
= z [r{i- oof.:+{i]= zrof I !t a,, irxr ...r.=rb=Lr2,a
..ao6x=zro1tr ,=+ To liid thc .@rncie of x :

(3)(j r)'"- r0,3 (+ x)'+a5,1(+ x)' 1 3 ) Th. i*o middlc tmr in the cxpmsion TnecEfli.ie olTr=lcrm=in=l2 (l) ..' rl*rz rt"' tt".ror
To fiid dr co.ltrciem or x:
- rm,,r(+r'+,.+3"'=(+ J. r'o ...7n: 49 n + 34- 12 n'1- 132 n + 360

.. (1r 3)''= rora - Eaio {t! ... 5 nl- 33 n * 276=o

rh.meficie orTr 't: n'? = m':

..+.-'=., ..'c tll' rxr' *'c. tll',"=,, =

(2)
..(so 23)(. 12)=o

r-. o..q*ti." ro,.-f .,, = r, - (.in""d)

-! x-3=,
... ,rhcnx= 10
"=?
roc.
.+r r=, ..'"" L= souur"c r" rzr , . .
$f 1'- or
(B) rh.
"*rn"i" = .1'16 J b5 = f
:'='c
,,h.n1=2 "c "
.'s, roc5Jb5=63
r 1lu,
.,.2016a5br=63
(4).. l + 20 X+ 190]i1+ ,lOrr+ -.+X']o
"3b= j
( , ) r, ='c, (+)'€ r 1' , r. ='c, (1)' e ,1' n-.r1,..=f=| 'b'=;=(j)
?+ l53xl.+,,,,+ ] =(I+ l'l
',13+ 131
..'c, (+)'0a1'='c,(+)'c x1' (3 ) Ih. codncie ofT6 =
qCJ
5nd de .mffici.nt r e , Th. hiddLc Em. nrh..,pmnon (). 1)
'Fo
. G'1,=(+)'
..r+x=1,lhonr=0
+a= l,th.n1:-2
orl
...x =I (,1)T1='c !x .'.sai=4 (l)
tr0) T.e middle rem in rhe .kponsion ( I + ,ir)
(5 )(2+rr +7 xr (2+ri6+#xa(, + x)j , *. -.n"i.* .t r, = \ r.r' .h-r ,5. I rf,.? hr,=,h i,),
.. ll,0 = 70 .,.!=t2
* ...+x\a -ttz+n+xltj '' Tu= ''c,xt 'r, = "'c. x' AIr=2itrd$b
""
(l),rllen x=
thc lwo niddl. em N-Ia md Tr
iruling ln I
.'. rocr
.'. xr =2 "r"c"r!" Ar i =- 2 md $bsir nCin(l),rnmr= t ''a, = 'ta,
. T. -'c, (),')t (2 * ,)'= tc, ](t (z * ,' ,..2s2 xs =42ox6 ,r= (s)T1=rc,x1=2sI': .."c:=2s=3c1 (r0) Thc .@rficietu or ra ,'r5 , 16 m
?
, r, ='c. rr 1'e * xr' ='c, -r' tz * xt'
i ?c,
i! 9l or)11=6co( r)or"=r" ''n=3 'Tj=8cara= lllo 'r.'z Rsptrtrkv
'cr r6(2+ra= (2 +
rhc niddlc cm is &e founh Gm - x=,2 ..., ^q i 2" r-.cli2' ,+,trx2" r
'
,Ta=6cr{- 1)r r.3 = roxr .@rficicn or,Ir =
roc,
Gl (Mulr.by2i r)
:(: 2)(i(+1)=0'ihctrx=2
( 6 I Thc = I s0
'cr)
,rr=6c.1_ tfxo= I ... 4 "c =4 "cr + 'cr (divide 6y
r"c" (k x)a 2to
,,,16 20x:+l=190 , T5 = =
1 t I n . -aar" r"- ;n rr'" (r'* j)'" ,', x6 - 20 xr rs9=o ...(+2r'=l
""pun,ion
1(j(3 +7)=0 .."=r-r= fr "=.] ..,4=;:.iii+-.--
..r.='\(#'(r1'=?ar
27)(xr (? )r.='c.x5,r.=qca-xi 'Ts= gx?
q
+,'=+ .{=#1*f
, ,=z
{ I ) Thc rvo middl. tems in rhe slpdJoi
..4x5(n r)=5xr6+(n 4)(n
..20n 60=sO+n1 ?n+12
3)

(3 Ja + 2 y)13 m T!
rrrn *.,*t "* . ,t. *r."- (] - :* )'
T? ond
5^-! rs^ L :. a1 21n+152=o i (n- l9) (n -s)=o
,r,- ''c, G vfG!',r,= ''c,Gvf Gr" =
 rhc .o.fliciens of x: (4)Th. c&aniion of(l +k 9n
'compadng
,r,= r-in-{=+r nm'_r=6! (z) r+ !c? (kr':+'cr x)r + -.
..=+ 'cr (m = r + "c, k G
.: r-.Hs ++2i;+r r;r +.. +nii
(D DiYiding (2)by (r) ..nmr=2 comp ins dr. ccfarci.ds of a:
,rr = "c? (. r':= "ci mlx'= i ).: m=+ ..k=+ o)
t'c
t 5 l-t:l)-r=5D' C.mpadng l]l. ceftci. of:!:: Compdins $e cetrici.nb ot I I
'C: k': = m,
... -:= :

substituring 6m (1) in (2) :

!!!jll^llg=i
*3"'='" !!:! m ?=:
(3)
compeing lne .cffici.ds ofjra : lcr k' = mr
. !!:.1.1^ r.{t' = r Djvidins (3) by O) : ..
] m4=4n, .'. 'rcl k1= 4 x 'C: k':
+...+n x!j!l-!=n +(n t)+(n 2)

..,10n l0=9n ii=10 -tii'\:, =i ); =f

p-irr .=:]A= r md it is eilhmtic sequ.ne , ib fiBr tm
is l , ib brs n r ! ih. Nmb.i
of i8 Gfls is
.'.12n' 12r= lon? ..2nr l2n=o
q-,-r@*=., .a!,-=al"rr1=RHs
...=" ,.=3 ,,=+=3' @ PDni'gx=2 in ihc givci cipaision:
,mn(, ...\ D ,vlnl =4
: T6=rocr G I)r= 252 (2)Th..[poncionoI(l +m I)'o 'l+),,=,+2.+a,*3^
.'.12(n1 5n+6)=4nr
l12)Th.ccIficE oIT4 =
icr,rd tu(EflicMr =r-ro.r.ffr.r, ,',3 n'z 15n+rs nr =o
ofTr="rC) .'."cr=I."-rcl -rl##r.,r'.... lEl
L! "-, "^-, r"-, eficieft (n 6)(2i -3)=0 n-6 'nc@cfflcic ofrh. oiddlc bm
'r"._iE='ffi'E=-F Compariig rhe
Compdng rh.@fi.icnrsofI: b=
ol ro , ! =
l0
I
m (l)
.'.
,!dk=2 *"=; (.r,*o
.', in n\e.xplnsion

( 5 ) rn. .rpansiotr of (r rra

(13) Th. rwo middlc hs in lne .rpmsion
,I#-,=*.'=. r
(2)
="rr
iacr
"rrr*rac:or,1r-,acrn,r
*cr.rB
rl
, rhe Bo middlc cru in thc .xpsnsioi (x + y)1 ' 1

co-p*ins d* or x : +iacaoroir4,....+
"*ra,"jcnl.
ir ::i-r. iafrrarrt I ar
.f :r+r. I rf. i,.,i
{,,.,'u''=',o-'=
'
*b"dbri"s i, (l), .. b= 10, + =5
'' "=+ compdiig rh. cctncctu
,omp ingrh..mm.i.nBotxl
ol b!=iac{J0
br =-raca rl
*r*r.rr"g ts , ({ , @m|,!iing 6c em.iss ol x
2
, b, =
i4cr
r[
, ;" 121 , .. c = )'- {: '.' 4 b{} 1l (br+b1)=0
(3)Thc.xposionot(I +cx)' :Th.@ffidcn.=1'rc.
,...1ir1c _ri+ rc ...2t=! = r +"cr cx+ t:(cr')+'cr (cx)r+ ,'. . a,racaalo+ r1c1rc, J'+rt J1=o
'r1,. sun of L\e c@rficidB ofTD bd T'
,=i , compains me c@fiicien6 ofx: 20 (l)
n c = ... 4{04 aro 4oo4,jj+ rml sr1=o r I

,(?-rr=' iI ,x'z=, c.-p.i'g ,h. .*m"i"na ot r' , u, = t, c'

r ...r':-40+4=O ..tn Zl'?=O = rh. efici.it ofTi i I
in rh. .rDusion (a + y)1r
.-.4X2-9X+2-O (4Jr r)(x 2)=0 ,.. Conpring lhc cerrci.n6 of I : ., ='tr Cr
.,r=,,drDr=+sr= ],lrl.n!=, ... 16 "cr c'1= 3 lcr c1 :i!r
qr
(6) fte .4msion ,tr or (l +
..+ =5" ' (Lulc=+ ='co + t, r *'c, r'n lcr r * -.
r

.€).=f i (n-2)c= 16 @ compaiDs rh. m.drcietu or xo: ao ='co '.'C+bl+ (a b)' = 2 (rr +r. +15+ ,.) =21

Conpsng $. ocmoier! oI I o , iiom (r): , mmpujng rhc odn.icnt of I : rL =

ocr ..1= + (, . b)'* + c- b)"

n"=3a (l) :.20-2C= 16 .r C-2 ,thenn=10 , omrfjns fi. mefiicieob or.1': : e, = t? ,. (r+bf c b)'=2G:+'ra+16+..)=2m
..-,+G+bf-+G,6f @ !. L=a+(n l)d .'.0+(n- l)x3=256
(r)(a) (2)(d) {3)(b) (4)(c) (s)(d) mc +1rc. +1rc. + +a o.
16)(t) (7)@ {3)(b) (9)(a) (10)(c) : 'Ih. nmb.r or jn&3.s h6 = 13 omr.
=G-bfG+O!-G, b1r
'+krl ,l
hdrurioN ro dv. tMbe IOI (11) sum of cctricior or rBr 10 Em = sm of
=ft!+bf +G-b)'lfti+b)' G O"l .@ffi.i.dts .t fmt 30 Em.
(r )0 +rr+xTo= (r +,if)r=o + r1lm
,,,1 al+'! rr+., +,1,=64 ... sm or.ffiici.na of br 30 Ems
.', nr nufttd oftu " l0l \2)

@ (2) ftn$d cms i, d. .rpdbioo of (x + y + z)re

= { maem.i-c"rr*.r
of
+ 2 a2+ 2t4+ +2 64 *ccxpocm= j,t''=zr3
=(9f-sn- l =(l +sf-s n-
-'- 2
( 1)3:"-s D- r r
h ri. !@ a disEiburhg ,9 id.trtl.al bdls in I b.G
..
\2=
lc,3'+ ,',1+a:+3.+,'+!|:=32 (r,
= fco d *'cr 3 + "cr sr + ... +,c 3,1
t.,r're lcre=21crr='1cr=2lol*. '. Tn. niddh Em G6) =
?
'' a2+!4+ 16 +,,, + ri1= 3l
(3)'. Numhr of hs in &e exDusioo .. "c-.-!..t',.5x=9
= [r

tl
+s i + tr (3)'1+ "ca (s)]+....+s'l

".,.".,-,,.j-.,
rtr i'c rx h'-'^z'=rx-r*:f'
'n ' (x+ t){ =
." ,=* ".*,=+
= G): + 'cr G)3 + -. 3" - !: =__-
.. x=nn+C r)o x+whdiez
- (i+2!i+t) 7n+I
=a':[t,+'c](3)+,. +3"_:l=64xoii,cs6 @fllci.nt Tr ='c[
.',f+3n+2-14tr+2
,'. Thc of
@
,'.3"-3n- I ir divhibtc by 64
(r)r-yr=(16ri)'.(1l; ;)' TlEniddlc@minih.cip.nsion0 +x)"irT"*,
(2 ) 3r'-, = (?7)" - l =(r +26f- r =2(Tr+Tr+Tj) ,r,,=1"c.pr1'-*.Ei9"
= k + t, c6) + t,06)1+ \c, c6l + ..+16"1 l :n=0(ctuoi) ft n= ll =,(1/;I.t,(r',(6I :nan Lrrri :!lj lt ltl lrr,
='c, eo + "c, (2o'?+ q (2or + - * 26'
( { ) nE qpesion = 2r (rL + rr + Tr) ,'".(;i(6)l
=26 ['cr +26i t,+eo'1 i "cr + ,- + 26"-']
=r(aJ+5.,(1r r)xtr+5"a(,tr r)':r) =,t({rI t.(+)(6I
_-_'_''il,*,
lr"L?, r)e^ {, ,a,r[ r)oi
" ') .1.r].-"
T}. *prsion d€sr ],tblt r.5. c.- r,
(s
:.

)rr=rc: (xrq'1' x
=7

(r3= rox:rq' 3
-r.(*)(1r)l =-------1"r,''' .

IE
Urs =-:-= r-rL
..
L"E-4
i-r
i.r114'r=loo,Idto8r=y
i.r.=ld : (105?, r- lo'z
ItotL\+'oc, x +'oc, x':+ -+roc,.;r1o l@ b*[3'""
'.. 0+)0"= (l + -r1" (l +r"
=l4^E=.s.=o," ..1(,\+'oc, a+'0c, f +...+'0c,0 r'o) dr
.y= { *a *o r =! rcn sra uccau* x, r :"co+1f, r."t:r1+ ,..+:"c" r."
. r, r" *e*tu (,. +). ' vio
..
= "c, (+)'(r)'" (co+tr a+ "c, r.' + ... + ocr x5
'h"
=,rc,x,
ory =

(6)r,,,
2 md $Jr- 10'?- lOO
.. '"c" x. + '"c, fl
+ '"c,1,...
=
(co+t, x + lc1x1+ -. + "c" a")
r, r de6,bi (r - +)r'
="'c,(EJ(6)"'' *+roc,or"=+0+x)rr+.
, ,h. = 'tq (r,J'@,0 FIm dE.qu,Ii9 ofrh. @mcicn$ oI x' in hxh sids
(c. . ..,,I.ilcn.+1.\.
= x': "=:l
rdivis,blc by 3 wh*r 6{0 ,3 , 16 ,24 ,... ,256} ,c: ,c,
't r:-f ^ -i . ''c"r. + + -, + "c"
,,c0)

+ %,1- -
md n is d of oun$6 fom m uirhndk '"c,,,'. -:
+
:a1-+ ."=3 Eqffi ib fidha= 0and ib lsr bm
! r m. _
Y L"-s 1
.
ffi= r\,'+,t,r+it,r + +r"c"r'
L-256lrdisbsd=3
 k=2
ID (s)r,.,="c.(*)'(?rl'' ...

(l :!+xr ir+,.+rr")
Lsr
(l+a+xr+xr+- +rr') ="c,()'() r''(ra)'(i) "' ri'
@tr4
Th. r.mconhiiiia x6 = 50r,5 r6+15
=,,..cr,,,.(i),,,.
Ill
xci+ r)=,0+!j +ar+rr+!1+.. , ="cl:l'rr,''' c*m"t"d.r( + (rl"':o,= rrro
oo)r,, =6c,( +)'(r''='c.r',.,t"
... r
',r )' \ )"
i, "'c,
=
tc,xt
"
=rc-'2' 'x '
: (:n+ l)x l=1 rr +r, ar+ .
'x (6 ) r,, |=
r:, rt,(-1 )'(51" Pur6 2r=0
6Cr
=x:,r,c,"(r):, Thc 1cm fnc of x is = 20
Pll]411:3
(c,(2)" t,)r' r =". I ll'^r^'
.. 4r+2=2qj+n"+{+ .)=2i61 .'.
$
co.rfl.icnr 0r:! =
L!c, , l: = 16,l "
(r)'f,, -'c,(+)'(+)' ' =ncr(- r)r'x I'r' r 6cr( r)k16
':r
rr
ccflicndorx'r is'rcr C)ir' =14!li Poriig6-2 k
@
. -'c,(+l(;)' ',x '"x" '
fr.
=0
tca (
( I ) ( l + rirr ( r+ :!:5 = ( r + x)31
"c l1 l'(r" ' ... Th. r.rm of x is Dr=-20
: (Lco * "c, x+'?5c, rr+..+Lcrr':J) = c,(+)'(i)"''' " The vrlue of rh. tm frcc of x h

= .,(11' ''" " Pd7 3r= 5

50c,,
+
{c r*$c.rr* *roc.,,-t5"
l'urll 2r=l 'r-5 c*n.-, * l^'c =u ru
II
=
c*nl","r x= cr (1)'''" (t)(b) {2)(a) (3)(c)
= 6,1
Byequdiiseficic.is orxrr ii borh sides "f (s rr (2+l)rri(r +i1 (6)(b) (7)(b)
) k2+rrr+ (3)(O
."c0 "c,. *"c, ttc,, * "c. "c,.*.. (3)r.,1=rc.(+)'x2 ' *|alo * rr'rr * rr' * ..* rr * :rr'] (n)(d) (r2)tbl 03)G)
,.,x,r L=tr*rxlrl (r1(r)
=,c.(:r)',r , k2*r*(r*I)l (16)O) (r8)(a)

T, =Lc,(2r'xG) ' {21) (r) (22) (r) (23, (c)

a'
=rc.(11)',rr I
.,.,=5 =Lrc,(2),(r) ',x, El
rrc,ef (1lr
r = ''c l1 t'. cx1' '
t2).. (r+xtrr(r !r5=(r x1:5 ccrfiric orr' is "=251440
rt, xc,,.xa) r"=,t.(j)'x,,?1 , Irxj! 1.x2D ixxa 1r
ft.+ x+:trrr + +
=mc
(rrr ='cl-l.l'dl" Ic," f (2)ru ''xr r'
(Ici :t x+xc,r': .. :tr.r:) (4)1,, =
rc,(+)'(,r')'' ' (c,x "
"'xt "_oc,xt " Pul20 r- 15 5
t'crx'-.. rt '"( t)''x'"xra "
="c,,- "c, x'* _
"cr, ='rc,(2)'1
c*rfi.isrotr Ii= 10cr
1(2)rn L
= 5t2o1
rrc6 6 6
= ''c,(2)'1 ',( rf,xr'r'
By cluding dE dm.icnB of xro m hai sides Tr = :! = 5oo5 :!
Pur20-5r=5
..ttc. "c, "c,'t,,*'c, "c,*
- r-,, = "c, (j )'o* el" r= r53(,01'
cocrfl.ieNor:r5 =i0c.lr
- *"c.,,'\ = "c. r,,= lc*(2t':*( r)'- ?920 ..5:u/=r5ro'Jl l --+ ..r=+
?1 2e
Or ,. r=, +eN o . "e, (+)' $f (!'
+=",'
. t\1' = 'r, (+ )'(a)'
rr'.,iaa.r* r"rr..p.,., (f * | )' i,r, r., = ''c,(|)'rxi'' ' -'=+
-"c,(r'(r)' "- "
(l)r,=,,c.( !)"(+)'=,,1x, "c,(x)''
Purins26
'=i 3r=o .,=+e"
(, )r.., -':c.(--r )'(2al:' . . The Em frc. o[ ]! is
Lrc
Lo =
3m3 .'. Thee ir no em ftee of x
Er
IAI
=,,c.(1)'(rl,,(i)'"(!,, .
, r,r' = t'r If ,r"o ' (".1I("
,Ts=rscrlro xr rc?xc +)',=(",,Jrf
=''7c,(;)'(;)"'(x)r: r' ,Tq= 6cr rr rc)- trci16 , r,. ='c.(-r)'(x1' '
,', Thc mdo bcrwoci rhc tm fnc ol x and dr sun ol
lr=l :r=3 ..'= rv. rms
Pur 12 +e" thc cocan.ic[s or rbc middlc

.. Thclsmconhinii!xr n '. Iter is not.molfirrdcsEe. ... Thc mmcicnr orf islcr( Ll= s4
't.(i)'"' '"'=+f,' (, )ra =
rrcr
(+)'(Ir:6 r1r,
@l
.,=+e"
q ,r,, =''c,,(+)''(r'''*) r,,L='c,(+)'rxi-' .'. TheE is no trmconraininsx r
...r,,,=r,(1fo.t1", Io
,.''",(+I,,"='",,(+),",' ='c,(j)'@ 'r,' " i-']qc,()o :r(riod rr
=,c,(+)'x,(.]r,"(r1,' r.,,="c,(x'l(x1"
Y2' /-r\' r-Ll \--L =*c,(+)'(e,",.
='c.(J)'(.)1 '(i,) ''(r)' :'
Ol Pu.l0i-?r=0 .'. l0n=7r
='c.(+)'(rf '(i1'"' , t,r =*c rrllll* ' ... r= llh

(r'(5f '(I' $ "=*".(+I=.(+)'=+

=3c . ,= l!i1=
. . 'Ille vrlE of rhe rem fiee ol x ir ro
3cr(s)3 r(!'r-3
'c, (+)"pf-'= sa
'c,(+)'=rs (+)'=:
!. fie tvo middle @dr iE Tr did T6 fi Io,
:. fie rem fE o1.I is Tr and the middle t m 'j=j
r-
'r,=\(])'pf
4
J(
3 (4)
- e,s54 x6
ml
1, =''c,(j )'o x1'"
,r,=\ (+)'of r,.L='1c,(*)'(x1'r' -''c,( r)'(jf'(2i"(r" "
,r,=tc,(5)''.ar?so =nc,( 3tc)n r(!4_r'
='rc.(+)'(jrr '(atr '(r1'r '
'x3=+ (2)Tr=rc,(s)''1(t)'1''z r =43?soox n

,r,=rc66)1 6(r1'6 3-7ooa{ ='t(+).clr'(!"],

E 26 3r=5 r,,=1"c,,
%.(;lI(+)"'
Puing ... (
] )''r:rr'"''
',',= f- ,*l -r -"c,.trt"G) "lxt'" "
= "c.( r)'(r
"(1)"'"(r"'' '\(i)'roi''=:on'' 1'cra(1)((!" 1!'
-'c,1-:r'(rf"r1to " .'. rt= loooo ...1=r{lo 'rhehvohiddlekmsaft
Tr$dTs,', Ts=Tl Pu(2 n -2 (14) -0
IB .. ItemiddleremTir1istheremlrceolr Tn.68rpd cotrbim r'r if 12 2r=o ..( r)?el (3)'"3c,, "q= mar2
--,,^ , 18,",
''," ^ ,rh. wlD. orfth Em er(n = s)= 6cr
= 12s70
*dir,'"r@( rf,roc"=ro .. (-r)(2)13f r
x3c1 x6cr = 2n2s

=ti(f )6(xi ix(!" L.(1T) "'6

@ and lhe *cond ,.n onuins x0 if lo - 2 r= o

r =roc I Lf1x:rri , ... ( (r)? (3)''': to 6q

= a36o
='c6(;)"'l'1xb b
r )o
" "
5rc,(r-rI(x)r0r-2r 5ic,ir0r"5r ,"dib *r,"{ r)5"roq= 25, ... Tn 6m.i.n!of-r1=?0412 -23123 +4s6o
pur2i-24=0 .'.tr-12 .'.'llE v,lueol$.tm lEofr-210 252= 42 = 19.14
n.a*.rr,='c.116) "' -oz a
.'. Tt. vd@ of rh. h fEc of x =
I
t, I @
El Trr I i3 dlc Scncial d ii rh. erpmion h T.a , b. dE gd.Tl tm of i\e

ir rr =
oc /lf,rrrr '
-Er
Erbr
r,, =rc,c, 5c., (2, r'
-mc,(),,(rmr
mcrrr* r' I
rr
o = "c,r'- "c,r"'r "c,x"'
.,.
| =

h
"
ofrh. crposiotr (l ra
. h,h.-p-"*l: ).+-! f The fid p€n conriitu x I wh.n r = 5
t ld Tr r I
be rhc

lcr
s.Enl +n

i Tr, G rlr 4cr (nf rL

+l'cx)",="q(x).(2I 1(r.
r= =
)
k=L r,=qc,l
, $. smnd pd mnhic 1r wn.tr r + I = s .', nE s46l h orrh..rp0nshn (l +2d(l + n14
rrca
:k=--L=1 r=4udln.cerri.ith
.'.
, rhc rhird rd mntrins Ir whdr+2=5
=z',1"'c.,\,x'",r..r,'.s
Purn 6-0 .r i-6 rrcr To find rh. cfiicient of x'?
. .r= I md dE cefici.nt is

... rtcamcienrorxs= rrc, rrc.+ rrc, =zgz

.In rh..rp sion ( I+yr)s
.'. 'IIE v!l@s oI t uhich mrl hc cipansio rc,
11 = 0,11 = 30 v3 = 2ao
hsrt.n6Eof ,m L4md9
=(r x+x'?) (l +rrcj x+'rc,1'+rrcrJ(t
ri,r. roqxDo-,,-r. rec,,(e'm,
.
@
Pur90-lor=0 .'. r=9 l,i1cj- l,rrcr+ L 11c.
= = 297

@r
md rh.o.ddof E middl. h is T6
roc5 Idtne s.n.ral rnof (l 1)r bc
,', Th..@lEci.it ofT6 = = 252
T, Nc,(-,
Th. dio b..wn rh. k ne oI I md rhe r = =( D'3c.r'
Er 0d ld Lhe s.dcdl r.m of (3 + 2 .t)6 b.
n.*p.,"."=rx'- rr [''c,1]f (," t T
r.1=6qcxf (3)6-r=(rf (3f -I"6crxr
Er
r..,=,,c,(+)'(r,", -r-,t'*u[r u'''t x '":r' 1
=( rrcfcf r"rc,"crr''r =0+rcj "rr+rc?"cD?+...)
-|,c,tt, \f,)1^, =1,c,x2,
1' =(r1+ r) k r,xroc.x,10-'2tl (r +ac,,1.x1+ac,r"r2+-)
1, ,'t
=(- tfxroc,).tr = 0 + tor+m.x: +...t 0 +.r n x+e n: x'?+
r,".iddr" t6, i" r". , =?"qr':"-?" =':t.ao + (- t)r i roc,
i. ro 1r ,Putr+k=2 , '.' dE mtrcicn. ot r! = 26

26
.'. 6D':+.loD+66-o,'. 3n'1+20n+31=o =(- r)0, q, to+( r)', rc,
'rcl
r,,,=x 3x3c,xct'/={ r)', rc, i i"
Pu!2r-3=o ..t-1
3

@EE
..(n+r(3n+11)=0 .."=-r*"=+ : rr. h neofr= c l)'x 3q= rc1 Ill
El
(5 ) Lr T, r | tu thc gln.ml tm h rtr. .rpaGion (s) (d) (6)G)
o+a r15=tt+(r-r1l!
( I kt T, b. thc 3.icml h of rh. qpmsioi (r(,r1+ ro(n
) +I = l +5 11)'?+,.
i T,,r =?"c., / P,t,=, 03) (b) 04) (c)
Jr+x0+.1116 =l +5 r- 5I'+ l0(.x: 2x3+x')+ ..

: r,. | =
6c,
(.x 0 +r)'=
6c,
].'( I +:9',,36 ,', ccfici.nt oI r: = - 5 + lo=5
Lr Tr r 1
il thc Fncid M in th. .ipmion Oj
lrt Tr I t h lh. g.mnl t.m of L\e expmion
tDl
iTr,r=:i1C!xr(r r.= r ITJ= r
r,- | =6c,x', qrr=6q - q g=" rc"
..
",.'.* ,', 0l
I$rrudoE ro lor* nMbd @l . 2, i, ^ l" r Ei 2rb-"-+ -
To fDd rb. efa,cidr of Ir, put i + k = 3 (r)(+Jll'(r'?+r+-1) ' ';=t,h: [_=-E-"lF=' E=q'T
=---L "r!-,---L,n=ld
=1r.ff(r.irl'
. nE edi.icn. q rq + 6cr,c, = rr + xr)d l}lrfl =I
o
u + )(1{
Of
of xr = x =q+'c6*3q+'c6+ -+'5c6
=20+30=50 .. r,., -r.'o'{q't''=rq "r'?*m -'c,+'c,*\+'c,+ -+r5c.
,,,I=5
='c,*'cr*?* ',* ''cu El
.1= r- r =r!
ac5
0+r+x16=tr+(r+1116 .,. h @ftui.d ol r'in
T
rhe erpmsio is tc, * tc, *
(,+J(f ^
= -* "cu -a - -.
= r +6(n+Jr1+ E + 20(r+r(T+ rzr ["c,rx ,)5' i
,.,, "r]=,.x-r+as ,., ceffici.n. or 16 =
ric?
+
r5c6
=
r6c,
=
r6ca
=I+6 6t'+ l5 (x'2+ 2 -x1+ xa)
x+ =tt+:oI
-i,
'T'.=+- I
rrr $co
+2net +!r'+3x5 + x6)+ - ,., ttre cenci"ot or = @l
... c@mci.Dt of ar = 15 i 2 + 20 = 50 {3) ( +Jr+r'z+-t'f =(1+r+f o +r)" ld Tra I b. th. Smnl tm of thc .ipadon
Ol
=o+r"o*r1"
(2)r!T!rIb.i\.go.Elt mii&e.xpmion
Th. g.naol reh - T, r I iTrr ,,,-!= r-:1=r!
- r^ 3 s+r t
I
:T,,r=rtr,(y+r',rr:' 3

r r-r\'=rc r'ir-!
=5. rr,
= t,

='c,,q,d"'
x'x tr rdk
P!rl2-r=3 ..r=9 ,T=*'*"=* ,=i
lrt-Irr I 6c Ih. expaBiod of I -l)r (
rrrr tr:r3
.lif=rc :r r
=3c ^2,"xtr
=qcD'=t.cD*at L€r Tr+ | b. lne sFn.Bl h or rh. apmion (y + ,f Puniis 16-r r=o :r=fez'
rr =rc x'it i- rlxr ... Th.E is no tm t€ of I
i'cr
=( rf ! xq ix''t, ks.s5
rc, ,., Tha cEffici.Dt ol xa = lco +
" 'C, 'c? E_l
To fird &c ca6cien( oI12 , Pur + *=2
+ "c4 x lco ='ci + x + "c4 t, tr r
.. Th. co.mcisr or ln. r.m odainins :t y{ zr T,T'T,
'
ir? tr = lr.l L=1"L=,-sr"r'-*rr'r-
{a)0 i)' o. + r)s = (!ra )s(,,-r)'=q+ = \" ''=lL!!" tutr trrrt!
A,x= 3 .r1=+ Ia
r.., =,c.(i)'(x1,,=,c,x,,,.
( 2 ) The Arcares

wh.trx= l
cefiicienr
,l.rT,
is rh.

h rhe cm@d
prtae(
Em
&6 ur
Th".iddL M =T!,
=",-.**.+=+ ,i, L
| =T7
ls i +56=56
."=,ir.,
trr- 15 i =O ... n=0(rcru*d)orn= 15
... T* r,. r,.. otx= T, =\ = 3a '..,='r.(*r(?'"
0r .t=c " o*,- ''-=, =%.(+t' '(3I,," ' "
r,.,=%.e)'(,,)' ' = ['qc tr']r" "' P l2 3r=-3,rhenr=5
,,.=i ..x'=* ..x=i ,., T6is&er. whichconbiis-I r
.,-.' r,=uo.r ii r
.o ir+r)+ r_t-l < |
r. u 'E=,,,1
i,4 'fi=;'*":+;=;
'',= +
^,=,,f=-i,,r=, ... IteruordmsarcT,1lndT,r
.. r= r or2o.l...,. ..Tr>T3>T.>....
@l
E]
The middle tm = L+ I=
,16
Or .'. Ti. grcdd .cmci.d = T, Gt Ja = I)
rr-i ;:-l; t n

='c, -r,(1)=?63
--\-i
&m=T! =T5
t0 6+ I il =+ ..*x=+,!h*:r-i IB]
Thc middh
3c,
: .rn ,a = I 120
a, -Tr-1120

@l : x!=2 (?)
r,,,.,,q(,,r)'(rr','=,.c,(+)',',,, [The ncslriv. is Eluesd beaus i and y have rh.

t-.., 2= L/!r +!jl!l 12 t FrcmO) md(2):2Ix=2 ... x'1= t

. Th. km fe of n i! Tr
. 6_(!1!)* I ! ?l1)lr I
r^ I ';=r 'i-i'5
!
'-i=+ @l
*=+ ...r=i ..,=,+ ,,,}="
EI
r-, "c(+)'(r1''="c( r)r(" "
ID +=" (1)
llTr+ l0T.+T5=0 (Dividin! 6y Ta)
Pu,2B-r,=o ,,=+ez,
@r rri+ro+i=o
Ll4 ll :rt" el=9
+
r
,, '"-"-, .
( I ) In

l=,
.as ol.qualiry ofrh. rwo middlc rms
l! r1,,sjn' +.,0..u+!, 1=o
5",=| -zr*ro*;|=o (Murpryins by (-2 r)
^,"
=-, l= =.-=: I x, _Xtn,l =,1 ..r=+-r=+ .,=*=r
0 ... 10in r)=r(i 2)(n 3)
@r @t
T, h Iirhmdic mm bet*etr Tr and Tr k!(l]c Emsb.Tr,Tii r mdT,t,
nln l)x'1=3a (r) 2 T, = T, + T1 Qividitrc by Tr)
(ffi=-. "K= E
lTz xT4=544 3 x'Cr xx'CrIr =544
,=at \ ,="+-;. , 'i 1r' o t- !.'
zn/+:)+?\'=544 glr ..r=l
d ."-;
(n l)(tr-2)]ia= lo33 c.r*",
. ,=1. r -+.
n: 12) ( r )'I"ecctrcn ofTro i6 dihmric m.b b.M..n
cmdlcid oITe md + -
squontrg lnerwosidesof (l)addividin8G) by (l) lhe rhe .@fiiciani ofTr I e7 nk-+G+r)
/(n r)(^-aa' :2 Go.tn.icnr orTrJ = cefrcient orr, + 2=+++(muhietiicby a.)
--7<.-,lT a4
ross
;:i- n .@frci6r orT,1 pividing by ccmcie otTLo)
o,",a,"c rt,b] ,zr ,;=fi,,
3n=3+n':-n ... nr 9n+s=o ? 27t + 144=o G-7)(r-20)=o
..i=ls substiutiryin(l): ls i 17x'1-34
r=*rr"d,"r\+*n-d"rr, .. (i-3)(i-1)=0 .'.n=3orn= I (rcru*d)

,='i EI
@r
bl r0rn 3n
r"r1,, ='"c,fi)'r:rt'"'"'..,,(+)'"" "' Tlr ems
.t,.
oE Tx,,
.,
T1, d'I,
,,T.' 2 =-+;rMulrinlying Puning6n 3r=0 ...r-2n | =21c,x1] xa, =.1c,\,1 ',
20(n-3)=90+(n-9)(D hr ofr is T:,,,
o=::.l I= qlt ,
20n r6,0=90+tr1 l?n+72
3) ... T]le Gm Pltliig 27 - 3r = 0
^ '
(b) Ii tecaseortr=a,x= I T1]e Gm fe of r h TLo ='c!
n1 !7 n+322=o Ths rcm fe ofI is In,r 1j) = Te
(2)"P,iicoscorn=21 ..."",=,oaur , rhe niddte km T! T' @l
= + I=
r.=E ,., - !=r- orinl]Ecosoltr=14 ..'tl.=2134 Th. dio b.e.en the rem l@ of x aid
la the rcnsdltive tms bc Tr , Tr | | and Tr | 1

+4= *" 2(n 5)= r5xi (2)

(3 )b:.19in rhce* orn=2r .r E=24
*...r..*=l=]^J c.dr"l".r"rr--n-a

=,, ,. .1.,, ,.,.i=

Diridrs(r)by(r): ljl= qtr= ? ... EL:12 is nor pd$ibl.. .
40 3n-1r=l (1)
4tr-m=5tr n=20
Er
,
"i=' Bl
r, . = "c, (x+)'a :.l,. 'r=T" ccffichdofT.35'5
n6+],ll
='c, x,
r
x lrr:o l \-i T x-}
,=+e,l T -' ', ,,-T Fon (l) ond (2) : n = 7,r= 5

? ' | '---'T=7 ,l='tu'=i 5 "rr=i .-. Ir o.dc6 ot dr rcms !rc Tj '

T6 qnd T?
@l (i-2)(!-l)r(?=50 \2)
[n]
Dividing (2) by lqu{ing ol { I ):
(,-2)(tr-r)r: 50
B oi"ui.g ty py
r = =7 T-;=t
r^ nt: r'
I = 1; .ir"-a,|= !
1r ,

"'-r"*16-T 12n 60: ll i,t4 -r.! i=16

erx= t 2n2 - t6n* 32=^2 -1"+2
T';=i
(c,)'z='c,"1c4,? rr, 1-= X
s,t*iru.gi,1r1
.. (" r),I=o q
(a;rf= ,? .,. Frcm (l):(10-4).I=5 .', x=* 9x1=16 ,=. + Dividine (1) by (2) :
O D@
=
 EEI .l ltl r | , | ,^r 1r))'t
,r$ -r'i= ,
2

r,. ="c.(r1' '(+)'= 'c,rr' r'

rn rhecr$of.ri{cic.orrhc fr.c r.rm olx
. ml ||on*r(xr=rni..2l i*16 ' t*1=! r",,'o',,,,.n',,,
,=+ ,...re.,:i'
' Thcqluaornuc{r,6,e, } Ftum(r):2'lmr(r)r=21 ... (3 r s)(x+r)=o ..r=+-r=..3
El (2 ) ... TJ i: rh. sHr rerm (nuncri.al)

Tr,T\rdT6Iom.d trirhmdicr.!um.c 3-i.L'

r*"r,..rxd, , i't; +., +r,,
+ ,',
T.. = + 12.3 [D]
.: lT5=Ta+-16 (Oividin!byT5) ,,
, = , ' L=g pr r, ,rG+bl)
-1tr'he + (1)

, L_.1_ n.,+r, I @i
= /m,heero.nlon d tr+h,"i!l ,+., t.,
,= 1-+!# (M,rrfrym!by rot, n) ',*';=*r .rr't
. L=L
20 (, 3)=30+(i 3)(o 4)
Li l l,1 rl
(1)
..+.'?.,
nr 2?n+152=o ...1n l=2n+2 ..n=5 .. + rrr= r ... rtr5
@l
. r r, ,j 5
t ,6 rs r som.ric \.,rrm.
.+";=+ e, @l

o*a.grrrhyra,[ :], f = * 'r lf =n"r 'r r'r{ " .. vsrrcorn€t-5,+lU t+ ,,

1i5r" 6r" 5i 4O=4. 20 ...n=20 ,,, 1= l4
3T. IFT" fEeorxin rhcfi.{expamioi isTr5
lnl
..
,6rr.^r,r, ,..,="s(,'!)"'()'=('c,2"',i1,''', rhc rcm
Ld rhc .onfculve ie.ms bc T, , Tr a lnd Tr
:
' ,'rr'T=1("r.'1" ln $f ofcxnrm. of rerm fe of J( , rhcn : .r _I. \ri ,rlf lr. x-! :r cciloqldT'+cE.'lcLeofTl'5
I 1

15,5-,, ccffi.t.olr,.'+cdlilftoiT,'.]
".!" , ,= ? ert ( D ividr.8 both iu mcrubr ind donominaror by T. . )
2n 2r=0
,

=l["
: (n -,1)
?'r'i'i
(tr 3)=llrr 6)(n
El Thdcmli!!orrr;i j ....+ 1
.-,.-,il-
7 5)
rhe,womddhtrn ri=r,,
.1=r
..."=D-,=+leru*cd)

@r
.',.T.=7
-= r r=. :r0
'+l -5
Tr , TJ , 25 T, ud T6 aie pioponiout
:rn" *rio *sen"(rtrc r*o mUt t-" = I
... (n 6) (n 5)m':xx=2a (t) @r

a ir o+r) i
.!-r i rdrudiore
. _,5(B ro srve numbo Etr
:l= lll L=-L
.'i.'.-,""-i.'.'"=. (I) Ii tic cxpansion (:( + 2)'!

