SAB2223 Mechanics of

Materials and Structures

TOPIC 2
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING
MOMENT
Lecturer:
Dr. Shek Poi Ngian
 TOPIC 2
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING
MOMENT
Shear Force and Bending Moment

• Introduction
‐ Types of beams
‐ Effects of loading on beams
‐ The force that cause shearing is known as shear
force
‐ The force that results in bending is known as
bending moment
‐ Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams
Shear Force and Bending Moment

• Members with support loadings applied

perpendicular to their longitudinal axis are called
beams.
• Beams classified according to the way they are
supported.
Shear Force and Bending Moment

• Types of beam
a) Determinate Beam
The force and moment of reactions at supports can be
determined by using the 3 equilibrium equations of
statics i.e
Fx=0 , Fy=0 , and M=0
b) Indeterminate Beam
The force and moment of reactions at supports are more
than the number of equilibrium equations of statics.
(The extra reactions are called redundant and represent
the amount of degrees of indeterminacy).
Shear Force and Bending Moment

• In order to properly design a beam, it is important to

know the variation of the shear and moment along
its axis in order to find the points where these values
are a maximum.
 Principle of Moments

• The moment of a force indicates the tendency of a

body to turn about an axis passing through a specific
point O.
• The principle of moments, which is sometimes
referred to as Varignon’s Theorem (Varignon, 1654 –
1722) states that the moment of a force about a
point is equal to the sum of the moments of the
force’s components about the point.
 Principle of Moments

In the 2-D case, the

magnitude of the moment is

Mo = F d
 Beam’s Reactions
‐ If a support prevents translation of a body in a
particular direction, then the support exerts a force on
the body in that direction.
‐ Determined using Fx=0 , Fy=0 , and M=0
Example 1:
The beam shown below is supported by a pin at A and roller at B. Calculate
the reactions at both supports due to the loading.
20 kN 40 kN

A B

2m 3m 4m
 Example 1

Solution
Draw free body diagram
20 kN 40 kN

RAx A B

2m 3m 4m
RA RB

By taking the moment at B,

ΣMB = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
RA × 9 – 20 × 7 – 40 × 4 = 0 RA + RB – 20 – 40 = 0 RAx = 0
9RA = 140 + 160 RB = 20 + 40 – 33.3
RA = 33.3 kN RB = 26.7 kN
 Example 2

Determine the reactions at support A and B for the

overhanging beam subjected to the loading as shown.

15 kN/m 20 kN

A B

4m 3m 2m
 Example 2 (cont.)

Solution
Draw free body diagram

15 kN/m 20 kN
RAx A B

4m 3m 2m
RA RB

By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
– RB × 7 + 20 × 9 – (15 × 3) × 5.5 = 0 RA + RB – 20 – 45 = 0 RAx = 0
7RB = 247.5 + 180 RA = 20 + 45 – 61.07
RB = 61.07 kN RA = 3.93 kN
 Types of Support

As a general rule, if a support prevents translation of a

body in a given direction, then a force is developed on
the body in the opposite direction. Similarly, if
rotation is prevented, a couple moment is exerted on
the body.
 Example 3

A cantilever beam is loaded as shown. Determine all

reactions at support A.

5 kN/m 20 kN
3 15 kNm
4
A

2m 2m 1m
 Example 3 (cont.)

Solution
Draw free body diagram

MA 5 kN/m 20 kN
RAx 3 15 kNm ΣFx = 0
4
A – RAx + 20 (4/5) = 0
RAy – RAx = 16 kN
2m 2m 1m

ΣFy = 0 ΣMA = 0
RAy – 0.5 (5)(2) – 20(3/5) = 0 – MA + 0.5(5)(2)(1/3)(2) + 20(3/5) (4) + 15 = 0
RAy – 5 – 12 = 0 MA = 3.3 + 48 + 15
RAy = 17 kN MA = 66.3 kNm
Shear Force and Bending Moment
P
a

RA x a RB

M
P
RA V
M
V RB
V= shear force
= the force that tends to separate the member
= balances the reaction RA
Shear Force and Bending Moment

