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Expert Systems

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52 views6 pages

Expert Systems

Uploaded by

nahid.ibrahim.shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IT (9626)

Theory Notes

Expert Systems
What is an Expert System?
An Expert System is defined as an interactive and reliable computer‐based decision‐making
system which uses both facts and heuristics to solve complex decision‐making problems. It is
considered at the highest level of human intelligence and expertise. It is a computer application
which solves the most complex issues in a specific domain.
The expert system can resolve many issues which generally would require a human expert. It is
based on knowledge acquired from an expert. It is also capable of expressing and reasoning
about some domain of knowledge.

Capabilities of Expert Systems


The expert systems are capable of −
 Advising
 Instructing and assisting human in decision making
 Demonstrating
 Deriving a solution
 Diagnosing
 Explaining
 Interpreting input
 Predicting results
 Justifying the conclusion
 Suggesting alternative options to a problem
They are incapable of −

 Substituting human decision makers


 Possessing human capabilities
 Producing accurate output for inadequate knowledge base
 Refining their own knowledge

Components of Expert Systems

The components of ES include −

 Knowledge Base
 Inference Engine
 User Interface
IT (9626)
Theory Notes

Knowledge Base

It contains domain‐specific and high‐quality knowledge.

Knowledge is required to exhibit intelligence. The success of any ES majorly depends upon the
collection of highly accurate and precise knowledge.

What is Knowledge?
The data is collection of facts. The information is organized as data and facts about the task
domain. Data, information, and past experience combined together are termed as knowledge.

Components of Knowledge Base


The knowledge base of an ES is a store of both, factual and heuristic knowledge.

 Factual Knowledge − It is the informa on widely accepted by the Knowledge Engineers


and scholars in the task domain.

 Heuristic Knowledge − It is about prac ce, accurate judgement, one’s ability of


evaluation, and guessing.

Knowledge representation
It is the method used to organize and formalize the knowledge in the knowledge base. It is in
the form of IF‐THEN‐ELSE rules.

Knowledge Acquisition
The success of any expert system majorly depends on the quality, completeness, and accuracy
of the information stored in the knowledge base.

The knowledge base is formed by readings from various experts, scholars, and the Knowledge
Engineers. He acquires information from subject expert by recording, interviewing, and
observing him at work, etc. He then categorizes and organizes the information in a meaningful
way, in the form of IF‐THEN‐ELSE rules, to be used by interference machine. The knowledge
engineer also monitors the development of the ES.

Inference Engine

Use of efficient procedures and rules by the Inference Engine is essential in deducing a correct,
flawless solution.

To recommend a solution, the Inference Engine uses the following strategies −

 Forward Chaining
 Backward Chaining
IT (9626)
Theory Notes

Forward Chaining
It is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question, “What can happen next?”

Here, the Inference Engine follows the chain of conditions and derivations and finally deduces
the outcome. It considers all the facts and rules, and sorts them before concluding to a solution.
This strategy is followed for working on conclusion, result, or effect.

Backward Chaining
With this strategy, an expert system finds out the answer to the question, “Why this
happened?”

On the basis of what has already happened, the Inference Engine tries to find out which
conditions could have happened in the past for this result. This strategy is followed for finding
out cause or reason.
IT (9626)
Theory Notes

User Interface

User interface provides interaction between user of the ES and the ES itself. It is generally
Natural Language Processing so as to be used by the user who is well‐versed in the task domain.
The user of the ES need not be necessarily an expert in Artificial Intelligence.

It explains how the ES has arrived at a particular recommendation. The explanation may appear
in the following forms −

 Natural language displayed on screen.


 Verbal narrations in natural language.
 Listing of rule numbers displayed on the screen.

Development of Expert Systems

The process of ES development is iterative. Steps in developing the ES include −

Identify Problem Domain

 The problem must be suitable for an expert system to solve it.


 Find the experts in task domain for the ES project.
 Establish cost‐effectiveness of the system.

Design the System

 Identify the ES Technology


 Know and establish the degree of integration with the other systems and databases.
 Realize how the concepts can represent the domain knowledge best.

Develop the Prototype

From Knowledge Base: The knowledge engineer works to −

 Acquire domain knowledge from the expert.


 Represent it in the form of If‐THEN‐ELSE rules.

Test and Refine the Prototype

 The knowledge engineer uses sample cases to test the prototype for any deficiencies in
performance.
 End users test the prototypes of the ES.
IT (9626)
Theory Notes

Develop and Complete the ES

 Test and ensure the interaction of the ES with all elements of its environment, including
end users, databases, and other information systems.
 Document the ES project well.
 Train the user to use ES.

Maintain the System

 Keep the knowledge base up‐to‐date by regular review and update.


 Cater for new interfaces with other information systems, as those systems evolve.

Benefits of expert systems

 It improves the decision quality


 Cuts the expense of consulting experts for problem‐solving
 It provides fast and efficient solutions to problems in a narrow area of specialization.
 It can gather scarce expertise and used it efficiently.
 Offers consistent answer for the repetitive problem
 Maintains a significant level of information
 Helps you to get fast and accurate answers
 A proper explanation of decision making
 Ability to solve complex and challenging issues
 Expert Systems can work steadily work without getting emotional, tensed or fatigued.

Limitations of the expert system

 Unable to make a creative response in an extraordinary situation


 Errors in the knowledge base can lead to wrong decision
 The maintenance cost of an expert system is too expensive
 Each problem is different therefore the solution from a human expert can also be
different and more creative

Applications of expert systems

Some popular application where expert systems user:

 Information management
 Hospitals and medical facilities
 Help desks management
 Employee performance evaluation
 Loan analysis
IT (9626)
Theory Notes

 Virus detection
 Useful for repair and maintenance projects
 Warehouse optimization
 Planning and scheduling
 Financial decision making
 Process monitoring and control
 Stock market trading
 Airline scheduling & cargo schedules

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