1,r;=x.i"l (i 4)G 3)m'?I:=s0 r 16 + T, = Ts @ividins by T7)

x'=+
7
... 1
,'=: Dnd.srDb) a, Ejlj+ = + 1-r =,1 Tte rems ft r ! , rl aid T:l
 Answers of exercises
Unit Two
Gomplex numbers

'FTF
-l I

/
tt
 Ixetche: m pre-requireme s
T! .'. x' 4y1+4ryi si+ t5=o
{l)Ja':+l=o
El ' x=afi=ri .. s.s.= {i, i} .. x=: ! -a -bnir.;c rn 0l
t3) (d) (4)G)
'
(s)(b) r.4xy -3 : xy =1
:(;) -y'-(,)=o : i-y.+.i=0
(3 ) (c) (9) (d) tro)(r) ..(r:4)(x1+4)=o ..v=+
(13) (a) (14) (c) (lsi(o) .-. x1-4=o ot xz + 4=o 1r =a :r=r,fi
(13) (c) 09) (r) (r0) (d) .. \'-4(1) + r'=0 r Vl. r r/l
i x=r2 ...\=r[;=.,i * r*o conjngaic numb.n
El and rhcy
,,, s.s.= {r,-2,2 i,-2 i}
I fi , fil
=(e 4 120+(e 4+12D=t0 1".','*-,';;,J
(r)(r *0'-0 -r'= (1* !')'-(r - 0')'
:i=-!=- aa'ib-a"r"5 a'fi
=p D?-(-2 i)':= I ( 4)=am '. 2'=a \t) ,-,i -Z-z .,.i=z 12)

(r)(l - il(r l'! El .,..0=j Ol

(r -ir) 'bylqu&itrsbothsidcsof(l)
tffi(2)'<3):..24=2 ../,=o
.., s.s.= { 2+i,-2-i} '. - 3 is atut of $. .quarioi.
.'. , + I is a fa.d of the expEsion :
=(' D('-(-rr(r ( r))
=(l Dx2r(1+r=2(2=4 ,.,.a=l ,6= 6 , c=25 r'13'
r o'66-1J ^5
, =o-.,",.=
5a)(1fi ft) .1] rr rrs
'4)(1t-{
=(,,1;-3fi11t12
'^{;l ",[;..*, 125
I 6 _15
t-.' j-f"- ++4
= r2-s{ri rs1/li 16 : s.s = {3 +4i ,3-4 i} ... tr +:r) tx:,2 r+ st =o Er
=-24 -26'{1i
Ol
r5l(2-:) =Lr+'f =(r2+irJ l1)3 X 7yi=25- | - lOi-24 tOi ''.'i=l ,6= 2,c=5 Whcrc x,ymEsr numbcB.

(4- l +,l rr=(3 +4 Dr nencc a= 3 -, : 'L/r:ill: :.[n ,-, '.'22-li-5+ tDt

=
r., (ai)1Gl , 2y=-10 henc.y=5 i 2(1+yi) 3 (I-y i) =5 + l0i
= 33 +r.r (arrG)':+ + (a i)l
(2)x'1 y'1+ i (r(+ y) = 3 0 + i):3 + 3, .'.2.x+2yi I x+3 yi =5+ l0 i
nob m
' -2
.'. Tlrc olhd hvo r+ 2 i I i
=27+103i r.14-64i
Ol : -x= 5 h.tu.1= 5,5y=l0henccy=2
i6, L= L-!!=lllirl
(2)
.. s.s. = {-5 +2 i}
Wh.E x !y @ rvoMlnum6€s.
-.-22-3;=s+ Bi
.. x2 y1+2xyi <x !i)=o O)
..2;- t z=5- fii (2)
by solviiS ltdvo equ ions12),(3):
= s =i-;, Muhiply cquaiion
...42-6;=r0+20i
( r
) by 2 md equarion (2) by 3

(s)11=tLli ,j=:111 (r) (:r + 2 y i):+ !lL{+ 15 =o ,6;-9 t= ts- Ni

:. r': a )':+ax, i+ !-!L1"r!!+r5=o S$nitu ngin(l):..11 0 r=O
... xr r=o ... x=o or r= I

36
E
@E 1e1,=r .116i et
. Lzr=i4'+(-4vrr
,nr, q,,,r*n El l6 |,= |+iui,0'= |+,
= l i-,uo"+i".,o.r
!!! ?!:

-z=, ro5 l +l nn-;l .,= L=*.?..,e=ro"

( r ) Tr,o

! rhe
disoomtic rom z=2(ms0+ i sii0)
ab.bnic fm z= 2
=a,""e" 6 ','

..2=3(cos 60'+isin 60i)

'=,t={t"u"'zo=*"m
,=r(cd++r'h+) I /..'.I *, "," =I)
L= .a. e-I=u" zo" ,. e=m"
tlE {lg.bmic lom z= 2i 0_- r ,t,3(Yr i)
' -r)z=-.= =,
t ,!=+(-"+.,',"+)
1r +, 1r, 1+ r . z=rGos-0 + i.ii - 0)
z= I (cs 150'+isin 150)
=?("{, t)=r$ 2 i (toldh qud.{no E .. The modulh = r ' lhc am iode = 0
-fi "= F*i
.,='{t*r=z
.'h.dscbtu.rm7=, ii z l={(213
I +r- ?)'=4,6 3=- ..=:r-[+L\,,-e=1
ir =i(os (0 - lso')+i sin(€,30"))
,=f(*-f.rmf1 i, z=4(@s-30c+isin 30")
.. 150'Gc{id quadmr)
0 =

... z = 2 (cos l50e +i sin 150') ,', Thc nodulus = r d. mpliiude = 6

'
130"
,(he sls.b,nic tmz=- 1-i L=!.f .'. z=2(cos-10'+isin 30)
1r
"
=:!:!.! " - 1-;116,.6 oo,a*1
Ol -:2! ,;=2(ss- lso'+ i sin - 150") =r(cos(r30"-€)+isin(r30" 0)
(r )zr =s Gcq). +i }ii 90.) ,r€--135'
,j=j t,o" rso'*i"i. tso"l : The modDlu! = r , rhe mplitude = 130'- 0
(2)z:=4(G- It0'+ isin- 150) ,l = + (-" rso" + irn r50")

4f)
., , ={i1*" r:s.*i,i,- rrsl - eo') + i sin (o ,o"))
(3) % =1r' Gc-4v +i sitr -
5 trtr 15.,r 5{r. q = r (cos (€
.'. Tne modulus =r,m. mplirudc - 0-90P
Ill (1)z= 3 (o. 45' + i sin 45')
1t, =3(-csa5" i sin 45') El
,0 = l30P i z= l(@s I3{'+i sin 130') =_=y3 - +i rfr6 qladrMn =3 (c6 - 135'+i sin- r351
-. zt=2,hno=-L ..-o=m. -1"-e,*e,
, z= 2 (c6 9{I + i sin 9O') ( 2)z-4(cc 150. - i sii 150") rr#o ."'o
+i sin- 150') =os0 (cc (- 0) +i sin (- 0))
(3)z- l +ierNquo&nt =4(@s 150"

Ol
htl[ii =.{r,tul= t
(r)(b) (2)(d) (3)G) (4)(b) (5)(6) (3) r=sin 240P +ic6 2a0'
: -E(or 45' + .ii 45') (6)(b) (7)rid:(b) s{ond: (a) Thid:(b) = (cos - l5,e + isin- I:'0p)
=c6:o (r h'?e+
z i
(3)(b) (9)(b) (r0)(a) (11)(tr) (r2)O) 2 i r-o)
(4)z= 6+ i el6nd qudtrt (4)z= 2Gii2l0P-i6s2,0') =(cG:o sin'16) +2i 3in ocos o
(13) (cl (14)(r) (15)G) (16)(c) {r1(d)
.: l.l-ll i3)'+ i=2,h0=-! (13)G) (r9){b) {,))(b) (21)(c) (22) (r) =2 (- sin 2100 + ic6 210")
-Vl
,.,0= l50c : z=2(s I50d+i si.l50!) (23) (c) (24) (d) i25) (c) (26) (b) (2?) (d) =2(cs-60'+isin fi)
(23) (d) {29) (tr) (30) (d) (c) (32) (b)
(s)z-- l - i €&ird quodrant i31)
!i - e0)
(3!) (O {3a) (r) (3s) (r) (h) (5)z=, (si' 3 n-tes r) _
-*(*.-i)-,-
co' (0
- 9o') + i (6
..t, =Go{cljt= rtr,o e- r (36) (37) (d)
(cs r5Lf
+
l50i) (*-i)
G0 rlNt: (d) seond:(a) =2 + i sin
(39)(c) (40) (.)
.. z-,{ri@- 135.+i si.-,35) (4r) o) (44@ (43) (b) (tl4) (d) (4, (O =-.14 rso"l *,
"i.
/l!- rro'\
Er .. L= rk-, r€ lDlcl . ''-{n'a
, ltr r

Ir )12?=i,!(osG +b+ r b)
.' i5
+isinls+b+,-b)
= ms( r€)+i\ii(-30) , Go! lon" + I sli rm')
,.,r^,-, fi.{s
(l) zr = r = r (cos 0" + i sii 0) =2(cos-120.+isin t201 . r+r yf .rrn
=rrr:(@324+ilin 2 a)
=-r-6i =L
'zr=(os20+i$n2O)':-cc4 6+i sin4 s
(2)2, =; cG r5o. - i8h l5o) In nguE(2): Ifzr = 2 (cc 6+ i sin €) \,
=fr"*-rso.*i,- rso.t ...i=-.,0' oe,*,un,o.-qs, , rt., , =r (.* oo" +el*i sn rm. + er)
", IEf
: z, z,= rz 1(m = cos( 4e)+i8in{-40) ., (* (,0.. r,r, (ro. ,6, G+b,+ih b, ili'-b)-,G+b,l
- rso.; . a o) +

"=.-'r-,,,.r, =-; ',

1ruo"
+
"
i:i.020. - l5o)) (a)zr = l0Gd30(} i sin 30o')
_
,Gos0+isin0) ;o;='
= 2 (cos (eod + 6 €)+isin@r+0-0)
=9(os-3Cr+isin 30P) = l0 (.os 60' + i sin 60')
= 2 (cos 90'+i sin90c)=2 i
(3)2,= ,(-"+ rsiiila ) , zr = 2 Gin 300'- i c6 30o') @r

=r(.c*++r,hrya )
=?(co\-150'+iii 150") l0l ",=.."T t",.+=.os?+ish+
..!.=4r-",*. , ,,., ,1 ,:= [? (6 r0. + i lii ro1]! D G* {o.+ i ,in a0.r: ,,,=fi ,=,G*(*).'",(*))
=,(cs1+i "h+) + isin(60" ( r50.))) = 16 Gd 40'+ i sitr 40P) x 9 (.os 30c + i sin m.)
,2,= B (.h++,cs+) = s (cG+ + t"t"+) (.c 2t0'+ isin2l0") = r44 (6s 120" + i sin rzo) - 7? +721/J j ,=,,,, ", t *(T-T).,"-(T-*)l
=5 =

...,,,,=,,3 (-" g-+).r.h (+-?) =5(cG-150'+isin 150')

IBI =, (*'+.
+) t"r,
+t,i+) (5 )zr = la(6s I5'+ isin ls")r .,=r Fi=zt"* eo'*i"in-oot j.rh.modulus=2, de ameriludc
=
'6G6+
= +
= 14(ms 30'+ i sin m.) ,1= r r r=t[1"*,rs" *i,n.rs.;
( 4 ) zr = sin 24oc i .os 240.
zr:7 sin 75' i6751:
(- (I ),r", = 212 (cos- ls" + i.^ 151 @l
' n -,
z=c6T+isnr=r+ 'ir.
=7(.or-165'+iiin 165'): )|
,, r;=+,-' ro'' +,* r05')
'21=7Ginl20'ic6lm')
: ? Gos 30' + i lin 10.)
=7(.6-330P+isin
(cs + i sin 30")
330')
, =. '=r- ['-,=.l. E,
.. r,7(cs(30.+30)
=7 30P
(s)(,,f=1[-.t m x s)+i sin (- 60 x s,
", ",= . i=.tr t-",m" ro.,+in,ro. ,n.,1 (cos r20+irtu-r20)
= 256
+ i sii (3oe + 30'))
:2(c60'+isin0')
: 7 (c6 60' + i sin 60) 1 ,r I 1z,f =18 (c* (.rs"
"
r1 + ;
"m
1r:. , o1) ,t5 .1/]
IEJ =3(.*( eo') + i sin (- eo'))
E! =f G*+r,"h+)
(,, 3
t*+- t.,+)'a G*+- t,r" aJ
(r)zr=3Gos3e isinr0)
=',(.""++, i+)=',t
@r
(+r=P#=r .i=;r"-r+ +).,".e +)
=3(.G 30+isin-30)
isha0) ir,rL*4+i".!t^Jtt.^!,""41 rl...r *,.," r\
'z:=4(cosa0
=4 (ms 40+isii-4€) = ["*]-r,a]l'-(.*f .r".f)
=
6' '
=i (*#-i".9),trG*+-,*r. ) L =+, ", p,. ,.,smry rumb.,
r r0--40)+Linr r0 I 40r) r. Th. modulus = rh" = f
-=i(or{ =:16(*"lr+r lr)= r,I i
"melftudc
"in
=J<"*e*t"i'er IDl Al
_ (r+Dc-r 2-i+2i+l tl",= *:1rir oli(*"f *i.i"{u )
,3 I --l---L-+= zi[(.*+-,,rn+] (r D(3+i) r+i-ri+l s =

=r(cos 0+isin o)l

=r(cos 2€+i:in-2€) =2+2i
r3)1"1=6{l"la("6e+?) ( )(!) 02) (b) 03)(d) Oa) (c) Os) (b)
(3) (+J -,'cc,) + ",g (",) ds a,) EIul
OO(o) 07) (d) {r3) (a) 09) (c) (20) (a) ",c
L Hs. = !aL(*r!+!r9)
+,nn(?+ irJ (23) (d) (rt) (c) (2s) (b) =+.+-+=+,
=,s("drl++rsrDfl seoDd: (d) (27) (d) (r3) (c) (a i (als z1)=(,'8,,)
"6=+ " 6=n _ (rEr.*r'- I*rvr)'r"* e*,";o
(29) (r) (30) (d) Gr)G) (32)(b) (33) (b) ({: r"* rls..,,t, ns'r)'
rr(c6( D )+'m( D, @
(Y)(c) _ +,/ia*zy*r,i"zyx.*o*
=
(39 O) (36) fiEl : (c) smnd : (d) r
"rer
aa(,,z)=(&Bz1)+:rxGEz:)=sr o)
(.)i=f(".e-Zfl,,""(+ T))
(39)(r)
(40 (c)
(41,)(d) ({r} G)
(45)(b)
.oa(a)=(sczrHrl: z,r= 1r (2)
4 (.or s40.

€r*zv. r*zx.rt-,er
I i sin s40")
i et
(46) (a) 'i"
Gsr30.+isinre,
=r ("*f +,.rf) (49) (b) (s0) (c) (sl) (b) by slvins rh. rso cquarions (, )
'
(2) :
1lt(c6 as' + i sin a5") Gos 0 + i sin €)
,rE oI zr =45" 12'
',r31=
@ @l
.'. ,r =cd45'+ isin45",22=cG 12'+ i sin l2' {t("*(+.4.t,.(+-4)
', - (r.6i(r-t), I t
z: 0 +i) _dl)rr.t) .. t,t=,[*i? .lFii - x * y' * t - zt
.!,15.|=c,z,f = cc i7"+t "i'57"t5
lr .[,Lr (r *ir)'rrrirr*e*r,i,sr
=.^ r**i"i"
(r
..:I7i7 = x+t i-zi)
rrr. = - .t,
=ll:.ji"
+ ty
(,.'D'
'+6r, '.drt
o +r' , 1/lr r+{ii @r
:!=2 ld 0j md 0, b. mplirude or zr md z1
__,,,13-!161 ,=+ =f f+-+,\,.*0., 'r"o)
'?-':{t I f' ={, (-'i-t"*i)t*.e-r s' er
8l =f (.*1i-.1-'"'1i.41
*1,*O=f
@ ..,,g(l+yi+O=g EBI
zr=cl14'+i8in66'=6114'+isin(lm' 66") ....,s(r.+(y+ :. zri= c6 (45' x 14) +i siD 145" x 14)
,r + zr=(675" +.o: lt')+i Gitr?5'+ sin l5')
')i)=+ (cor 75" + ms l5') + i(cd 15'+cos 75')
= cos (6m) + i si, (630') =
,1=m42'+idn133'=642'+isin(l30' 133') (- q)') + (- = i {s r5') (l +i)
= (.os 75" +
..v+l-x = cos i sin 90P)

.,rE l, r,=- ,,r="*(r2.

' l5)+ iii (12.
"
t5) =y'i,-.rv..* rvr /-L * -L,l
_ (r3{") + isin(lm)--
.. a4rr-3+yir=+ .!r= I = cos I
=1 2 Gos 75" + cos l5') (cos 45" + i sin 45')
(90' 24') + i sin I 14' ,: x-y =,i\"T=
= cos

= cos 66" + isin(130"- ll4')

y= x+3 :. x+Y ='l
t
' t
-l/; ]' (or
=12, {5r + i(in45c)

=6i.*rs'* r"r,rs"r
(.ds I 14' + i sii I l4) x (o! 42'+ i !h 42)
:.x-2 ' y=l :.2=2+\ @l
tEl
@r r+? r+(c6o+'s,tr0) I+!d€+islia
(1) !,c Gj 21)= (rs or,,) x 3+(trcorz,)., ',=E=r( .io)=r *6 r,i"o
=L " z,!l\ "t \.ori+,nn-,rq -+,!i -l
="-i" =i"=! (.- - +.',. --rJ - -::-i t
Bl
I 2 ) 13 (2 zr. z,) = (iJE z,) + (es zz)
= 0.r+rsinr =co-lI+ \int4
(1)(b) (2)(b) (3)(c) (4)(c) (5)(.)
(6)(b) (7)(a) (3)(b) (9)(!) (r0)G) =ar r4* 1!
"=Jl" ="*+-,."+= -+, - i;-6- -ni
+
 ,,;= t,r (-" €+ L,h -orr @l .. ,,*.,i-G;t*o;l'
' (.-(: +)-,-(: +) = 169Grs 2 6+ isin 20)
(The lnsonom.tr rorm)
Purinsu =

LHs _t r +.h
+ ro
q" r6,+,s! qf -20rf
=fi, rr-;-;t_ lbd _F
=.d I " ("*++r,ti+)= r.d g l69ms 20+ L6qiiin-20
= .. ,, -
",
r=f; ",*o dr-
@r
= r6e(2.oJo r)- r69 i(2,ii0.o,6) =l-) =1a!,M-ilt=d+dt
z= I +o, o+i sino=roJ9+, isingss! =roo" j$ roq, lf$=rro r:0,
('rh. lhcbnic rom) ={,;;-*)
=,*.3 (.*3 - r"t"3) -.'+2 + i + h1+2bd + d'1
^.
tn +a) tu.+.1+r'1 zta+l
.. rac moduru = 2 6s
I , n. emprirrd. =:
=2i,l+.'z+1':+a':l
@l r;;o)+,,itsu) / ,R.H.s.- 2 ( ,, 1+l,!l:)=,Gr+b':+J+d':)
.. r1= (5 (o' o + i,* o, ; irin2€fb(
x+!=2ms€(bymulriplyinc x) (cos 2 0+ 2 0 =+ u
=+GG-o+i*i,6)
.'. x1+l-2xcosO :.xr-2x.osO+t-O =(c6(+-o)+t,h(+ o))'
(ihc nigpnohdric fom) lal
,*0.!E;rH =.sn(+ o)+,"*"(+ @)
=t"*-e*ji* e
"'r+yi=G+bDi .. :r+yi =
(a+bi)tr1

=t*.e-tr,.e {:r' I ={G'+

.'. + tT lsqu;rg too siaeo

=n+n,lftrc.Mcbm) i.do+.,o*,.*or"
-tr""'o i;,;a
,r!=cosGi q - i sii (i ; )
,z 1=1;1'1-{ 1.* ze+r"i" zer
0)+ isin( n 6) = mi (n o)

={(2.*:e ry rp"i" eosel r no-------'i;{-z

rrs l.o'u,(.ino+ oar+smO''.c@rl^
l
.. x +y i=G+b D" 0)
iO (r+ I (Gu) r,
.. x +y i=(a+b Di
At1=cs€ isin0=c6(-0)+isin( r(\no+,G@r
0) t iili;7:;6
s
I ir iy=(a bi)i (2)
.,. rn =cos(-no)+ ilin( no)

(i (zJ = (5 kor 0- iin 0rl =[."'(+-a).,","(] o)1" Mnlriply (r)

"
(z) , ... x?+y:= ka+b i) (a-b i)l'
=.G (n €) - i sin 6)

= (s 1or-e+ i"- er)' =-",(+ @)-t "m n (+,o)

@r
.:r,-+=-2i sm(n o) t2) ={ t"o. ze*i "i": er @J '.' (os x + i sin xf = (c6
j( + i sin rrr
6on (r),(2) :ri
-*(r.*':0 r)+r(r"t"eoso)) L.H.s.=ikr-i)' (r+i)'l cs5I+ n-oJI+5c,.os'n(
lL=rz i.in t" el .'. i sh 5 sin x)
=t ]ri =tt(f(-"+,,.,"+)' +
5",
mr x 1i stn 92 + r., .oJ :r 1i sir 9r
@l rca
@s , (i sin ,a + (i sin rlr

t;\1=1,-t=:l ]! (f G*+*t,,"+)l +

* i (s *J x ,tn -r1 - to .r rtn'x

=
"*' .r "*'
=i[r+(-'-+a.t"r,.!!4 ) i(l0coJashr -r) + 5.o. rt/x+ i sinr x
=13(ms 0+ish-0) i: Ol ,+("""++t,h+)l
-.
*9-, ',9." by compdng $. imagiiary pan
.r z, z, =a rr (ctr e€-o) L,H.S . x=sdarsii r- lo.6'zxsinrx+ sin! x
+
"
isin(, o 0) -9 ,-'9' =
',
r+ [-z r,, i] .,. sin 5

... ++=5@*ar- to.62r0 -cm:r+onar

riesmric toT)
= 52
(os 6 + i sil 0) (Thc
=t
*,(* +).,","(: +)
I =z+'' ","+=,:'".+ = s coa x- to.*1r+ toco,ir

lnl + (l - .os': ,1 - 5 cG'Ja - lo coJ ,a

=sz "]].:z r, fi =(*(+-o).t-t"(+ E)" ler z =!+bi,zr=c+di + to cc.l:r* t - zoJr+oJ r
CIh. alg.bmic fom) =osi(+-4+t,i,(+ o)=R.H.s. ... (z +2,) = (r+ o +(b +d) i = racm4x- tz co'n +t
q or. (zf *i)'-:"tnniu @E (,)-a(*"+-,"t"+)
(1.rf =[fi("*++t,i+)]" ..(,f ,"-3"G-i o lll =r(-"*zf -rs"f)
= 2' (or++,sin s4
) in. hsorcmhc lom) (l)r=2 , €=+ =4( .^(tr.*,i) r,,(n. +n))
=(r+c6+) +r (r+"*@4 )Gcdsebmic rom)
.. t(,|t., (,{t- rl" =.(.*+.,",+)
-ea [G + ib)(a-i b)]
,b=r+'h+ (zf )'tr a'
"=r+-"+ i (3+ r )50 = 9'! (a'2 + b1
.-.,=a
. . Th.
, e=4
mmbd ir6r\e *poredial rom =4 c*i
@r
quldmd
(r)(a) (2)(d) lr)(c) (4)(r) J+61=es +9s=9
. . 0 1i6 in rhc founh (3) -, (',+- -'+)=,(-'1"+. t-"ar)
=,- I .6=:r
r. r
n
(s)(a) (6)(d) (7)(,) - ='(.- (+-+)-,,'(+ -+))
Insrructidns (o lolv€ numDer E otthc
'zlr
,,,/ i
! &e Gns$

. fi, .(, i,r) =2h-:!*,,i"41

Th. numbd m dr. .\pon.tr rl fom = 2 e i
1,1. - 1,,
.'.

(a){rC'r"+rr*.?)
.,,4=ti','4=, (r) '( - V'')

,,1+.+-+ =f( "'(" *).*"(.-i))

by$b
'
(2)r (D:
irursn
= t:2)
(,f )'-t.r'=*****u ,=
l,'r-t- {, I =,
=f( ".+ ,-,+)
+.+.+=, . 6 lies in rh. Iounh qurdtut.
.
= 1',G*(-+-+)-,.,(-+ +)
.. (r 4)+ iy l<l(r 4+iyl
..ta-a.at=i Lpt\=1 :[0.-A;7.\C f;V "=.",tllr=-o,"
e=-I .--L=zer'
= {r("*(
4a
).r,i( ra)
j ,. ll.r,
I2 )'. 2|= z i|'zi k ih. imos. otzby rcrarion ,. x'-tx* tt. x'- t x*,t Al *-. 1,.",,.. 1,,"".",.- =,r+
:.4x> 12 .. i( could be 4

(7),,=o.++i"h+ .'. z=2(ccr+isinri)

E
=?( l+ixdo)=-2
i r'=i (Yd )'+(- I v: ) =,i6
,",=*-+. r.i" + '
Q)t=i, ' o= +
,,, =-"+. r,h*,...*d *- .,=E(-,4.t*'r,1 . . 6 lier in the fofth qud.nr.

=+kt,k (*, = Irc"- i)= f i

. =,- 1' {1=.r'
=+t"f
= *. r.r"
+)("* +. r.t"
+) (3),=s , €=+ i"=3(os++rs'"*) '/"
(.*f-,,*{) .- . . lisoiometd. Iom lor (z)
j6(.." (:rJ
(,! +z:)rceEkdA =*(*,+-+- ) =s(+++,)=a1r-a, =, + t,m (:43
)
-,',(+-+.+., qr ,,n"*p-*u, = rfi i
"-'",f,l
tl etz=$i"lr\ .,=2"[i
--.1\' ,l-.,"1\,-:/ .,={,
+i scqu.ne'
e=oo"
I"*ar"".-*"=S,r=i .'. 0 lies in n\e rint qudmt.
"by using sun ot geonetic
.. 1.,.."t =\tr 4,, =',{r,'[a =F = cos (o+ isi.(rr)= r : rhc lunri' in lne dp tialrom=+ci' e=*,r*r=i
 . . Trisommetfic fom ror ( z) Er (r)c =4,( =!.(o\r+ienr) Iol
=2FG-+-i,i"i) ri"=7,r=19= ' , -""( t+^-.r= "'
, rhc qporcdhl fom ro, (;) = ,rF c+ r=J, rr+i rt= 1/,
c :cor( ii)+isin( r) ! 7r=4 (cor l5o + i sin 15)

o-.= G*1l[zL t-2.[i '. x<0 , y<0 .0liesiirhcrhirnqundrrnr.

=( l+zmxi)= 1
..,,,: =r,a"o" (05" * rr)+ isin (7r + rs",
. e , + I i]l\ =3(ms90'+isin90")
. . 6 li.s itr thc $.ond quadmnt. '-n =:la :.=3 , €=E
Tlte bi[otum.mc lom ror (z)
. o'=.n" ( q * trin(-et
e =,. *"-'rIEr
\1];',,
=.1-r =i[1".=+rr*.+) and in rh. .rponenual rorm = s e+i

," Tn.dgo.oreric fom for( z)

* ". *r,i,r'r-,1,," = rr"-' .. c0t+r 0r,Gos0+isin0)+(m_0+ iih _e)
-= ;;'rF;n; ,s", = i, G0\ 6u + rn@1
=2'E("""++is.+) ,),,=v?r^r-,-f [, -r'r
l1t. t-, .8,-.8| =.!s 0 + i $n 6 +ms€- i sii 0
..,= j, er;,.,ar"" -**"r =ft,r=i
-drh.dp.ie"ti"Ltb- r"'(, =11/6.- ' r[ l[. .-.A=l r.o,r.6,r
(.osu rFno') l.tr = t *r' .. ,1=.,r," *p.**i"r r"* = i "i'
r.ol ,fi(-,*-,,'+)
''='/(;)'t(;)'= 0,,
, y>0 .'. 0 li4 'in rlr fiBr qudmr. .3t=.o"( e) + r,ro( o)
"'r>0 ..0 _to,= (.or o+i sin o)
=f;1"*1i1-,"'1-,; lq) .. ,, =.t;;=tq,
rh. tr,s"i.nc,", r.*,., (f ) € =unfr+-l=r.n ur=4
I (cosG0)+isi,( o))
(+) =cos 0+ isin 0 0s0+isin6 " I>O y>O ..o=ranrl=4Y
6, _".. ,,'
=-lo5 1 +rnn-l . Ii. hsoiomd,i. r* r- ,,=*+r, *+
'
.. ,, =f t"* rs't i
"i" 'rs"r
.."ns=11.6' . o\.1=:lr.! . o\ ," 1_4cosr5o'+isiirs)
.a,m *p.**,r r,- r",(11=f
"r -a ,r,. ***,r, ,o. G) =
"i' (:,)' - 2G eo'+i"heo1
",. EJ
El = 2 Gos 600 + i sin 60.)
( 1)!(c6 o- r,* o)=,(cs (-€)- rsh (, o))
"=.n"*t-E'-'lu' 1,,r,.*p"*," r"-=:.i'
md rh. .xponcdial fom = I ;o .'. € lies ii rho foudh quadrint
(r)-, (cso+i,i" o)=,( -' e-r 0) 'o=*,(J=+ IDI
"m ,, =2 ("* o{r + ro1+ i,i!(qa. + ro))
=, (tu, ( r+o)+rsh(-n+4 Thc tisonDnetnc fom for (z)
and rtu eiporcnriol fom =r .( ' ' o) i =V,G^(+1.,*fr)) .'. 6 lies in fie thnd quadur =2(.G 100'+ ilin 100")

,;,;u = rn.+, ,,=,r(*"1r0.- rrm"l+im1ro' rrol)

(3)6(-*"0+i,*o)
= ("6(,r-€)+t","(,i
Ar
""",,...,;":";,,, ^* . r=-,-*,(-i)= * =aG*( r70)+i"inc rTor)
o)) (l)(o) (2)(b) (3)(r) ... z iu rh. fiSononcri. fom z 2Gc rm. + ilii rm)
lrd rhc.xpon.dial rom = 6c(r or'
( 6 )(d) (? )(!) ( 3) (h) =,(".+.t,h+) ''. 2. 4(cos 170'+irin r?o)
(a)2( *i,o+ic*€) Ol)(b) (r2)(a) 03)(b)
(16)G) (r7lG) lr3)ld)
, in lne epone altoDrorz=2e+t =+(or(rm. (,?0.,
=, (c* (*-4 -,,. (i-.)) I
( r ) in lhs risoioh.rric rom * i,i.(roo" r rzo.r))
.ri o)
=,"(-"6"+.,"r"6,+)
+
md lte eipoEnriol tom = 2 '
(s )-'("ino+ i.6o)=,( rcs€)
IIr j r.* :ro" * ". zn"r
= ;

".+.=-,i-,,,i= i,!,
"i"6 , =64(cos-4r+isin 4ri)
=,G*( ft+o)+rsr(-n+o)) _ =64 (l + zdo ! i)=64md n is r rceliunbs =jr.* oo'* r*rn -oo"t
snd mc dpoi.itill fom = r e( n
' o) i
"',=.._+-,,, +=+ !, rrmrh.spum rum:r= i .,=+,"= +
,6r r _ r _ L_.oi _.+,=ti_f,t (1
I2 iar
i.
"+ f ,r=ra, .. rr,. ***""r
"- ,n, * *.", ,1 = I .?'
ID,rl lDl @l
z, 6("6M'+, ...,=1\i=,
.. ,
".
M', r | )IlterFmntal fom= bei'_i' =oet' tj=1-{ai ,=lq ,...x>o,y>o
"'--r"-m.',doo', and rhe ttonomtdc Iom ,... r>0, y<0(fouinqmtumo . . 0 li.s itr rhc ,1^r qu.drant.
=r(cs04o" m0.)+r"r"(r{o" roo"))
=e(*,f-r..$) r.f =f ("**-t,i"+)
"3 (ce l- 60') +i siiC60l) o=hr(:!)=+ ...

i: )Irclponc isrfom=:. r ' -'=re,' ...,,=2.*' ,1r:,'.. /f(,-+.,-+),,

,,\..
1-r+i -t---:---;iJ
. .,/ rrzl(o5 +rnn.1/
.***";,*,- 1=,.+, and lnc tigoio@tijc lm
..,=1rl+I=1tr
,,,1_,@r0(.+rrh1001 ,'.'x>0 , y>0(66tquad.r ) = ("*(+-f). td,(+,+)I

. o=* '(+)-+ = ("*+- t"h+)'-(*-,r-t,r",r)

=l (-, poo" ,a{1-,,t"(3oo' ,a{1)
= rt ii = i! .,.=.8.+'
= j t.o, eo. n r ,in ooot

.,=+ , .=+ ,=1=++=.,{1,+' on Lhe expon.ntiil tom = e'r

0d !h. tigonomti. ,m @j
*-*.", ,* ,- 1 = r .+ . =(i)\1.N \+\ =64.1'r
". =i (c* (!i#).,.h (1#)) zn
(, )
"=
r ("*+- t"h?),,("*+. t,,"+)
(3)zi=6':(cos2 x 240' + i sin2 x 2,ri)')

= 16 (cG 430' + i lii 430")

