REVIEW IN REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN 2
APR 2024 REVIEW
Ultimate Strength Design of Concrete One-Way Slabs
• Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed One-Way Slabs
FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT AREA, As
Given: Mu
Assumption: 1 m strip. Therefore b = 1000 mm
Since almost all of one-way slabs are rectangular in
shape, the following formula for flexure of
reinforced concrete applies.

𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Note: Computed value of As is to be compared to As,min given by the code
Minimum Flexural Reinforcement Area
SPACING OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENTS “s”
𝐴𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑁=
𝐴𝑏

1000
𝑠=
𝑁

Where:
N – number of bars per 1 m or 1000 mm strip
As – total flexural reinforcement area
Ab – area of one bar
s – spacing of flexural reinforcements

Note: If “N” is required, round up. If “s” is required, do not round up the value of “N”
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF
FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENTS “smin and smax”
TEMPERATURE AND SHIRNKAGE BARS
Minimum Flexural Reinforcement Area
 SPACING OF TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE
BARS “s”
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑁=
𝐴𝑏

𝐵
𝑠=
𝑁
Where:
N – number of bars per 1 m or 1000 mm strip
As,min – minimum temperature and shrinkage reinforcement area
Ab – area of one bar
s – spacing of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement area
B – width of the slab

Note: If “N” is required, round up. If “s” is required, do not round up the value of “N”
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF TEMPERATURE AND SHRKINGAGE
BARS “smin and smax”
Comparison: Spacing of Main Flexural Bars and Temperature and Shrinkage Bars
SITUATION # 1
A one way- slab has a simple span
of 3m. The slab is to carry a
uniform live load of 8 kPa. Use f’c
= 28 MPa and fy = 275 MPa for
main and temperature bars.
Provide a clear concrete cover of
20 mm. Weight of concrete = 24
kN/m3.
a. What is the minimum required
thickness required by the code?
b. What is the required spacing of
12-mm main bars?
b. What is the required spacing of
12-mm main bars?
c. What is the required spacing of
10-mm temperature bars?
SITUATION # 2
A one –way slab having a
thickness of 160 mm is reinforced
with 12 mm ø bars spaced at 100
mm center to center. Assuming
the steel cover of 25 mm and fc’=
21 MPa and fy= 276 MPa.

a. Calculate the effective depth of

the slab
b. Calculate the steel ratio of the slab.
c. Calculate the ultimate moment
capacity of the slab
Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Vn

Vs/2
Vs/2
V n = Vs + V c
Vu = ΦVn
Φ = 0.75 (NSCP 2010/2015)
Where:
Vn - nominal shear capacity
Vu - ultimate shear capacity
Vc – shear provided by the concrete
Vs – shear provided by the stirrups Vc
Determining the location of Vu
 Simply Supported Beams
Continuous / Restrained Beams
Determining the Shear Strength Provided by Concrete, Vc
Design Requirements for the Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams
1. IF VU < 0.5 Φ Vc

NO NEED FOR REINFORCEMENTS

2. 0.5 Φ Vc < VU < Φ Vc

PROVIDE MINIMUM NUMBER OF STIRRUPS

3a. VU > Φ Vc and Vs ≤ 0.33 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3b. VU > Φ Vc and 0.33 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≤ Vs ≤ 0.67 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement
3c. VU > Φ Vc and Vs > 0.67 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

INCREASE BEAM SIZE DIMENSION

SITUATION # 3
Given is a floor plan of a reinforced concrete
slab. The slab is to carry a service dead load of
4.90 kPa (including weight of slab, beam,
ceiling, partition, floor finish, etc.) and a
service live load of 4.80 kPa. Use f’c = 20.70
MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Concrete cover is 70
mm from the centroid of tension steel
reinforcements.
a. What is the factored uniform load at BE?
b. What is the factored shear force at the
critical section for beam BE assuming it is to
be simply supported?
c. What is the required spacing of 10 – mm
stirrups at the critical section for beam BE
using simplified calculations?
SITUATION # 4
A fixed ended beam is 7.50 m long. It carries two equal concentrated loads of Pu = 196.8 kN at third points of the
span in addition to a uniformly distributed load wu = 19.6 kN/m. Use 2 legs of 12 mm ties.

