Course Introducion

▪ Course name: ▪ Contents:

Mathematics for 1. Functions and Graphs
Engineering (MAE101)
2. Limits
▪ Textbooks:
3. Derivatives
MATHEMATICS 1. https://openstax.org/de 4. Applications of Derivatives
FOR ENGINEERING tails/books/calculus-
5. Integration
volume-1
(MAE101) 6. Techniques of Intergration
2. https://openstax.org/de
tails/books/calculus- 7. Matrix Algebra
TEACHER: Thu NTM volume-2 8. Systems of Linear Equations
EMAIL: thuntm38@fe.edu.vn
3. https://lyryx.com/linear 9. Determinants and
-algebra-applications/ Diagonalization
10.Vector Geometry
11.Vector Spaces
2

Contents

▪ Review of Functions
▪ Basic Classes of Functions

CHAPTER 1.
FUNCTIONS AND
GRAPHS
TEACHER: Thu NTM
EMAIL: thuntm38@fe.edu.vn

1
 Functions
Definition. A function f consists of a set of inputs, a set
of outputs, and a rule for assigning each input to exactly
one output. The set of inputs is called the domain of the
function. The set of outputs is called the range of the
function.

REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS
A function can be
visualized as an
input/output device.
A function maps every element in the domain to
exactly one element in the range. Although each
input can be sent to only one output, two
5
different inputs can be sent to the same output
6

Example 1 Graph

Definition. The graph of 𝑓 is the set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) in

the coordinate plane such that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑥 is in the
domain of 𝑓.

The graph of 𝑓 allows us

to picture:
• The domain of 𝑓 on
the 𝑥-axis.
• Its range on the 𝑦-axis.

7 8

2
Example 2 Example 3

The graph of a function is

shown in Figure.
(a) Find the values of 𝑓 1
and 𝑓 5 . .
(b) What are the domain
and range of 𝑓?

A graph of a function f has a domain of {1, 2, 3} and a

range of {1, 2}. The independent variable is x and the
dependent variable is y.

9 10

Example 4 Example 5

For each of the following functions, determine the domain Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = −4𝑥 + 2
and range.
a. Find all zeros of 𝑓.
𝑥
a. 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−1 b. Find the y-intercept (if any).
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 2
5𝑥+4
c. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5

11 12

3
Representations of Functions Example 6

There are four possible ways to represent a function:

■ verbally (by a description in words)
■ numerically (by a table of values)
■ visually (by a graph)
■ algebraically (by an explicit formula)

13 14

Vertical Line Test Vertical Line Test

A curve in the 𝑥𝑦-plane is the graph of a function of 𝑥 if (a)The set of plotted
points represents the
and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than
graph of a function
once. because every vertical
line intersects the set
of points, at most,
once.
(b)The set of plotted
points does not
represent the graph of
a function because
some vertical lines
intersect the set of
points more than once.

15 16

4
Example 7 Symmetry: Even Functions

Determine whether the curve is the graph of a function of If a function 𝑓 satisfies 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) for every number 𝑥
𝑥. If it is, state the domain and range of the function.
in its domain, then 𝑓 is called an even function.
a. b.

Remark.
The graph of an even function is
symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-
axis..

An even function

17 18

Symmetry: Odd Functions Example 8

Determine whether each of the following functions is even,

If a function 𝑓 satisfies 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥) for every number odd, or neither even nor odd
𝑥 in its domain, then 𝑓 is called an odd function.
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 c. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
3𝑥
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 4 d. 𝑓 𝑥 =
Remark. 𝑥−1
The graph of an odd function is
symmetric about the origin.

An odd function

19 20

5
Increasing and Decreasing Functions Example 9

▪ A function 𝑓 is called increasing on an interval I if for

all 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼
𝒇 𝒙𝟏 ≤ 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 when 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐
▪ A function 𝑓 is called strictly increasing on an interval I
if for all 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼
𝒇 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 when 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐
▪ A function 𝑓 is called decreasing on an interval I if for
all 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼
𝒇 𝒙𝟏 ≥ 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 when 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐
▪ A function 𝑓 is called strictly decreasing on an interval The function 𝑓 is said to be increasing on the interval [a,
I if for all 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼 b], decreasing on [b, c], and increasing again on [c, d].
𝒇 𝒙𝟏 > 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 when 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐

21 22

Exercises Exercises

1. Let 𝑓 be an odd function. If −3,5 is on the graph of 𝑓 3. Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥

then which point is also on the graph of 𝑓?
a. Find all zeros of 𝑓.
A. 3,5 C. (3, −5)
b. Find the y-intercept (if any).
B. −3, −5 D. All the choices are correct
2. Find the domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 =
3
𝑥+4
A. −∞, ∞ D. [−4, ∞)
B. −∞, −4 E. −∞, −4
C. (−4, ∞)

23 24

6
Combining Functions with Mathematical
Operators Example 10

Given two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, we can define four new Given two functions 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5, find
functions: each of the following functions and state its domain.
▪ Sum: 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 a. 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥
▪ Difference: 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 b. 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥
▪ Product: 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 c. 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓
▪ Quotient: 𝑥 = for 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0 d. 𝑥
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔

25 26

Composite Function Example 11

Given 2 functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, the composite function 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 Suppose 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1.