IBI ... 7L: =6a (csr+ i sin JO = 6a trcat nunben
="(-"e,+)-,,,e.+)
= 16 Gs 120. + i sin 120)
@r =r/-"ra*,*r-4\
' ,-:e , e*T
-a(*"(,n sr )+tsh(r,i-l!3 ))
:. t1=tt -i)1=t -2i +P= -zi
..="(+.+,)= rv'-r,
.'. r'e qpomnuar tm ro, :o ="(*"FJ.,".(*)) (r)"=( ,*r, (.*+* i +)
"i = "T'
IrI {-z'1.o"a,:m" +i rin.r,:oo1 -= _. j-i=r,4= r ,
"i,
-( 2+2i)\o+i)=-2i+2i1= 2 2i
..:= t1 ..,=1r ...x.0,y.0
'.(*i.,*9
= 16 Gd I ?ooc + i sin 1200)
. 6 lie! in rh. fiid quiJEnr tal
= 16Gc l20P +
.,=16,0=?
i:in 120')
=*(-.€-i)-,',(i fl)
.o= r-h'(i)=+ ...=15. +', Ths .xpoie hl rm tor z, - .+i

.r TIE dponstid rm ror z:= 16.?' @]qf

" =6(*(rri i,i).i,,(rn- 4,i))'
lor rEl =6(.*3r.,"1"3n)'?
zj =2G6150. isin r50) ,l. *p"*r;r r^ r.. ,.
="("- + ".,.-3") ".a =
"*'
(- sii (- r 5o))
= 2 (@s r5op) + i
..'=ilt.1lrf=,,.=""'f)=," r +,!ni,
.7, = z t@s
,.,=r,€,=+ .. thc*pom ialfomlor+
z;=4Io31+''nl,
,zi-3 Gin 150'+icG 150') th. fiBr qurdmr. :,e=t _ e-r'*e-i' I
.'. lies in
,.,=,,,1=raG* + tr-t"i +,i) e+ L
O
= = e+
," z,on 0..rpoi.nnar rom = r. r

=3(.*{ 60)+i,.( 60'))

: -i-
=zr(*Jr.rmlr) Etl
..,,=t,e,=! zr = os 6 , sn 6 ms + rn -E-
-,,=t.+ .'. z:on rh. cxrom ialfom=c+'
'
EI ,j=*"+ i","?=m"++r"t,+
-.l!t -,1t , :h, ai
fi't =.'{it
1=.1=,.i, .".'.,,c-"*". ,"'zr= r+i ..,l{;-^1,
"-=f k* +., ",+)
 @l ., =.*?I* ,,.=r , =."1r*,,.1r
",=L ",?!
.'. eli.s irrhc uond qudrint.
(l)(b) (2)(c) (3)tn) (4)(d) .fi
.o=ri.,&,(j)=+ rBrrudrom ro $rve numb.r EE

( I ) /= G:)'="i;=r: :,]=cos1+lsi1
( 2). n.'1ot+ 6. '3i=a.o,2 o 6i,io 2 6 =ms1+'sn1
=m,ro"+ \nro"=rcs+r''n+ .'. i(.or26+isii20) ,rri= =-,lr*,'i.l!
+b(.osG2o)+isinc20))
=4cos20-6isii20 tz)l= r=co"r*isirr l!*:"" l4*r".
*i,r.16.f 1
.'. (s +b)os2 0+ (a- b) i sii 2 0
'.=.^2.-*i.r,-,
=4cos 2 0-6 i sii2 0
..^,.+ - .... ,^,,

=2.*'=2" l' (3) .'x+iy-eoi=co'O+isinO

.'. z on E rigoiomdrir fom i I=cos0 , y=8in0
... ry=oso,,ii€= + "inze
=,(.*(.+)-,,1"(+))
...-,h",,rb,"" ro*=, (+ -:r)=,-ir I . +.+-,0.+ ., = E r,
.. Th. h*, *t,. f.,),v
@ " +

' Th.dansl. t rthr isoscdes dansle

r.=r,.,=-,.1I*r,;lJ
:, M.asureoierchb .m8le=45" = .o. :aI +i .14
\)1
"in
L+1r...'9 1,, ,,"9-.q
| - rr/!
i lr r..: ql-) .,. q"" q
' ' it E
lerrheamplnud.ol(zi) be 0 (I)t-r ,1= :z =::(.o,n + t,tnn)
' The mpliruJ. oflz ri\ 0 + al' .'?=r\o\ +'ri
, =2F(,*,0+as"r+,",r0.a5',) I s /
,"=r ., ="^1!1.,.-It-4
_ n ;. ;----; :(r) = lv, (o'4r + ,,tr4r,1 =.^.I*t.i..14
..,1=,(-'+-,*ft
= l1l: ci'l =3e' =3. i'

""+r"-(+.i).'",(+.:)] nl
@E ,rr,'=,=-.4*,.,4
{*rz, 4*zr. .'. / =2lo"14+'.,n lll
tr=2:... 2r=2(co\r+isinr)
=-,+t*.(+-+-9) ( I lzr = r=c0\0. + i sin o"
.,,,(+ + ,"=,,,,=,(".,T.'",,T)
i)l
=-,+t"*(
=).,".(-*)l
=-,+[-,+-t,,"+] /t, a,i=a,... ?.a =, (co'T- rst" er5 )
.. n...a,t*=-,|,,l.
".rra. -i =2lo..I+isijl
5T
(r) kr:zr = r6 t= r6(c6++t
'ii +) Or ..,,- F(-"f .r
".u,1
+",, +-:r,
?=rlos! 4 +isin!.
... J = rz= rz(*.0" * i
"i"
o)
... ='!tr/-*!!*, Lt4l
)
o)'-(1lf ",
wh.Etr=0'r,2,3,4 =l,s("s#-rdi:r!10 )
dn =0: .'. zL =2 (cos 0' + isitr0') =2 : € lies in th. n6t quad&nr

n"= r
'..,,=u
(-"f *ic,f)=2";' .o=b,(+)=60.=+
:,5= tr("6!#+rss!r,o )
.n.=2, =)l-.4r,""lIl=2.-'
.. r=, ("*++ i.h +)
=r41.*7-r".ry)
)Ld: l=(1- i)':= I 2i+i1= 2i
. 4*:r. 8,r". (3

=,lcs:14 + i.in:ZIl .", +r, z=!,(o,r r +,snr, ) =,("*++rstn+)

d"=r . , r l-*.1.]I *, r- -::+,ni
= "..!41 ..,=ltr(ssr =+:tri
5 +i5mj--;_)
=,1...:14*,.'.:lI) .. , =21"*ry*,,i.lll ",=",,,=tr("*+_,,,+) whercn=0,I !2,3 ,4
+, in )", ^+ ",=,,",=EG*+*,".14,)
o1 =z\os 5 5,=r. ",,=0,...,,= 15("*+.t,r"+)
(o, *i di=r:.. zr=irG*++ t"t" lg,
( I ),4 = 16= r6
e+;'n
o" sino")
s.s.={2,2J',2";',r" r ',r", '} )
,
+r I'h +)
.. ,,= 16(.""
+r o'+ 1{ n)
=dr(.* +-r"t" f;) ",.=,
''. z =? (.os stn
(4)r+32i=o .'.5= 32i
= I l(G -+Ln---/ .,r =rr L", /:-4\ +,.," r:I\l ",.=,,..,,= {t("""T-r'r,+)
i+rrn :j*tr. ...1,t=.[:.:-2
arn=0: .'. zr =2(c60c + i sin 0) =2 .z=2i(o, '7 +'3r 'z l ..... E(-"'l#-'","i#)
di= z, =, (.G++ t sh*)=I wh.En=0,I !2,l,4 qundHt =,/,G*#-,",=r.!il
',..... *
,', 0 li.s in rh. scotrd
arr=2: zr =2 (c6 Jr + isin ri) 2
..e=r.m-r/l\=!l
d,=r,.. "a=r(.o,+*isii{, )=-, i
.. z, =,(os(#)-, (:r!m))=re n
'{r'6 .,,=1rr(-"+-r"t"+)
nn= I
,=,("*++t"h146 )
s.s.= {z ,2i ,- 2,- 2 i} ..,, =, (.., (r4J
(2)zr+s=0 .'."r= e=s(.o"r+i"ion)
+t
","
(4ro ) =,e0 :. =E(*"+-,".+)
"1=(s(.**+,"h+)'l (4)rxr:zr=(-s)' =-{= r*,r* r*"1
..2::lcos---+,nn- .' =z (* (f)- r,; (:r, ))- z "rfi =(,(*"*.'"-*))1 }
r I ",

r =, r.^ tL14lr,.,, rll4l r

, .- +.,',
z!=v3(c L+isinr
1.,,"
s
.., = + (os4!rr+t.htr+in )
d"=0,. =, (.*+. t"t"+) )
",
=,G*(#)-r,,"(#))=,";' Wheen=0,1,2'3,4
=,(j,+,)=,-,/r, ""=.,..,,= + G*+-'""+)
atn= l:.'. zr= 2Gdn+i sinri)= 2 -.2 =2tc0sl!!!I+ ii,. tll-Ill ..,,= 1,3(-"$4-t.r"#) o!!= r:.. != j(msri+is;ft)
,"-,,,",=,("*+.,"'+) =rkGr-l4l+ !nl::4ll=). r' d"=,'..,,=+(*"i+-t"r"+)
j3 ..ss;{2.r ,2.r0 r2.re , ",'6(*i.,"'9
=,(cs+-tstn )=r 6t = 7l6s I +,su-r/
s.s.= {r *f r,-z, r-{ir} ,2.-in',2.-iii']
El bysquming rh ro.qu,rions (I),(2) d

(I I l:r th. sque rcot ol the num6.r

7 24 ibex+ iy,vh.Ex,y€[ .. (i('?+ y 11= 239 ,.r1+y:=l', (r) rh r,^, --- -, = , G^ -I * , -4\
"^
by addins tu rvo equrions ( I ) ,id (3)

, , Thc seond squ@ er

I x1= 16

, by subhding &d*o equdions ( l) , (3)

( ! ) laduorrheMsq@d ordE rmber 3+4i
:2y2-2 ,.y2=l
hy quei4 $. two .qudions ( l) (2) and
'

.-. x1 y:+2xy\= 3+4i Ol

.', Thc squrc mB or rh. mnbcr ( 1) Ier : z'i=9 (ds 3OO' + i sii 3m")
h, tutdins th. rwoeqnatiotu (l),(3) (2)
=9 (ms 60" + i sin-60")
by squdtre L\e lwo.qurions (l ) !(2) d Jddins
=r(cs+-rsrj3)
BJ *yI=s
r I r. +,M';
(3)
r r r,= -a, l-.:4 *,
.-. xx
..=r(.* -4*u :4*rn.
(l)' (l)
by sub@iiig dE two cqudioir (3) =s
"":I\ ,', by ddiig rhc lwo .quariof,s O) ud )

'flE squffi ds of rhe numb.r .-.2x1-2 i x':= I

:
,=r!,(-,rI.:r, " -,,rn=!*:r" )
y= r 3 , Frcm (?) . . lr y < 0 , by subbadins the tlo squ ioN(1).id(3)
.. x ! y h8vc difreenr signs :2y2 =3 . =: /-".! *,.i".r\
: Th. sqD@ @Lsorrh.iumb T 24i
" .,fi ,, .{r r.
.. In. squu. mtof c iudbd z ,rc r ( I+2 i)

=rvr(.s++ .ri+)=,1,.. , =rl*!I+,""1I|

,F3 -4 t ={- 4 -,, t- r =fii;t - r

,6
4.;"" 4.; r.
,,,'Ihckmndsqummt =r/i*zilP=rtr+zrr ",l],., r

= :1tr(*f .r'r"r.! = 2tr"+' El rzrtt l=r(*l-i.*!)

(2)L=z-2lii "'=30 {rl=B 31/lr
=aGc+-tstn+)
, =J,,t - ( ,trr=. ,=rr,s,r-( sVr i =rt -4,tx" .,""";=!, rr.
..,=,(m.,, )

, r |!ll:!. lir,,5 ,i - *,=

.'. 0 lies in $e lounn qudrinr .'. 0 lies in rh. loDnh quadmt.

l.r rhe lque tua dI fi. nunbtr l5 - 3i e=hn '(:=)= bo.=.r 6=h '(-!J= oo"=+ ..",=rG*++t$i*)
.."-a(cs-++, +) ...,"=,6(.*+.i'r"+) =,(+ it=,/, ,
'Itt squE Da
+zxyi=15-si of lhe nunb* z
. -I.zr. +isin++:r" d"=r,...
.-. x1-y2
(l) , +-,", +.,^", z=rl.trr 4 4 )
",=,(os++r"h?)
. nl , -
=,(-i+ i r= l/r+,
55
(3)r.t:z ="t"++i6s+ to-
_i 3 _r+y1ir_1 'tti. .r4l
=*g !r,
).td,(+_ir6 )
r r>0 ' y>o ,', Th. ii6i squm mt ot 0E numbe. z
.- r.4 .'. li.s in rhc 6ird quldmr.
=-'+-r,h+ .10liesinin fiBtquadr t
0

fi
4.>r. I.zr. .. o=-,r - *-' (-+-) =-n ++=+
.."=-,i,r +tm_r, ..0=--'(+)=60"=+ .. Thc kmnd $u.N mot or L\e numbd z
=-"!4+ i sin !4=.*:!! +i
.. z=4(.*(+).,".(+))=4".,+.."., "in:!A Th. rfudomnic rom ot E nunb€r
..=0 .., =-,.4*,- 4=g-+i ,o'.,q,**sor rnc nu.t r.=z J.Tr @r
,.{t' ,., '-,/j,r-ll' *p.mn.i'l fomolln tudbd,=.T'
",,=r,., =.*a*,,,.8=4*t, ar n=O: : Th. istsqDmmt= 2e+t
z=Li-;;=,i\---lI TrE
Th. sque Mb of th. imb.r

r4)l.r:z'=ae' .'.2=2.' ? d'= l, ,. T1'" *-"d

"q,*
d=,
"+'=, "+ 1En,.r'.J=E
.+',"" .. =-".," "
Inl
!1.=0, ; "1 =r#r=, (-"?+r stn+) z=
""$+
te'g .', € lics iD rh. *ond qurdor.
6 .,=-"(+-f)-,.'G +) Tb. 6r! sqle @l of 0,. nmbd
=z(:j+ 1i)=-l/r+' ,.e=r+rd'('.15
..
aJ=tr-T=r#
..,,=r"+'=, ("*lf+ r
"t"1116 )
..;=cs (:r4l (:4) + tstn
.,={t(-.?-,,h+)
:. (z)Y= 6s (:r+) + t * (:18, ) zr1=64 (c6?n+i sin 7 rr)
=21"*f+r.r"{u) ,..

=.* (*)-,,h (9
=,(+ ir='/,-, . . nE cubic mos or th. numb€r (;)e
.. Th. modulu =&,ilreomPlirud.=ri
lEl
Ol .!- rr". .4.rr" Th. sque 6os of rhc numb.r
"'0.-,*.'",+)"
,=*e$t =,G(r 1 t.'mF3 ) ztr= 3 (.os3+;rn + t si rr-?s!)
.'=(,.+.+'I ,.-e-+)^
...r>0 , y>0 tun*,dbre'=-.(]!J
.,0liBitrrh.l61qudtut. .. + rsm(+) (;I.(9"=,/;
.. €= *_,rl,]Et= 60. =+
=a(*f.r",{)=ri' .'. € lics in Lte 66r qldmt,
' .: Thc
"Eod
*6ic tuI = cs (8J +i
"i,
(?
.'. TIE qFneoti0l Ioft lo' rh. Ndbd z = 3 .i
.'. Th. s{od sqtrm mr ot rh. numb€r -15

,', Th. *bic oB rorlnc n*6-, 2.(LJr

. n*,ua*ur".",=-, (f). r,.(f) .''=st*+-,*+) ..0=tu1(-L3 )=ro'=+
=
="*(+).t.t,(+) =3(os++ino+)=3c, .. .r;,,[f =zzr*:r.r"-o
"=(.6)'("*f
@r InL
,=-Erlj-=-1-L=, =*4+, dtr*
---,1, , il., , r/;
,', Tn. obic mts of rh. iunb.r z= 3 .!jr!i
1/l , lr+i ' '
: Tt :qucoeolln Mb.tz .'. Th. alslbnic fom or rh. numb6
.'. lhe sreoid cubic rcor = 2 e I
. 4.:r"+i.irj4.:,,.
={6sj - rE, . tu6.,"ubi"-,or"= 3"+
n=2..'. Thcrhrdcubtrroor=2e " =2.' , , )
 TD tE_ .- El
,-,,=-r
sond mr eri
-:l=+-4 ,,-(.^+.,"r"+)'
tr Txe cobic or z = 3
Ir, r+yr, ' !
ri* = *"++,i+
r. TID rhird cubi. Mr of z = 3 e-r= 3 ._i ,,=i,,=! '.-*'(+)=+ = o" lfie + r"r"

rr,,l. rqr* -, A,r* *p"*i"" j * $; ..,=,["os++r"t"+] ,z:=(c6++t,-+)'=os++i$+

@r

"=.=''+- *+="'
.,i=1121..,:i-r,r":91,1.
..r'-t'-u.t= j-f I
r-, r,* of'
..; o'=+ 0)
= (t
"
-

+,,,".!ir4)
..€="(. , ),

,r,o=+ (z)
=,1r("$.n+-!r
.,
"=r=-"f.r"*i by squ{ring thervo.quariotrs (l) !(2) nnd rddins : -,*{z .r rnc n*r ,qu* olne nu.*.,
.. Tn. sttum mois oI rhe numbd z .'. a: + b'1= l (t)
""=0,..,j=ztr("*-fl ) ,oor =
"*'
r,..,1-zla ("*T-r,*3)
4':r " +.m4_
4*rr, ' ",=
=orr,
,J=J r=;
b) idJlnB$erwoequsr'otrsLt)Jndlrr:

{btictin!
,=,+
_
EI
,, -6(*{ r,r"fl =1ri@f - r.;-i)
.'.

@i
"*
*"ona ,Ou* -. , *" nrr*. , =
"*'

,,,=t
, by de t*o equarions ( I
) and (3) l

.. The fid squm rcor oI rhe nunber z

.,b,=+ .b=,+ ,21 = 2 (sitr m'+i sin 301
, =2!a*7i
= 2 (cos (eo. - :r0.) + i dn (e0. r0.)) ,=Jt,,nl - r=.
=oi++r".+ 'tum(2):. ab>0
rh"
'q,*
*..r,r.*1".*, I.{ =, G*60.* idn 601=, (.* i * i.in +)
.'. € liss in rhe lid qu tunr.
,, 1=f (-"f - r,, :. )
.'. 'nc srond squre roor ot rhe number z =,(+-i, "z (.",{-r,r" i) .=,-'(#.)=,'=f
= rrl: t"*o* r"i" or = zt/le
=-"!4*r"r14 tol :.. =4"1' ,
,, "j=t+lSl
--,+.'",+ .. !:11I x1:r= r 3i
"'=,, = u 161.*611,;"61
o-: r'1 .,=,r,ri,r+.
'=!(:i')(""""rrr-' '"
El
..,0li.s in $e fimqudnnr
1.r,,=(1-h.,r)1.(1/l-ii
., o=h'(+)=M.=+
...;=(6-r'=(1tr-,I(1tr.,) = li(: i r )k* o-,.r"0,
1.,:I=2,z,=4e",,c.'=8c-'
.'.rr y':=6 (l) ,2xy=-3 (2) =C_,rF,)(ltr_r=,,
by squrinsrhe rwooqtrarions(t),(2) $d.ddins
= 3 (-, f-,,.+) .. ,, = ll.^1.,,, i)
:
!(21,
- 1'.2r,+,\ii-!_,
4,:r^
(:l)
by addins rh. rqo equ iois (r) md O): ..,=ryl(s.,r , )

'. x=,2,'l;
., = i/(, vr )(-' r -, * n)
by rubhdin!rheruo.qudiois (t)and(3) l ,"=o " =:tr("."f -r-,$)
: zt'1=q ..t=rtq *" =r, .. ,, =r.j'= r"f '
,,=,f(-"+.,",+) .1=1[[,)("*T.,{,+)
@
..,\= *\,,{i .{i,)=r.[ze r =,1tr(-,+-r-m=i{) )c*+-, *+)
=
!(: v, "'=,-z\6
 =,(cs++1"t"+)
.'.Thcthi'd.ub(mrolrhcnunbq4(rr z,) .. zr=1a,($ n +,\ i r,= va e"'
',.=f (,ti t..,i1
.'. € li.! i hc s.oM qMdrmt. =,(-'+.'.'+) ""=,, .,=c(*"+-,".+) =tr("."(+-+)-,'-(+-+,
...0=E-tun'(4J=r +=+ B =tr1-,a-'"'"7; =tr(*f;"r,ni)
,,=1rE1!, 1'= 1116.111'= 1i - f 1 =,F"+'
=1r("*+-t-r^+)
/r
Al
.., =* + +,o,+ =-.+., *+=+- j , ,,=t .{.,
' '/t
, '8 I
1
..0=M'(1J="0"=+
Tlrr .!um mE of
'he
numhcr 7. = I c ' '
6.
'+
r. t-t, ..,,='k*+-'"'+)
wll.En=O!1
=-": - r"*g
..=*,1f1= *.=i r,("^*-,,,*)l "tf ("-+.,.,+)l'
.'. Tlc nnr squ& rcot ol ihe nunbd 4 =2 cl Thc iqulE mh of the nunb* z ..,,=,(-,+-1,,"+) t,(..+-,.,i)l
=, G*++ t,t, +) ,*',""
=ro\\ +,s,n*',",, ,,=(.*9 t"r"3)'=(-"+-t,r,+)' 3("*+.r,r,+).4t*r r). i- c",
r ,-I
.'. The sc.oM squde Mr olfie numbdz, =2c l rt@\ +,ri-i,

=,e. =r(.6++',m+l (,r-" +.,* i))(-.e-r".'; -+I - t ,r, =+!

-"
.'. The fiN squaE mr of thc numbd z - =

Er .a( o)+Lui( s) =-"+-,"-+="+

The squm rool ,
=,r."'(, +)-''.(, +)l oI rhs numbq

, =-Ltlt!=s+i sll 0)+iin( 0) :L+rn. :I.2tr^

, , Tic s6otrd squm rcor oi the numbo z =.,,{! l+,,,"{!l
.. zL , ,. m rwo conjus ennmber
=r1.*lro El,,""l)e !l)
.-,tt-zx"O n 6+i).-Zi
=.^ $. r.* f =.*'l!. "t dr sii o)
..4(? zr)= si=s(s*++ishral )
e =
+ .! r = 2 (.os o + i

Ar 4(rlr Ttu squ!rc mors or lne numbd r .'. nr. fi'sl squm mr ot ths Nmbcr z
T1trctrb'cmoh of numbq4(zr z,) x=:L. 1: ' r)
-vr-,
=f G* !+ra.r",, 0.:d") =-"C#)- ,,(+)
1ne
1/r-, tr-,
. I.:," +i\n *.,",.
=z(.ci r .y =, (-,*., * +)=, (,. -
+ ,)=1r i dn-0 .'.'Ih.lirrsqumMtoflhcfDob.rr .'. Thc fmid squar mr ot rhe iufrbsr z
-) e rwo mnjuslt nunb.m
..1,y
=tllr*"0"*'"i^o'r =-"(i*).',(+)
z=tr ,'?=(6 i 6-4'=cz,r' ar n = I : . . IrE s*oid squorc mr ot rhe numbn z
,', Thc fi 1c$nrcotolrhcnun'bEt(rr z.)
fi) EDr
=-4=4Gosri+ i sin
=12 csr +i sii n)
..1E=F(-.'-i"' -,"' ".i") @l i-_T-,J =1r==,-,
..Ircssond ubir tuorord,c Mmbs4 Gr zJ ,L =, (". ++ r6"+)
..3 ,1i=xr-yr+2xyi
=,(-"c -,., +) .z
=14 (cc++,,in +)= Y4 r =,(*.(+ +).'","(+ +,
 (3)(r+i110 +6i)= r +56i , by sub"sding rh wo .quariotrs 0 ) md (3) : (3)ir.':+(r 2rr+1i r=o
bysqueingtn cqlario,s ) , (2) md adding
rwo ( I :
.,,*sfi rfi - --.2b2 =2 ib=rl
,-,x'+y2=5 (l) .. (.x+i))'=-.._=r +41,ri
by lding rh. rro cquarions (l ) and (l)
r.lIl, I 1/r, ..r:+r+!11+r+x:=o
:

:,2a'1=3 :x=x2 ..x1 y2+xxyi=t+a\[ai i(1+( 2 ,x+1+i=o

,',

by subtding t. .vo equitioE 0 ) bd (l) :

x'-y'=t (l) ...a=l ! b= 2 i , c=3+i
'
-
.2xy=41r z{r
. 2v2=2 ..y= I :,,rrti+ irrr:o-
by substitoiiq rrcm (2) in (l ) : .rr_ r+i (s i)_ ,+i
_1+t,'b+4\ n 41
rr {3 ,-2+i}
.. s s.=
(irr ) =,
..11=aora:= 3 (rcru.d)
{2)(r-rr'1-(6 4i)x+e 7i=o 1- r.'{:, r.r,l
x=r2 by sDh.ilunng in (2)
r, q1l
.'.
Ol d
.
y),={;jl ".j-ji= a-oi (i+L) (r , "rl1=o
O D^ll1lr+Cill (lr I
rrI 1r+i .'. x'-(5 +, r.+ (s +r=o
(4)(r+i y)'1 ro(r+ i y) +4r =o
.-.x'l+zx.yt-s-ai :r=l , b= (s+i) , c=3+i
L4:k=x+iy ... k1- lo k+41=o ... s.s =(r+,i,r-il
r=l , b= ,0 ,.=41 , - rs ir r{GliE iid' ir-
*
,2X!= 6 ta2)
,ol}E,oI{,r.,,, @:
by lqumu rh. eo .qu.noN (l ) , (2) ad adding : - 5.,'Fs6 (1)(c) (2)(b) (3)(c)
r.i; (6)(b) (7)(c) (8)(r)
iy=---l-= 5r
Lcr 1/ n+6,=i+bt
eo .quolio| (l)
. r(+ 4 (1r) (r) (r2) (b) 03) (d)
by iddins dE aud (3) : '
..tx2 x1-g ..x=+t 06) (b) (r1(e) OB) (b)
=tg ,-.

! by subraclins rhe tuo .qndions (r ) and (3) : tal

:2y1=z :y=al 11) x'?-(r +rx-6+3 i.o
,fmm(2):. ry<0 ... r=r3 ry=+ I
.=l , b=-(l+i), c= 6+ri by3q!rin8 turs.+{ios0l'G) daddirs: @
, +,+1[ifr (-6+r,) ms3 6+i sii3 O= (co. O+ i sin O)r
(2)(r+i y)'1 O +r+ ?-i =o
by dding rhe r*o .quarions (l ) od (3) =.oJ6+3"6:€ sinoi +3 i + €I
c6 0 ,in'?o
=:Zli !.lj.i=
:
.. (r.+iy)': 3+4i t+t,lf;u-pt _**\5l |il "io3
...2i =2 -.*te+ :.o"2e"in ei-lc*esin'1e,hr e I
.-,x2- 11+2\yi= 3+4i
rtt : {i tlio-i= a + u r uy squuirs rtre rwo siacs =.cr 0,3.o" 0 "i,2 0 + (3@J€ rii 0 -,iir 0)i
6y subrmriu rh. two cqudions I r ) and G) : (1)6s30-ccrO I c6 Osin']0
... 2 b']= 13 ib=rl =coJe:-"etr "*'ze)
by :ub$iturins ron Q) in ( I
)| (2) 6r
=coJ o - r.os 0+ 3 o
:x' (ii'= 3 by sqring rhr iwo .qudiom {l) ! (2) md addiig I
:.0+bi-r(r+3i) =4.oJo rms€
.'.ra+31'.4=o .,. (r'?+4) (r:- t) =0 r_5+i+(lrri) 3+2i l2)sin3€=lc6'1Osi.0 sinrO
by addins rh. r*o .qdiois ( I ) Md (3) :
i I2- .r(Enrcd)orr?= l ',I-r I ..2,1=5b ... a1=2s orr 5+i-(1+ri)_2 i =l(,-sinlo)dio sinro

0d ii (2) : ... y = r2
-i sin€ 3 sinre-sinr€
... s.s. = {3+2i,2 ii
by suhEtirutlng
=3sino tsinro
tBl
I 1) 6s 4 O + i sin 4 o = (6 e+i sin o)r =osae r -.'1e sinz e + e Er
@E o,)G+*)',G'2+rr:
=ro+of io':+ot':
0i "in4
(l)G) (2)G) (3)G)
-6s40+46J 04,€ i+6mJoiin' +(4@J osino-4oso sinr o)i
(6)(!) (7)(d) (8)(d)
=( r)" (- l)'1= r,l =t
+ 4 .c o sinr o i'+ sin'o
: 6s4o=-"ae-6os1o"io'1o+ 3#e o2)c) o,)(1-*+r0++-r)
ol)(b) G3)G)
=-Je-c"oieo-"*'el*o *'ef
= - ocoJ e
e e + rina e
"*a
+
"in2
(4.o.r 0 sin o - 4.os o sinr o) i (lo(b) O7)@ 03) G) =O + o:+ D (r + o+, = (-o+, (-o'+ i)

.', cc a o = 6s1€ -6 cm:6 (l -cd'ze) =*Je-o-le*r*J e+ t -2"*2e*"*te er){c) (22)(d) (23) (r) =o3 oi o,i*(- l)
=r to+o1i+ t tr=l
=*te-o*'1e*0.*te*t z-Je * *J e .. @r4o+3cc:O I =36s40 Er
=s"orte-a*'e*t ... @Jo= + Gcao+ s.*'o-,) rltr.ro-,1=r-.'1.*,'
,dn4o=46r€sino 46s0sin3O =r (o'+ o)+ r

=4Gino@! 6 - siDs o6so) =* (*,re.e(eeul-r1 =l-(-l)+l=3

5+3o+3 o'=5 3(o+ ( l)=2
€t | t.*re*n-,ze*r
(2)ce rr ( 2) + o'z) =5*3
5 0+i siD50=(6s€+ i sin =
(3)5+5o 501=5(r +o) so? Or
=.*5e+s"*te"i"ei* to^t e "io'e i' = { r..le*r*"ze*:l (
( r ) L.H.s. - (l + o13 = o)3 - or = o'? = Rn.s.
+ rooJ 6 ritrr 0l + 5 6 6ritr4 0l+ sioj o i5 =5( 01 501=-roo'z
=-Je*s*Je,inei to*Jeri,'o (4) (r+5 o+2 o15=(2(1+@1+5 0)r (, ) L.H.s. -0- + o-*)
R$.s = + Gos4O+46.20+3) a1s+o:)(r
- locG'1o.iiro i+5 ms o sidr o+sinso i
=(2x-o+5o)5 =o 2o+ o1(r +d 5o'1)
= t"oJ e- ro.*r e rin'e +s-"erinte) = { tz*"2 e- t *r-"ze*rl =
(3 o)r = 2a1 05 = 243 01 -(-o-2o)( o1-5@2)
o 6J i
-zo*o1o *.-o1
= j t-,'ze*r"*ze+tt
+l5cs'€sitr lo o sin3 o + sin5 o)
=-3o,6o'2=13=R.H.s.
rs I tr
r.d5o=@JO riil€+
=i :.-.lt-ot .1
lo661 0 5 cos o sinr 0
{3)L.H.s.=(, 01+ or)'z+ (l + o'? + o1)'
*'1o)'1) = +
(d2€+ rf= + (26J o- r + r)'z
=mJo-rodro0-610)+5(6so( = 3oi-2o:=603=6 (l o)'
=0 o: + o): + + o'z+
=ccje rocoJe+to"*re
+5mso(l -2c6:O+mJ 0)
=@s4o=L.H.s.
trttr + o'?r'r = t-ol5 = oir=- t
=(r..r .,)'-r*.r,
(7 ) (l +o+2 (t +2o+@1x
=oJo ro*J e+ ro -Jo+5o'e @i o'?)': +
=r o2 o11= r-zo1?
-lo.oJo+5mro 'r/i*yi="*ti =co'+2o12 + c o*zoi': =4 o'=4@=R.Hs
= 16@J o 20.6'o+5@so =to11+o:=o'+o1=o+o'?= I a&rrroj,5-a,o+rlr .r d
iarLrs -r|2U+ro;lro+lGlol
..i,5 e =5 64 o sin o - l0coJ o sior o + siir 0
=i5+5 oti + lo !3 h'i + ro !':br I (s )o +o)r+o o of
=5o sinzsf sjno loo -sin':o)sinro -1-.),.(r -.'r)'
+5 rbr j{ + b5 ir -.5 +5 Jbi r.
+sioJo-t o - 2 sin: o +.ina o) sin o

, ro rr b'- lo c,6r i +5 !b'+ b5 i =-06+O (,1)r=-r+B=? r.j.,#=r=rns.

ro:in3o+ 10lif€+sifo-5 sin € =
r0.inr€+5sinJo- lo sin3 0 + ll sinr 6
. ("5 - ro o' b'1 * 5 b1 + (5 ot b Lo u' b' + bt) i tgto.trr-,10*o1
= r6"in's-zo"inr e* s rin e
"
=o o'?-o+o1tr + tr - : r) -=l-\'
'srr-as =/lorto+ +ldf/
=(r (.'*o) *, ", = (r-c D)",= 6
t j ! f l]l1e!1!q4l:
Bl \r*r., t*r.l I rr*r.',rr.r.r t
i

oq(r t z,)(3-5o 5o1

=

ms40+ isio4 0 =(osO+isio0)'

i i=5 ra- loib'1+ba ,.Llrs =I =o-zo'z.lG-:o s.1 / r(..1 \:
/t+tu I lo1\,=t;;;;;i/
i + =tr
= oJ e + I oJ e.ir e i + eco: e
"io'e
+r..ro,+qt
-(i1- loa:b'1+sb1-6!' lot'b' +b5 =0-,(o:+or(3-5(o+o1)
+4o"o"ior o ir * 6l
=..te*r.o,re.inei r*Jerin'e
sina
=(l-2x-l)(3 5i- l)=r x3=24 = (3 ;E )' = (!r.rJ = # - Rx.s.