M = bending moment
= the reaction moment at a particular point
(section)
= balances the moment, RA.x

From the equilibrium equations of statics,

+ Fy=0; RA – V = 0 V = RA
+ Ma=0; ‐M + RA.x = 0 M = RA.x
 Shear Force and Bending Moment
P F Q
a

a
Ra Rb

P F Fy = 0
Ra – P – F – V = 0
M
V = Ra – P – F
x1 V Ma = 0
x2 – M – F.x1 – P.x2 + Ra.x3 = 0
Ra x3
M = Ra.x3 – F.x1 – P.x2
Shear Force and Bending Moment

Shape deformation due to shear force

V V

Shape deformation due to bending moment

M M

‐ Positive shear force diagram drawn above the beam

‐ Positive bending moment diagram drawn below the beam
 Example 4
a) Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the
beam subjected to a concentrated load as shown in the
figure, and draw the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending
moment diagram (BMD).
b) If P = 20 kN and L = 6 m, draw the SFD and BMD for the
beam.

P kN

A B

L/2 L/2
 Example 4 (cont.)
Solution
a) P kN
A B
RAx

RAy L/2 L/2 RBy

By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
– RB × L + P × L/2 = 0 RA + RB = P RAx = 0
RB = P/2 kN RA = P – P/2
RA = P/2 kN
 Example 4 (cont.)
Solution (cont.)
P kN
A B

P/2 L/2 L/2 P/2

P/2 P/2

A (+) B
SFD
(-)
P/2 P/2

BMD
0 (+) 0

PL / 4
 Example 4 (cont.)
Solution (cont.)
20 kN
b)
A B

10 kN 3m 3m 10 kN

10 kN 10 kN

A (+) B
SFD
(-)
10 kN 10 kN

BMD
0 (+) 0

30 kNm
 Example 5
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to a concentrated load as shown in the figure, then
draw the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment
diagram (BMD).

15 kN

A B

3m 2m
 Example 5 (cont.)
Solution
a) 15 kN
A B
RAx

RAy 3m 2m RBy

By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
– RB × 5 + 15 × 3 = 0 RA + RB = 15 RAx = 0
RB = 9 kN RA = 15 – 9
RA = 6 kN
 Example 5 (cont.)
Solution (cont.)
15 kN
b)
A B

6 kN 3m 2m 9 kN

6 kN 6 kN

A (+) B
SFD
(-)
9 kN 9 kN
BMD
0 (+) 0

18 kNm
 Example 6
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to an uniformly distributed load as shown in the
figure, then draw the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending
moment diagram (BMD).

5 kN/m

A B

3m
 Example 6 (cont.)
Solution
a) 5 kN/m
A B
RAx

3m
RAy RBy

By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
– RB × 3 + 5 × 3 × 3/2 = 0 RA + RB = 5 × 3 RAx = 0
RB = 7.5 kN RA = 15 – 7.5
RA = 7.5 kN
 Example 6 (cont.)
Solution (cont.)
a) 5 kN/m
A B

3m
7.5 kN 7.5 kN

7.5 kN

A (+) B
SFD
(-)

7.5 kN
BMD
0 (+) 0

5.625 kNm
 Example 7
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram
(BMD).

2 kN/m

A B

3m
 Example 7 (cont.)
Solution
2 kN/m

A B

3m
RAy RBy
By taking the moment at A,
ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
2 × 3/2 × 3 × 2/3 – RB × 3 = 0 RA + RB = 2 × 3/2 RAx = 0
RB = 2 kN RA = 3 – 2
RA = 1 kN
 Example 7 (cont.)
Solution (cont.)
2 kN/m

A B

3m
RAy RBy

1 kN
(+)
SFD A B
(-)

2 kN
BMD
0 (+) 0

1.155 kNm
 Example 7 (cont.)
Solution (cont.) 2x/3

M
A
V
x
1 kN
dM 3x 2
 1 0
1 – 2x/3(x)(1/2) – V = 0 dx 9
9
V = 1 – 2x2/6 x2 
3
If x = 0, V = 1 kN and x = 3, V = – 2 kN
3
x  1.732m
– M + 1 × x – 2x/3(x)(1/2) (x/3) = 0 3
M = x – x3/9 Therefore, M maximum
M = (1.732) – (1.732)3/9
dM
M = maximum when 0 M = 1.155 kNm
dx
 Example 8
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram
(BMD).