(also called the composition of 𝒇 and 𝒈) is defined by
𝒇∘𝒈 𝒙 =𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥2 + 1 = 𝑥2 + 1

Remark. The domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is the set

of all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑔 such that
𝑔(𝑥) is in the domain of 𝑓.

27 28

7
Example 12 Exercises
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥 , find the following The number N of bacteria in a refrigerated food is given by
functions and their domains. 𝑁 𝑇 = 10𝑇 2 − 20𝑇 + 600 , 1 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 20 , where 𝑇 is the
temperature of the food in degree Celsius. When the food
a. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 b. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 c. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 d. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔 is removed from refrigeration, the temperature of the food
is given by 𝑇 𝑡 = 3𝑡 + 2, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 6, where 𝑡 is the time in
hours.
a. Find the composition 𝑁(𝑇 𝑡 )
b. Find the time when the bacterial count reaches 1500.

29 30

Exercises Exercises

1. If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions, then 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓. Choose the 3. Let ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥

correct answer. a. If 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 and ℎ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2 then 𝑓(𝑥) is
a. True b. False A. 3𝑥 + 3 B. 3𝑥 + 4 C. 3𝑥 + 1 D. None of the choices is
2. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions, described by below table correct
b. If ℎ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2 and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 then 𝑔(𝑥) is
𝒙 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑓(𝑥) 3 2 1 0 1 2 A. 3𝑥 + 3 B. 3𝑥 + 4 C. 3𝑥 + 1 D. None of the choices is
correct
𝑔(𝑥) 6 5 2 3 4 6
4. If 𝑓 is a function then 𝑓 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓(2)
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 3 is
A. True B. False
A. 5 B. 2 C. 1 D. None of the choices is correct

31 32

8
Exercises Exercises
5. If 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡) then 𝑠 = 𝑡 7. Let 𝑓 𝑥 =
1
and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥.
𝑥−2
A. True B. False a) Find the function 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔, 𝑓/𝑔 and their
6. Let 𝑓 be a function. We can find 𝑠 and 𝑡 such that 𝑠 = domain.
𝑡 and 𝑓 𝑠 ≠ 𝑓(𝑡) b) Find 𝑓 + 𝑔 4 , 𝑓 − 𝑔 4 , 𝑓𝑔 4 , 𝑓/𝑔 4 .
A. True B. False

33 34

Vertical Shifting Example 13

Use the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 to sketch the graph of each
function.
a) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3
b) ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2

35 36

9
Horizontal Shifting Example 14
Use the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 to sketch the graph of each
function.
a) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4 2

b) ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 2

37 38

Example 15 Vertical Stretching and Shrinking

Use the graph of y = 𝑥 to sketch the graph

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3+4

39 40

10
Example 16 Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking

Use the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 to sketch the graph of each

function.
1
a) 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 b) ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
3

41 42

Example 17 Reflecting Graphs

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑓 2𝑥

1
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
2

43 44

11
Example 18 Example 19

45 46

Transformations of Functions Transformations of Functions

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHIFTS VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL STRETCHING AND

Suppose 𝑐 > 0. To obtain the graph of REFLECTING
▪ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒄 , shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑐 Suppose 𝒄 > 𝟏. To obtain the graph of
units upward ▪ 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒇 𝒙 , stretch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) vertically by a
▪ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒄 , shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑐 factor of c
units downward ▪ 𝒚 = 𝟏/𝒄 𝒇 𝒙 , compress the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
▪ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒄 , shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑐 vertically by a factor of c
units to the right ▪ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒄𝒙 , compress the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
▪ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒄 , shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑐 horizontally by a factor of c
units to the left ▪ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙/𝒄 , stretch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) horizontally
by a factor of c
▪ 𝒚 = −𝒇(𝒙), reflect the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) about the 𝒙-
axis
▪ 𝒚 = 𝒇(−𝒙), reflect the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) about the 𝒚-
47 axis 48

12
Example 20 Exercises
A graph of a function 𝑓 is given. Match each equation with
one of the graphs labeled I – IV. 1. Suppose the graph of is given. Write equations for the
graphs that are obtained from the graph of as follows.
a) 𝑓 𝑥 + 2 b) 𝑓 𝑥 + 3
(a) Shift 3 units upward.
c) 𝑓 𝑥 − 2 d) 𝑓 𝑥 − 4
(b) Shift 3 units downward.
(c) Shift 3 units to the right.
(d) Shift 3 units to the left.
(e) Reflect about the -axis.
(f) Reflect about the -axis.
(g) Stretch vertically by a factor of 3.
(h) Shrink vertically by a factor of 3.