65 66
 r'6r H! =l L Llr (2)LH.s.=(r o)(r .1rr .1tr-.1
=s**'s*u_ =(r-d(r or)0 0)0 - ol
= I (i-
: 01t,,,u /
=(r o),(r-0i1
z.O,:.'r*:.'rs.:,,,r
lr =1i.,*,...1, =(r , o+01(r 2o?"61
2{*l-l;=r2 u)rrr _ ,0.-4- md!= 3. m( r, =( ,d o)c2o, 01
r l]l ])
,5+10.j:i ]llo+1 ?s
=/rr.i!rf =,i:Irtf = 3o. 3oi=901=9=R.tr.s.
=j=nu.s rr (r +r 01(: + at(r
=fr=r=n.us. =tq !=f,=R.Hs
I L H.s. = + +4 o)
l4+-Ll!1* , r
^lll3
(urL.Hs .l'
=
=(r+3 01c o)(3 +401€ +4o)
=15 l-+l\6=r5 l+ r-f +3
(? )r.n.s. =(Hqo)r+(I -d)r Ir7't.H.5
_ l?.0' ,.r * ,t:Ltl =(,1+6o+6o:+rol
=(5+5o2+r0f 19 ol
+ 12o+ t2 o':+ t6

/a-Eri = (-5 o+ 3 df= (- 2 0)6 =03+6( r,

,
=64o6=6,1- R.H.s. -7x t3
'r(rs+rr(
"i I
=r rl=.r=tus.
R.H S.
=91=
irxr L H s =('r+!!1!r a:-q!ilqf (4)L.Hs -(r o+01(1-01+01
lr] r]r " =:!rn*1:rs rr o"+oltr -o3+o'5
gl!\i (1-o+ o:) (t 01+o)0 o+01
is rL.H.s.=i--L- tz-.,r0 *: .,t * tu _ot ts *:.t =

{2 ,r 1l o)
=i..,r=(G1,,)')
=r i*;l;* I ,41e.' s.' :"i,n.0. r. :,i sl =R.H,s. =Go-o)( o? 01(-o-o)( o, 01
=(- 3)j =
- zax-2a2 26x-za1 "
=(-*I=(r,,-='f oe L.H.s. = (x +
*) (x + rr.)
=:o,i,9r !1fl_!t Rus = t606= t6= 2a= R.H,s
= /1liIf
rh\'= =rx+yo1tx+yot (5)L.Hs =(l+ o) (r + 01(r+01(r + o')
0., L.H.s =(5 +1ol x (5 + r oT =r1+ryo+ry o'*l ol
=(!J'=f =,'=*,s _.r,+xy(o+01+y: +o)(r
=[(5+4u)rs+4u )] = (r 010 + o) (r +d1
(9)L.Hs.=.'(.-r)(o' r)-o'r . .'*r) +

co+ r)to +r) :or+a0+;+, =(25+20b:+20o+ t6f

-r'xy*yt*ry ry -,r -.1] [r .,r l -,1]
- .'t:' rt _ r.' =(4r+roi rrl
(ir y)'+:(y=R.r{.s.
= [rr rr
=

=4=,=-," =(ll-e26r = R.H s (20) L.H.s.= (!+bo+, @1(i +b o: + a o1) =rr+o:+o.orl'=[,+( rf

,1511.s.5 =1r_ 111,
trorrHs =l!! :.lcf = (bo-
=(b,)o"1r-a)o1
"c., (bo,., c.1)
= t"= t= R.H.S.
(6)LHS =(r o)11 ,1| .1rr .\.
/oa+r-) ur(2+ r 0)',
-l_ -.oi,-.,] = or (h - a)1= (b n)r=R.H.s.
,
-'1 n t,,.n,
t]
=(r o)(r-oifl o)fl 01..
=r.'or'=(.{rr)'=o=nrs rl;;;r;;+,; I Er
rll)LHt =lr.s.+rd']+ t+sol+r.l 2,, -rt rL:Er,
r r r rr.s =o +orrr *o1rr+o1rr+o1rr+o1 = [ir .rrr,1][ir .rrr .1]...
=r = (t +o) (r + o1(r * rr (t + o) o +o1
=( 01( o)(z)(-o1( o) =lr o']-o.rl"=0*r*rf
-i i. ri-, ,,- |rlar l 2o.= 2 -R.H.s.
=
(7)L.H.s - (2+3 o+2 01O+ 10: +2or)
Ill q
(2+3 01+ 2 05.,. b2 n rsdos .'. r..H.s.= (ol0 + (o15 + r = or + or0+ I ( 1)Tr. sum = l + oi+ r + o'1i

=r+i(o+01=2 i
=(2+:lo+r01
(2,3 o')+ 2 o)(2 + I o+2 o'?)
.i+=c,' .?= k' ...tEo" -, r*"**,-". Tn. prcdrcr = ll +oi) (l + o'?i)

=/+ dl\ + ai + t-.1) - -l

k'=? '.=.; @
'Ihee'tudion is x: (2 i).1+( 0=o
= (2+3 o+2 @1r(2+3 o2+ 2 0f q .-. x'-tz itx i=o
r!'1r,..ud= L+ -l
=(ro.zr or)'(:.'.ui .1)' :!+y=2 o-3 o?+ 1+5 o':
= o'x (o'?)'= or ^ = r = R.H.s
=2o':+2o+3=2(o'1+o)+r= 2+r=l
. . .I is one df rhc cubi. tror Eol mob oI rh. unity
= !* ] = . .'=r
meDmd',.r=-L^- r-= !-^ |
q xy=tz. r.10*s,1
:, 06+6or + l5 oa+ 20 03 + l5 o? +6 o=o
n".p"".,= [r-rJ* rr* rto']' =6o+ loor 9o? l5o' =co)co1=t
6o'+ l5 o+ 20+ 15o']+6 0=o
=6o+ lo-901- 15o= 9o':9o+lo
... r +
ThecqMrion is: x? 1+ I = 0
,.,21or+2r o+2r 2l (o':+o+ r) =2m
=[k+o(k r)+(k+r)o'2]3 =-9(o1+o) + lo=9+ lo= l9 =
(3)rhesun=(r+o oT+tr o+ o1i
=[k+ko o+ko'+01]3 r'* I _ (a + y) (r'- 1, *y1
- t-,'-,1'. t-.-.1'
... (016 *6 (o:)i r 15 (o1" + 20 (o:)r * t5(or):*6or
=tk(r+ol01+(o'0r' d3 + m d6+ t5 o1+ 6 o'1 = so"+(-s01=-8-8 = 16
-o12 6oro+
=[".Grr;,)]'=rr _(r.r(a.r'34, + 15
Tne pmduct= ir +o .1',tl .*,'t'
tr*r,:xy =r +6o+ r5 oi +20+ l5 o+6o?
=( ,o1tr, ( r o)l
E _ r,,,_r. Fr
=.1!= !g
=21 o2 + 2l o+ 2l = 2l (o: +
.',.6j.,,,"n..,h.""*,,-
o+ l) = arc
=,806'-3or=64
L.Hs.=(iJ'.(.E?r!. )' Th. equ ion n: xr+ 16r+64=O
0l q (4)rhc m=Oo+2o':.1t*iz z. - 2,1'
=(,.--JI,('f'D' L.H.s.=3 (o1i1+2 (o13 + 5 (o':)? + 5 =r-2- l\ +(2-r( l\l
=lor:+2016+5ori+5 = n +64 = 37

= 30+2 @+ 5 0:+ 5 = 5 0+ 5 o'?+ 5 rup.aoa=1zo+zor .l'.rz :.-:.1'

=/ s\'.Irrt'=d*9=d*q,,t = 5 (o+ o'1+ t)=am = R.H.s =\-2-t)1tlx+tl]
= r.o,Ttm! :i+' unt,
=tr; -(-,+-,",:,) lu-l = 27 \64= - 1174

, Th. equdion is x: 37x l72s=O

"-!?
.. rr-.r'=("*f -,";.{)"
q ..rrr.r"=(-.f-t',f)
rr,. -o""i", =I "'' J' (23) (a) (24 ) (d)
TE ro u: . =!!t!= tl
=1,.,..,.,*, I
^=--=
=l.u ir h on. of rhc ctrbic nor Hl ru06 of d! uni.y rhich
IDI m"
"a*, = ::.:l ^::g"
-...1.-,*) s * r.l* , ro r 7
...=.16=.,6I=,; '.*
l-l:llLf =l
!f =',,,',"-.''-
'r' f r*r=o
r
= by $bdiru.ing itr rh. L.H.S. = olo + o! + I rr,""q*ti- i
{F@ or !) ir do.sn'r depeid on a ,.,=,rq'=-t6+=-.'
(6).0-0+ot)' . x+,,= tL^ lllt=l!]t:r_rl= r.1, trl(l;z@En.c,=r=1
.. rh" rdd -€(-"+-,sm=na )
=(r.r)'=0..r,=.r= , rh.,4-d-d=1,("-++t,r"+) , .'.,ti. *r orm n,.tc, c ,o,o1
(l+of*-ltl+o r'
.. (J ) (xry'] (2 + r')= --I- t t
,(r rr *o1)'' ..3 r-2. r hmex= 3= I
@lgl ! - I _r, ..'
r,1'(,1 orx-z=o
L

=0-*f'=o-'i''-^r= '' rtner-9Il-?

'=,,J'ifi=;-:,
r",u.-. o'=-<.n.5= r .'. -,
' =.. "-"",=d4
Tmrrcdud=co) (-01)=or =r
@l

Tt..qurionis:r'a+r=o .,='e.+f= f, 1, un,. ***,, 're sum of the lwo nuohcs

=(1+or+(l + o'?i) =2+i (o2+d) = 2 i

..lzl=Lo=-tr+bn ll\=:l] 6
IDJ Yr' Tl'e produd of rhe lwo nufbs.
,= (, @a+r05+ r+r (56or+a{t0:+a6o) El =(l + oi) (l +o':i)= l + o':i+dr r
(r)x')=l+or...xx=-@
(r0+, o':+)+i(sfi +a6@':+a1/3 o) , ll'r,r
= .r:=(.*
", .im",=!*r"" ) ..x=a{+=t,fo.=ro1t i Th. .qudon which jrs rcot s. :
=c,+r+i(5f 411)= I +6i (1+o,,O + o'zi) isxl-(2 i)r i=o
..lzl=, ' o=+ .'. Tn. fi6r .o' :l! * , ,in :I-E a=,1 , b=-40 , c= o
-r =
Er
z=,(-,++rsm+)
t" *-"a la * la _ -,-4.'rrli ;;i 4.4 {
^- 0 oT'= [o o:)(r -o1'?]"
...
-r = -, r
"r i
, -- {'rr, +r 4,2r,
z,=11,l@sj, =[o o1o,o].o11'
, ) EtJ _ .,,fi;'-16. 1.,{'"ir
=[o oi( 3o1]"=( 3or+3d)'
=o( -r-+ L-) '(o r)r'=[(o r)(o r)']'
r" n^,-,={r(*"+.r,h+)-1r.t, = [(o r)(''-"*rr"
. (3)(2r+ l)6 2(2r+ r)3+ r=o
rt rl:=o
.: k2x+ =ko r) ca d)l'= t i@?+3@l'
: 1r," k@"d rcd =€(.., ? +,
"h,n6 ) 7 \=ai L\=!l
:ex+rt r=o ...en+rt=l
=el ...

=tr(*'f .t,-'t' I
, dk .ubic mo$ ot ltE num6€r I

.r*i,=qlll.ll-l ra.s.=(r o11'= (or - o:)r'

=15"+' I nenE2I=o ...x=0
.'.2.x+ I = =(o'"(d rt'
tDl
= le lH/= ii rFrl ,zx- r =. r."*r= j. j =1x(o-l)r'=R.H.S

"=:i "=i? ,,r-,=or hm&,=j01 + @J

=r(.'*.i*,'i*( r, (,r)(rr-2f el3r rt+3=o

.z(iro*.1)= zr =r7l r-+ r-l .. (3r ,l 4G, a'-r)=o = (5,*, o *.1)'=(s.-r.f= (3 .f
,=,{*,-+-1"," I ".,t.1,,.*rl^,' inthlc6.orGr
,. dr cubic m6
2)r=s
or ln. nuftbs 3 e
... (3
=(2( *o)+s o')"=( 2o':+501"=G 01"
o)'=G 01" ...3"o"=3"o:"
=,'\*.*,*., ,-,zx z=z t*"x= t
,r=1r(.Gr , +rM
=
t:r rc.6.1=Im=- .,rr ,=r@ hIner=4==:+ .. tre{ 6, r,0,3,6,...}
@l rNrrudioN b slvc nunbcr [D @l
.. rl.*p."i-= ! ."
B o."v.."r= Lr f .'" I ." ( 1) r h=aif o=2c!= I
=o+ o,+oj +.''+o1,=o
= t1+ tr +o+01+...oi01+ Ir + o'z+ oa +... oel
., ,.,o' D. r'("'r' r) -a *.,p.*r."= ! ." .. (a l)':=o"+r@r'*@a'
-,,- .-l .L' ,"d".x=r,(o+01=r
Gun ofeomf,c *{uenes) ,r ,=!+ j r
= o, + oa + 06+.., + o,a.o
=orr+2+or=x+l
= ,, . d1* q-r =,, * eI. _L ,{t r6r t ,mc u,i2+o,r,o ,
.,. i!' 3r=o ...x(a r)=o
=tt+c.1*-!-- rt-,2,=rr * r =r: ,9=d=1=,
=0 +r +o+@1'o= olm= r
1ry.. (r +x+rl'=""+ r+ 1r'? (?).'lollll-5lzl=11 :
f o*a*.'t ", s.s.= {3}

=tt + t + tlo +o+o1+ tr + o'+ o5+ rt +or+o5 zl 7)(zl+a=0

( m_l
+...+tt + o'+ o15 + tt + oro + o'l .r
t+.,d+"ro'?+-+"r"o'?"=(t +o+o):'=o
.'.

..lzl=7 or lzl= 2 (R.n6.d) "=

lrz.'* o ct z.l]'"
3+0:
= 3+0+0+3+0+0+3 +0 +0 + r2
' -,C =lru'+' rr+rul =lr(o'+o)+r +rl
EI . ::.arl r;..;l *( 2+i +3) o=(l + i)'o= [(r +i)'z]'=(215
;;rt- -;;Tl
=t*o:c+to+c+uo: +c o .1 rlle *eEs,m =(@++) +(o'++) =l,r4l=a=1 rGo"++ r"t.+) Gigonon.rnc rom)
=
=to + o+ o5+ctr +o+ o1 .r",,.11'. . t,'.1!'
(2 ) L.Hs. =z tzz+,2\ +
\21
=t.*.1':*t'*.f *tr * rt'*..rtr * o'

=(b+ o'?.)(bo+")+(to+O =( l)'+( l)'+(2)'+( l)'?+( l)':+(r)':

ao?+co)+a+o':c) (to:+co) =,+l+4+l+l+4=t2

+t c + t c + J o:+ t':
= t'?o
+ u'o'
t c o'+ uc o: +c? o +
.,n ",e*"1 "-(.,.t[. (..-.!.)'
+bco+bco+J=b'(o+ I +01 .I,"'. L1'. .t",,,.1\'
+bc(l +I +o'?+o'+o+ o)
= trl +ot:+ to+ dr + o + tt:+ -+tt + tl'?
+ c'z(o'1+ o + l)=26=R.Hs.
= (- l)'1+ ( l)'+(2)'l+( l):+( l):+(r)?
@l

= ("j ,,)r=(r+o, (,( or)' t2

="], t-"(':ir).,". (@. )J
t2
@l =: (*+.,,.+I
(r)(b)
Answers of exercises
Un it Th ree:
Determinants and matrices

r
E"I
/
 @@rE trll ,l
Il l-r .,,...,t="
(rl(c) (2)(d) ,'rl .,_,1.. rl I
,( r r \l(h)domstc,-rc,)
t,,r
G)(h) a
(s) (d) (6) (O ( 7 ) (c) 7
" 'l , ... (2 rk) 2(3 k)=0 ...k=-4
t,",-,_,,,,,t="
(9)(bl (r0) (d
(13)(d) (I4) (d)
(u)(r) (13) (d)
(1r) (r)
lls) (c)
(1e) (d) (2r) (d)
l;ll l,
| ., n-, o
, r
=o (bld.isrR -iLr) r,
t,,,,.1
*x-rr1tr
tr rl=o
(21) (b) (22) (!) (23) (c)
l-r -r ttt (l:r)(l+211(r,o=0
=,t..
s
125){d) (26)(c)
t,,,
(27) (6)

,,
, 2t
,rrlrt r 5 (b, Jonsrc +c],
[k-2-r]=0
... k

k(k-5)=0 ik=0 or k=5

'lr,x|,, ' l=o p,u.*., -.,..,1
(by hnsposing rho 1'r dercmimnt) (ntins 2
'
3 5 iiErchaigiig Rr ,Rr r lomnon rrador Imn c rr+2 2x r
hy
lo r
I'
=O
4r r r
I
2x+2 I 2r
rzur I l=o (qa""g,n,-n.))
4 rl
.,1=,,,,=,, -t
:112
t-''--,t 2) I =n,r-,*
t, 0 -2
1
lr

,r,]l ,', 'J 1",**,".**^

nl *..,r.,c,r
=i
: - I [t +3 -2]=0 ,,l , ,i -"
7 3 ro l,
=.,1
ls
l, ,
. , sl
., . l=, ^ --= ^-
s l1u-* rc, =c,,1
,.'
: -5
r s
.rul t,u r h
t, *ro t l-. i,,'.-,1
, , .t , -,
=O
,
,r,l I | Jora(C. c-l ',
I
(hJ
:(7k+14+12) s( rk 6+30) l;I"*""-*",-*..,
t tl -,.,..,=],,' L
t: _, , l=*-,"**".
lt, "-.1
=.,, ,,, * l- , l=.
Et
t,
I
(by dors Gr - R,
)

33 94 by doing (Cr - C,) Ol ,r,, I t="

36 t,
t;: 6 h =kmtbesrqC =C ) 2 i
l* ,o ,o] 2 ) (bJd.'aiR.R,,
l
,0, |"u""*,r,* *, *rn *,,
 a
=16 ,r, byd.i,s(\ 0 i)R,)
oo ,i,

tr, z l:.- "t :

r2
2

1ilil,,",..,..., l;:l = 1(!n x-s., ( rmr sc,

r r-. r I
:
z ! lrbldumcP)
Rl

.t' . ' bvdomslR .xtR rl

El
) r\r r+;': n'-)rR )

=(I+)+royyyx
(x+ 3)
O , . . ,l ; =,
l, r. .r.,..r,.1
t1
(by kkiis (y - r1 s common leb rrcm
".^"*=t,," ",-,.-..t
1,"',...'-,'l
.,-rl
lr'.' I'r
16rl)'Z r/ \+,
I
hkins(ab+ac+ 646mrcn fdo'

=rx*v*arr lr. ol o r r=o

t", l'' ',-,,,,,1
,,
I

fDhC,
=(ah+5c+bO I r. l=0
I b. I

bt bliDg 13 mmmn feror frlm C, r ,b

1,,,t 'y I

=,,1 , , ,., (becaus c, = cr)

rrrl r *Je ,;'a (bldoiis,c,+c,,

x' I
I
lo / -l
lr r .\'+r\ y+ v'l
,,,*=l r " "l=^
lo o
r =x- I
l, m*'?a+{i'ja !D:A
=t,.-,".",",,",","
Oy ksposing ln. dc@inmr)
,tl t."l
: (I+3)(x ,)(x r)=(r r) lr .*'c*",'c ,in'c =xy r r , t,l
bykrtin!( l) !.ommoi fdor fmm Rr R1 , Rr
'

.1(r- r) [(x+ 1)(x r) r]=*o

L+Y x'+xy+J' o -/ m

...^=, rl I o n
by doins (R: Rj),(Rr R,)
..r=l or J.':+x 6 l=O sini B =o(bEou$ c, = c,)
l-. -" o

x1+ \ 1-a li
rrr[q r'/rs l*.-,
3l "-11 I x2 uY *r"'s (y xr
-
rr) m+n-21 :m 2/n\m o ) 1)+l
BL n*l-rn n r. / r" a mmnon leror fnm & thli y rom Rr

=xy':(r rn o I y*r =--

lo .t . - rt o l ,x+}
lo ,. ,r ",'- =^-
lo , ,. i,"
 lrx.yr: r'*l rrvl ll lol
rSrL.HS = r.*1r' .'*r' r.i ,t,LH5=1, I zr
lr.-o' .'-;
r
re rr-us =l I

l,+b ,+l b+l r."l ^=l',-,..-,,^,.

,+b .+l b+l
&y b*ins (3)

lI+v|, x,+v, rv
i,-i,,
o comrcn lelor cr)

.,-i .;
I
ll,
1,, l+c O I
7r-Jl 7r 1* 7. rn
(by takin8 2 i comon tuor of R,)

=,,
J ."
I

{,."f .'. I
(Bydoins(R, Rr),(Rr Rj)on l(deemimr) =2 il*.x 5,+) 5,*"
7k-l/ 7' rm ?e ln
Oy doing C, + Cr)
2
=:::.
=""-i., (r*rt (t.r' ry I

=1 i..1,' i.-1l' .1 l=^. =) \l 5m

.."i (,."r ." I +o b | (Bydo'ngP.-R. 7k 3l 7r lm
5.
7e-3n
=31(a+6+2) lb..tu.c C1 - Cr) - z"a.i.-,-,, by trLins 5 ! cl),lmi febr f6n R^
Il ]
lx x'* L u* rl ,t-t,", tx
t, rzrr+rs =l , l* r ry* rf .|, =.1 r ,,;.. " .,
r4rLxs.=l
t" ",-r ,.-,r " l,r-rr ,.
t"
h
(by dohgCr+2Cr)
.l'
x x,*ux+r rx+rll Ir",t
= y l.ry*r 11*rr'l=-- El =,nl i -.1=.,
, z'2+?z+l rz+lil 1,,.,,,.11;
t;, . ,blJomsc +c7+ci,
"
rnl
,r,"r"=li

t,,",
tSrL}lS.=leb-,. b .-rb
(bydoinsRl Rr,Rr Rr) (by uliis (x + y + z + 2) a cmmn f@rd fiom cr) :
,-.1,
t".-" . ,-,. I x+ 7 'x+oli.\+rr =rx+)+z+2) I y+2 z 4lo l="
(byd.i"s(cL c,) ,h* (c.
"
+3 c?, ly
4.X + 30
bydoins (R, Rr),q Rr)
(bydoing\ 2R, ..4x+7y - l5 = 0 is.qurion ol a sbaigh! Iine

I x+7 rr+6'rr+7r =,r-r-.-r, ;

...4(2)+7(1)
mn =0(s nfy ft. equarion)

1"",1
15
(brdns C o r rod ftlm c,) =l o
=(x+y+z+2)x(rx2x 2l= 4\X+ ! +z+ 2)
Ir r tl
=,t"""t=",-.=^
, ,o.".,=",,
...4(
. . Tn.
5) +7(5) r5 = 0 Gdsry rhc
nniert lim pess rhrcugh rhe
eq!a.io)
No
| " '|
ID by doins(R, Rr),(Rr R )

(7)LHS= 2r c rh
. 2u :lh 2r+rb

(22) (b) = b (2 b-d) (2. -bl = R.H S.

14)I-.HS= ) x+r l

(6'LHs= b (hyukillg G)ron oi rxd lom c.)

+cr+crr
b cr

tD

i t x+2
(bydoinsRr 2R, !Rr 4R )
(nv, (r+6)rurrsiL@ro c )
hy ddiis (R. RL),tRj Rr)

= t ll ,,^,""'"-,.
(bv,
(by hrins 2 (r + b) rcommon
3.-3a -2i+9b 0

=rh+br i r+h
=11 I ;"^***,
t,",,".' .+6)
(b),i..s(R. R ),(R, R,,
= {( 6a+2O(9b 2!)
=t ,, , o =, =nr,. =2a(3r O(9b 2r)=R.HS
1,," (+6)
rr,l
I ;,
I] l] !b
,,,,," = 1p,,,,,,^..^,. rsrLHs= , h , l(tY,r"i^src,
c)
rRr Rr)
h
I b'
"l'c'
I

= z(r+b) 0
Or
=(b d( b r)=trr br=RH.s
b . b*. l'c tc,'("1 (byd"i"cR.;R,)
rl
= ,,"-t
by doing (cL
jr+
+c' + cr) lnd rhli rlkln3 i
(tr+ y+ raco'trmon h.ror rm'n Cl d) I comDon fi'du r'rcm c,)
(-,
t', =- (a+ b) b + hr +r'1)
=(b r)(c r) r
2

=tu+r+)+4 L+y ?
b irl
=tr L

| , o . o*. =(h r)r. rrlc-h)=Rtrs

a1
 bydoinsRr Rr otrhe r"'dcbmininr
/ 5m a
iorLH.S= x y x iby'tn'ngC,+C)rrrr
..-,]
0drEdi lmmi frb
= la+b+c) o c
1"",
h
t,'..,
,'.'t''
ins (2 x + y) o flm cl

i
(bydohg(q R,),(R. RL,
x)
(6y intrheryiig

=(r+6+cJ 0 i .
Cr wilh Cr)

t,
0 0
. h
rb hy dohs
i

(R: (.f)R,) rhe r"'ddshrmr

=,"ti : :

(by iierchaicins c,*irh cr)

=
(, + h+c) G-.) (i 6)=R.H.s
,(R, ), (Rr d.rrrtnnnl
R R ) on rh. 2"d
t"
=o)+yr 0 )r
n 0
r_r

)-.x
=l; ;
n (.-,-+)
I | " o, ."
=(rx+y)(:Y y):=R H s 0yd0itr!(R, Rr),lRr+R., " byd,i"s(R,
t
R:)

o
= J \ r hrd,,iieLC,+C.+c.j

I ' ! bn mc
="b(.-1+f)+xb"
=rbc +abx+ r. x+ b.I = ,.(l-lIb)(b)(b" .o
=rbc +I(rb+a. + bc)= R.H s =rn(bl mil(mc bn)=R.H.s.

l-;i1;1-"' rl4rlHs= 2b
r.
b.-a
:c c I
rh
b
,tor.ns
l,*r*. -.
=l . ,*r,*. -.
-b ,L o+h+.
(by doiig (R, +R, +RJ , hkitrg (r + b+o +Rr ,R, +Rr,
(by&,ins(R: R,)nR, Rj, (bydoitrg (R,

:(! b)(r oG c)=R.HS

,,rr.,.=t
. r "l
, ,
.t(,,""c
O 0 xr 2c t,-,,-'..1
. 'c'.c' 'c'tt 0y hkrcG*o " ---- r*b.
lu ro R,,(6+OlronR?)
(13)LHS= r b+r , It,,i
=(r+o(b+c) | , , I
0,"-',-.|
=(,+ u+ n u s.
=l 0 h+r r\ ")r= 0ydoii!(cr+cr),(cr cr,
lo r ..r ,,/ ,. ,, ol
(5)LHS = .,m hm
txr h i
=u+(,(h+c) -r ,, ;
-''-',1 "'.',-.-,'l
I

",.,.t 0y &riis
(, o.nm rrtutuoc j ,C) nomcr) (by
'nrdun8ins
c2 lirh cr)
 -,..,.: r.-J.'1
= rl n9r-rrs.= r,': J*,r .o r!0rl..H.S =r r+2./ l.' r:2,LHS= ! rr r!+r
".u ",
= (a+c)(b+oi2(-! b)
(by d"i.s (cj +c,), bki.s C:+ b'?+.',
(by d..s G. - c R,))
lrx,r'lrr,r
=2(a+c)(6+Ola+b)=Rrls. =t,,,,.,t,,,'
l. .' .' l. r,
1.,*y*: r h?"J h.
ll7) Lx s.=l | 2I+r+l ("'+ bi*cl r .:*J ..
=
lr .'-u' "u l 2. + 2.: r.+3.)
=ry. r y yr r
, . "r ,r .l
yl y

(6y doins (c1 + c: cr) md brins)

+
(bydoiis(R: R,),(R: R,,
lrrxllrrx'l
[2
(]r + y + l)l G omnon rrdtr riom cL)
ll h':*J cr, =,"t , , ,,-l , , v,
,l =(ar+b']+ci o rr b'1 !(a-b)
(by d.i"s (c1 + c
t,.,ltL,,'l l

I 2\+y+l ,, o ;-c'? b(" r .'. rJ -: " -r.*:Jl

=2(.x+Y+l)
t*:y.rl
I
")
,.1
(bydoincG. RL),(R. R',
1by bkinE) (a - b) i .o'nnotr rxdor lrcm R,
lo"l
(l (R,-RL),(Rr
" G':+ b1+a(.-b)(a-") =Ix + 2c+3.?) x I = I + 2c +3 c'1 (by doins R
,,
=R.H.S
=2rx+y+l) 0 r+y+ I

o ,*r . l1ura",g,n. n.1 (2r)L.H.S.= y yr rr

+.1G oG-o L ) i z) iiom Rr ! Rr ' Rr ofrhon h.B

orr.*.r.=l-,,1,*,,.1,' ri' =G?+br (by hkiig

l-:*zx' rxl r *r:r'

=-,.',,,
(C, cr)
u b-. (-bGr0hns,b .,r-.R,)
by doing
'(cr xCl)
(bydoins(R, R,),(R, R,,
r'r,|
o
(ar* br*"1(" b)G ot-c) =(ryz+r)iy rlrz
"lo ,-rl
l" o' "-vl
=

L .-," -'-, ,-,,. " =",.t",,,,", t)(t-nQ-t\2

(bYdoiigCr xcr) to . x .: t' =lxy z+ y)

r(1yz+ l)=Rn.s.
=(x-y)(y-4G

lr,.:x'r-:x tl
oL
={r,+ b, + Jt (x b) (a c) (b c) =.tv711 xllz no I )+x t,,,-,1
r r
0 I z+xl rr.s.=1, * y
-r+2r' x'+r r
I ,-, *
rz.rr
ll
(6y doing Rr - Rr)
(by d.i,s (R1 + :r R,)) hydoi.S(Cr-Cr cr)
ool = (a1+ b1+ cl(r (r (a-O(b o =ry,ry,rt,-x;lo r ,*,
= r5x+2x:+2\rr l+tr+rr o
+ b + c) b)
lo o ,, = ,1,
I t *:.r' rr+l
=xyz(y \Q nla-Y)
=iryz(1-y)(y-z)(z r=RH.S
 li: 2) o ol
i 1., **,* -^,,, ,1" *
lo r.
rsb r.

GydoinsR, bR,),Br-cRj)
'. "ln
J.r
, '.
lo o J*r
lr o tr. @
rr)LHS =
,.,,,,
!+/ 27 r
;-, ,,! ommoi
(6y ukins (2)
,l fador Im cr)
(4 )L.H.S.=

(by 6mon rebr r,w cl

6}jns G .) a

,(,g n@ c:,Gb) L"- ca)

=r in rhc l'' d.cminmt ,b rc{]lrrmn ladtr

.i, 6Dn ,
\ , c, in rhc 2d d.Mind ,!L
lr r. lr t,,, =b..,c,rb f, I +
=llo,o+u'lo "r "..l i+
I

(,4)LHS = y =,1 , . , =*".

I o . Jrrl
r
lo o ' l. ,,
0
(axRr , bxR, , cx\)
(c':+ r) (r,y doins Rr cRr)
+
It.- .*" "rl
in rh. 2'd dehinonr ,: rr.n.s =1.." t*.
"*t .+.
- \t! =J+t'zo r "
r.".1
+rc':+rr l,+r /+.
(by incrchmsins R, , Rr)
= r'+ b1 + c'1+ 1 = RJI.S

=1 | '" (or-"r^,-,",,) rsli.s mmtun tetor from Cl (ty 6l,jng conmn r&6r (b c) rrm cr
(26) by (tr) a

,btlmC1,C6@Ca *" 'sc rmn ci

f-, r I I 'ii "'i::':l:"** ' 'abfmcr)

=s I y L.H.S =sb( 1 !+r L =2 m n+/ l+m ftydonEc,-c,r

I
r ;
+ =!-b'ct :
l(bydoinsGi.+yR,r)

+ +-,1 l; +
xbc,R, x,c ,\ I
'
r y l=.r.7.r=nl.s
(by doing Cj + C: + Ca)
=,1, "-r r ibydo,nscr c!,
(by dorg Rr ab)

i t,,,,
= !h r. bc =R.H.s.
="b.la+L+l+r l+r -L ='ll
r25)l.HS.= !h
u"
b)+r b.
u" C*r
li*-!*-L* | -! 1* | r ll=-"
t",-',x'',-",
wtr,,l (-{- }. r), *" rm,r'"'c, (6)R.Hs =l qrb.x !,-b.x c,
1 ! lr t";.';, "; \, ..

lr ,b "" by E*j.g !,b 'ce@moDletutumc

-t",,-,".t
lo o" .'-,1 (by doiis Ar - R,) , q R,,
=a bc ,' b' c' lR1, a b rl
mMon lactor tum
by Gldng (a) a
r L Ll
of Rr,c1 in rhc lnd.@mitreL
=,,'.,(*,+.:-')
"o i ;l
o .,
L+ L+ rtr |=,bct-L+-L+-L+
'l =tI n, ., =.,.
(bv
. b. l*l =,h"1|+ )
 ,L". "
".1t.," r,l r o =,x+r(bldonsrcr+cL,
,:
I il. ,

lr-,"1
=rr.l 't.t="-" tu.-,."u.u,,-u
n
.l , t=o ..1
' n
t,.'
l=,,-,
,.,,(I+a,r)=rir+r
n
t*.s (,
-..* r,.b, r-. R,)
..
'(, ,,x
(by + b) ,

,.2x+r1+x+2 2x t=o

..,-r'{,+N ,'15
1",-",x' ,, x.r, ",
lnl ,o)
= ai a,x: 11I+h, c,
ll ,'l
,,-', l ,,,.1, o .l=* rD.ut tx . b (ty doi,E C, + cr + cr,
(by briis (r - x:) ! ommoi hdd rrch cj)
=
(by
I

uriis e) ! cofrmoi tadd rom cr)

l, ' ,l
(by doing (R? +a RL), (R.+ R ))
t.".t.=l ' ,
t. o
b . En lhrJnE (x. a + b)
I .om;on r*b, r,om c,)
"

al arIlbl cr =(:r+!+b) I x h
= ",r*0, I .. r u 1+4r =ro rba
(byd"r,,s(R, R,),(Rr \,
= ,l br ,rl "hl
.l -,' -c u Fe*r o*qol= 1,"
t.r 'l c,
.. z ro
l=
=,r.,*o,l o ,-" o

l'-.,
l
= a., ,',2x+x'6 3x= lo lo o, ,-o
r3rLlrs= y z+r i : (a q(I+2)=o (by iibrclrancinc (c, cr,
.,-'l y ,

(by i",crchaneins c, ,cr)

R,- Rr, - rx+! +br o
',"t-,,
(by dotnc (R, + =
=rr+b' ,' br b =n Hs
l)r. r r r l='

hkiis (r) rd- r,..

.B
i,,.1,''
G1 xR,),(Rr Rj)inftc
(by i"r-h,"si.s

bl 0
(R, , R.D

a-b b-,
" -..-
R,) (bydoitrs fL =(x+a+
t,-,
(by
o0
'i:';":'l ll" =(a+tr+ b) (x b) (.x a)=R.H.s
Iut x = 2 sitr 0,tr= I
Cotrsid{
'b= I
(bld",,u,R, R,, , $ci(2sii o + r +c r, (2"r! e cr,
=ro.
, . x*y]
y (bld.,grR, R,, :r :ll :o
.. r [o *x1(a* r) c r *, '
r]- xr+.r .'.0=0,130 or2 sii 0 + I =0
vrO
=: o , ,
, " il =tus
rbc
lll ';l=,
...1*l*xa*r+x-* x! x=o ,dusine=+(Etusr)or2iin€
"i"6=
..,
+
s.s.- {0" ,30. , t50" t30.}
..6=30.,
I =o,dEn
r5o.
 (a c,bm dre mols ol rhe equarion (hy doi',s (Rr R:) in erch or the r*o i-r
, lc
)
@
(1)(r) (2)(h) (:r)k) x2 rx+71=o .,.b=27
=r,,rl {;
rGtuctiom .o sol* number [D_
l
l" o rr+ Y5
= lolr (. b) = loer 2? =
00
1..' n =sr/I.-r.rc.r16-Er
l;l- rs,ILrr= o ni2r
0 0 .o,lx
n

l0 -2} @
= 5{a(ra-r -R.Hs.
15

1" i"
=,,,".t",...
lt r 17 lil 44
l1(b"r"',,s\R')
,::
i,- i Lim os3x=lx2xt:2 t0 i
=2xyt-t(!)t 2xt=4\y z
2x
,=: -.;:
(tJ o '= r', ,= , TD

I {n.F 16
r!rL.Hs.=1lE;+{it 5

I 1c' -, {"
.t-"=" =; {n :F lrrr
1r, ''la
t-,,.
Th. Esulls rorm m drhmdic sequ.ic.
,d,e rumb€rorns Ems= l5,irs l'r rem = 5
-:
=fi;
1t;{E
5 1!n
5 t"-,
..rhcsm=+t5+q=30
f,fi 6 I
- r'li .
( 3 ) Itr .reh deteminanr . do lhs lollowing in ordr
I 2

r ,l_r , - =1r1],6,6 .{1

\2
,G. R,,
..|,," rG 6 F
.: 3l_12 r l-r
,,'||,,, 11f -F,F rq ,F ili 1|'
=l2xl,3=los
.2010 2020 :0ro 2n2n
by doing (R1 R,)iilhe l"tdccn,imnr
fi rtrtr
!(Ri Rr)iilh.2 ddcminonr

Ll
@lD
,; =rD+5ir o !5 l/,l Er
.. All rhc rcluls arc cqual aid th. v5lu. or.eh l" tr Fl
oic = _ 2 md irs iumb.6 = 20 t9
-,: (bydoitrsRr '/l R21 ,thcnlA =2xs 3r4= :+0
.. Lherum=-2x2019= 4013
v
fi
r?)B=/r o'] E
'
\-2 r/ ir 0
,,'E=lo r
0l
ol
*,a,."=('
)(:, i)
Bl=r x3 ( 2):0=3+0
\n o .1 B l= sin'70+.610 - l
'Itc oferoB of nrtix E )-,, A'll (B)=
/.,6
|
.^6\
|
lr \ coro rn0 /
,
o
I \ lo I 3 ,r,, =l I
, . /-n "*e \I
B',=l
l: o o 3 \ cos 6 lin6/
..c=l n r

to , rl=-6,0 /t o o\
n
,"1ol l,t, =t,,,"1 ,t,"=lo , ol=r,
l^^l
lo o i \-u-,^l \U U

El
( I )Th. mtir ro bc

=0
sinsule. ...A=0 /:::i oq,",=l
/z
\
,5
-r0
rs -e\
4/
I
"'=+,
lt
,o,r=lo ,
o o\
ol .18=6
... 3)(a+2) ?(x+2)=0
(1+ l, 4'
,zrc=lo
r\ ,rsr=l-, r -,1= r
\o o ,l
(i.+2)(r+r)=0
\, . tl
5l
lo : rl -"".,-,.".,,,.-.-^-=/: :
coferm mati C -.B Adj (B)=-LAdj (B).B =-I \," i)
t,,,t
Tne of

U5 E lc o ot
I o -, r t? t: :l no,r",=lo , ol

i;:x ,,,"=(" ;) l=,

\o o ,l
,.,
t,-,.,,.,t="
I B

lo , .l : -t l /s o o\
^r,",=/t
\ , ,'=*lo 3 ol
;;;
a/

ll 3l "=+(1, l)
\"",t
rll.I+l .r+2 ? =O -2 15 -12 /r r o\
,r,r=lo , ,l
424
0rl t7
,,,,=(" f) \""'t
D24 Ol
:

,.,r=/""
ThlE i3 no nultiplieriE inv.B.

l
or mtix B
*...,-.".,..,.,=[. I :
(1 I)x( a-6)=0 \"",
:),^- ,,-(l
(l)B=l '
:) B t= csc':o r=.#o -3
r4)i r {r 0l=o 1'* o l
-,-,-|" I
i)
:)(J :) ^a,
rer =
\-l cs0/

=(; :)=,,
L-1.*"
",=6r€\ '\=,..,"h".
I c.o/ \r-.e/
-'\ ,"1
 (b) (a) /qe r+
/, o ,\ 03) (r9) (2r) G) m
rsrB=l ? , zl ...tB=ab ln)Gt (n) o) t 4)tb) " ^ =+(; j)'+ (:, l) ra'r '=fr| az ,ta
\, -, .l
r"s
(26) (d) (2?) (b) (23) G)
I ur 12 ro5
(30) (a) (31) (t)
,', Th. r.tix hG rc Eultiplicdiv. invfi.
(32) (d)
=" (i ;)
lt t t\
'r,u=lo , 'l .. 8r=-6 El
,\./. ,\=/' ,,^ +(1 t) (l l5

^-"=/\,'
4 0/
\,
/-m r -5/ \6 ai \E q i) /, '
"*."**r*.*" "
=1,, , rl
2
rr\
'.'lA=? ^'=+ j)
/- zo u -r\
\- 14 ro/

;
_:) ,.\ =,(+(i l))=^
aorar=ls *I ".,,=+( r'=.rlo
t:)
\r: -o roi ID
,,,"=(: ,l)(; l)=(li, H)
/-m rz r+\ ^,=(l;)-(::)=(-:
B-,=1ls
6t .,1 ^
,=+"1"
"',|
\,r ,
I
,o/
.,^,r'-/re. ,,2\ . )(;
"-"r
=+(;' :) \ rz 65/
,^ -_,
/.*e *e o\
,ro,u=I,r. *t /r: a/\? r\
\-/-rz-al =ohl"
\"",1 ol u 163 195
oI
^ " -\-? t2
,lc
"=t, ;) =2
,",,,_1-,, 41 ', ,\-/'*,ll4
lB l=@s?€+
IE .ohcM
rinz

of
O

mrir
=I
B
U 4/\? a/ \ ',, 6,
El
/-"e ,"r,e o\ l)=(1,1) il
=t-,""*.""1 /r + o\/-.r r "(,
l,
\0 0 tl *=/, -,\1. rrro'=l : -' t ll ,
1)=(1,1) \, o ,/\, o -2
ln rr m\ "'(i 2
:l
\o o 'l
El \'-t
=l_,"_,,1
-. *r*^, ^' 1 1\
"(
,r,aB=fr -r]f'z ;)-(;,1) /x az l\ li o ,l
n"-r"....r,,r',=l ,* rzl
[!l \ro "a
r95 ro5 /
( 2 ) (d)
,^r, '= +
" \0
i/" '\| lal= 7 ,lB l= /x rs ro\ ;)
7
,raitrl=lgr ror rs: I

-n\, =+(:, l) \.r 'u /

'os
i)
 ln
*..""*, ^ .:J tB

l:
=/, ,\1' ,\ /. "/i \ r)(l
2
i)
\: t/\, ,i \t i)
ID
i) ..tBt= I
/;
,(1
r/\r '
,l=/ ,\
^ =+1" ",=./-'
'\-r tl
1)
Iol :)(,: t) , t=t, 0

,^ ,,=*l'
l :J ,('
=(,,\/,
./,
Ial
-o ,i \. l)
*.=[(r:)(:l)](:1) \-o
+( 1 :) .l;;rJl o o ul =-
).(;,1':)
=(; r)(: r)=(r .;) IE )=*,=**,",.
'.'A1-4A+31=-
^,=(; :)(;, :) (;::) (AB)[(AB)
'r]='4r
*" =+( l '!) ,^=,(i.,:)(; ll)
..(AB)x+[AB-2rl=I
.'.+ [(AB)-2I] =(aB) |

c =r ! B =4 ,
li,
]
Al=2 Thc dehrhindide =A? 7A sr
+[ r).(t' t)l
,^,, = ,.
[(1, ] ),(;, ll
"=+(:, J)'"=+(: :) =1;; ;).( ;,i ";).(;' :) *(t,:)
rl '
'^'=+(:, :) =/" ")=o ^= \ t)
*,'=+[(t, :)(t, il
. , ^ +[(] l(; l](:, ;)
.. a: 7A sr=- ...a(A 7D=sr :i!