3 kN/m

A B

4m
 Example 8 (cont.)
Solution 3 kN/m

B M
A

4m
RB
By taking the moment at B,
ΣMB = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
MB = 3 × 4/2 × 4/3 RB = 3 × 4/2 RBx = 0
MB = 8 kNm RB = 6 kN
 Example 8 (cont.)
3 kN/m
Solution (cont.)
8 kNm

4m
6 kN

SFD A B
(-)

6 kN

BMD 8 kNm

A (-) B
0
 Example 9
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram
(BMD).

10 kN/m 12 kN
3 kNm
A B

2m 4m 1m
 Example 9 (cont.)
Solution
10 kN/m 12 kN
3 kNm A B

2m 4m 1m
RAy RBy

By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
– RB × 4 – 3 + 10 × 4 × 4/2 + 12 × 5 = 0 RA + RB = 10 × 4 + 12 RAx = 0
RB = 34.25 kN RA = 52 – 34.25
RA = 17.75 kN
 Example 9 (cont.)
Solution (cont.)
10 kN/m 12 kN
3 kNm A B

2m 4m 1m
17.75 kN 34.25 kN
17.75 kN B 12 kN
(+) (+)
SFD A (-)
22.25 kN

3 kNm 12 kNm

BMD
0 0
(+)

12.75 kNm
 Example 10
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram
(BMD).

4 kN/m 5 kN

A B

3m 2m
 Example 10 (cont.)
Solution
4 kN/m 5 kN
MA
A B
RAy 3m 2m

By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
– MA + 4 × 3 × 3/2 + 5 × 5 = 0 RA = 4 × 3 + 5 RAx = 0
MA = 43 kNm RA = 12 + 5
RA = 17 kN
 Example 10 (cont.)
Solution (cont.)
4 kN/m 5 kN
43 kNm
A B
17 kN 3m 2m
17 kN
5 kN
(+)
SFD A B
43 kNm

BMD 10 kNm

(-)

0
 Example 11

Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

25 kN 5 kN 20 kN

A C D E B

1m 1m 2m 3m
 Example 11 (cont.)
Solution 25 kN 5 kN 20 kN

RAx
A C D E B
RAy RBy
1m 1m 2m 3m
By taking the moment at A,
ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
25 × 1 + 5 × 2 + 20 × 4 – RBy × 7 = 0 RAy + RBy = 25 + 5 + 20 RAx = 0
RBy = 16.43 kN RAy = 50 – 16.43
RAy = 33.57 kN
 Example 11 (cont.)
Solution (cont.) 25 kN 5 kN 20 kN

C D E
0 kN
A B
1m 1m 2m 3m
33.57 kN 16.43 kN
33.57
SFD 8.57
3.57

16.43

BMD 33.57
42.14
49.28
 Example 12

Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

10 kN/m 20 kN

A C B D

4m 4m 2m
 Example 12 (cont.)
Solution 10 kN/m 20 kN

RAx
C B D
A
RAy 4m 4m RBy 2m

By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
10 × 4 × 2 + 20 × 10 – RBy × 8 = 0 RAy + RBy = 10 × 4 + 20 RAx = 0
RBy = 35 kN RAy = 60 – 35
RAy = 25 kN
 Example 12 (cont.)
Solution (cont.)
10 kN/m 20 kN

0
C B D
A
25 kN 4m 4 m 35 kN 2 m
x 4 x
25 
20 25 15
SFD 4–x 15 x  100  25 x
40 x  100
x 15 x  2.5
40

BMD
20
31.25
 Example 13

Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

10 kN/m

A C D B

1m 3m 1.5 m
 Example 13 (cont.)
Solution 10 kN/m

C D
RAx
A B
1m 3m 1.5 m
RAy RBy

By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
10 × 3 × 2.5 – RBy × 5.5 = 0 RAy + RBy = 10 × 3 RAx = 0
RBy = 13.64 kN RAy = 30 – 13.64
RAy = 16.36 kN
 Example 13 (cont.)
Solution (cont.) 10 kN/m