Given: Steel:
Beam b x h = 500 mm x 600 mm Tension reinforcement: 4 – 20 mm Φ
Effective Depth = 510 mm For main reinforcements, fy = 415 MPa
Concrete Strength f’c = 28 MPa For lateral ties, fyv = 275 MPa

a. What is the shear strength provided by the concrete using NSCP 2015 detailed calculations at the critical section:
b. Determine the required spacing of ties at the location of critical section using NSCP 2015 detailed
calculations at the critical section.
SITUATION # 5
A simple beam having a length of 5m, width
of 350 mm and an overall depth of 700 mm
has an effective depth of 600 mm. It is
reinforced with four – 25 mm diameter bars
for tension only. The beam carries a factored
concentrated load of 500 kN at midspan and a
factored axial compressive force of 200 kN.
Concrete weighs 24 kN/m3. Concrete
strength is f’c = 21 MPa.

a. What is the value of modified moment Mm

to be used at the critical section for shear?
b. What is the factored shear force given by the concrete using detailed calculations?
c. What is the nominal shear force to be carried by the shear reinforcements at the critical section for shear?
SITUATION # 6
Given the column properties:
Column Dimensions W x L = 400 mm x 600 mm
Main reinforcement = 10 – 25 mm φ
Ties of Hoop reinforcement = 12 mm φ spaced at 100 mm o.c.
Concrete Strength, f’c = 28 MPa
Steel Strength, fy = 415 MPa
Clear Cover = 40 mm

a. What is the nominal shear capacity of the section, Vnx?

b. What is the nominal shear capacity of the section, Vny?
a. Nominal shear capacity of the section, Vnx Given: Ties of Hoop reinforcement = 12 mm φ spaced at 100 mm
Shear Strength provided by concrete: o.c.
Shear Strength provided by steel / hoop reinforcement:

bw
𝑽𝒏𝒙

Nominal shear capacity of the section, Vnx

b. Nominal shear capacity of the section, Vny

Shear Strength provided by concrete:

𝑽𝒏𝒚

Given: Ties of Hoop reinforcement = 12 mm φ spaced at 100 mm

o.c.
Shear Strength provided by steel / hoop reinforcement:

bw

Nominal shear capacity of the section, Vny

SEISMIC PROVISION FOR TRANSVERSE/ HOOP
REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMNS (NSCP 2015)
 𝑽𝒖𝒚

bc,x
𝑽𝒖𝒙

bc,y
SEISMIC PROVISION FOR TRANSVERSE/ HOOP
REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMNS (NSCP 2015)
hx3

hx1 hx2

hx = largest of hx1, hx2, hx3

SITUATION #7
The short tied column shown is subjected to a factored axial load of Pu =
3200 kN.

Cross-Section, W x L = 450 mm x 450 mm

Main Reinforcement = 10 – 28 mm Φ bars
Hoop Reinforcement = 12 mm Φ @ 100 mm o.c.
Concrete Strength, f’c = 28 MPa
Yield Strength of Main Reinforcement, fy = 415 MPa
Yield Strength of Hoop Reinforcement, fyh = 275 MPa
Clear Cover = 40 mm 28
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 = 450 − 40 − 12 −
2
a. What is the nominal shear strength of the column using simplified 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 = 384 𝑚𝑚
calculations?
b. For the shear along the y-axis, Vuy, what should be the spacing on
center of the confining ties or hoop reinforcement based on the code Since it is not specified on what direction
prescribed area requirement? we will compute the nominal shear
c. For the shear along the y-axis, Vuy, what should be the maximum
spacing on center of the confining ties or hoop reinforcement based on the strength, always choose the direction with
code prescribed area requirement? minimum Av.
Compute for Vnx
Shear strength provided by concrete in x-
direction:
𝑏 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 = 384 𝑚𝑚
𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑢 = 3200 𝑘𝑁

Since there is an axial compressive force in the

column, we use NSCP 2015 422.5.6
Nominal shear capacity of the section, Vnx

Shear strength provided by hoop reinforcement in x- direction:

Hoop Reinforcement- 12 mm Φ @ 100 mm o.c.

Steel Yield Strength of Main Reinforcement, fy - 415 MPa
Steel Yield Strength of Hoop Reinforcement, fyh - 275 MPa
b. For the shear along the y-axis, Vuy, what should be the
spacing on center of the confining ties or hoop
reinforcement based on the code prescribed area
requirement?
Ach
c-c = 40 mm
 𝑽𝒖𝒚

c. For the shear along the y-axis, Vuy, what should be the
maximum spacing on center of the confining ties or hoop
reinforcement based on the code prescribed area
requirement?
bc
𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑐𝑜𝑙. 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 450
𝑎 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 112.50 𝑚𝑚
4 4

𝑏 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6𝑑𝑏,𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 6 28 = 168 𝑚𝑚

 x1

hx2 x2 hx1
Maximum spacing on center of the confining ties or hoop
reinforcement based on the code prescribed area
requirement
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RC COLUMNS
WHAT IS COLUMN?
Vertical compression members intended to support the load-carrying beams and slabs.