+(: ;)(:, ;)=+(11 l) ..Ar=+(A-7r)

,(: I r)(,
+([ ,:)
lDl
+[(;:).(;':)]"*(;J i) '. A' =A 'ntrlriply
byA r6tri rlr
'igl!
! de

(:: i)
9B
 ,(:" l)=(;' t).,(;' 8j
'(:, -, ll, ,
)'
i) 3 sl
4 -rol -r
2
,:l:,:l "(..(; -;r='-.\; .)
=(;'l).(;i
(,' ol=r
.(:. l)=(;:l)
l)
l.'; ;llr, : "-.r(; ;)=,,,.(;t)

'=(;;:l)(:. ll
Ir s
l, ,-1,
lr
;ll;: or-r*=( 1;).(;;)
E ,.=(;;:l)"*(l l)
*=(; l).(;'l)
=t"_,_,1 -,,^,1,,
@
,\i, t\=1,, \','i ,=(;' l)
^"=1,
\r ./\o t I \2't vt,"
xt_7 -(,J tiX:)=(.il-I)
,.,,c.2
\' -, ;/\;
5
X;, l)=(:,;)
.',=r/"2 rj,,c -r\ ,.,,-(l :).(:, :)=(: l)
'\ r/ '-14
\-2 r/ r,.r =+(;
..as=!ct :.2ti=4 ,,.(l;)-(:l)(:,;) ,il.
l)
."=l-,,
,2y=-2 :,y= I xl 1=
.(;;)-(;l)
5
2-
.. x'* (x') ' =(:,r).(: r)
...21 7- t ..1-1 yl+z=t
\ lt \=,, '
o

h
x=2'y=-t 'l =! tz-
,, a
'=(; :X; :i \r ;l
EI
,
',*l' 'l=i'
\r 4/ \4 'l
5/
.1' ;1'+(:, l) E}
@
"=/,
-,1

.,.=(: ;)(r Ll,r o\/o "\-./rz a\ -,\1, ,\=/'

:l' a
\ -rl\-z :/ '\e -o/ ",=/,
\-, -ri\-z r/ \o :)',
.x=l- rl
\z .,1
Mulriply both sid6 by B fmm rhe dghr and lcft

"=1' ;1'+(1, ?) @r
ta, ,
\
^=+(:'
= +(; :x:, ?)
-i 'l*,,*,,.,*.."' @r
"-/, :)

' +(;' -l)

16]
4 -t0 B=1'?
_)5t ,:)
,,,-(:. l)-,(;, =; , ,l=rro=,
-i)=(;, r) o , -rl
s9
 ..BIArB=B1ABF'ABBIAB I r
Mdriply born sids tDn rh.l.l1by A l rsrOfonls2^.2,nonzm, = 6,o ,"11
(::)'=(::)(;:)(; :) ,],
,0,O,-*,r^r,-"*-,1 ",n5
11 lz
=(r :)(: l)=(;" r)
(7)Otorder 2 x 3,non u o , ulD. of e.h of

' \-.1,
,=1, \
iB d.himnb of 2rd d.gEe = zm ,a,(:
\-: r/':\ r
@lE
'uz/
, *,o,
"a- r^ r.."",.-. o 2.,"-
a3 "j=lf
x=11', '?l lll € 'oso,?rm
) 9 +m i IGmnk=3
'\36/ \-ra a3l (r)(a) (2)G) (3)(d) , r,or"**, ^ r,-",^,] c63
(6){b) (7)(c) (3)(b)
I nie l
@l
(rr)(a) (rrG) lrr)(s) (10) Ofoder 3 x 3,non rD , t1,,,"--...
",1:
(r l)=(:l) s z ol \,
Al
,,,(' (i) ll:1 l; t.-
"-"'=+(', :) =(t,:) r)(;) ltr) oforder 3 x r , nor4ro l I

llr
'( 1,:)(1,i)
.t," -rl
"'(ir)t;)(j) l" " ,s
1l
l
,
' 4l],^ ''tr
I
= lA(B +cIrl r,]
11
+(r '"(; i)(l)(i (ra h idemity marix oI dnler 3 r 3
r)=(1
't;
l: :
)
r,id,!ft
(r3) oroder r x
1.".**=,
@l . :)(;
0 -r/\zr )=(
, 1",,
'i r o ,=u
" (:,
l0 \5
l) i) t., -, '.,(i l/'*"'"
, +(t, l) Al
( I )
( 3 ) trotr
ioi.homoglneo8.
homosenm$.
(2 ) nolhomosc0cos.
(,r ) Homoseicous
,lo
tr 0
,1,--
"

r 2 +26 ..IB nnk = l

-,-'*=+(j, t
;)(: :)(l ;)
Ol
''(i:i)(:)(1 ol
..Aofodr3i3
+(i i)(i ;)
ofoidl x l ,non,zn ...lBdn*= I
...RK(A)=2

El
=+(;' :)(; :) rr
'l
.'. El.iofi! dercmi. r
loroi,re.2^r

ol2nrrdese =zo 24
.'.2Ca)- I Gk 2)+3(4k)=0 .:k=rj
 (2)y=).5. X=y+9
Ej
'.'Aororddrxl .'RK(A)=r 1) ,^ -,..
l)(i (:
,rhenxy=5'xy=9
:, The hrtir equalion is :

lr4 ^=+(:, ;)
-^-/l I
(rr)(;)(l
.'. l(41 2)+3(6 k)=0 ..k=+
(;)=(:, ;)( :)(:,)
\ )
(; ;)
... r" u.n x ter = r,'r.* tex {f} 2 ,l
a'=t, r.RK(A)=l ' RK(A')=2
O_.1
i)
"'('
. . Th. .guatius hs no solu.ion.

;X.)=(i l3)y=2x , ax-2y=6T

^=t, i) . 2x y=3 , 4, 2y=6
lr -"=(i;) ^-('
7
1) . The ntuix cqu.ion is

r"=l
t,.,
,
ll. =,,,r ,, ,,0 * u,

" =+(
, ,l 2 /, '\/,\=i'\
,/\y/
'.
, 2 - I (-2-3k)=5(k-4)
(i)-(i -2 I

)(:)
\4 \6i

t.l (: )(;) (i)

^=t,\.^.=/,
\a :i
r.RK(a)=1
\4
' Rx(Ai"l
:)

./ti =RK (A
R K (A) )< nunhd of veiabl.r.
o \r.r
;
or$lurioff onrne rom (l r)
^(, l:)
/\l/ ( i) @r
ll)x+ t=2 ' 2x+ly=5 lBl
'21
.. TlE rohix equ iotr is ( 1)kx+3y=6 , x+y=z

^l
k,A=tl 1
7l
-1
/l (l)( .: Th! matnr equdion is

/'. ,\/.\ /"\

\, ,/\,/-\,/
'^=(l t) r\ ,A. /k , u\
.*,=/1 A /'
,
t,'.,,
l04
, ','
\ r/ \, 2/
dE cquations havc inniiD nunber or
.. Rk(A)=2 , Rk(a')=2 soltrrioN *h.n R K (A)= LR K (A') = I
@r '. R k(A)=R k (A')=iumbdorvsi,bles, ,., k=3
( 1) (3) (2) (c) {3 )G)
-l . . Has a unique $lurion to lind this 3olutioi
(2)kx+ry=5, 2x+(ak s)y=5
(6)(d) (7)(b) l3)(!)
,,no =r/, '\=/, ,'\
(ro(r) (d) ol)
'\ , r/ \-, ,/
{r2) (d)
.lt /. , \/-\ /s\
Ql I i)(i) (;)t:, r)(:)0 \, 41 5/\y/\5/
,r,(: 1)(;)(:)
 .^=/,
\, 41 5 '\
\/
, 0r
(l)x+y=ll ,2I 3y=11 ,'=t,".t^."
lt , ,\
.l
.'.
-Ihc
r.ln i cqu,r ion i! \o ' It t r\/,
K(A)= x (A )= I /i ,\/x\ /o\ '. RK(A)=RK(A')=3.rhunumbcrolv[ilbl.s l","ll"
)(t)
slurionsvhen R R

.-,t=. \: ,i\r/\ri i Th! cquarionr hivs only rhe zcosolurion.

l3)x+zy =72-o , 2x+\y 7=t)
\^,/\.
:41 5l

ak1.5r.6=0.lh i=,Ik=l ^=t'l lL t r\/,\ /o

^ll ; )^,
t,,,lt,l=t"
dk = 2,rh.nRK (A)= R X (A')= I <2 ..R K (A)=2- nunbdorvrhbres
e ir. zcto $lurion ra unique$lution.
.. fi.E m infiiit
k=?,$""RK(A)=,
nunbo oI loluriois tr Therc
(2)2J(+1y=0 ! 6y+4X=0 \,.,/\,/\. 'li ;1..,
"tk=,,
^=t,t.^.*
.'. fte mdix equariotr is ,', R K (A)= R K (A')= 2 < rhe iud.r or

.RIiA')=,beoJa...0 /, .\/,\ /'\ .'. Th. .+arions hovc u inritri@ nmb.r ot

. fteE aEno$hlhtr k=:]

\,' " /\, /'\ ., / tx
solurios o nDd ile ronn oI soltrrion u. p
..
tet= t t,r')= r = nc,umur or wiutt"s.
Jt = 1 by subsiruring in 3d cau.rion
. . Th. equarions hrve o.ry rh. ?irc soturiotr.
(3)(k+ l).1 3y=4 , kx+2y=3 .'. Therc dro ai infinit nunber oI solurions.
.'. '$c m{rir.qu ioi is one of L\em is the z.n $lution. IB:
By sub$itutiB in l3requ ion

Ir+, r lt r l_t I lBl r.rl-y.3(-+l)=0 ..y=11

\r zi \y / \,/ , , The oqua.ions hay. an inlinite nunhq ot
,' lt ) rr1 r\ -ru,oi' r,hei.m(l, + l,- + l)
th. .luarioB hive an infinire number
soldions lhcnR K (A) = RK{A') = I
ol
t...1t.1=t /

\.,/\,/\
fteE r miles d. lt t r\1"\ /o
t,,,lt,l=1,,
,', aE no valu. ol .quarions
ir
have iDfinn. numbq of

({)lr+ ey = 2 (k + r),2 x+
slulions
+:l \./\;/\"
'^(i t, ,i :l/r\
,["]=t
/o
"
,t',,"
6 y = rr

: Th. mtrir equarion is \,/\,/\,

lt t r\
l:
/r o\/\\ /,,k+,,\
^=1, ' ,l.r^." r
r3
\z ei\,/ \ t., /
i
\.,'1 .'.RK(A)=RK(A')=2<rhciumt rof v&iabl6.
.'. The .quatiotu hirc an iifinie trm6€r ol I
,,' rh..qualionshrv.minnniEiumbqof RK (A)=RK (A') = 3 = lhe number oI $lurions lom ol slurion
slutions wh.tr R K{A)=R x (A')= 1 x=l
ro ,ind lhe

by sub$ibrins in r'r cqulrioi

wc pur
.) ,t
*o

,,,--,1=. ,'. Thc .quolions havc only ihs 2m lolurion. .-.1+zr+3.=o (l)
.'. R X (A) =R K(A') =2<rhc numb€ror
r r+r t2)\ 2y+Zz=O , tx+42=O , 6L y=O By sub.nudi! in 3 eq! ion

i lk+9 2(2k+2)=o
I
.'. I]E mati e(udion n ..rl t+2z=o 12)
.'. Tne .luarions nrve m inliiie numbo of
lt t ,\/,li ol Fmmrr),(21:.'.?1+72=o .-., =- I
t,""ll.t=t"l , tom ( I ) : .'.
,'. 'mc equario$ havc an
1 +2y+ I (- 4 =
inlinie
o .', z=1
ot
solutiois ro find the fom of

a= lby *biN,r"s i" d"q*,r.",

slu.ioi wc I

\o'"/\:/\,/ solurions in rhc tom(1,1,

numb€r
1)
j,zl+y+lL=o (l)

106
 By strb$itoring iD 3d cquetion :.1+!y-22-o (l)
,-, -l+ty+2,=o By substiturjng iD znd equtioD :

1,,
t:z)

,',..11-72=o .,2- - l
i1-3y+3r-o
Fmm (l),(2) r.'.51+a y =o .r=t'1
(2)
(; : i)(1)(l ;)
t,l= (:)

of Frcm():.. l+3(t'1)-rz=0 ..2=+l

. . T'lr eqmriotrs h3v. m infinit. number

$hdotr romd,l, l) r"*.r-r.,., -11.; 1,a11

i\
on dr.
.. m"
,l
@l (3)lx-2y+z=0, x-y +zz=0
3
l-) 1 t\
(r)x+)+rz=0,x y+z=0,I
/r r r\r't ror
2y=0
/r : r\r't roi -,,^,|,",1 .^dj iA)=l 7

l,-,,lt,l=t"l tr ,, \1 Ir -r/
\' , "i\
,/\;i \,
,l=t
,,/\:/\;/ "l l) 1 ,\
^=1,.--l
\"/
.^ */,' i -""\
^=l,lr^=o.i',1.0 r.r/
\o
\r I oi ^=t,_,_,t,^=,,
lt 7 2\io\ i
.'. RK (A) = R x (A') =2<&. numbd or

= 3 = rrE numbd ol vdiables

'(:ltll
i rt /2
rJ(:l(:r)
ros\ /r\ /z
(:J"l'":,'J"\ 0(i)
rr

. , The eqetiotu h.v. an infinne iunber of

:'flrEh um slution M miqu. solurion. .'.1= 105 , y=420 , z=60 .r={ , ,=f , :
soluiioB oie of thcn tne Erc solution
"=
To fttrd L\e fom ol solurion we pft x = I ID
rdcq*ri." ..y=+l
-kdr,U.s i"
(:;:)(i)(l
By

...t (+t)+,=o :."=

.. rhe rom orsru,sn = (l,*l,-+l)
+t l,',1 (: r :)(;) (i
(7)ti+3y 2z=A
', ! +Az=0 a , ,l a=,5
I

/r r -:\/r\ /o\
t.."1
ll::)tr)(:) ,^,r,^,=lj l
t)
'*r,o,=l ,t :\

^=l;
\,
;
,
;) ^=..1i_,_1,.
z ,e '=.a 1.,_"1
A =+l-
"i ^-(;' i)
13

., RK(A) = R K (A')=2<ir nunb.r o,

/s " r\tar i.u :)
/: \=
.

To
. The equations hav. an iilinire number
soludom orc ol rh.n lne
fid L\" for or ,olutio" *e
zm
pd
soluriotr.

I =I
of
(i) -(r r)(i)(i)
\;/ "l',:;)(;)=11 (i) -[ 3I l)(i) (i)
By subsdturrig in I
!.qldion
 ''
li\/,\=/i
or,ll dcrcnnim sorlddce@
,',(i 1 i)[) (l)
, rhc viluc

(rii)(i)(i '(,)-(r ,.i\,/\,

,l
= 2 < rhe numbo of vanabbs
^=t,,,1^=*.0
-,-,11,
14
./\; )(;)
' By sub{iruliig in 3d cquotioi =The numberolYfiablc.
,=ts t-7 t-2 .=+ .'. TheE i a snique $lution.

^=1. F-.ri.q,"rt.,y= rul 6 / s Lr r\

tr,^,=l , o -,rl
+l' t) (,=+r,+) \,,1
l5 rt ,\
/i\==+1,
\i/
6

)(i)(i) o",n,=l
1. s
, , tl
r\ ,.,/tttJ/11=/l
\
"\"t
^ =.ll ,"
/r\ l5 rr r\
-,,1

/-r\
\'./ ',/\;/\l
l,l=+l , ",?l=l 5l
.^'=+llz',
5 r ,l..lAt= r,o \"/ \,, r 7/ \ri
@r , \"/
\5 r .;) ,. t+
R K (A) = R K (A') -3 -Th! numher of
i r\ It =l
(;ii)(i)(j
s +
I'\,il=+l ',
\'
,
j)(i) (:,) .. Tn .qmrions h8v. a uniqu. soluiotr. ,=j',=j ,=j \;

^/r :\
I t r L\
'
-ri,=z,y=-1 ,z= I , -'
\,"/
^rt,^,=l
\,,,t ol
,",(.1i
;)[) [
.'. R I( (A)=RK(A1= 3=Th. numb$ or
(; ; 1)(i) (l) ... LAI- 0
. . The equarion h6, Dniqn. solurion.
/r r r\ =t, ,.,1
oo,,or=l , -' ,l ^\; ,,1 'I Z*
['n,,/ 'z ,,"It I t q g ,\
/r t r\
t)[)
r

,"-=-l-,
nt -' ,l I
:)l .,,I1 , A= -r
ll r
\
2 l
6 , 'rl
0l
\-r9 2 5/ ^=\i :l !

lTO
 l-, -s q by solviig dE eo c{ultions
,.t,,,"t=",, nl

t',,l l,l=+l ll (j)[)

,

.. Ttus.HdiolutimlL, L, L)

.'. t x t,r) = r .'. n r tel * n r ta) (:ir)(l)(i) @;/rrrt

,', I1l. .{uriom hav. m slu.ion.
, r,^'=l , , -l
,".-".*"=t,,,1
\,.,/
@t, t- o=1, ,.1 ..ar=r7e
ED
- lz t t
\' , ,/
Al=50+ .',RK(A)=3

1 ,t ^=tll" /"rrzr\ tlt),\

. ,, -, -r,l
^or,^,=l
"-=t,,t
\,',,/
A=l j l i \roB '/
Al=3
a;,^,=l -, o
/. rr u\
:. RK(A) =RK (a')=3 =' E num6d of veiablc6.
i) r. The equnds hrve a Dniqn. solution.
A'=+=1.' -r-r,l
*^=ll l\
,l
,l \'b zr r/
^-=-rl.'l
;/
lll=+=l.i]
\,/
11ll:l=lil
u1i\ri \ /
^ =+l
I tl \," ,, ,l
,1
| , t=+t-, ,
il [)(t ^,=-rl,
_,li Iu
l ,. rr,. s s.= {e, r, u}
(i)-( ,",ll,,l=t,
,/\ '/ \+ @.r ltl
\./ \-tr
;\li)"r',j
s/\ui \,/
."=+' ,. - ^'=t,, 12

/z r r\i,i iot
,
,r,^. /'
@
l::rJ(r)=lr)
2

=\l ^=1,,.1
I \/ ,,,(l i il( ) (+)
^(r:
I

l) ^(,:i)
,' Thc .qu!ioi* @ homq.ious
' 32k
^.=+l ,,
j. Rk (A) = Rk (Ar) < Tle nunbn or ve!bl.s.
*,,^,=l; 1) r- The eqMlions h8v. ifmir. numbcr of mlutions
Tt. equdions hlE, uiquc $lutio! whcn lA *0
\, i) other thm u rc solurion d to find th. seneral

-2
l, l=+l '
;1)(i)(i
^,=+l\: ,

i)
Pui x= L,by rd$iruiioi in l"',?'dquorions
:.y-1t=2L,5y r= 4L ... (3 k- &)-2(-k- r2) - 0D,0
111
 6 0
,^(:;
iri)(i)(i iir)(i)(r)
=it
\, 1)
,. Al= l()
Thc tqudtuns hrvem

whctr
idnirc numbnor sonlions
R x 1A)=R ( (A') < rh. n,bnorvrfldlcs.
'^l:l; ,
-5 rl -2(-s+1)=
,l=,
". -,',-
',,-,'
23,rrc
.L .i,, I
... R((Ai=i ... Rx(A)rR((A')
Th. cqualions hNo a uniquc slu.ion whcn Ai 0
llr
t) llk r)*r(1 k)=o
lr r .'. Ar k = s rh. equations have no solulioi

(
)
+((' li :)(i ) (*)
... k

.'. t
G']
tl' r) t*t*t r=o
.'. h (l l)(l+l) 2k+2=0
ET
(r)(b) (21(b) (l)(d)
... klk l)(k+ r) 2([ r)=0
.. k(k+l)+2(-6+ l)r0 .'. k'+lk-10.0
... (k l)(kr+k ?)=o In(tu.tlons to solYe numh.r El
,,(i v (1) ..r<Rx(A)<l ' Lhe equariois hrve n uniqu. inurbtr
(I )'.'x isa mn rn mrtir ororder 2 x 3
,)(
:)i ) ."^=0 ..rrRK(^)<l

^=t,,,1 \, ,^=/;l-l\
1"''\
.^=tl \,./
.'. ALI dcrminlnLs of 2'r dcgrcc = zm

/t : t1
Th. .qMioff hrre r unntue $lurion when
\""1 , l, , =.,,u (2)"s!.=\7
ln
l= 2 i r70 . .. rllrhcdc{crfriim$oI2 JsArc = zctu
lr t r r\ \r""/
:l:l .^.=1",,t
,., l(k+2k) 5(2k 3k) 2( 7)10
.. Thtre m m iniinib numbsolsolurions d k =
.. Al=0
I
r<RK(A)<l
,.
\, , , J

rh",un,"utullrh"d.k,.inun6utr^'d"s,""
,'.'al= 2 a
lo9
. =rm

.r=l L : rl ,. All dereminans of 2'd dcsree =

^ro

^=l,,tor="
'ii=,."
\.. -, " ,' ',1='.' RK(A)=2 .'. R K (A)=Rx (A )= 2 <rhe DDmbdorvriabl.s.
'/r r\
, /rI t t r ,\ ... Ark=2rh..qudioNhrve5n infi.ire numbtrof

,l .A.=l'l !
"'
rhcndrix is mn zc6 hrtrix

^=+l \_7 \,'1 r? _,)/

.. Al=0 ..r<Rx(A)<l
,r,l
,,,,''l=,-,
(l) -(: j i)(lJE) 1,t " /,i
\.
i l

ii I RK{A').l " RK(A)+RK(A')

'' ,i i
I ," ,

'=ri '=+ ''=+ .. Theft & no $lulion at ( = 2 = '.RK(X)=2 ..(b)nhLr!

I13
 '. (l ,s' rn=l . l,n r r,
,'.'ALIdereminanBof2 desE = -rc
... R K(r= r ... (d)hrruc tl
(4)RKrO=2 ... C =z.o
(ar b)(br+d+ib=uD \.,',,",,',.",,,,/
.'. Thm h o propdion be.lcm orh rvo
.'. or b']+ {r -hr-!b+ob= zcrc
coltrms md $ch eo n*s

.'.,t b'= 9 (by squrinE born sids)

als eeh deeminan! or 2il dcgM = z.m

...
^6
r( r)r + b'=Br
3l=27
"6+b6=8t*2(

115
il\ WT
K_/

L-I

Second Analytic Solid

Geometry

F Geometry and measurement in three

z
:) 1 dimensions

,, Straight lines and planes in space

)Z
Answers of exercises
Unit One:
Geometry and measurement
in three dimensions

I_)

]-

r
{
h
F"-

il-
 G@lt El
o(0,0,0),A(r ,0,0) ,B (l
lEl
ag =fle{ElIl?llt= r
DE

ee
=ft'+altl
-tlofielfitl
( r-{n
='[n =zG
@fotnrlrmnr:-trniriiiiaronrromrl ,d(o,o,r,,ic,o,r),i(j =fir;a-rld=
rooidhik$dm l
Bc 1 on ={t';a sr;d ={;
I or Ac -1Gt;?;t;Gi' = a{, n" p.'i,"u ={rr * zfi*fii- rs +
(1)k+3=0 ...k= 3 ..a(4! 6,0) .'. A ABC bhs&ld. IBI
(2)n r=0 -m=3 ..A(0,0,7)
(3)n+a=5 :n=l ..A(0,5,5) EI A(, '0 '0)
'B
(0
'/ '0),c (0,0 '4
AB =11-';a-tl (i r):-,'Gr(r-kP-
..(+,i,0),=0, ,,0,
r ar{rz tf . t =z'li
...st =x ..t-q ..1=rz Bc={E ;4,*&-r.=1[ltt:if P,i,;-)=e'-,')
... A(? ,4 !2)orA(3
' 4, 2) ... AB = Bc for sll vduos of k
(s )'.'Ael'dn .'.2m-n=0 (l) .. m.rap"i,r.r,rci,1f ,o,f)=0,0,:r
(2) . Ac ={alali;=a
,by sorvins(D ! (2) : wc dcduca rld m : I d ABC vill be .quihreml ir lBl
1,'E - tt-37= 4 rrr.cs-{ar;at.E =s
..3+(k 3)'2= 16 ... (r,3), =3
nc =:
=fiIitiii,* rit
Or
AB={arrn DtrF 31?
.'. k-r=a2lt .. r=t,zfi cD =lorlalit;E, = l

ac ='{Cif* elfiliF = t"{i @r

o,r ={iiFiZFiiif = :
gr Ac=1Gt-1 i)'+( Dr-=et? Ac =li4[iir;?lf = 3lE
fit: Df
( r )AB = o'* (ar
= z {r3 (tr,!rr, it)=(_ L4,0)
ro =tGil oIl ri: = rt6
izres=1tt rr; il-lj-tq:;J =11l lf=, :2:t= t f=o
... AB =BC =CD = DA,AC=DB
... The ligurc ABCD i5 o squarc.
I : r,rs ={;-r;allt@= s Ol -2+y=3 (z ) er ={ri1- :l <ef- ='r
Ur ,,'r ={9, - o-i - r- zr ={ la
(,)(+,! ).(r, ,,, ={6)t+ e), * (- 3), = ?
Bc
Bc =Gl, +a-Et-rr=1ll
co =1(ijtiElliGI = z
(,)(qltq,ry,!rr)
=Q,rr1, C,, , '3) Ac =t-,,. o,, ( rl={H
@r o,r =fiili ori c-P = z

ll .. A ABC n.qtr rsrEat

(!;-?, r ' , )=cr'6 t ,"AB=BC=CD=DA
(3)(c) (4)(a) (s) (b) (6)(h)
(9 )(b) (10)lr) {Ir) (c) (12) (s)
r.*"= j[. rr, *m"=].r*.*^ f= r
.'. 'Ihc figrrc AACD is a fhohbus.

aDl
(rs) G) (16)(c) (17)(c) (r3)(b) Ol ora* IF ro inc*o o_B a I,t
er) o) G2)(b) (23) (b) (x) (b) AB ={Gt;a;, + (r): =tA
k+m n= 2+(-11)-(20)
(27) (d) (r3) (c) (2e)
(3r) (c) €2) (d) (33) (b) (34)G) Gs)(d)
lc) (:10) (b)

(:16) (a)
sc =1tr-I * t- rI * rrt- = |
AC =fi)tr(-6)r +c, =r{|a lOl
.'. N is rhe midpoinr of ceh AF ! ED
(d) fii.d: D h rhc frid.poiD!orm=(4,
scond: (b)
xghl mgled dc ,E(lhcm poinrofBC=(1
,',

..
^ABc
tr.""=
is a

I, fi,2 {r =z@q*,cu,ir. is rh.oid poi orAC=(

.-=(+'+,t')=(+,,,4
'r
116
 El ta the eqution oI rhc sphere b. :
rrr,={i:*r r-Il?=:
(5 )
, N is$e midpoi ofAF{h.reA(.IL !yj .zr)
,2 +y]+x1+?,1x+2ky +2nL+ c=o
oqu.lioi: (x+ l): + (y- 2): + (z+ r()1+(:)':-(;)i -d'0
\- r'rJ=\ 7
Thc 2)2 =e
r ' , I
I 7 ) Tlrc sphea bmhes rl'. .x y-plan..
(0,0 ,0)e th.spher .. c=0
...\=3 lyt= t,Lt=2 (0,0 !4)€ rhcsphcrc .'. 16+3i+0=0
Thcequdion : (I+ 2): +(y+s)': + (z r)': =e
Or ,( s, a l) e the spheE
, ... E is rh. midpoinr of Ai vlee B (i(, , y: , 4) '
Iie equarion, x']+ (y ar+z?=16
25+ 16+ l 10l-3k 4=o
..0,,,o=(i.- . =, ) ( 9 ) lrs.cnio is (l !- L2)
... x2= -1 t yz=5 , 72= 10
, =.[,-1.4.2=1 .. v, u,={e'i1-rlio'= ro*i,".
9+ l6+ 25 +61+ 3 k + 20-O

,'.' Fhrhcmidpoi orEsh@cOq,yr,1) .'. 'Ihc equdim : (x - 3)'1+ 0 + l)'?+ (z - 21 = 64 .'. nre twosphers aE dnh r'.e, nu( ii ru^.ci iig'
.o.r.:r=( , ,.,) (x (y 3)? + (z - 3, Ill
The equarion 3)? + =s
,..x1=r ! yl=r , ?1= 6
o r'1+y:+Z'?+54x 53y 4z=o
( r ) The.enta =, 2),r=5,
(r ,5 (6) . The sph.rc rouohes rh. coordin .
tusrk€onlheErdl onolspi€ie sdune=ir.15"=;n ... M, M,=fln-(-4,.G it-.,[,.(3 k, plsc\xz,ry,yz
c.de (rr,!r,+,
o (2)TIEenc -(o ,o,o),r= 31/2 In cas. of touchins memally : .- The sphere
!. rhe sphcrc
is

prs*s lhmugh rhe poin.

(3)nEe rc=( 2,1,3)'r=1Ir+l+9 lr=lF
..13;;a:kt=5 a= l which has all coorninats positive
..'Ih. enft={0 !0 ,r),r=3
(5) Oiriding rhe cqudioi by (3)
...32+(r-k)r=r G k)':= rr Getused) ,. Tle mdinlts or lhc .cnrrc are posirive

..x2 +y2+l'1-x 1! 27+ 1=o Inc eof rourhingeicmilly

! ., An lheranccili.l poinrof th. sphcE wilh
*"*"*=(i,;,,)
- -,4-"-' ' ,,u {lilt: r<t'=s+,r=q
.'.32+(3-kl=31 .'.(r k)r=4, , ... ;; i" , di-do nr,h.
'phcrc
.fir
.rh.4RJ=4tr(!, r0rr$mr mi
..3 k=r7 .'.k=l0or.4 . . Tn. midpoid oI ID i rhe Hft or m. sphoE
Bl ) =
(l)(x 2)':+(y+lP+(z-4):=9 (6lTIclenre=(l ,-2,0) It "(r'rrzl=rrr"rr
.. r:3 , thc sordinatc of rhe enre (3 , I
(2)(i ( I I ltslefuc (0.0.3) or(0,0, l),r=l 3)
4)'?+(y+2):+(z r']=5 ,,={l-r.o-o=1/! is
.'.Th. iphcr eqMrion is:
Thscqr n,n: xr +yr +(r l)r =4
(r 3)':+ (y 3)r+(z 3l=e
Ol i(':+ yr+(z 3)':=4
\4tz, =\rt" +r'+(-4l =\6 cdte oI rhc sphcrc = (Z -
or +
Tne l
El
.,=-'[i
' (2 )
T
hc Fint l ier on I a*
'he
.'. I! ro&hcs lhc y z.pl,nc wc ,iM th. iDrcBeclion poin$ of a eis wirh rhe
rheo ru-(+,3 .- r) r!I.ljr,?1.1=r), L
'rlccqdion: (x r): +yr + l=9 spheto
'
thc cquaiion or x-!xh y =0. z =0

(r ;)r+(y 3):+("+r)r=?
ftc€q*,r"", (x 2r+9+l-la \x 211-4
rh.e'rMrion (x+ r)r + (y + 3)'?+ G s)r=9
( s ),
=fi:;r;7={A aEAl0,0 !0) (a,o ,o)
Thc eqmrjor, (j( l)1+(y+6i+(z l):=42 .' T[c point ,B

rh. qudrioi: (r .lr)r+(y +2t + e 4)':= I

119
lDl *dion isrhe midpoinrotBc=(3, 4,0)md$e ( 2 ) To g.r rhe srrLr sphrrc p$i.g rhrcuBh lnrce l3) rThecenft ordEsphmb.r@@dationn
nm{olli".r poitrh , n\cn all oih.m lie on rhe
srdr.s cirl. iD rhe spherc d sin.e rh. p.inls ,. n\c uamlarion = (3 ,0 ,0)
:. ftc enft k .quidisbr fmm rl'e g1v.r p.ins ,', nEeof rh. cmssdon-riI - 5 trl{uft unir mr. 3n equilar.nr rimgle of sid. rdgrh
..11'-(3 brr. r-Glt.a rt, loj ={o i;*fu ffift if =s1Ere"slr,,nir".
, , Tn. @i@ oI ihe sph.r aft., t.mJltioo

'. Tte lpher louchci rhe 1z plan. and i$ ndius .. Tb.Edius 1 s1l o[ the ciruncircle :. The equdion o, rhe sphm eflo tmdaiion is
s+9 6b+t'=3+16 3b+}, 5,'{t 5fi (, 5)'z + (y + D, + (z - 3), = 9

I I )'Io gd L\e incrcdim poin$ of lnc sph.r wi6

( 3 ) To g.r dr s,Lsr sphd pcsing &rcDgh drrc. ,( is ,pur y =0 ' z=0
noHonird pd6 , n\en all or rh.D lie on rhe
gr*r.r circl. in rh. sph.rc md sin.e rh. poinls
... (x. r):+4+ r =6 --ta 1)2=r

(y ,1+zr=9 .' Ine spheE bu.hs rh. y z'ploe md irs radius m,I. m equirarmr rimgle of sid. lctrgrh
The equdion : :!': +
incedion wih
={i ifift-]iffif
to gd lhe poinb of fie sFhcro
= slErcngrl, unir".
ml .. 1 z =3 i Th! tudius leuth of the circumcircl.
L!rhe cenft b. ( l,o, tr) 5t; stz
wheEk=0 1i.s in dr az phe ,., iibGe.ion poinb*nha nand
The
..
I { ) ',rhc u.s , ! y ed z divids rhe spa.e inro 3 y.aih@ (0 (0
'0 '0) '(2 '0,0), 'a '0)
Io-l :. 'Ih" *" .r 6\e liugle =
xz +zlx+zky +2nz+c-a
+12 +zz '' Tt. sE\eE touchBlhe mo-dine .'. 'Ih. !D(b.r ol iph.rcs buch rhe cooilinoc
+,2,a
es
=4rqu@nnns.
uesra,y bd z= 3 sphed.
,.A(o,3,Oe$.spheE .. r
-Ih.
=2{i .. a=r2"la
I5 ). Th. eheE buchlr rh. Dositile cmdinare
oo) . . *"ai,, .r 0,"
"pr'". =1-i= {i
s r.ns,r, *ir,
.. spherc mdius lengih = lh. disG@ b€rveetr .' 'Ih. sphcE pscs &mugh vcdic.r or r cub.
e Erd )lR=(r1,)-+GV,). . . Diasonir or dre .ub. = dimd., of rhe circ1e
dre .. rh. enft =rg,g,gr
or ,h. sheE
'1': = Io{rr-Prr,,,irs
= 4 unir teisrh =(4Vr.415,4r5t '/'? '/" : Th. eds! oI t\. cub. = l0 lengrh unnr.
.'. Thc .quorioi of ihc sphm is :
... Tordl e or (n. cube = 6 l'= 6 (ro,
l6 +36+4+ 3l+4n- 64 =O F -(, ,\61,p ,,[;f ""
,"'t;f (r 41' ) +(y 4,l/rl+(z 41')=64 = 600 squffi uniB.
2l+n=2 = 14
.-.