C D
0
A B
1m 3m 1.5 m
16.36 kN 13.64 kN
x 3 x
16.36 
16.36 13.64
SFD 3–x 13.64 x  49.08  16.36 x
30 x  49.08
x
x  1.636
13.64

BMD
16.36 20.46
29.74
 Example 14

Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

50 kN 50 kN
25 kN/m

A C B D

5m 5m 4m
 Example 14 (cont.)
50 kN 50 kN
Solution 25 kN/m

RAx
A C B D
RAy 5 m 5m RBy 4m

By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFx = 0
25 × 10 × 5 + 50 × 5 + 50 × 14 – RBy × 10 = 0 RAx = 0
RBy = 220 kN

ΣFy = 0
RAy + RBy = 25 × 10 + 50 + 50
RAy = 350 – 220 = 130 kN
 Example 14 (cont.)
Solution (cont.) 50 kN 50 kN
25 kN/m

0
A 5m C 5m B 4m D
130 kN 220 kN

130
SFD 50
5

45
170
200

BMD

337.5
 Contra Point of SF and BM

• Contra point is a place where positive shear

force/bending moment shifting to the negative
region or vice‐versa.
• Contra point for shear: V = 0
• Contra point for moment: M = 0
• When shear force is zero, the moment is maximum.
• Maximum shear force usually occur at the support /
concentrated load.
 Contra Point of SF and BM
10 kN/m 20 kN
A C B
0 D

25 kN 4m 4 m 35 kN 2 m

25
SFD 4–x 20

Contra Point of
Shear Force x 15
40 (maximum negative moment)

BMD
Contra Point of Bending Moment
20
31.25 (maximum positive moment)
 Statically Determinate Frames

• For a frame to be statically determinate, the number

of unknown (reactions) must be able to solved using
the equations of equilibrium.
4 kN/m
ΣMA = 0
ΣFy = 0
2 kN
ΣFx = 0
RAx

RBy

RAy
 Example 15
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the frame
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

4 kN/m
C D
3m
4m
2 kN B
3m
A
RAx

RBy

RAy 5m
 Example 15 (cont.)
Solution
ΣMA = 0
4 × 5 × 2.5 + 2 × 3 – RBy × 5 = 0
4 kN/m
RBy = 11.2 kN
C D
3m
4m
2 kN ΣFy = 0
B
3m RAy + RBy = 4 × 5
A
RAx RAy = 20 – 11.2 = 8.8 kN

RBy
ΣFx = 0
RAy 5m RAx = 2 kN
 Example 15 (cont.)
4 kN/m
Solution (cont.) MC MD
RCy C D
RDy
C M RCy 5m RDy
C

3m ΣFy = 0: RCy + RDy = 4 × 5 D

2 kN
RDy = 20 – 8.8 = 11.2 kN 4m
3m ΣMC = 0: B
A
2 kN MC + 4 × 5 × 2.5 – RDy × 5 – MD = 0
MD = 0 kNm 11.2 kN
8.8 kN
ΣFy = 0:
ΣMA = 0: 2 × 3 – MC = 0
RDy = 11.2 kN
MC = 6 kNm
ΣFy = 0: Rcy = 8.8 kN
 Example 15 (cont.)
Solution

x 5 x
8.8 kN 
5 –x 8.8 11.2
C 6 kNm 11.2 x  44  8.8 x
C D D
20 x  44
x 6 kNm
x  2.2
2 kN 11.2 kN 15.7 kNm
B 6 kNm B

A A
Mmax = 8.8 × 2.2 × 0.5 + 6 = 15.7 kNm
 References

1. Hibbeler, R.C., Mechanics Of Materials, 8th Edition in SI

units, Prentice Hall, 2011.
2. Gere dan Timoshenko, Mechanics of Materials, 3rd Edition,
Chapman & Hall.
3. Yusof Ahmad, ‘Mekanik Bahan dan Struktur’ Penerbit UTM
2001