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Section 0.4 - Operations With Algebraic Expressions

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20 views10 pages

Section 0.4 - Operations With Algebraic Expressions

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keletsomthethwa497
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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If numbers, represented by symbols, are combined by

any or all of the operations of addition, subtraction,


multiplication, division, exponentiation, and
extraction of roots, then the resulting expression is
called an algebraic expression.

5 2 1 6
Ex. 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + − 𝑥−9
25𝑥
Note that an algebraic expression has no equality
symbol!
A variable is a symbol that can assume any numerical value.
A term is an expression that contains only multiplication or division.
Different terms are separated by addition and subtraction (and the
equality symbol if we have an equation). Everything within a set of
brackets or a root classifies as one term.
Factors of a term is all the expressions that can be divided into that
term.
The coefficients of an expression is all the non-variables of the
expression.
Constants are all the numerical values in the expression.
A term which is only a constant is called a constant term.
Ex. Consider this equation with variable 𝑥:
2 3
5𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 + 27
1 variable:
4 terms:
Factors of 5𝑥 2 :
Coefficients:
Constants:
Constant term:
Algebraic expressions with exactly one term are
called monomials.
Those having exactly two terms are binomials, and
those with exactly three terms are trinomials.
Algebraic expressions with more than one term are
called multinomials.
A polynomial in 𝑥 is an algebraic expression of the form

𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑐𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐0

where 𝑛 is a nonnegative integer and the coefficients


𝑐0 , 𝑐1 , … , 𝑐𝑛 are constants with 𝑐𝑛 ≠ 0.

We call 𝑛 the degree of the polynomial.


Note: A polynomial is a special kind of monomial.
Similar terms are terms that differ only by their
numerical coefficients. We can only add or subtract
similar terms in an expression.

Ex. 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥 + 3
We multiply algebraic expressions as follows:

1. 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦

2. 𝑎+𝑏 𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑎+𝑏 𝑥+𝑦

= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
Note the special products on Page 17.
We divide polynomials using a method called long-division.

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
Terminology: = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 +
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟

Method: See the next example.


We must have all the descending powers in the dividend in
order for the method to work. Also, your final answer has
to be in the form as given in the terminology.

Test your answer: 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 + 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑


• Look at the first two terms, one at
a time
1. 2𝑥 3 ÷ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 × 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 and
2𝑥 2 × −3 = −6𝑥 2
Subtract and carry down
2. 6𝑥 2 ÷ 𝑥 = 6𝑥
6𝑥 2 × 𝑥 = 6𝑥 3 and 6𝑥 ×
− 3 = −18𝑥
Ex. (2𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 − 5) ÷ (𝑥 − 3) Subtract and carry down
2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4 3. 4𝑥 ÷ 𝑥 = 4
𝑥−3 2𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 5 4 × 𝑥 = 4𝑥 and 4×
− 3 = −12
(2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 ) Subtract
6𝑥 2 − 14𝑥4. Remainder

(6𝑥 2 − 18𝑥)
4𝑥 − 5
(4𝑥 − 12)
7
2𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 − 5 2
7
∴ = 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4 +
𝑥−3 𝑥−3

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