.'. The .guarion : i(': + y: + +

zl
I
-('-,E)'.(, ,'Ef -F ,'{;f =" (6 ) ...

.'. Thc
Th. spheE rouch.s ar re.s of rh. cub.
dimdr lcngln of lhe sphcE
@E
IBI = thc sid. lcnCrh of th. cub. o]!!] i, j, k
IDJ (r)O) (2)(b) (3)(c) (4)(d) (51(r)
Find rhe point of itumerion oi x-ris vith th. (6)(c) (7)(b) (3)(b) (9)(c) (10) (b) , '.' rh. oisin n on. of &e v.nices ofth. cub€ El
sphm d1c l-uis dtu{ioi y =0, z =0 Indrucrion. ro $tr nunt r l!! : . . The sph.E rouch.s the cdesim plmes rti t=El?rtt*ot=tG
rr
Fm rheeq@riotr (r 3, + r6 + r44= 169 (l),'Th.rphmrouchcs!h.mordim@ax6xandy .'.'Ihe..E of !\e sphm = (5 ,5 ,5) Lzui r="[FlViizi =t
whm rh. .cnrrc .@dinarcr m ,6itiYe
.. rx. m A (0 ,0 ,0) ,B (6,0,0)
. . 16:tt (5, =1lr';C, .r The .qudiod ol rb. spherc is
*.eef.lz1trf=t
Poinb
sinilrly ,ind &. poitrh n etrcrion or y-exir wirh
(x 5)1+(y 5)'1+1, 5f=rs o rtc= =1itiitl?= r
or
.'. n- l=r I .'.m=lr3 lo y- l0z+50=O (5 ) | B't =ft;l'ii,= 5
(7 ) '. Thc srhcr p&$6 rbrou8:h rh. vcdB oI a cub€
,', Thc enh of rhl sphorc is (3 , 3 , 5)
. The diffitr lmsrh of rhe spbm
E]
ori ji= ri r.i rl
.

,'.nlroin$mA(0,0,0),c(0, 3,0) or r:,- r,l,r={cr,*(#=1[,r = L\e diagon,r LDgdr of dr. cub€ = 12f
:TlterointA,B,Cnik?n8h{sl.dtiansle
.. TrE .qBrion of rhe sphft n .,=a.,li rztti zi"ai *zzi *zzi
*hGc ve&x A (0 ,0 ,0) and th. enb oI l}€ cm$
lx - 3)1 + lt,1)2 + lt - 5)1 = 34 .', Thc qudlioi oI Ir $hdc is r':+ yr + ; = 103 ot z in rE= -oi n zi * zri
124
ol lDr lBl El,!
(r)i+i=(6,5,r) tt l \6 + 3 n, 2 n - 6, 2 1 + t2) = (1, 2' 4) I-g=6-i=G, L I (r)!it=r2 q=*=(i'-+'a
(2) rr- e={s,-e,r) 6+ln=3 :3n=-3 'lnenn= I
I A'B =1r-r-rr=lG;
+
,2fr-6=2 :2m=3 ,L\enm=4
(2)rEl=',{a :%=(G,E.ri;r
(3)+B-+14=p,3,r)
'21+t2=4 :.xl= s ,L\enl= toJ
4 (3)tat=5 ...4-(+,0,=r, )
Ot_, e)-61=t2 .-.1= x ,l-= ro ....rx ir,: ri
(r)5C 2D=O0, ls,s)+(0,-4,4) i-2n=lo :-= 5 ,21,=-a .r4*=3 ,d'""k=i (4)lD-!=1G .. LL =/f ,f ,:l
=00, re,s) .', -4r=-4 .. n= I lEl
(r)ri it=a .. ri=e*aD- :slA'l=5llli
@r
rrr i =ilr . u.=l+ +'+l
.. A=
+., i 6= (1,-, .N.P,+,+) zl+ir=s (l) :3=5 k ,dErk=i+ ^ l,r4 1,r4 lE

=lj'i'i ) rDl
\r) Et=\6 .t,=\h,,4,f,)
rl+n=s Q)
Lss.-rlit;ii6= r tate-g=Ei=rs, r, rt
El l+z-+,=a (3)

solvins 0) dd(2),kd.n@&d: l= Lm=2

Rxs.-tk 1rI;i+o =lk a; =,8 ,*=(ft,E;,,:J
=(3, 2,4)+(9 !-12,-15)+(-10,2,6) (nr.r="=(d,d,1)
.
=(i. 6.r' .i=G,o,o) ..i=k(l,o,o)
A
mrql ..i=ti :lil=x ?l @j
El (r)B c= l0i 14j-5k 3il=t-5Et=r5
(3)(a) (4)O) (s)(d) ,2(B+C)=2(6 i+24j+ 3 k)= 12 i+a3j +6 k
lDf r tti t=s li =rs
(3)(a) (9)(b) (rOO) (u)r-.rd=ti*,F (r )i*:E-(rr,o,-z) il=5,tB_l=3
(13)(b) (la) (d) (1s)(c) (3'19,4)=k(a'3'2)+m( 2'5, l) ti +ei ='{zN . A=5k+,?,+)=(6,+.;)
03) (d) u9) (d) (20) (b) ( 2)s6+ ii=(- l ,14 ,22)
4k 2m=3 (l)
(23) (d) (z)G) (rs) (o)
3k+5m=19 l2l tss-*:il=,l6sr e='(#'r'1)=(A'?'i)
(23) (c) (29) (h) (30) (c)
2k -m=4 (3) (3)i"+t=(2,0,5)
(33) @ (34)(b) (30 (d)
r;+ + 6r ={t
(33)(d) (3)(b) ({n) G)
solvins (r) ,(2): .. k = 3 !d=2

(,(!)G) (,t4)(c) (49 G)

(eenryins th. .4uotion (1)) (r)i*E-zc_=( rr,o,tz)
(,t3) (c) (c)
(49) (50) (b)
,.d=:irzi ti*i-zi t=i1c
'=- +
(53)G) (s4) (d) (S5) (d) @r (5)2^_+38 ad-(-2s,a,x)
qr i -Frr- r- r-={n t:i*:i-r6l=e,,lrr ttr
G,(+2+(*)'+(l)'?=,
r L=9 i*i t= l(- r,s, r) =lGli;lt;?=:6 aol

@r
{I )2 i -I E = (4 , 6 ! 2) + (3 6 o) = (7 o 2)
' ' ' ' *.+.+=, nr=25 (3+16)=1

: ti--D =r6-u i .:i :i-tE-ui (r)t i+il=l(r,-s, 1)l=31F.5.r% .. .. r

"=.r,...6=6=u.-^ "=
Of
..5i= loi il*rir-,,1 *t/i"s.qs . -rF1.ti.1t=t;*4.1, r i
Zx+1= 1 -2x= -2 w" d6ri*ti : i+tl< in+l6l 5l-:
...i = +i = + (,-6,2)=\z,-3,\
.. titJ[@;C*;G ='[n
@tlA +13 > A+Bl .,=]F"^=t :m=+

123
 ,'6 (2) A =
I''a= a u\= 15( +.+ .+) L3 lco\60',(x!0' !cosrl' 57) @r @
"!?-::ri.,,.ri ...,r-s=6 i= c,o,or- ({r, r ,a, C,- r , zt
=( 6r/r , r,, r)
,,, AB =3
@
@
Th.I. is (0" ,9(} t90'),(r ,0,0)
m ?, ,,, ' r,:)
(r)lil=6 ,,^=(;,;,+) rh. y ns(e0',0",90),(0, L0)
@ ^Er
Thl z.axn Oo' ,90' ,0") ,(0 ,0 ,l) (r) 6i=(5,s,s)
(2) B_ .q=G,9'+r .to-A =51F Ell
=4
Ell %A=IF F'15) we re$lve A inro rso .omponcnG :
(3) C'=5 .q=(+,,,,r) -Ihcfifr.orroic,r in rhc dnecrlo0 oro- wid
atrd rh* m the .osincs ol rhc dltucrion ol rhe
tlttB = rr ' %=(",;,13) .'..o.ro+qI':o+cosro= 1

.. o,,o= + ...0=r+ 1Jl

r,)e =e =s..^
j1=5a.!; e,= i t*e, = ro"u.:0.=s!'J
@r
3=fr
..s ,thq s4.4 ti: 3id rhc s.oid .lnponenl in rhe xy p1 e Lvith

rrrtit=ro16 .. u.=l +. rov,

' r01, +.=+t
ml: *,".e.4
€ =

,,r,- o = rzs'r; A,,= i Iti, e,= ro;n:0" =s

*'e=!.s-s":i
' r01, *,,h"-ft".,,h"d""-- * (fi ,ii,fi) @t, , rhsn wc ao1y. th. comporcnr Ai y
into two

,-,e= j: .e =a"si {I) Ixl A rcpEsenr the diqonal complerly. componen$,rhetir conpone.r i. r d,Hrion or
}
'0,1i:
q ... i=(i,4,5) .. ii=5{t - , svr
,.^e =-19 The dircdion mtr.s @ (90. , t5o t 751 r=r ]-, 1-. !r
ro{: ' 'til? s1/: 5{,' V::
rzt i =t ,"=(;,+,+) @l
E=mor l:. !:.1r
's{, .1/, 5li z'
, !h! *rond compone in rn. dircdion or o, wnh

*",=; ... o. = 106' 3a . r"":o= L *-,=+

-,"=-.+ -oor[i-ml[i. roorEl
'

t2
<Jl
,
,-"0,=+ ..0,=6a.ii . A=2 r/rf+.+.+J=(, .r,, )
'Ir lr Ir i,,, o =-, l=M"5; , &en rhece\io fom olrhc y.cror A ir
,-*e sl[" sl["
= --q
*A=,,Vlr+,1,+)=(
1r vr ll
z, , r. zr) s =-" r1=$"x
-c=;i+;j+5trr -"
trtE=r .u-E=(o,o,r) To fi nd rhe mgres dircdioi :

.i cG 0t= ms 3r=0 .'.0r=0]=ql' @l A ,V,

-'^ r_Ar la 1l: 1r,
-.o,-lf '' .""': 30' + ...r 60" + €, = r r I
".+
r,o
'c0\0z=l
frr=ra 4=(#,#,0 -ro,=,
(;) (+)'=o
TD
i=r:,e,rr . ri
..6,=or=69" li ,s,=ro.
=r[,
..*"e =-"e,=l,v, ..e -e -lr. ."^=(F.F.6, @l

,ms6z
'=0 ,1 0.: qoi
... Imiresan,iSrcof mcdsurcq06wilhlheposirive

F= rzrErtl,*,lt=,
. :q rr,r",
rt r,r,"={* *r=ro A,"= i,in30"
.. ir=ro ..ri
v:4 y:0 l:y +
,
@t* =m
r.r A b. E ledor joiiing bcree.n rhe No poinb c x'F,=43'F=16 rur i=ro,a ,:o -, ro'r=ri. ai* rolril
@ lt=
.; !=16't :o*'Yr
oid D ! lnd prallel ro rh. y z plam vhee
(I ) c# 6r' + cor': 30'+ .ai: o = r
c=(k !y, ,?r) !D= (k,yr ! z:) tDl ,I rU:=
c0\, =, .oi: -,t=a-=6-6=10,y, y,,", i= (s, rz, r:) ..tAt=lr1[ fi"
=0rr"+01j"+; r
.., 0 30"
...
",t
,,, C."1,,",
"1.h"
,""."' oi = U-^
j'..0 ir{ure ...8"rrii ...8.=msro.i=72"3i
, rt. **, i i" p.,p"nai.or. o u. :r*; i,.. e, = m. =r;8 i,E iEr ,€ =6 roa=66. ?i. A =nr
 @E E (3) Be.; t-B=;(F
+, s,
D-B)

to cos (rso"
lal

E = -€)
i.i= i 6t-"e
Or)(.) 02) (d)
=m0, -"6= ,00,+ ( 1) A-= (-, D__c
)
=otlr, rot[,-" r:s.= eolf oo(b) or&) = r(A-B.D-)
(,r);6.iD'= " loss2
E lo o = loocG 2 o
=-2 x 20 r 20 cos 0" = -300
r)i.E=uo-+-o= (,) (+ Aa).t-B= + P4 " r,, -",0't
( ro
(2)i.B_=- lo- 12+ rz =- 10 E -,ro=r-.,0-r=r,(+)' r =;i 1=+
=o

(r )i.a_=- ra-e-z=-zr
( 1)m.fi= ro x ro icso. = lm (3)A-D.Dt= 20 x 12 .G 0so. - o)
..16.s-= roo, * =za
ori.6=o
(2 )m.F= ro x lo x ms90.=o =ao'.*n=r,o,-l=-srz
( 4) BA. BC = 20 ! 20cc2 6

o__ =- lo x lof :.os45'=- loo ;6. B-D = ( ;-B + B= ). ( Ea + eE ) .cojf

1_,or0 l=2.(il r=i
.. BA. BC=4o0, + = ll,
o = (ffi.r- ai)
)+ (A-B.
+ (Be. Ba)+ (B- c-) @
(r )o
= *.' (16. = 60"
(r )m.ai= l2 x r2:.os ro. =72
ro-q)
(, ) A-.-B= =(6 i 3 x.d90')+ cs 130')
(6 x6 x Ac ={2s + raa = l}cm.
- c-A . c-B
o. lr)=
i2 )0= tr5"
=- r2 i 12 x 6s60'=-72 + (3 x B xcs0")+ (3 x6 xcc aoP) (I)AB,AC
(3ro=c6 I ll )-r.51 (3 ) (a;-B ). (3 c-B )= r, A-B. c-B =0 36+6.{+0=23 -5 x 13.ora /,/4
6(i6) =6s"*=25
(4)o=s (3' {L)
= 12 x 12 x 12cos60'=364 o (r)86 (+Ei)= +( u6.fi)
,
L
r5j
= t26' 5' q Ac =fis)-GI eo" =o
= +,12,5
a qr.lr:lll!.Ll)= L ir t6.Id =r{:".
..,rv=zfi",.
(: )r-. s6 = s
' r.s -,e
"cos

t tr: = lzl
fi0,6 3{m
tztA-s c- (r1tr)'* (at rf",.
= 5 x 6.5 @sA =5
(4)t-B. (+s-6)= + (D-B.E)
x6.5

...€-r,.r0'4i =

= + i65x r2.d(r8o.-(eo'-o))
g-l
.{i,E L
rllErj?rll-
{ri (J ) rh. compomnr or CD in $e direcrion Bc {r)cA
fi
r.3.;=43
cB=4Y =+".*(eo"+q=+".-o
a6 Ba ^ (r)(+A5).(18) =+,-+=-,'
tBc
.ll14.145 rv3'0 = * (nt D6) q
@ rl= !
: g .27' 53 td =I ^a^a^-. rro"=19 ^

=-:.q =lC';F
(3 ) A-. (1lA-o) =11( I-B ;6)
{';.,G 51I-'j =186)-(r4r= r0.,.
lt ri
=16-4,s,""",m. (r )-6.c-= ze ,lr,*,c
., e. r+"
( 1) 3 A-D,2 46 = r{i _ _=26x$x#=tts2
E =6 ( ia. ci=) 6,s, 6 -, m" = o (a)(? 86) (Ae)=? "af "a{t" -" o (2)DB BC
i.i=r,t i=l,r.k*r,i.i=0 =
. DBc,
(ai)=,,i.l=o
(3i).
(, ) C, A- ) . A- = -, ( A-8. ad ) --fi
=?.16.y7.vr.r- = ,6 , 4B , @" ('30"- (1
,
,,6",0.t= \7 =N,as,-+=-n52
, (5?) (,i)=,oi i= ro
= 7,
(3)66.m= 26 x lo xos€ = ?60 x * = 1oo
IEI @i [D] .. oc l-=(A+B).(A+B)
(1) . ei+i-F= aF
.. (ai.Ai) aD irr+,r,+,'/a+a, {ru r,, rlq =li'.lEl'-,(i.i)
ql :6s€ nqariv.
=r*r*z'r,r't'=S
. i.6-,t.."e
,',7 k 6k+ r <0

(r)( A-B-ET) i6 .. o,l,st. rr , r,l =:'vi,Iie. c, j : k el--,- ll ..Ioc= = i= r.zr."gt,.'

., 3*ak* r5 =:1r{r;;?
=3x l6cc6f 3ii6cosl30'=192 ..rr*x=|rtrlEoi7 o)
@-l
(i+6).(i 6)=tin:
.r '=(i i).(i 6)
!01 (squditrc bo$ s idco
-tit, - 6'=a = it'. tFt'-z (i.E)
2E+r6=e,a, a+( 3,3,6)=( r,7,4)
.', 16k':+224k+?34-?e6+kl
(wh.re4k+ 23 >0,!. k> 7)
.,, lBl'=s
B ' ='-,,,,,.,;=#
:. +A (, B+ 1A)= + (-o-(-r)-o) .. B'=r,rhenlil=j .. Eil= t= r o rcncrh u,ir
,., k=-2.r2 or 61.33 (relukd)
@r tn.-l
?6-cs)6=( 2,2,4)+s(1,2i t)
...
Elr i+r6=c r,z+uk,r+D a=(:, r,o) (r)i.i=litrl6 6"0
=( 2,2 !4)+(5,10,-5) i.E=r-"'20+to&x tos527+2dn,o= l1 r"**.r,h" r--./ ;* r A i,*--d", - i,lo x cG
r
= 30 60p = 600
=(3,12, t) Loa.x.loa.17=o q,a=--.:
ri*kir a=o
(r)lA*B'=lil'rl6l'.r(i.B)
Er .:r-zn{'=zr.oq
= 900 + 1600+2 x 600 = 3700
.E=6-6=c,-r,r) .'. 3 (2-k)+ I (2+2 k) +0.0
,it=6 i=rr, :, sr @ ,',6 3 k+2+2k=0 .k=3 li-61={roo= rodlT
..ff .qc =z*r-:=o E6=6 6=(o,o, o- s,o = c,r, r,o)(a, (3)rh.--p"*d"r(i+E)i"&"di*di.'i
: A ABC is rishlusled ln sle anslec ti=i d= to,s,o (4,0,6)=( 4,s,0) @l

Iol
BD-.C-A=Ca,-S,O) c4,3,O)- 16 6l+0
co *a*,ec = zf
={zt*o-2.*0,-z,z
iri1= n4&!*I
=(i.6) = clrr,!ry =,"

i+E=i,r,r,-u,i-6=r-:,r, sr
... -D.-E=cD icB
",.
x.os z DcB s
:. (i+i).(A B)= 3+r+5.0 @r
I I )... m=c 2 ,4, ,) ,l-B l=rG
.. rhc
"ed (i+
i)n p.a*di.,r- b .. i.i= lilli "*e j=l.r',-"0o.
.. =2r/?.o. , .' d.:ll7E =r0
,ec=r r,r, ,),l86l=t6
d,e,".,0.(i-F) ..lil'= r ..1r. =r
a6.c-= (ai.A-D) c-B ,e-c=t-:r,s. qt.l A- =sl,
tD--l
(r)(b) 12 ) (c)
@r
,rE=E-i=rr,r,- l,l e-al =rtE =CA CB+ AD CB , -,2^,=-. t4ft
' ,rn r.ti '
t

co=o c=r z, s,r,lef =61t -6 x6c6 to'+.r x 6ms60" -10

.r. ar=.* | i'?llt!= r' i z)
..""_,rg,cD=-z.l-z=, ,ov l
[E]
ea cD v'lr.a'|, . .,.a,=-. 1 Pl+
.
"1,
(zAoB) =
+ !BA I BCI
1

B) corr( '?:4-4)=146"ra3i
m(z
. a6= z;6
.'. c- ii in rhe oppsire diEdion or rhe vecror A=B
.. -"rz aour =;l ,n(zc)= rsr (||')2i+ 146'?6 )
.'. Medur ot dre trglc b.rwcn rhcm = l30" =zz'rii
1ea 129
ta ,--' ,lil'* El'-, (i.E)=4 dl' @j
rneome.mnorEd l'\ I
.. r * 16*r (i.C)=
ilr ditsflioi Bc t
16
.. (i+6) (i-6)=( 6). (-6) A-=aD-*Di
h \ .i E= + ..lil'.ltl'-,(i.i)= 6l'
=sox*=30 _ j: simibny: i+24=-B_ ... 9 + 25 + 2 x I x 5 cG 0 = 49

Th. .ompon.nr of BD in $c diEdion Dc . (i.,.).(i-,.)=( 6) (B) + D- . A'D + IDB)'1

= s- -, tz sDcr ..lil'*ri.6.,e.i*4la'= 6' -2(AD)(DB).6 (z ADB)

= '0, * =-. r*(i.e).tc=to tDl

@f i
e=-+ cA cB=cA cB'mlc=b.:.1# . Af =a-D.D'c

I
si-ildy:E+26= i Si il ly , we can prcve rhar :

(E+,d).(i+,c-)=( i)( i)
{Ac),=(AD),+(Dc, 2(AD)(Dc)cos(z^Dc)(2)
=ls- lml6(zDBA) .. lEl ..- Z ADC suppletunb Z ADB
rorfl* ro,af
= = roo
..11E'.r cl'.,r(E.6)=lil' ... A-B=--c-a .. ms (Z ADC) =-.os (1ADB)
... ;8. A-- ( A-. ). ;6+ c-B ) tN ,
.. 16* 16*a(i.c-)= r eB ( By adding rh. .qnadons ( l) and (2)

(A!), = (Ac)'- ae -B. c- E. (cB)'

we sci rhar | (AB)z + (ac)'?= ? (AD)2 + 2 (BD)'?
=- E6l-' (z orc) = Iolr,*"45'= 'o
. B.c-=? ...= 1 1- + = .!1 . .

@ tDl = (Ac)'1+
(cB)1

- (Ac)1 + (cB)':-
- 2 A- . Ea
c
@l
... M isrhecenroidof aABc
A
/411
rn.onpoE or _ 2 (Ac) (Bc) cd
t_
E .. (i.E.a) E=6.t @r
.. Mi+MB--2MD-
.* sco =cT= Mc
="r'd=6 "' *-
= nc-o [ A B+lB +C B=0
'. r
.'.

i+6+x+6.s-=o
Th. conpond of cD ii rh. diEcrion AD
i.i.6=6 .. (Mi-Mi-
M-c).(Mi- MtsrMc )=".-
.. Ac.^- =(16- BA). (A-8. Bc )
= lio l.*rz co,l=or/l ]=
,ll:
o
.. (i-6.c-).a=6.4 (Ac)'= (AB)'* i'B . Ba r BA . Ai * (Bef
,,,IMA T+MA MB+ MA, MC + MB MA

dmrolenr oI cD in rhc dicdion AB

+ lMBll'+ MB Mc+Mc MA+MC MB
The
A C+B C+ lcl =0
-'..,."'-
=-lcD-l-'ar= ',- ,+=-6
6f ,{, i.6+E.e*+s=o (r) 2 (AB) (Bc) os (z ABc)
..lMA- f .lMEl'- Mdl',2uf .Ms-
'. i.E+c-=o' r"a,rso,. B6=Br=*A-D
@r + 2 MB-.MC- + 2 Ma. MA- = Erc
( i -i - c-). ( i- i. c-) = 6. o- .. (i +E-d).i=o-.i Simil6ly , we ca pbE rh8r :
... lMil'* IME f . lMAl'=,(A .M-B
.. lA -+A B+A C+ B. A+l BU
.BM.M-cra.Mi)
(AB)(aD)ms(z BAD)
+B C+C A+C B+lC! =0 s*E.i*C.i=o G)
2

'.' z BAD suppl.mB z ABC

... rfi ve- * BM. Mc- * .fi Mi
. .

.. zi.i * zi.d*zi. 6+r =o By rddios (l) 0d (3) t nB .ubMt (2) roB th.n (1 saD) - 6 (z ABc) , AB Dc j (iMi '-XM-B f . lM-c11
q_--
,', cos
.i.i-i.c--E.a=; By addins rh.
=
rwo.qdioE (l ) ed (2)
=
, w s.t rh.t :
E} (Ac)': + (BD)'= (ABi + @c)1 + (AB)1 + (AD)'z BA=A-B=( l,-2,-3)
...

= (AB): + (Bc)l + (cD)? + (DA)'? ,A-=IE+ -0,2,r +( r,a,o)

!6,r)
: (i+6). (i+6)= ( ,.) ( ,.) r;!l 6 r'r '
=(o
 tr Ico, tz esq q4-4.
= BAI!BC ,.. cD .cA =0 +4+ 0 =4 M=r.ji6(3."2{.) rnslrDdio$ 10 mlvc nunb0. EIr I
,llco'=21/i, =:f c,t I
=Ia(3,r,216)=(+,+ ,-1.r {r' tA+B+cu =(A+B+c) (A+B+c)
. o=.,.,{ _L)=* ,l+t=w"
[:rtc,, - r-r,i/alf - aI -(o] ?ri) , y, .
@
=i i.i B.i a-6.i- B.E
.la.n .'. Tnc filuE .uh. , cd Ac ii=6 i= rr ,:, :r
+B a+ a.i+ d.i+c d
is a = dA =
: n(zABC) = l16'59i * 1r?" ... l Acd x en equitar.rat risnste. ... o = 60. w-r=F.e-s=(a, 6!r0) (t,s, 2) =li F, tB- fr te'.ri.B.,E 6
( 2 ) vecror mmpoienr or $c vccior A- in dirdion
El
R ffitr-a
ota-g=t!AB,i The coordinors ofrh. p.inr A {0 ! 3 I 2) @ , . i,i ,6u,".,r,nuy p",p-ai.,ru.
, rh. cmdinar. ol rhe poinr B (2 , 0 ! 3)
i,'6=r:,-t, zr ,rr,"'i.i=s.c=i 6=*-
'(V,,)'.,,.,i,i[' , rhc .oorninats or rhe poinr C (l ,0 , ,1)
wrk =F.;E= (t ,-2,n.(s ,- L-a ...I A -B-.6U'=li '-fl8 f. nd F

=+ (r ,2,3)=
J (r ,?,3)
... Ei= r- r,:, or,i6=o,o,,rr = (2), + (3r+(12)1= t57

=(;,,.?) ' :3 - @l . A.E.6l=fis'l

fi+1b {G4i ?
(1 )50! r5 xcos r30.= 750pure.
@ ( 2 )50, l5 x.os0"
= 750joute.
.: (i+E). (i+ B)= r
@
i.i=:x s.= r
,6,7)
@
.. al+ B +2A B-l
i i"zx*ty-e Th. cooditr(cs otrhe poinr A (0
oo itrdcs ofrhe poitrr B (5,2,5) ',,1 ,.ti=t6t=r
i.o-=r+y*"=s
! lhc = 160,5
"+
Byslvinsrheequarionr(l)'(2)ond(31,
wc gd rhd : r=l 'y=0
rz = 2
, dc cordiiares or
: IE=u--f,=15, a,-2,
rhe l,oinr C (5 , t0 , 5)

@
^a) .. pi-rEt ei*s Er
r n- l

..i=o,o,a ,A-c=a i=(s,a, ,)

'. g-=d-i=ro, rz,ot =6lA + t5A.B 3A B-20lBl'
tp,o,2or
@l =t 9,121 n) =o Al_+7A B-20lBl
. Th. unir vecror in tne diuriod B-C
=e^r*r^l:n"
.

( e. ,. ?0)
=.11
i=r.r,a (3) li
@l il,-ql+(rr,r+r:01 a A 5i 6lf-qro
,6-0,r)
..i C=r*o= ro
di -e,2,2) . . Thc forc. of rensioi 50 in rh. diHrion S-
.. (i-i). (A- 6)='oo
i -d=io =50 (+, + ,r5 )= (, rs. ra, ao)
, rll=ztll,lli =l'lo eE= ,o, a-o ,t ,or =cz ,- r, a .'. A +lBl- 2A 8=900
... o=c6 I r0 ,rE=i,i=rs,o, zot-ts,o, rzl
'':6 r {ro'
.o\
r-Br ''lD f .. rzr *:zq-zi i=qoo
. . 'Ih. wo*im. by rhc fore of rDsion ii rhe
@ dircdion Bc b
AE=i i=(,,0,1T)
ds. rhe body nom a ro
.. A+B I =(A+3).(A+B)
-(0 ,0 ,?) - (0,2 ,0) B=(- 13,24, 40) . 10 ,0 ,3) = 320joute.

=(r,r,,1rt)' fi.5 @
=li'-u 1i i1-tE'
,ci=i d=rz,o,or n -,p.** ori'a; n. aftoi"" fi" 4! U (r)lc) (21(b) (a)(c) =t2t 250+529=4&
" ".u
- (0 !2,0)=(2, 2 ,0) (6 ) (r) (7) (h) (3 ) (b) .. li*i l= zo
({) . a 6F=(i-E).(i i)=lil', I 2 ) Thc nc.cs$ry cotrdnioi b mlke El
.. xF= DY=4cm. - DE=EY= 2cm !A+Bl = A l+UBl nauring l, r r
-ri.6.tB]'-lliF-l6t I ,,,A.8=l t 2
, '.' A DEF is a righlrnCLn ,im31. d F i.6=,.,. '
-, i 6[-'o=r+r ,"r"r".so .. DF=fii:7=1li.* . i+6+6 .. i ,6 * p.rrcnaicut-
tt5
,, FEYC is r cyclic quaddldenl = (5 a) i (5 + 6)i +(-2 - 3)k
,...ms0€[- r ,1]
... DE ! DY= DF x [rC ." Z
'l =1/J'
OC
... 2ms6€li2,21 ..2 ?os6€[0,4] @
(2)2 A xl B=6(A: B)-6(i- llj 5k)
... i 6l'Eto,al . ti-6'=li B'
(s).. ao=ectE= rr".. .. c-o ti=9.9.-.tz.r ... (A-.E).(A-6)=(i-E).(A i) =6i 66j 30k
v, Il .. il'-2r.6-l6ll1= il' z,r.i- 6l' (3)Ax(A 2B)=AxA 2AxB
','msc=os(zDED=+
q^+^r=+ . ri E=o ..i.8=o ..i16 =o 2(i- 1l j 5k)
.. eu ={ro!-(al- = t
". . .6 aE=
,/rlr" = 2i+22j+lok
..aE.eE= a6 le-rl*" rs' El
Il
!@E B-,
=s1ti,,,i=-16 '.' Thc mirkddin diEdioioriisq
i ,, , ',
=l-^l=\i.-'r' le's = ill6l"h s
"'^=ll
1r1 . rr,"
"q-r-" "tiE
tf*f= t
=sx5xm r20" =2o1[
!0),8(0,9) i , rh. ml wdtr in dinciioi orE n q =(0+6)i (r+3)j+(3-o)k
,..

i
A=(12
<livides BA "i r q
C

vi& mio l :2 inremllly :

=
l-Bl=lr '
.. u=" *[.p,""r,",o,t,** rt..s.
i,i=lli li I'i"e r*ir
..lri,il=z' a"i
:. c= (rrrrrrr!, "li:')=(4,o 1
bcrwccn rh. two vedos A'B
=t:, a.s,i,:0" 6=tzr.x d =z "r{r =t!i?
,.=k(q-q)=r(? +,+.i,+ o Dl
... i6.ci=cl,-ol ra, er =.1 3)
(7)...8=d,l,l) ,.16 =3{a,=kG,+,+) . li" ii=li s ,;e
, B =d,l,l]),c = (l,o,o,D (o ..
f, tG rf* tsf . td- =: 1r+i .. t = t: l -l I
'0,6
... e= ( r,rs,12) r'i
(-a G 5)i+( 3+a)i
...a6=( 1,0,6 , D6=(,1, l) = +

,.cDDB= 12 ... I l=r: or =i-zi.i

@ -li I r
... -2t1 = t2 rr)A^B=l 2 r li
bbl
.. l'= ro

*n l': (4),
=lA
A+Bl =(A + B) (A+B)
l+lBl-+rA B l' , l
-.
=s{r,lnl=6,1i,6 =G
la^B
l lBi 5i,.lir '
\j6
... Tne or nr. cube = 6 =6
' =lif* 6 '.z11il E -'e =( 12 3)i-(3 lA
=96 squmuii! ( I )'Ih. nee$iry ondnion ro m,ke = 15i 7j sk q
(s).. li*t'=li'*ri.6rl6F i*El=li l* 6 i,a*',s
=2+ 2.os 0=2 (l ilrA^Bj 2 r
+ cos 0)
e =.- i.,. i -.r 6 r'u*.." ar.oi." ,rri^E= -r -z o
o

=,(,+,er+-D=a-" + ..lirrF = i'.ll6ll'-, Lil lE l,r I

.. i-61=z*.f =G-oli tz * :ril-ri zi*ci
=(r0+0)i (s 0)j+(-3-0)k
ori *
=(r -161), t,r

...* ?= + ri.ir ... i.il=lil. 6 <zrc"i=o'

r35
(3)(i-6).(d i)= o,0, r).( Ia
L:ri i=
t; j i e= +!r:q,-a= +(2 ,:1,1)
L,i trta-a,Ci ,

= lg lIi ,r, Bs'c l40

_l 5
=r ?. 126.lra =(0+3) l-(0 6)j+( a+6)k ,r(J,+'+)=-c'-,',)
=(0- t)i (t5
lDl
+( r .lA,81=,lE;
r: I n6,.q6- I l go ,rc l"n qo.6 I
=i
'd=.ffi='t +i-+;.+il
14j _r k
= (r,lt, rr1E, r)a=,Bs
otll (3) AB,;a=lAi ltrfi ro.(- c)
d

..lri,E
t, l"
(t)(r) l2)\a) l:r ) (c) (4)(a) "i" E
(6)(b) (7)(b) = 12 x 12! I C: l.l4 C ne-=i-i-rr,o,or ro,o, t):(r ,0, r)
t3)(c)
oo)(b) (n)0) (r2)(d) n6=E-i =io, r ,or (r,o!o)=( r,r,o) . B LA.B)=l I r
l; j i
@r
O.0O) (rr(c) o6)(c) trle-s,A=c
l0t
03) (c) (r9) (c) (20) (d) es.F= r o
=llAillA-cll
sii (z BAc) (O -l r o
Iol
=ro*rri ro li*rr ori=i*i.i iii
l0l -( 3
"
s.9 6=- rra ..llA-'B- =15
, 6 ,l=o
Iid' v?tind : t\,- 2 )3). tz. 1, t) (2)A-'
(3)-8.
Be= IAD llE 'i"o.e=o '=' r='rF 6'Fr .-l
li i
86=-B-A, s-D
lDl .. ro.*rr-tl e-*z'Di*tzr--oi=d
1 = -l BA llB6l "r"
(z ABD)a
AB=E i=(r,r, )
=( r"5, +).= r,c
=(63)i(16)j+(l+4)k s6=6-i=r u,z,zi . -=.2
=:irelj+si rodii,di = c -il.in{z,rcs)( d)
An
t;, j i
rth.n*fad:1T ,9'5)\t 1' t ,2) =(;x4i?)d= 6. Ba =l , @l
rifi= -i=rr ,zr