Classification of Columns:

Short Column Long Column

fails due to initial material failure fails by to lateral buckling due to increased length
Short Columns

1. Plain Concrete Pedestal – an unreinforced

concrete with height less than three times its
least cross-sectional dimension. Use primarily as
a stress spreader, particularly of compressive
stresses
Short Columns

2. Tied Columns – column that has a series of closed

ties. These ties are effective in increasing the column
strength. They prevent the longitudinal bars from
being displaced during construction, and they resist
the tendency of the same bars to buckle outward
under load, which would cause the outer concrete
cover to break or spall off. Tied columns are
ordinarily square or rectangular, but they can be
octagonal, round, L shaped, and so forth.
Short Columns
3. Spiral Columns– a column with continuous helical spiral made
from bars or heavy wire is wrapped around the longitudinal bars.
Spirals are even more effective than ties in increasing a column’s
strength. The closely spaced spirals do a better job of holding the
longitudinal bars in place, and they also confine the concrete inside
and greatly increase its resistance to axial compression. As the
concrete inside the spiral tends to spread out laterally under the
compressive load, the spiral that restrains it is put into hoop
tension, and the column will not fail until the spiral yields or
breaks, permitting the bursting of the concrete inside.
AXIALLY VS ECCENTRICALLY LOADED

By strength of materials:

• A structure is said to be axially loaded if the

resultant load acts on the centroid

• A structure is said to be eccentrically loaded if

resultant load is located at a certain distance
(eccentricity, e) from the centroid.
AXIALLY VS ECCENTRICALLY LOADED

If we follow strictly this theory, all columns are

eccentrically loaded. It is practically impossible to
construct a column that has no induced eccentric
moment quite possibly due to workmanship issue,
accidental or added loading, etc. This eccentric
moment might or might not affect calculation of
ultimate strength of columns.
AXIALLY VS ECCENTRICALLY LOADED

Thus, USD sets a minimum eccentricity to classify

if the column is to be analyzed as axially loaded or
eccentrically loaded.

For tied columns:

𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.10 ℎ
For spiral columns:
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.05 ℎ
Note:
if e < emin, analyze or design as axially-loaded
if e ≥ emin, analyze or design as eccentically-loaded
USD: Axially Loaded Short Columns

P ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑃 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

Pcon

Psteel
Tied Columns

𝑃 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑃𝑛 = 0.80 𝑃

𝑃𝑛 = 0.80 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ 0.80 𝑃
Reduction Factor, ∅

∅ = 0.65
Tied Column: Minimum and Maximum Area of
Longitudinal / Main Reinforcement

0.01𝐴𝑔 ≤ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 0.08𝐴𝑔
.

Since steel ratio is

𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝐴𝑔
We could say that
0.01 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 0.08
Tied Column: Spacing of Lateral Ties

16𝑑𝐵

𝑠 = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 48𝑑𝑠

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

SITUATION # 8
A square tied column carries an axial dead load of 560 kN and an axial live load of 750 kN. Assume f’c = 28
MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Use 20 mm diameter bars.

a. What is the factored load that the column will carry?

b. Using reinforcement ratio of 2%, what is the minimum required dimension of the column rounded to the
nearest mm?
c. What is the required number of 20 mm diameter bars?
d. What is the required spacing of 10 mm lateral ties?

16𝑑𝐵

𝑠 = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 48𝑑𝑠

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

If the problem is after the “smallest” size of concrete column:
SITUATION # 9
A reinforced concrete tied column carries a dead axial load of 1000 kN and a live axial load of 1350 kN. Use
concrete strength fc’ = 27.6 MPa and yield strength of reinforcement fy = 400 MPa

a. Determine the design axial load that the column will carry.
b. If the size of the column is limited to 350 mm x 450mm, what must be the number of 20 mm bars?
c. Determine the smallest dimension of the square column section if the steel ratio is 2 %?
Spiral Columns

𝑃 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑃𝑛 = 0.85 𝑃

𝑃𝑛 = 0.85 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ 0.85 𝑃
Reduction Factor, ∅

∅ = 0.75
Spiral Column: Steel Ratio of Spiral Reinforcement

Dc Dc-ds

ds

ds

π (Dc-ds)

Dc
 𝜋 2
ds 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑𝑠 𝜋 𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠
4
π (Dc-ds)

s 𝜋 2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝐷𝑐 𝑠
4
Dc
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒

𝜋 2
𝑑𝑠 𝜋 𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 𝜋 2
𝐷 𝑠
4 𝑐
Spiral Column: Pitch of Spiral Reinforcement

𝜋 2
𝑑𝑠 𝜋 𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝑠 − 𝑑𝑠
𝜋 2
𝐷 𝑠 4
4 𝑐
𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (25 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 )
3
Center-to-Center Pitch 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75 𝑚𝑚
SITUATION # 10
A short circular column, spirally reinforced, is to support an ultimate concentric load of 3500 kN. Use f’c = 27
MPa, and fy = 345 MPa. Concrete cover is 40 mm. Use 10 mm diameter spiral.
a. Assuming ρ = 0.025, what is the diameter of the column rounded up to the nearest 10 mm.
b. What is the number of 28 – mm longitudinal bars needed?
c. What is required pitch of the spiral?

Dc Dc-ds
ds
SITUATION # 11
A reinforced concrete spiral column is to resist the following axial load: PDL = 900 kN, PLL = 1200 kN and PWL
= 350 kN. The concrete used has strength of 27.6 MPa and the reinforcement yield strength of 345 MPa.
Determine the number of 20-mm bars if the steel ratio is 1.25%