49 50

Exercises Exercises
3. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is given. Match each equation
2. Explain how each graph is obtained from the graph of with its graph.
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
a) 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 4 c) 𝑦 = 2𝑓 𝑥 + 6
a. 𝑦 = 5𝑓(𝑥) b. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 5)
b) 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 3 d) 𝑦 = −𝑓 2𝑥
c. 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥) d. 𝑦 = −5𝑓(𝑥)
e. 𝑦 = 𝑓(5𝑥) f. 𝑦 = 5𝑓 𝑥 − 3

51 52

13
Exercises Exercises
4. Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥, use transformations to graph
5. Describe how the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 3𝑥 + 1 is obtained
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 = − 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 and 𝑦 = −𝑥. from graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
A. Compress horizontally by a factor of 3, and then shift 1
unit upward
B. Compress vertically by a factor of 3, and then shift 1
unit upward
C. Stretch horizontally by a factor of 3, and then shift 1
unit upward
D. Stretch vertically by a factor of 3, and then shift 1 unit
upward
E. None of the other choices is correct

53 54

Linear Functions
When we say that 𝑦 is a linear function of 𝑥, we mean that the
graph of the function is a line.
So, we can use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a
line to write a formula for the function as
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
where 𝒎 is the slope of the line and 𝒃 is the y-intercept.

BASIC CLASSES OF FUNCTIONS Remark.

For any linear function, the slope
𝑦2 −𝑦1
is independent of the choice
𝑥2 −𝑥1
of points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 on
the line.

55 56

14
Polynomials Power Functions
▪ A function 𝑃 is called a polynomial if ▪ A power function is any function of the form
𝑷 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝒃
where 𝒏 ∈ ℕ and the numbers 𝒂𝒏 , 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 , …, 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟎 are where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are any real numbers.
constants called the coefficients of the polynomial.
▪ Domain: ℝ

3
𝑦= 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 − 25𝑥 3 + 60𝑥
57 58

Trigonometric Functions Rational Functions

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2𝜋 = sin 𝑥 ▪ A rational function 𝑓 is a ratio of two polynomials

cos(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = cos 𝑥 𝑷(𝒙)
𝐷 = −∞, ∞ , 𝑅 = −1,1 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝑸(𝒙)
where P and Q are polynomials.
▪ Domain: All values of 𝑥 such that 𝑄 𝑥 ≠ 0

2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2 − 4
Domain: 𝐷 = 𝑥|𝑥 ≠ ±2

59 60

15
Algebraic Functions Trigonometric Functions

▪ An algebraic function is one that involves addition, tan 𝑥 =

sin 𝑥
,
𝜋
𝑥 ≠ ± ,±
3𝜋 5𝜋
,± ,… 𝑅 = −∞, ∞
subtraction, multiplication, division, rational powers, and cos 𝑥 2 2 2
roots. Two types of algebraic functions are rational tan 𝑥 + 𝑘𝜋 = tan 𝑥, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ, for all 𝑥
functions and root functions.

61 62

Trigonometric Functions Exponential Functions

The reciprocals of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions ▪ The exponential functions are the functions of the
are form
1 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙
csc 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
1 where the base 𝑎 is a positive constant.
sec 𝑥 = ▪ Domain: ℝ
cos 𝑥
1 ▪ Range: (0, ∞)
cot 𝑥 =
tan 𝑥

63 64

16
Logarithmic Functions Transcendental Functions
▪ The logarithmic functions 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 , where the ▪ These are functions that are not algebraic. The set of
base 𝑎 is a positive constant, are the inverse functions transcendental functions includes the trigonometric,
of the exponential functions. inverse trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic
▪ Domain: (0, ∞) functions, but it also includes a vast number of other
▪ Range: ℝ functions that have never been named.

65 66

Piecewise Defined Functions

▪ The piecewise functions are defined by different

formulas in different parts of their domains.

Example.
1 − 𝑥, 𝑥≤1
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥 2, 𝑥>1

67 68

17