=liri
rr
rs t.q_a, c-s= lA- aE ,F =fi,w==r r,, rr
'i"eo.d =t:*ori o oi*e*ei
-3 r 2
=o,r,rrd=rzd =Bi-4li-4i .: LMr uu-= tr, a, t r,- t)
tot o-v="d= oM E6.ii(zMDqt a) =r rreli=:i
=rrr sri o.rri*n*ari a{! ',/" i" ,/"'
=C;,r,+)c= 6e ... e*".r,r,"p"^na.g,-= ifi, r.r
6=ril,l,-!t*l.*r.en' =5 @ uni..
lDl @r
-i
(r)i .B= 4 -o
i Ir ir dny perFndiculr veior b de pl e vhich
(2 ) L--M= i=(-1,r,2)
,lrM-=fi i=r L- r ,a
i= it";=6(i,+,+)=(a,-4,')
-2 4
e 6= r -r
t; j i =t:r-eri r z*41*rrr rai
@l
iji .'.LM.NM=l I
tt
I ) l=3'+ak
,,
u
r] =zri -zoi - ai
i. E=t
I
r , t-r r rt
=( m-6)i-(20+a)i+(r, s)[
.. ti, E = zo{: . . A-, .r dr pr.thl.s* =I afi , fr
; i"6 ?{t! 15. =( r*20)i ( o
={",.f
= xi zrj*r i -{rA i
,
= ni- rrli. s =efi*"*ir.
136
@r (rri.i=(-z,r,,a.ie, r,&+o @l m
(1)16=i-i=(-r,5,5) .'. Thc eo lEtG e not Fl!..dic,na. il=11;={ii 1,=n
,16=t-i=r-r,r,zr :__a -r, L,r. :, I'
1, i k : Tte No vcds @ pafllGl.
a!.at= -r -s s ...6=till"G,;) @
ll) @
I-e=i i-(2,-r4,zr =*,{tr,fia',r=*tu,-,r
--zsi-rri rsi I
tl,
.. A@ of lA-Bx;61 i6=c--i=i r,ra,-2) @t
^ABc= + Ir r I_e=E-i= (3,2 ,3) =( r2+2)i (- 3- r)j +(4 + 3)k
.l6JzEudn.
(2)AA=B-A=( 2,1,3) ,', A tB mdC @ colind. ,B-=e i=( 2,2,o)
,A-.6-i=(-5,0, 3) ,5d=a d= (3,2,r)
__t
'^'=l
iji ,i6=6 i=r-z 'z 'or
.. i'r^;-c=l r r r .,. a,Bddc@@lliree. AB= DC BC=AD
trl
,,,
'
15 0
I
r h. p@udoglm r)i l)i +(2-3)L
@l ... ABCD =o+ (2 +

=-ri-ai*sl "E;-q-ra
i Aruor^^Bc= + ll;E x Adl
\-9=L :r=j,-=i .. AB. AD=l r 2 r : ti'61.ti,6l=t ro,s,1. rn.- r, o
=;1r'ir*,",,. 12 ? 0 -,4!j-27-1=',14
. =(+ ', ';) = 6i 6j + l0t
@l " El
.. dr={r.,.;(T=+ ... The aE ofrhr Darall.log@
i i=+,+.+,+-+"+=o
A6 l ={Gt; c 6). (ro):
21= cr+tr t5[ = | aE '
i4 Di rl
---l' I =2{a3 @unn.
'A i=+"+.+,3.+,;=o
.'. AH orrh. pmlldoslm = i. B- r1ra.B= 2 r O l=(4 ( 2 ) Th. unir v.d6 p.rp.ndicuk ro rhl plN or rhs

=:{i**ir. m , 0I I

:4 ]m= 5
-s"s-,"
lAB. ADI :l4r rY4r ,141'
,".=+,+-+"3-+';="
@ra
iztI Ls
"ru,i.E=o yar llarta),
A^B= I r 2r r4r rok i. (2 ,3 ,o) . (n ,2
'0)=0
,ll.rl=r,lil=r,ltl=r
r I
-1 '=
I 4 @r ,. i,Emd6@nutudly psDodhulr

.. a-, or ih*regb = j 1i'tl=5f*-ir. rrrlli"6i=i.6

@l
Ir,r-r-ril=zn+o i 1q
( l )i.E= (0,,,r.(3,0,-4)*o ^"=li 6Z
,. Thc rwo r6ros c nd pelFndicule
..o-2 ra =(*-:i)1 (*-s)].(# *)i
.'. Tm No vcbd arc ror plrirkl. = 9i- li + i=6

t38 't 3s
 @
...a t,-,'
B.c= 0 , rl=orl
tD
i,i -.l c *" *, --..r^
[D]
(r)|i.6'* a 6t,
!T

1,,,1
... volum.ofbc$dltctepipal= 60 l= 60 votum unir.
,A B.C= r r r =o
= A t' 6'"..0. At'tEf"",€
= i lrlB
rci":e**"r
o= il':El
,{c n BD= {M)
. l^c. BDll
|.\
I

= ,rc .le-i".rz,\Msr "

t z t rri.6=0,,r,*irEo,.n..trr.. = d
@r .. i, e-ac r;" L, rr,c *.. pr-" (Ac)(BD) (1AMB)
rrA.6= 6,ft*i// B **e orrho. = o = sid
rlr'A B c= -r )
.. volufcofrh.p
t,"t rl=aq

allelcpip.d =49cube unir

@
a-s=t 2,,1.-o
a-=( r,-3, s)
. i r 6 -a e= r E
",n-r
r. i,,r,. *." ri,".
.: e*"
=2 i arcaorrhcquadnhGralABCD

"r
rh" q"oarih-,r = j I A-c , 86 I

@r
A-6=(r .0. 7)
;ii Ell n
"si",urir,"o- .: li,E =r
r2)"A B=
t,,t
ni" ii=firq.
4 t l= 7r+t4r
.AA AC. r\D=
I o ,l = st=i, i*i, B B,A 6,i
ri-6" r,r *
:.
..
lill6ll"rn
e=qo",i-rC
o= r .."i,,0=r

.. rqt =zG,q,**ir .. A , B ,C o'd D lie itr rhe same pl$c =o.i,E*i, B o=, (i,6)= R H.s. @l
.. h.i!h' ur dr pmk .p,par = --+!1 @l B, li-El-r (squnng borh sdes)

rri , 6 -.r 6 -. ; ,r,"

"-. pr*" (i o)"(B 6)=i,6 6,f;*6,d ... i i.i B-n i.8.6= r
=J_= : kn.hr!n,, ^,4 ..1+2irirxcos0+r=l
=CrD BxD+BxD. a!D=o
@,
..1, ' , =n
.. n. *".ri Dri"p-,u"r.rr,"o-rd dr
IA-B] =A A 2A,B+B
' 0 r
lr1-'l
(r (
tB
=t :^r^r^.",s*r=z :^1=r
B

,)+rol
l,'l =52i-ol 2l) r)( e r)=o
I All' B-'.i".€. l^l' B'.,,,0
, i t,lBlr
.. i Bl={a
tr Volureorrhc nirrllekpip€d =1523 61 =546
@
0ll
lA llBl \nr0+.o+€ _ l
...6 / rs = 5a6,ftm l= r7e
,t=s = t r ,:,
.:r. Aa=t 1,r,3), , tit'ti F
=AXA AiB+AXC+BXA B:B
or6l 52s= 546.rhcn 1= 3
, 16= (r ,2,i.+r) !o +tsxC CxA+CiB CxC
ra,a !c and D ft in rh. sotrtr ptmc.
@l = AXB+AX' A!B+EX''
,ri=6-i=ir,o,a ,, a-s.,ac
" A6 =o
=JrA Br iA Bl + A.a 6,d
e-c-d i=rz,r,rr ^IB = 2AxB+2A"C=2AxlC B)

a-o=6 i=c,z,rr l
=/io-rt raf r;f tta'-+ "
7 r+rl =R.HS.
'
.. c r)(r(k+ r) r) 5(c1)(k+r) r) {2)(A B c)x{A+B+c)
AB, AC. AD=] .AXA+AXB+AXC BiA B'B
I
l, : 1l =,ltr tl-oru;.=t n ;t ",.
,. lk r+2r+20k+20+ t5+'J3=0 BxC CxA CrB CxC
.'. volum!olth.p allelepi|ld=15l=5volumeunil . k =:11! =li '6 = r..ss.
2AxC =2 A x(C+
=2 A x B+ B)=R.H.S.
Ol
i,i=tr"r"netd
.. i,c ="ine
(A,E) a-li,F,l6 -"0 @r
- n€x1xc6o=+sin2s .. i (i'i))=6
"@,
@r
irti=o'
rrri,ti,Et=6
,dd6=6

ce) ,,r,*,q / 6

... (A+ B+ C) x C=O: C *6// (i "

t))
axC+BxC+CxC=O (3 )i/ (i, (i,E))md ke bri, B'=

*hercei aunirrccrorp.F.ndi.ul b
(he plme which co uiisimdE

,. ir 16, r cr
. Th. e.Netic errlrndi.n : ,. ir* o-,6-a r"ri' 6= * i *r." rr
h ! lnit vecror pel?e icular b lhc plam vhich

... i , E and d N rcpnsird by sidd ot hiaisle

., t//k-i*h"-(km is mN@o
.,' A//N
',,,N LB
Answers of exercises
Unit Two:
Straight lines and planes

D-
\

\
-,/

\ -----------a-=
\
 @E .'. (2 , 2
'
l) b t\e mrdintus of tr poinr on $e
(21) (b) (22)(d)
(26)(b) (27) (c)
(23) lb)

(23) (c)
( 6 ) ... llE sh*hr
poiriw pa6
rio. m,Ls e+8r mclca *fth rhc
of oordidb u.s.
@ 6,.d" U,.,{"t r.rtr.,t l0lrl lh,l t31) (d) (32) (d) 133) lb) ,.
-i6 *-Je ...J6 =,
ln{.a " ol (36) (b) (37) (c) (33) (b) .@so
=6s0 =c6 ' =r _
Ol '/l
(r )DiEtionBb= ( 1,2! 2) (0,0,0) ! 2,6) ( 1,4,2)=(4, 6,4)
OJ i. DiBtion16=l+ '- ,- l
=< 1,2,2)
=(3
{1) Didid rdr of nE *8ight Ijm l '1r 13 i3'
=( 3 , r ,4)-(2 !- I !5)=(-5 ,2 !- i,. Adnu.ion vdcb ir (l ,l,l)
i=( r ,+,z)+t(r,-o,r) 1)
.,. n . v@r fom of rhc .qutid
nE vcb lom of dE .qudion : :

=o ,r, 4) x=-l+11 ' y=4-6t t z-2+4t ;=(-3 ,l ,4)+t(-5 ,2,, t) ;=(3,2,5)+ rO ,l ,l)
'llE pmtic .qu'dm : 'It panfr.bic.{u&iom :
El I:J= J1=!:2 I=-3-5r,y=l+2t!z=4-i ,=t+r,y=2+t,z=5+r
(r)i=( r ,2,3) Th. srt.siu.qudioi r r-3=y -2 = z-5
.. or*"--"*'.ti= 4- Er )rt dioi v6d=s-=(2, Lo)- (-3,2,
AI
( l'2'r)
*,+-+=?=, (2 ) ... Tb. poinr of inhMrion or
ud rh. r-dh h (6 ,0
$. shight lirc
0) :
(7

=(5, r , r)
r)

- .rc;r_a;or .,t= +-rr , r=j-, , "=r +,

,

.,.i=to,o,ot tz, l,r:(4,1, , 'Irr v4br lom of rhc shEhr lir. :

i Dirlior @!ies of rh. shiShr lirc The lcdor fm ot ir eqsdion : ;=O ,-l,o)+r(5,-, ,-l)
TlElfueqdimi=(6,0,o)+r(4,1, 3)
=./1.--L.-L\
-Yn il1 ,ll;' ;= (-a,+,a)*!G,, ,-a) The pmtric eqmrioos
'Itu prlllMic .quario8 :

r-6+4r 'y=r,z= 3r
r=l+5tiy=-l-r,z=-!
i2)6=0,r,l)
- Drd."^,..""ri 6 I r'r, .. (2,- + , - 4)tu $...odhe' or0 eoinr on
rh.ctur,moud,oi]j!=l= L rn ctuj.n.4@ud..i=i-=:
t 1I,'+,r+,r ( 3 ) Tl'e veror fom of ihc cquation
Didiod ccier of ih! .hth liE
..,
Ill i =,1 :,r,r1 ..It poi.r( 14 ,2 ,l) li., on ltE tuigh! lim.
=.k--'A'6) DiErjonY.ftr= Ai= (5,s,0) (3,2,4) Thc peetic.{u ioir I (3 ) DiHtion v4u =
(4,5 ,3)
= (2,6, _4) ,= 2t ' y=3r I z=r Th. uro, Im
El Th. vdurr lom ofrhc .qudion :
or lh. eqnrlio! :

DiErion vstor or n\e stuight lin. rh.6tu,rn.d.rii". I=a=! ;=(-l '4,2)+r(4'5

. - (3 , 2 , 4) + t (2 , 6 , .r) '3)
=t6t 7, D <2, 1,t)-14,4,2) ( ,l ) Th. vcdor fom of rhc cquotion : plmoli. 4@ions :
Th.
..DiEtiotrmtiosm4,4,2 x= t+41 , y=4+51 . z=2+3r
, dE unir vetor in dirccrioD or dre sMighr lire
x=t+2t , y=7+6. , z=4 4t i=t,r,:,sr*rc,r, rr
1hc pomctic.qu.idr l 4=5=i
=
j
r/;r;rI-(-, =r li ' t't) ,=4+7t I \- 2+t , L=5 t (9)Dirtion@ror=(4,-3,21)
... Dr*rr""-"*"* 3,+,+ ,', Th. poht C €lh. shth lin.. .. Tt. t/er fom of rh. .{ution :

-;,3,+ ( 5 ) Thc ved fm of th. .qudd :

;=(,5,-2)+.14t-3,21)
ltl trll ?=@,o, r)+t(2,-r,o) Thc pamdic .4uo!ios :

Tt. eob fom Dfrhe.qutrtion (3 ) (a) (,r)(c) (s)(c) x=1+4r ,'!=5-lt , L= -2+ 2l I
: Tt.,tudic eqNriotrs :
i=tt, z,st*ro, z,zt 13)(b)
(r3)(d)
l9 ) (c) (1o) (b)
(1s)(e)
x=2+2t,y=-lr,z=-! Trl @sim .quonon :

.(r4) G)
O3)(c) (r9) (a) (20) (d) r1,..ft"i--*u-, =r
==+,.
 @r
x'1+yx+; 3,= +x*xr
e'@ or iie sehm is (+ ,- 1 ,;)
Ol fur-1, . , I]-ll-lt
(r)(d) (2)G) (3)G)
di.rionv.dor=o, r) (+, f.i) , (6)(c) (7)(b) (3)(r)
' di
=/1 .n.:!l
rh. diosond =
Er
(3)4=(+,+,1), [=(3,-2,-,
,', diElion retorils-(L0,- 0 l]E v.cror rom or rhe equdion :; = t (s ..,e L^:r+:ILL^ !+ !^ !
=t',rV, (i.+'+).G',.
,', The v..b tom oI rhc .guulion : ft.pmbiceqution:x=5r' y=5r, z=5(
's,5) .V, r{, ,rl, {: {l '
i=rr, r,rr*rrr,o, rt lrv-r!-t-6i (;I+(+)r+(+I {tn-,t,,-5,

IIll lCl
r t= z+1,y=-l El -
; Yr3
Th. cd6im.qudiotr , . Find rhc .quorion of &e srsichr lim F
(r1) Th. p&mtic.qdion : diredion vad or 6c s"4h liD. ,
4=(+.+,,) , 4=( ,,,,4 El
I= l+sl , y=]+41 , z=9+21 r-=o, 2,, (r,z,r)=(e,,r,a (+,+,i).(,.',?, {=q ,- r

:i=(1'2'r)+!(6' (+r- (+I., {.rEr-r,

r n. @n6tri.qu,Iroi 5=4=-i .'.Thccquorionh .r'2)
1l';clF; ,,ri,. r,.( "lrlLl
ln l.
@P +=+:r+1 D=(l+6r,2 4r,r+20 =# -'t"r=to'6
'r-

-,,x=2+l ! y= AD-=(1+6r,2 4r,r+20 (0 !e,O OJ

pmtic
=(r+6'! 7 .1r, 3+2' Ol
(rhar is rh. .quarion)
: The veror fom of rh. .luarion :
{=o,0,l , a-,=o ,o,ot
aD-1!-c ... A6. BC=,"- i, = r-z,o,a ,4=o,r,-a
r' = (2 , 4 n +r(1 ,5 , 2) (r +6r, ? 1r! 3 + 2 rl 16 , 4 , 2) = z.n.
^ 11 r,0,:) r0,r, t
,
.
-6 1(,I 1!l),
rrr, PL 6+16r+23+r6r+( 6) +4 1/L-,l:.r:l/.r'r(-3r ?{?. ri, :
-=L=4=l El
x=-r*r, , ,=f *:, ,,=:f*1, .l=:-! '=0
and it tu the palmlnc .quarioi. El
: Th! veroi tom oI rhc .quation l il=r r. r,o ,4=r:, e,a a=(l,l,o)
i-( ,,+'+)-,P,;,4) 9l D= (o,l,l), =(l,o,o) i
d
(rO Diacred angles of rh. biseror ot rh. 2d .'. Ths dmighr liicli.s in a plancpamll.l ro lCltr(-rf -4'(lf ;(-4f .l- Dncdonwd orid = (l,l,o) -(o,o,4
qudran! ii y z.Dlm. arc 90' , 135' 45'
'
- 1'n,@ =(l 'l '- l)
... DiE.nd wdd ii diErid of Oe Equinn linc
oi*ai., *a.r.t E6= ro,l ,4 -<l,o,or
lDl
Ol
- (o3 90' , os 135' , os 45') lr, (0 , - 1 , 1l
=\ Ll,b
.. Thc vdb fm of rh. cauation l ( r)4=( 3,2,4) (2,5,,2) = (-5,-3,6)
( I )'Ihe sum oI qudrcs of dirc.rioi osin$ ror atry
(l
i= ,-2,s) + r(0 ,- L l) 4=r, , ? ,2) (4,2,3)=( 3, 4.- 1)
Ths pdanerdc cqudion :
(2 ) T.e dnedio. msines for &e staisnr lin. whi.h ( 5, r,6).( r, 4, r)
I l1+l'+ Pl- t1
)a=|'y=-2-t,r-5+l pbss rhroush rhe two poin$ :
lxr x '}: y .7] 7')
ii:itlalt;Fli:aEad.(-r),- - -F t ,\6-- ;7- i|

Ttu!an$'!nqHm..\= l'==!i : rh. -sre b'is*" r.. d*somh o. r

(+)
lG,1tla;rt;(";,,i rGa fia =
t0 Er Frcm(2),(3) ..rr= Lr,--l rDmll) ! (2) !c ser : rr = Lr, =0
At rh. intrs.ion or tu rso shisht lin* : il i '.''Ihc.*o i,i8hrlin mi eftcring: :, (x,y !z) = (r ,2 ,3) + 1(2 ,r,3)
1[FFq,,E;br*r i (0,r,0)+rr o,2, r)
=
... values olr j ! rl sorkfy ihoequdion (l)
'Irrc po'd of incecriotr is (3 , 5 , 6)
= l , l , l ) + r , (- 2 ! - 2 ! 0)
(
.'. DiEcrion vdbr of lhe s ighrline:
irL=1 2r, ...rj+2r1=1 (l)
It =(3,5,6) (2, r ,r)=(r ,6,3)
Ill . a-i'4,',,
(l)G) (2)(d) (a)(d) '"+=+=:; ',r
.'. Th. vecbr

i=rz, r,r*,rr ,e,:r

fomolrheeqn iotr:

(6)G) (7)G) (3)(a)

..d-2=(3,a,-lA
Fom(l),(2) ve ser: tj = l,rr=r r= 2+r ty =- I+6 r, z:3 +l t
: Lr ,11ha rhes . diNiion v@br
Er Y- =El= z 1

Ar dc ini.Mdion poinr of rwo shishl liies

i (x'y 'z)=(0 ! 1,0)+( l) (l ,2,- I) '
=( I !_r !r) lD.!
.. Thcinreisecrionpoiniis( L l!l) ... i-9)€Ll
Tre p.im (4 ,6
.-.tt-2\= -t (l) ( I ) Tle rwo srEighr lircs mc pfru.l if
.'. (4,6, 9)€eachoflr ,L
El
- 4tt-')tr=-2 lZ)
Lr I-, rcpft&nr the vm. sbaisht lin. ( 2 ) The r*o shighr liis ae pcipeidiculd if
'
."x=r1,y=-rr+,1,2:2rr I ar 12+ br b:+cr cr=z.m
7rr-3!r= g (3)
d i ccedion ol r*o srdghr lincs
Ol
e,,r,. p.r,, r,
(3 )nE Mo {6ishr linB LL ,qm int Ndrins ir
Fon(l) ,(2): rr = L11=2
(2,3,4)+rr"rircr*r-,
( 4, 4,s)'f,= erirtL !r' srisly ceh of rhc followinE
6ysubsinutucin(l):7x I -3i2= 9s,ir
Mdfierequarion(3),a=5, y=-7 i z-6 , l+tr=-1,+4 =( 6! r0, r) + r. (0, t ,3)
.'. llD lwo iaidr lims inrMred
l .'-z-4tt=-6 (l)
"rrr-2!r= l
d rh. poiir t5 i - 7 ,6)
n+31r:2tr n
vr vr=brr, brrr,
,3 ,rrL= r0+r2 ,.,4! +rr=13 (2)
O_"1 Frcm (l),12): t =3 'r,=? !4+5! =-l+3r: ..5r rrl= 5 (3)
... Inr rM shighr lincs ae inrea.dins
Fom(l),(2): Ij =2,'1=5
:I=2rr+6 ,l=2rr+l ' z=:lrr+5 : v!lu*of r r,rrsnisty (3) :
(r,y !r=(z,r,4)+2(-4, 4,5) Er
..rt4 r^.?l=-r . A=(r,2,1)!B:( t,0, 3)
.',Poinrofi enedion=( 6! 5,14)
c = {3 , 1 , 2) , D = (3 , r , 4)
.'.x=2+r, , y= . z=!tz-4 ..D'rcionv.tuofrlEshighrline=( 6, 5,14)
211+3 nreFtnrorfbNerbi is (? ,?, +) .'. Thc paramckic eqution :
(r)-a-( r,o, !) \1,-2,1)=t-2,2,4J
. a=(-2,2, a)
2 rr +6= 2+r, ...2r,-!r=-,1 OJ
T.e .sn.si,i .oudiin ' I I = z ...i=O, z,t)*r<-2,2. +)
=
,2rr+r= 2rr+l :2tt+212,2 (2)ia=t4,r,r)
: x.2r1- !y=-3 rr , z:4 l Ol
? r
|+ ...i=(s,r,a)+r(.r,r,
,lr,+5=lrr-4 ,.3r1 l11= 9
Ar,.p.-,.rt"r,*dio" i=; I ) tlr poi
r)

( l , 2 , r) + (2 ! 3 ! 3) = (3 , 5 , 6) + I (4 , 5 ! 3) I de of inteMction be N
," x-at1+1'y -4tr+ Lz=2t2+7 ' I
Frcm(l),(?):rr=-1.t,-2
By subniuiigin (3) :- I -2: 3 Gatisfy n) "'
Tr'c qo $migh! li.4 e inrr.cting l l=rt,-t,tt*,1 z,z, ,tt

-,-\=4. !=-l , L=2

,"2r| 2=a11+3 ,.-2ir-.rr=5 (t) (2) ..N=(r-2r!,2+2r,r 4l)
... Ihe rwo shigh! lin6 i sEbd ar
,-3rr=4t?+l : 3rr 4rr=l (2) c-u=fr c=t z 2r!-r+2r,3 4r)
,41t+ t =211+7 ...4ta21.=6 (r) , erv ri6 ..a,.[=o
 .-.1 t,2, 4\.t 2 2r,-l+2r,r 4r)=0 (t) .,1L+9!=-7 (r)
Iol
4=(0,-5,5) , a,=o, r, rr
:4+4 r-6+4 r- 12 + l6 r= 0 rrcs(1) ,(r) wesd: tr =- s '!=+
.,=+ ( al=ro, s,sr.rs.-t' tl=o*s s=o by sbsituk reqmrim (3): s+rxlj, ?

.cn=(+,+,3)=(,,,-r'o . . The lwo rnaight Liics e p..p.ndicultr ar, Ih.k vrlus dotr t satisfy th..qurrion (r)

: atution of rhe shishr liic Flm(r),(r) *csd: tr =? ' t1= + .'. nre r*o stJiAht liEs @ skcw.
d lnc poi or i.trkdion d *hich : i -i
i=o,r, zt+it-rq,-tt, ll by$bdi,uoiiG):? 1r x
+r 3
lol
IEI
=(-2,r,0+r,o, r, r) i,., T)r$ valu.s doi\ sijsfy eqution (3)
z,r, r
O,=f,' zO
...3= 2+sl (l) . Tfu rwo shighi @ sk@.
'd;=P,," 3,
. lincs
kr rh. rwo sr c o
,,, CELI
shr linN bc inr.,grins ar
.'. 5 rr -rr= 6 (2)
lDl '. '$e two sftiEhl lins e pependiculr
..5lj+1.= 4 (:r)
... c=(l +2r, r+2r,2-r) '5+5rL=l-! al=r s,z,rr , a_,=tz,r,a .4.q=,
(2)
Frcm sd: rr = L t,=l ...4.4=( 5,7,
md rhii v5lu.s
'(3)re
s.sry rh. equdion (l ) also r).12 ! 1,3)=- ro+7 +3 =o .. (nL- l - 2n) (2,2n-3 '-
-2, l)=0
A ( :. Th. tso r@ight lid m pependidlat ..2i-4+2n r+l +2n=0
ld;=A6=c '. Ih. two shighi lins oc itrtMtins onhqondly
,.'n=l
(Ly,z)=G, 3,5) (0.-s's) ,. aoh. poini of inEEdion , rL = i:
( I !a t0)+rr (-5 '7 ' l)
"d!4=c,2,-
,
r)
shighr lire ft p.rp€ndiculr
two
., Cmrdincorrhlpoibrori en€tion=(3 '2 '0) ..

. q.4=, lDr .'. 1 srL=2rx :5rL+2!=-1 (t)

lll
.'. (2,2,- l).(2r- r,2r, r r)=0 'T'j', '4+71, =! ( 3) (d) l4 )(d) (s)ic)
.'. 'nr r*o shisht lin* m nor p@llel
, Ar rhe pom or intlgtion : i = e r-.trl,tzl*"c.,, r, =+ ",= ]3
... (3, r ,2)+!r (4 ! 1 ,r)
, =rJ ,1 ..!t =,- 7 ,,, rol ! r)+r,o, l !2)
=(0 !4
by substibr in equdion (3) vc gc! :

:3+4rr=r, .'.411 (r= ;i-,, i* -"

.,q,noo"orrr,i=i:, r,3)*i(-?,2, ro) 3
i,- Thee valu.! donl $tisfy .g@riotr (3)
lDl ,2+1tt= 1+211 ..3rL 2t:=-3 : Th. Mo sbaishr lind aft ,kcw.
kr lne rwa shisht lms intcnld d C r--qo,ar *.ga r, = t,r,= t
IDI
by subrtilut in .qndioo (3)
4-G ,r,r-€ ,: ,.r)=lr , r , r)
",CELL
,., c= (3 + 2r ! r +t,4+ 3r) r,3 r"?,-3 ,rs ={a + r+ d =1ra;rae$ unir.

: Didion Yetd ot L, ,r,'Ih.k valEs dm1stb& cqu iotr(3) ,al=t+,0, :t -t-:,- r,o)=to,r, et

. . 118 rwo shighr lins @ sk.w .. d, -i=o,r,rr.rt,:, e)=6+3-e=40 = AB si" e =1ar ";, (o. ri)
,', T1lc lir6 m pa.odiculd
rro rdighr
,. il=p,r,:; lol
i,=12,-r,ry , a,=1 u,r, tt; ,. ddtepoi orinh&lion: i= r-1
'.' .Ih. No shighr liEs e peip.idicule Ol
,4 ... (.al=c ,- r , rr.c z,r, rl ,6)
4=o =(.4,0, 3) + r:(6,3,-9) 4=G,-3
." {2, r ,r).(3 +2 r ,l +i,4 +3 0=0 =2x 2+( l) x7+ I x ll =zm
,.0*.rrrr*r*lu*q,=0 ..r=# :- The tvo sta*h! lires @ Frpndicultr
...2+rj =.4+6r, ." rr -6 !:2 4=;-B=(a,2,o)

..{=(},t'',})=d'-s' D
i,t*a-",
0," p.i,r a
'.,,(l'2'4)+r,(?' f,=r-. .{4,'-:6,tc,1
"r
1,1)
: Eqndion ofL,: i=i (4,-5 ' l) =(r , r ,l)+ r.(-2,7 ! r1)
... Ar =fit;, ={to !ii..
bnsd) qr IDJ
.'. leBrh ol pcQ.di.ul6 sgftit ,qs =6- r - roo =1ft0 k"s,h *. 4=.ri=ro,z,:r
= 3in 0 =1E6 Jn (s6. ad) .'. Dhon@ b.rw@n i\e poinr ed lnc sraighr lin.,
^B 'S=t:z,t,tt
= As sin o ={il6 sin (4 r 5i) lEror fum oftheequrdon r
lnl .,1""."],. {0.4*, 11.' ', ;=c,a, )+r(a,r,,
D DiMrion vc.6ror;- -m= (r ,2 , ?)
=' 2,1. 2r,dr=il, l,:t \\ z/ ;,t=-t=
v. i ,'+ ,m ={+re =liir*6r,,,t.
.... l(,,,, n.(4,r,,l
It r.1. ).(1. 1.r)l \ y r
l@ lw V ry=j : Th. diMoe bcseo rhe rwo shisbt liie: fi.+ ll;,q
..m(.0l=lod45
- / 3nn_4t ,.=, ',= i = aB
"i,
o =15J"i, (:s" :i)
,rc ={iii + +q ={s,r re"c,h *i'.
liil={a*e *r={rr r""grt' *it. ,'. T1l tuigh. liD. tases drcugh
gc ={r 6; e;r;= s{, bnsrh ,;r.
.'. l.isrh ol vedor pnjedioo on rhe stajshr lift ,hceoiii0,+,+) lDj
,

I +, rt, *, * a,".nc = j , fGr , l'-, ro.

4=(r,r,i) , ;;=A-=(3,-r+ ,4+) Th. pointA(3 +t ... s
=i4l*"o={r-" ro"ai '2+t ' "-
Dimdo v@rororr;= G+ r,t,, ,:1/1
*"0- (3'1'+).(r,'+'4+) '. i (l , l , l) ir diM.ion ved ot 0 sraish line.

.{?;ar;i
J'..,+.,t.x.9 ...iEr
=

rm m. @,
at the point of iDhsrion ol rhe tuo sraighr lines.

* =16.,2r., .y
= g r.,,,n,-.
(2+r,r,0.(l,l, l)=o ',=t
El Dieh.c b.Mci rh. poin( ud rh. s@ght li@
...
(4, 3, 1)+ rr (l ,-a,7)=(L-L-I0)
,,=.2
4=A- -^Bsino=+"in6ri
.'. Th. coordiiai.r or th. poin! 4+rl=r+2! ,'.. 2r= 3 (l)
,4=r. A=r1,1,1r , 3 4rL= r rt' ,.4tt \\= 2 tx)
O_l pvi c 13.2,
. Ttu rIILE! on .!7! 3!= e c)
'.'Tt shight liftnulc,
^o,ri)
{,.'6.4 {4.'.36
..Et=r:.o.or. X l,+it , rr = 1
'q = 2 tV subdn& ii (3)
...7r1-3x2= e
,rr =rSllil?=tEi rcngr unrr.
'",=(E'F'F/ G {i,- . . The No sMthr line m d.rcclos al
..Garistil)

.'. Tn. p.rpeddictrk disbN. An siD 0 ,a,=ri=rr, r,zt ... n tL o) = 51" ai,Bc=fi =2Lnsdrunn.
=
c(r,y,z)= (4,- 3,- l)+ I (l ,-4 !7)
=1lrt *in (s6'4d) = s.3s Losrn onir. .,. nr disl,r b.Ncn rE poin ad rh. shisht rire.

El
{i.fl 1f.r r4
verorA=C=(1, 4,7)
= 2 sin (54'4a) - 1.6 leisrh unir. DiEcrion

{=-a-6,r, ror
, eg ='lli +I+a ={a rcncrh unit.

{=to,:, .l .'. Disb.e bdwei lls ,oiit and rhc shEht linc Diib.e bEs@n B dd de line ol-"t."
"-ore-C= tl,-0. rOl

.^a_ lc ' r '- ro).(6,r,-4) =* =i(3-,)'-(+'1'- (+ -,t ,Bc =1]latbisth unir.

16.m fi6,,.r6 =t/;s. er" s, = z.z r-eu *u.

{;l {6e.'56
'
 . .x =5+ L )= 3 +3r,2 .I 2r t= El
Bysubsnut in equrionol$e sphere. ,F. (1'- I '3).;=(1, l

= +1G;"15* ,/\ (5+r)r+(l+rO)+(1

4(3+3t)-2(l 2r)
2 r)r 2(5+l)
19=0 '/r / (r, r,).;=
l (x+
x-y+lz+l=0
r

l) (y 4)+rll l)=0
.'. lef,grh or p.r?.nd'cula litre segmenr tom a veder
lEl
Io J diatunal dcsl er fiuft wns = + I
Cc rc ol rhc rpheft 'xr
Thc poinr.r iNeedion is (5 2'l 6 l+4) lDl 2(r l) 3(y+l)+a(z-41=0 (sMnr,&d fom)
'
, .quarion or the shlght lim *,+-==+=,
i=0,r,st*r tz,-:,ot ,(5+1,r+r,1 2)=(6,6, r) .'. , = 2 r + I ! y = 3 r + 2 i r = 4 I - | ( 1) By subnnut€ by rhc poin( (2
'2,1)
DimiiotrvcdororBM a, 2,0)
.'.{2t+i,lt+2!41 l) ir apoi'n otr$.staisht .'.2i 2 3r2+,1xr 2l*0
= BM =( Thc diu$.c bu*ccn llrc r{o ,oiits
lin. , br I islne disran.eb.rue€n my poinr o. rhe .'. The Doint e lneplaft.
, BM =il; hns,h uni,. =l'it; rt; (-6it=,,rl% = u., h,srh urr (2 )... (3, s, 2).(2, 3,41=6+15 3
DiM.ion Edor ot C 3,6) l3*0
L =
' IEI =

td M b. rlt.enra ordrc sph.E

i :l#=2rr'+:r.r+2i4' r'4 . . Thc udor ^u
in nor p-,lhl b L\. pl-".
{rB 1l., 116
= l3 r + l2 + 12 r- 3 =50t+4
Er
p,,;i= 0
+, +.i=,
,: MA-.1L .
.. r= BM sin B =d2asin s6' 2d =4.16rcnsrhuiir. '=;
M'e=tr,r,3) I 2,1 , r)=(3,0,4) ,.."is"d#.h-r"
lol ^ o,n.4r r+,o, r) ,tr 'Ihe plme pas* rhreugh (2 , 0 . 0)

c.nc of sph.E = 0 ,2 ! l) i/o;l'i; (10 !5,,1) r= (r0,5,4).(2,0,0)

.=,.'i;.H t-s . utuc di =;
=riGkng,hmi,. I,,. 7}\L!!. ,
rs'ri
'I
,r'=c";-4'.(,."; 't=+
rh..qmmno,L =fi*ro'm ro. Oi
\ _/ i*t*t=
r-(5,3,1)+r(l'3, 2)
-
DiMrionved; -(-4,-r,o) I.llenslhun ,itscedrc( 2,1, l)
= (l

@o
'. The plme pnrss rhmush
'0 '0)
(6 ! 2). (l ,0
(1+r)r+ (y 1)r+(z+ 1l= '3,2).;=(6 'r '0)
* (6,r,2) ?=6 (v.crorrom)
{sJ 1! +,{ E 6(x l) + 3 y+ 2 z=0 (srandard fom)
@r (3)(b) (,r)(a) (s)(b)
( 3)(b) ( e) G) (r0)(a)
Dl
MN = AM sii o =dl, sin 63' i
d=d,l,o)
El
..t=,
,I
D=(0,0,6
BC=? x 5.6 = l1? lcnClhunir. . i=rr ,2, :r (x- 2) + l0(y + 1)- 7 z=0 (Sundod rom)
'4
.'. DiMrioi veroi ol tt = (l I -
' '
1l
...1r.2, r).i=(r .:. r) (o,0.0) ,,1x + l0y -72 + 2 = o (Gercmlrom)
p {:-L= -f:1= -er -, Dirrrion vebrof i6=@,0,1) (a,ro, D.;=
2 (vcoor tom)
 x]y,-41 IIt I' r k (a'1,9).(x,y,4=33
t2t t I -r l=o 2 x+ 3 y - z = 6 (divid.n by 6) ,qi e-c=l-r r o 4 a+ y + 9z-33 =0

,I t4 0 r t,rli=O, z,o e,2,t)=t 1, 4,2J

.. 4(i 3) + 5 y + 3 (z ,r)
=0
(S@danr iom) . . Tb. ple. int.Gpts rhc cmdiMr. ais x , y,z .. le-, e- -{ratiizti :7= rft I =t:,- r ,o)
,4I+5y+32=0G.mmllom)
(
auotaABc= + IA-xF l=31E au&mir. l, j l
4 ,5 , r) .; = o o.cd tom) lEl r n=n,. nr=t I 4 z
Or lr)z=o <2)z=7 (r)y=zm,y=5,r=0 lDl tr r0
( 1) (l ! 0 , 0) , (3 , 4 , 5) , (3 , 9 , r?)
@r
=,i -6ir r3i
(r)(5 ! 2,7),(8,
r0),00,-2,-9) 2 (3)(b) (4) (b) (s)(b)
,', Diturion vdor ol nte staisht lin. = (a ! b ! c)
.. eq*,ion or ih" pru* , i.i=i. i
; (r j y , , z I ) + k (a b , c)
+, rr)!( r r,,e)
.'. The .quarion is
(3) (J,o !?),(0, (3)G) (9)(b) (r0) (c)
= ,
' (2,6, i = (2 , 6 , l 3) ( l
r 3) . . , 2!5)
(1)(0,0,+),@, 4,0),(2,0,o) O3)(.) (14) (d) O, (d) Er 1z,e , tr).i=ss
(l8)G) 09) (b) @) O) ( r ) '.' IlE r*o plm.s m prau.l (2 ! l3).(n,y,z)=55
(21)(r) (z) c) Gt c) '6
qr Pr)O) (22) (.) .(=;i=1r, z ,21 2Jt+6y+ Irz 55=0
Ga)G) (29) (d) (30) (b) .. rquorion or i.i=i.i (s)i=(4, I !2)x(l,0,0)
1=( 3,4 ! D,M'=(5 r-2,
planc :
M r)
(33)(, Oa) (a) (3, (c) 'hc
|,'-2,4.; =(, 2,i).tt, t,2) ili
Mrdeomt or M,r4- = (?, ?, +) (33) (!) (39) (c) (40) (c)
(.1,-2,2).i=7 : 4 -l
(/B)(d) (44)G) (45) G) : =2r+t
=(lrlrD (t 2,2) (x,y
(4) G) (49)G) (so) (b) ' 'zJ='t
(sr) (a) (s2) (d) .,, rq,uti- d," prun", i,i= i.i
"r
rzti,=IE=e--i=0,r,- rr
(o,z,r).i=(0,2,r).(t,-r,z)
Iol
u f=o'r'r) (o ,2 , l).;= o
, r rl
2(3)-3(-2)+4(5)-5-27,,.aefi.prm.. ..t.;,= r r-rl=ri zj
r r ll .r fte plmc conGins x.axh
2 (-4)-3 (l)-5 =- 16 :Befi.pliE. a (m,tr,k)=(rys4, o+:+0, o+q+') ... i=(2,-z ,o),1=tr ,2, rt .. lt.quarion hby+. r=0
... ea*ri...r pr"m , i. i = i. i
2(6)-3(5)+4(-1)-t- .. Ecddon of dr. prm. B;+ + +1 = I
plm p6ks !-l
12
(.2,-z,q.i =(2,-2,oJ. O,2, 3) .', I1r. drsugh rh. Finr (4
'2)
++; + *= rrMtrrr bvrr
c! (2, 2,O;= 2 ....!
" ,*2=o ,.. L-2
12' 2'o) (x,y,z)= 2 .', Th..guation ofdr. plMe,2y+z=o
r 2(-3)-3(-5)+4(2)-s- 12
(6) .'Ih.pDjetionof rhcoriginpointonrb.ple
IBI
.'.3x+2 y +42= l2 (Divided by I2) (3 ) ; =e ,r , - r ) x (3 , 6 , 2)
...; = (z,3, s) (o,o,o)=(2,3, 5)
:2 (4)- 3 (- 7) + 4 (10) - 5 = 64 =lI t T1".q*rio' =; i pt.n.;. i
r
,,, or .

11 6 l (2,:, i).i={2,3,-s).c,:,
'h.
s)
.', th. Do,iA
'D 'E
G lyitrg i. rh. .m rid. ofrh. plrE. : Euation.r u. pr-" i. i = i. i ,
(2,3,-5).;=3s
Burd..wopoinbB,Celyingdr,Forhdride (4 ! r ,9).;=(4,1,e).o,2,r) (2,3 ,-s).(1,y,z)=33
... AB=t 4 ,6,0) ! AC=( 4 ,0,r)

156
 TI vo shight liies G inttrdins.
.'.2x+ly 5z-33=0
-i- lo-j='] 'k' a
Ya+
.'.

.', fts iomd diedion vccbr or ln. plee , 125,..?4,-n).;=(x, t4, 22).tt I 1iz)
.. rhc rc+ircn cqmdoD : + +
i= I

(3)tad,.i emF.d pd ordh mdide rr d' ur)EqudionorlneEiruiEdphne:++:+i

.'. Ttc .qudioi of rhc plonc h
=I = r 2 ll =r5'2, l)
@l
'.'(l ,l ,2) b.loEs b lne plm..
I+l+r Tho nonul dienon vecbi or (n. plmr
=l . (3,s, 7)€rh.phno l*L*?=r
..,1+ 1+:?= I ....-
r=19
(5,2, ) ;=(5,2,-r).(3,L-r) ti I i
r .. ftc rcqurdq*r.",11+ 1+ i = I
=t"
.. Th..qutiotr or rh. plme x+y+z= I
I
| -r l
(9 ) ld rhe iiEcp@d pd oI4h l.ui! .id y'ak lDJoy=5,2=a E! '. The plffi cotrEitu rhc seighr line
is k dd iibrcept d pd of z uir is m i=10,:, sy+r,1e, :,- t1
I * 1+1= T[c plo* .oiraii dE poinr (0 I
| ...
' ' 5)

rt+l+L=l E{h piser nftugh rh. origii.

;.( e, le, 16)=(0,3,-5).(-9,-r9,-16)
@r -&^ .'. 'I1,. tm shighr line N iiM.iig
.. 9)r 19y- 16z 23=0
o(0 r0,0) .a(s,o .r) <;L"-
-o/ -42
.'. Nomal diEtion of th.n plue
;"" t - )' @J
. L*f+ !- | ( r ) Ine papendicuh diEcriM ve.b on lr r rll' , r Th.point ( 1,3 ! 2) Iies on rhe s@ighr lie
plm=i =o-Aio'B lr r lll
=t I (2)
dr. indircd ..(-I '3'-2)e$.pl e
ti ! it,l=-01-,oi lr
(-2t !-6 !50)
: 5llr0 15 6
..Tn l!fu( l'3' 2)-(0'7' 7)=( l' 4,5)
=ltt
s | 11,2 =!
!1= ' "2 rl
15
=
.. Equrrionotl]lerlanc:r.(-21'-6'50)=0 ... Nomd dirc.tic v.ctor of the plm.
r=+,fr.-0),-=+ , '.' th. pbn. pNins rhmusi th. orisin point
.. Th. Dlan. ptrEs thm8h the o*rn polnt.
ti ; i
.'. e{unon ofrhc ircliEdplueh 6r+ l0z=0 =l-' -o s
F4udmofrh.erfe: + +++ +=r
,]t7}r,l7r (2 ) DiEdion veror ol rhc shisri linc 6i
@l
. al=rr,r,a,a,=rs,z,o I-r :l r

L
,., nE vedor ( ! D is nom.l dircdion v.dor or
(rq.. F4uddof - i-:-i
rhl do! ++++i= r oflitr sEak ir
.'. Equdion of slopc
-. Thc M shigh liD.s m pnr.llel or conicid.n. i 0 , r, r)= (o,2,- D.(r , r , t)
: (+. i .+)"d*h"ub i=r6,o,r)
' .'rhcpoin.A(1, z ,4 e Lr and by substihrion
'.' Tt. plb. *hich p.rFndictrI[ ro dE platre : @l by A ii L, ' w. ce d.duc. d[t ae L1
2x-2 y+4L-5=0 @r
rt. r*o shislll liia e inescins , i =i ,. Tlervoshigh!lires@panllel,ndn r
T1l.vetur(1,2,3) lics in rh.pt.oe.
'' (l, i '{) e,-z 'o=o ...G,1, l)+rr(r,2,3) ,de v.cror(2,7, l) prnll.lbth.plo..
...-r-r*f=o Tbc .duim rhm
=(2,5,0)+t,0, l,l)
. . is r uoiqE plan.
..1= 1
... T1E nomal didion recrtr or &c plre.
kta(1, 2,2)eLr,s(3,a,-5)€L
,', TlE .qudion of thE icquinn dan. is :
irr-tr=-l
2.t+12=4
(D
..IE=6 i= i: ,0, a i i it
I.1., = r,ur, nr,
(2)
imrl vetu pla. = r , rl= 27er)
3tr t?=l ,', Th. dr@rion of th. Equi'd
2 i rl
i j il
G)
Fmm(l),(2): .. t 1= l ( .lidion v{bi
=,re.a,= z e -zl=xi vl-z:i
'r,=2 ... 9 ,3 , I ) is mmal
cr) rl* ecmirm o'ii. et*:4+++: i.( 9,3,r)=(0,3,5).( 9,r,D
'.. TlE plai. pd*: tlnus]j (6, l0,l)
=r
.'. 3 (1) - (2) = I Gdisry dE equ ion). 4 I rl
T5A
 1X=6+22-4-4A+ t2l ... The srdgh1irepMll.lbrhe p1 e. l0i Ln.c,2,Dl i
@l cd 0=:= +
T6. idmol drEtim Ech of ine pbrc. '.' (3 , I t 3) e$c sMight lin. and su&riotc. v1+r+01,+4+r r
t; I il @
by n in thc cquorion of L\e pluc. ... € = @. rnd n
diBtion v.dtr
is lh. m!1. 6e!w.6
of ae shight liie md Domrl
=t , , (l) ... (3
' L3).(2 '0,- 1)=6 r=3GarirrYir)
3 -4 '=i,,4,-'0,
diEdion v.cto of thc phe.
r . . Tlr sftish. line lics on rh. plan..
t2l : Th. m6ur of ttt. mino msle bdw.en rho
, . rh. plm conbi$ rh. or,gb Poiot.
tDl shigh. linc ond thc plm. = 90'- 60" = 30'
. The .qudrioi of thc EquiEd.
.
Mul...q. (l) by 3 md ldd to dr.q (2)
... Th. veftr (2 , 3 ,4) h rhc diEtid vetor ol rhc
@l
(2'r,2).(in'L0)
. rn.*tu.0, ;,r) t"n.,*{ dirccdo! 1/4.r*1t;{
., -ll1vil
@l
Multiply rhe equarid (2) by 6 daddrhc
( r ) '.' Th. Equitd plu. L par"Iel ro ."-4s.-t
,
i. The nmd diEtid wch is (2 I 5) ... Th. nro Y.do6 e paall.l ...1E12m+r = 3G-;'hy lqudiis bom sids"
' '
ot e&h of rhc Mo pler. lhen rh! shight liie h Feendicule b $c plm.
. . Th. cqudjotr of th. ,lquiEd pl,ne : By lubsiitob ftm .quolio (a)'.qnu iion (5) ... s m:+rE +2=9 m, +9
@l (n- r)(m 7)=0
i.(z,r,o=tz, t '+).p ,r ,st ."
z-21=0
... (1, l, 1)isrh.diadionvtuoIrhcslrshr
:.2x+t,J +5
(2 ) ... ft. i
plan. pap.ndicule b 6. sdight linc
t9 z=95 -4x+u !-lA-6x 2y+ta (2 -L l) is ft. nomol diEction y.ror 0f &e plme @r
,hi.h pases drDwh th. Doints ,

(3,2,5) !(l ,6,4) ,., tox-22y +192 49-an ld lne mgte bcsen Lhen = 0 '.' € is th. snall.r iiglc b€t*e.n th.
Th. Eror(3 !2 ,6,a)=G,-4 1) rr, r, rr o. r'rr :[ shishr line lnd ln. prb. whee ( ($c diuiion
...
'5)-(l ' tEl
h nomil diMtio vcdor of th. plm. 1r+ +ri4rr+l v6roi or rhc stdsir rin4 = G ! 2,r) '4
'. (s ! 5 , 7) is diE.@n vedr
: The .qudion ol ftqujEd plm. : (tunonnaldiMriotrsdmdiDlm)=(l'2,3)
,(r,4, r n nom,l dftdion v*br orda
i.c, q,tt=tt,r,tt rz,-n 'l '.. (5 ,5 ,7). (3,4,-5) = 15 +20 -35 =O
Phne.
(3 2 I) ir nm0l dirdion v!tur of rhc pl ..
@ ' '
... ntr rEighr line pdall.l to plm. '.' (l ,2 ,4) is dnecdon wdor ot dE shigh. lin.. ... (90" O) k rhe mglc b.Nen 4 , a;
( 3 ) Th. nfrnal di€dion veb ot $e pluc (3,-1,-4)lisonth.suaightlitr. dhy (2,1! lLr, ,'r) (l '7.r)l
i I it ---
... , 3) is nom,l diBtion vecer ot th. plan.
slb6.ituting in .qurri.n of rhe plme.

= r r z l=r-re,+r.rzr 3(3)+4(-r)-5( 4) - 25 (sdsry ir)

vo+4+b14+rro Y F ll14 ir,r ,/li 1,, ,,r
rL-4
'lr'!+.+rrir+4+e
I 5 -6
vkl+sv14 { k,+ rY14
,.. Th. idight li@ is l]ary in rhc plme
1l
.,, Th. ved (-l 3 , 2) b nmnal di@rion
th. b.twen th. diEtion vedo.
,.rz * rt=utlitil ...3 k r l=1F;
' @l And ir is sle or rhe

Subsritut hy rhc poinl (2 ,3 ! l) stiidt linc od Dom,l dirc.ioi vdor of rh. plmc.
i.cr ,r,4=e, r ,+).( r ,: ,zr r.9 (k l)1=11+5 .'.gk2 l3k+9=kr+5
: Mesr ot th. miior DsL b.sEtr th. sdighr
..1k1 9k+2-o
r.-a+3Y+22-9=0 , (2!3, I).(2,0'- l)=4 l=3(rdhfyit). lire and h. plee = 90P ?S" 3j = ll" 2)
(4k DG 2)=o ..k=+-k=,
6l ... A(2
'3
,l) Ii6
Plo.. on de
.r=r+3tt,tt=+ '.' L - 2 2) is diMtio0 ve6, or lh. shidi linc
( @ @
' '.' (2, L 3) dircdion vecd of ihe rhigh line,
y=4 \ :\=4 y , (2 ,0 - l) ir n{Bxl dit.tiod ved ol a. Dlue
'
..(t 2,21.1210, r)-b6 (3 2 , l) h nomal dicction vc.d orth. pl ..
x=2+2. r 4(4-y) ' '

160
 .. 17 2lr=59 ... t= 2
E) ...2(2i+r) ( i+2)+(i t)=5
...r(,=1 ,yj=6 !?r=ll Diulion vccror or$c n ilhlline=(1 ,,i= l ... r'rr.poinrkG,1 !o)
.'. A(l,6,ll) ir $e pmjerioi ol B (t ,2,t) r. t4u{ion of rh. $roighr line ."
-thcreopoinr(L0'3),(3' t'0) b€ton8b
r=G! r!r)+r(l . l, 6)

@r
lBl
... rn didirm vtuortupmjErioD4=e, r, 3)
Subsirft by ; fom rhe equarion ot nrishr tin. in
The closi pol on rh. pl e fo'n rhc poinr B is
: Ih. qiuarioi ofrhc prcjeciion is:
J 2 0 2 r-il=m
... (2+ 3r, r+,'r!2+2r).(t , t,t)=5
ihc ptuledion or B on ihe
A(I !yL,zr) h tu
pl[easuming lhc poitrr
,

piojeriotrof rhcpotnr ,, ,-, o 'l i =(r ,0,:)+ te ,r ,-:l

a(r,0, r) on rhe siven Ptan. .r-l ': ,-rl
...2+3 r+ l -4 r+ 2+?
.. Tr'.poiitof intnedioiis
r:5
(2, t,2) ...A=B=(1-Xr, yr, I 7r) ,"t,.1=" I @
To nid thc poinr or i cAcdrion or dic rhre plam,
@l ,-,2 \x -z) + ly 2)+tz t)=0 we slv.lhcn by cBmcr's merhod.
'IrE equriotr oi rh. $mighr line
... (r xr, yr!-t, zL)=m(2,r,-2)
I
Frcm.qu iotroIrhc$mishrlift
.. The poin. A ( I ?m, m,- l+ 2n) .'..I=2+r'y= I r,7=l-6r t,
i. rr ,o,o)=,r subiiture in cqu ionolL\eplanc. :3

.lj
rhe

Subsribtc ,rom equirion of ihc $nishr lin. in $e

: A slrisiy rhe pleE equarioi .,.4+2 r 3 i+l-6i 7=0 l1 I
i 2(l 2m)+( n)-2( l+2m)=l
... (2r,r i r+0.0 !0 !0)=4 .-=+
..rhee.t rs(+,+,+)
@l

; ,:i,",.,"".,
"ii
i Thc ,oint ol in&r.crion is (4 , 2 , l) @l ...i=(1,2,-r)+rro, Lz)
... (r, 3, l)hpery€ndicutff dirccrionvecrorotr
lnl :x=1 , y=2-t , z= t+zt
Lr!\c poi A(ar !yr ! zr) 6€ rh. pnja.ion orrhe . . Endiotr of rhe shisht l,ne pa$ins throuBh Llr. ay sub ituiion in $e phie eq0 ion ro fiid
(l,2,r)oi ihesivetr ptonc !-3, 7)isp€q,cidicularbln.pteE
p.int A (3
,., ,"-. ,. .
".]i'
poini B

.'. e-=1r r, ,z-y, ,r z,)hpeiperdicutrb k:i=(3 ! s, 7)+!(l , 3, r)

... A lhe imas. orA by efl.crion on rhe ptaic
..,2(r) (2 r)+(-t+2n=5 ;1
=20

...4
belois'
-G
ro rh. sLdghr

+r, B rr,7+o
linc ...

"
Th. inrrse.ion poinr is11,0 r3) ,,=f =, ,,-+=-; '"=+=;
(l xr,2-yr,3 zr)=r{1,2!4)
...
! rhe poinrA(l ,2 !- t) Ins otr rh. shighr linc
... ]]ne point of inbnelion ot th. rhE planca
d !$umc dd ns pniedion is rh. poitri
:Ir=l_t '.(,.+,:)
yt=21 :yt=2
-r--- ,
'2
,r zl =4r :.zt-3 4t
7l
-/ ., i6=i i=rr, Ly, 2 ,2, + 1) ll?+E1iA
ii.(3+;,-3-;r, ?+ + r€e' e ... e-r*ar.r o,r,"*"b,i=e, r, r)
o
, '.' A (xL , yr , zr ) lics on L\e plm.
..(,.+i ,( +q+( 7++0.,=o .ll=d=llt=r (t) n, = t+,e, -:r , d=i:, r, o
... ! ++t+ 2a+a
'+ t + + G2-o 1 :xr=2i+l , y,=-i+2, zr=i-r ls *,1 ,
: I r+2 (2-2D+ 4G-4, = 59 516

... r t+4-4r+t2 t6!=59

... r=-,1 .r A=(- l,a, lt) tu',6.4"{4.1., rB
 ltl Mukiply th.e{tu ion (2) x to(l) ,hnine I = 0 inth?rwdcqudion
(2 );, =c, r,4) , ;;=G,-1 -3 md add

_516
( I )'Ihe lwo ,ldes m p.0endiculr ..sv l:"=: ,,r=lf
r.G, a,2) (3'4'-o)=0 .. It.cd4ioIomof UreIimorintecdioni': .. The line of inteEctiotr p*sii3 Utroleh (0 , L o)
ll]H.irG,h
(3);;=(z, r,r) , n-,-c,2,-o r.9 16-2!=0 ..r= 3.5 4r5'=+=" .. Equalion ol $e llne ot inteedion is :

{ 2 ) 'r TL lvo pl!n6 @ pery.ndiculr (2) nr. .{unions of rh. so phnes ft :

i=(o, r,0)+ r(r,0, r)(,"a-r"-)
:(l ,-3 ' I).(4,2,3)=0 .'.i(=r , y=1 ' z=-t(pammetricfom)
tl.+.r/5-i.16 .-a 6+3=0 .'.o=3 ,l=+,,=!
MulriDly cqudion )x ( 2) 3nd add cqudioi (2)
Al (3 ) .' The r*o plmB !ft pcrpcidi.uls
( I

,1r,r+z=0, y= I (cd.sianfom)
,', -3y + z= l,puty =t
trti,=o,r, rt , ;_r=(3,-2,o) :.(3, 5'r).(1,3'2)=0 ... z = 3+3 r,subdirur.incq.(l)
Ol
i r.3 15+2i.0 ..x+2r-2(3+3r=1 .'.x=7+41
The equarions or &. r*o plaes aE :
14+l+ .Yo+4+o (4 ) " Tne tuo plan.i .F p.jl.ndiculs .'. Thc p€ram.tic equaiions of lhc linc or
r. (7 , 2 ! 0) . (! ,1 , - ) =0
..7t 7-O -,=i i(=7+4t.y=r'z=3+3r (2)

(2);,=(o,r,0), i;=0,-3,, (3 ) Th. qulrions or the Mo plmes are

r{; El ;. (r1 1- i)= ,

11* ,fi's,5 . z.! ;.(i+ai ,i)=,

:. Thc two ploics arc
qlu
ineecrins,
nuhiply rhe idn(l) x2 rndndd toequation (2)
. 3i 4) .'. The Mo plmes de inrorMling ,', Disrion vEb' ollh. liue intedioi
.., € 59"
'.'(2'3,a).G! 6 = 6- 13 +0= l2+uo ..x=; ,,
(3);;=(3, r,o) ' i=(r' ,,0) '0) l, r t
,'. Tlr rwo plres u ,nteEriiS sd ior Perp.ndicul
, r rl=(-2,7.r, MulripLy.gunion(r)r{ (2)

t,.,1
2) aDd idd ro equation

- lr+r+oL =l
1"'r'1r'4 t: El ,="= (4)
(3)(c) (4)(c) (s)(d) Pu! I = 0 in th. rvo eCudions of $e palnc.

(31ft) l9) (a) (10) (d) :, (0,y,2).(r, l,l)=l

({ti,=tr, : ,l) (3) . . ane cmesim fom ol equdion ol lhe line or
03) (d) u4) (b) 05) (d)
(r3) (d) (19) (c) (2{)) (.)
,(0,r ,?).l .1 ' 2)=2
=.{n
{e'11,r{ (23) (c) (2a) G) (2s) (d)
.'.zy z=1 (4)
^ -1
-
(23) (c) (29) (b) (30) (c)

l3) (b) (3{) (c) (3s)(c)

... y=2,sub$itureh(3),2-3 The diErion rstor of the liie ot i@&ction
El (a3) (c) (39) (d) (r(,) (c)
. Th. point (0 2 3) lics oi rhe lin. of
' '
( I ) rh. r*o plmes de pdaucl
Er ol = I I r =r b.4r :)
..1=+ ' k=s ( I ) The .quolions of tu rm plan4 aE l
,'. Th. vecbr fom o[
inrcn.crion
the cquolion of line

is ; = (o 2 , 1) + I (
'
2 7 , I 3)
'
l,''
(2 ) '.' rhc rwo plan* are panllcl Didrion vc.b o[ rhe givci shighl line = (3 ! 2,1)
Ol
.6 L1 Dirccrlor vedor ofthe linc ofiitrsdioi
(3) r*o ph.cs ffi pmllel .', Th. rwo pah6 m inrcGcti4 muhirly I ji ^^
. - Thc linc of inr. rcrioi ofrhe t*o pl esis
=t|l 0
l hc '
cqErion(l) x ( 2)
' ,-|! ! :. -5x+x= 4
'addhequrio(2)
..2= 4+5x tr rl
163
 lnl Muhiplyrhcequrion(2)x r,ndlddro(t) ID
Th. pe$e.di.utr diEcrion vecror ..y= |I dxtrhnn&in(r)
phrc=(r !2 !-1) x (3, 1,2)
ro lre ruqunud b, $lvin8 rh. two €qurions
:6x M+32=
..l-6q! l!a.. -,
l,I' 1 i
1r-,-
.. ft . poi (0,- 1,0) lies on the lin. or inre^-rion. .'. ltre equation of line or inrciselion ,,lr r =4
] =l i ll. ?) ... The poi (0 , r ,0) lics oi $s rcquned ptrne.
t2 .'. Equdion of $e EquiEd plme ir ,'. I]rpoint(0, 1l, 13)licNonrne1ineof
r. T]le EquiEd Prec lqurtlotr is i ot, tr. rt)=(ra, r.r, rel (0, r.o)
@l
'Ite p.peidi.ulo lens$ Imm rh. spher etrft
r.(1, lr, 7):fl ,3, 5).(r, lt,-7) ..rh,wd*(+,0, r h diadoi Edd of rhe
ro

' r='
)

@ .. ftevm(+,o,-1) eurdbdEE+iErelm
'Ih plan. pas.s rhrcDgi ihc rvo poinb @r
.., rhe y.clor (o , | ! 13)-(2 ! 3.2)
a(r,-t,r),8( r,l,t) '.'Tlr phic 3x+ 2 y+z +6=0
... AB - ( L 2 , 0) h d vccror pfaltel ro rh. phc is p..p.ndiculu b rhe requird prm. =( 2 , - 3 , I t) li.s in rh. E,tuiEd ptaD
-Ih. nomal
di@rion vetor or rh. plse.
Ell
. (L2,2)isap.e.ndiculrdi@iionvcdorb v..d pnllcl b
. .
' .. Thc (3 ,2 , I ) Elnied plane r = leigrh ol reeendi.da sesneit lmm cenft
; ;
is L\e the

,.. d = ( 2 i 2 , 0) ! (L 2 , 2) is p.,pcndicut{
- . DircdioD w.ror uf the line ol inttrcrior li
=+ o =(-'.j.,')
diE.tioi v.cbr ro rhe Equird Pl@ lrr
=l r 2 1 =r-5.?, rl i Th..qu iotr ot dr. spheft is l
n=l 2, 0 =(4,4, or l? I
.'. Tle cqultioi of tne rcquiad plan. :
G lP+(y 2):+(z- t)1=r
lr ? 2 .. flre vedor(- 5 ,7,-3) is pull.lbdr Equind
;.(-s, l, 4)=a, La.(,s, J, 1)
@
.. TheEluirdpl . lguotiotr is ..-Bx ay a,= (+)
r.(4,4, 6)=0,-1,1) (.4,4, 6) - - The rcmd dirccridi lector of rh. EqurEd plsnc
l:,+ 2r rl
1tr4+xdi:a 14+4+r
=t r @ ...3 12r+ l =2512!- tl
t.,
2

lDl .'. 3 (12 + l)=a25 (2 o- l)

Die.ioi veror ofte
{6aa a

li6e of iieMdion .'. 3112 a + l)= 25 (2 a - l)

Pua=0in.&hofrwoequ ioB
ii i i .'.2!+1.=4 , y z=-a
ol Lhe plan.
36a+l=50!-2J ...14a=23
=l r r : =1 r.s.-r, by slving rhe two eqn ions. or 1(12 !+ l)= 25(2o l)
Etr
The equanon or $e ptrnc h :
..'Tn. hn. or inrn.crion lies itr rh. rcqdrcdpt.nc ," Th!Doi (0, 4,4) ricsm urlineof inbn.cron.
... n'.ve6r( 3,5, l) ptuolcl ro rhe EquiEd .'. {0.-4,4)li.s mrh.Equicdplanc. rh. i. 2,n,o'-rl-!,o,o\
.'. nr equarioi ot the EquiEd plm. k lI4+1*r
...
".
...M1!-=(r, 2,21 (2,5,r) @
,-7 5) pmllel ro rhe quiEd ptanc
i.t rr,,r,:l-ro, 4,4) I r,4!3r) = 1r",slnuiir.
'. The ,tquftd plaE G pralLl b th. plo.
={1 '
.r Nomar diurioi vedor or n\e plam lDl
Thl.quarion oldre dm h I x- 2y+42 9=0 i i6 equarion h ?x+y -4 z+ d=0
, j tl IB,f
i Ln8ih ol p.,leidicula sgmtrt iiom
=tr5_,=,,s.,,1,,u Ine .qmiiotr or line of inrn4.io :

Put J(
lr- -z
0 in
s
och of rwo qurnos ot r*o plDes :
ir,z,olrit=Ei
.- a+dl-21
or4+d= 2l
..4 + d-21 Ell
Lc!(x, y , z € rh. plan. Pr
( 2 ) Th. .qustid of rh. ploc ABC
i.Lz, t,-z)=to, l,l).(2!-4'-2)
is l

'l
l,-,,,,,1
o
' , , )

,', ft..qnarion olrhc plo. k,2x + y 4z+ 17=0 .'. The dtuune bd*m rh. so Phrcs
.'. l-srh oI p.iD.idiculr s.smni ftom D .'. 3 (y 4) 4(z 2) =0
= loErh or pdFndiclld eCmnr
tun(Ir'y I'z 4r-i',r , -,l/;hrdhutr,L
=r,,7r 4,
P2
r)rorh.Plm
@l 1/4 T.. ft. ploe Y
. . Tlc di.M.c bcsei L\. rM pl@s 4 (2 ) .quanon or
lit\E=t 3,1,2) , MF]=(6, 6,-s) {!)6=o,-4,2t-12. r,3)-(5'-3' l) i.<t,z,zt=<z,z,zt tt'z'zl
Nomal dicdion v@tor in rh. plme
N(rml diElon vedor of rh. plon. BCD

=
",ar,
,jk
,
"F; Frm rhe .gu'riotr of ln Dl6c
_ _ l1
s
I illl=12.3,
-r la,
{ 3 ) '.' (r , 0 ,

..3(0)+4(r)
fl ries on *h
20=0
or ln. two pland

=BDxBC=
= _r 2 2 =(2.-1.6) .. T[. disdnce b.sEn dE tu plms -l -l I
... r= 5 ,t + 2(0)+2 01- r2=o

=-lenP$ uni'. '. (nomol diMtjon uror of rhc plec ABC)

.'. Th. .qdioi of rhc rquiEd phne : (4 ) DiEtion vstor ol liie oI indsarion
(im,l Eh oIln. Plm BCD)
diEtion
f.c, r,o-o,-t,tI.tz, L r rl
.
:,er
@: a' 2).(2'3' la)=Zrc
... (l,-l,4)ndiEdonv4dorth.shish!lie
=e,
.. Tltr rwo plues m pcrpendi.ulu.
=1","1=":,,,,,
ldgrh or Fa.ndiclle scgmdr t22
,(1,5,1)isnm0ldirdiotrvedorof rhcplm.
_l?tsri-]rrr+6r :' rl-4 ki,u mi. ( { ) Trr nomdl diredio, vqd ol rtu plun. ODB ''( '0 ,J) lid oi sch orrh. No pld.r.
...(l ! l,4).(r,5,r)=1-5+4=o

6l
{&s+rb
.'. Tle rhight line is pddlcl & rh. plm. _ _ li7 -aI )ill=l l0' 17,l)
.'. (2 , 0 , 5) lis oo rhe linc ot

lin ofinrm.crion
intsetion.

'- 1-l- 1'

... (2, 2,3)€lhcsrajghtline
.qu.riai ofth. pl,tr i ,a + 5 y + z 5 = 0
=oD^oB=l
l.,t .r E{u.ion ofrhc
i=tr,o,st*r cz,,r, rt
i5

-3
D'rralpr rl- rrrr+:rpr-L2l
rhr
(,
,

.'. 'Ixe two pl@s mp allel and not.oitrcid.ni. .', Th. non ,l diErid veM ofth. plme aBC
,
: 1]r dhbc b€s€n rhc sbighr line md rfie plo.
s.cftnr
I'],-n ll;;
= leoc$ of rh. !.rpcndicule 4t t7 I 2t
,.=+ ,. (0,0, +)enc fe'-". Iron (2 , - 2 , 3) ro rhe plsc.
-. Didtid v@ro! or rb. line of inbt€tiotr e

=G,.r,2)i(-10,-u,l) 5 7p-9 =1 49-11

: Tlc l.Dgd oI pcrp€ndiculr *sment
=]i'!LflL = 1_ *i
rrLo,-aru,+al+) r l/,+b., r11
kns,r,
rt I il .'. 5 (2 p - 9) = + r (a p 17)

11.r* 4 2 =( 13, t3 !-74) - 10!-45-l2p 5l

@-l ... p= t- l0p a5=-tre+51 .,.p=++
l0 -17 I

@l (r)-B-i-i=(r, r,3)-(0,-r, r)
@l
'' B €.@h af th. two ples
i T-t'5 = t710
'2) ,. Equrio of liD. of iiEnotion k Th. c.nft or rh. sph.E is N (0 1 2)
,'. It No ple6 m p$dLl md rct coiicid.it. fr=e f:-/-1,-2,2) 17,-t,i) ud AN
' '
r p(! I=o !y=0 in rh..gDliimotrh.lr plan. =(-1, L 1) i=(z, r,rt*rt :g, tt,-rlt r.nsrrr of tr! rad,u,
r_\^
,', NoD,l diEtion ved or L\. plffi ABC =vir*,L'- ,=ar*c,h*" \ f /
.'. Tr,. dishe b.rwcn rh. r*o plucs
@l !h.n rh. elm ot rhc \eh.E tn \v/
A6
= "sa )Thecesioromof nE.{unioi of6.pl .
ti j il
= lensrh oI
pa!.odrc'nr e8tun! Ii.m (0 ' 0 , a) II
shkht lire *hich p&cs.s rhmE ,
Drm t4 ro)
+ , ,olt !t1l+ 5!
o 2 =r; al ]i l, r ,. ,-: tlE
$! en@d of e@h rhc sph@ md [r
b lh.
' =
-.. r =r x*l , , n, s-r l=o
l" ' ,,
'd t/n circl. is p.eddicula r. rhe plore of
3 I -l -'-,1
=+=3+l""sd,*i,.
 : MN = lcncfioapsrcndicdardisiic.. [x]
ld(r,y !z) 6c hy poid in rhe rcquird ptane
o. )!t1_
= 9 ', =:r."sr*i, . ]'hc toquiad plrE birers rhe anste berve.i rhc

... ru ."4i,, * rrrc.i,a" =r[,r, -l ={i r."go, ,"ir.

@r
.. Tn. pe]?endicurd di'knc. frcn (x , y , r)
c rrc of rrr( .phert tr i r- r . r,rrrE\^ .trch or rhc rwo pl es rre equat
ro

.. hngft ofirs md us I t / \ .l7a+y 6 lrx+sy 4u+r

AN=rs \'/ .-7r+y-6=ri31+5y 4z+ t)
. ur,r=t,l ltea!j.,_ r r.,u,i-r
o(rlrlll
=
! 6=tx+5y-4.+t
..7 x+
.. n".,ai,.urrr,...r"={rs .r={jir""g,r, *ir.
orTr+y 6=-3X 5y+42 l
.'. Au of rhe rrhkcrion= tl E squ!rc unir.

E)l ,r.'Ihcn *isr two plan ra,e{f,ndicul onc.r

riem bisErs rhc a cur Msle bdwei P , P: md
the other biadi $c obluse ansle berwccn rhsm

' . $e bigrh of Ih. p.qErdi.uhr fnm N ro

,rtom.=:,r ,dr..l 5 -r r"..,r,,",,
firn-, ,1,
.: AN ={6- (3),= 5 hnsih ui,.
." Th. fldius or rh. lph.E 5 tctrgih onir
=

{:x-41+<y r'1 +e+41=25

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