4.

18 MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT DUE TO ORBITAL MOTION OF THE

ELECTRON
Consider an electron moving in an elliptical orbit of area A with a period T (Fig. 4.28).
The electron crosses any point in the orbit 1/T times in unit time. This is equivalent to a current
i-elT in a loop ofarea
A, where e is charge electron. Applying Ampere's theorenm, this current
ofthe
gives rise to a magnetic dipole moment H given by
HiA= eA/T .(1)
where A is the area of the orbit.

Since the areal velocity in a central orbit is , the area

dt

r do
4-[()a
Now, the angular momentum of the electron
2 do
P mr* = Constant
dt

or PL = constant
2m
Fig. 4.28
 MODERN PHYSICS
74 S

A d 2m
2)

Substituting this value of Ain (1). H P 3)

Since angular momentum is quantised, we have p,=ih

xIh= eh 4)
2m 2m
proportional to l.
H is directly
moment and is called the Bohr electron magneton
eh/(2m) is the smallest unit of magnetic dipole

(1.602 x10")x (1.055 x 10)-9.274 x 10-24 JT

PB 2m 2 x (9.109x 10) P
moment
Since the electronic charge is negative, the magnetic dipole
momentum (Fig. 4.29).
vector is directed opposite to that of the angular Proton
is called the
The ratio (magnetic dipole moment/angular momentum) R
gromagnetic ratio.

i.e.,
= = 8.8 x 10° C/kg. ..(5)
2m
P Fig. 4.29
Eq. (5) may now be written as

e
- g gi m with 8 =1 (Sa)
Pi
with g, =2 ..(5b)
Similarly,

(Sc)

Here, g is called Lande 's splitting factor

Bext
Note
When a magnetic dipole is placed in an external
magnetic field Be it experiences a torque (Fig. 4.30).

T =x ext
The torque tends to align the dipole moment vector along
that of the field. Maximum torque occurs when the angle
between and B is 90°. The P.E. of a magnetic dipole, at
any angle 0 relative to an external magnetic field is

AU= -H. Bet =-u B cos.

Fig. 4.30

4.19 MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT DUE TO SPIN

aetie
An electron spinning about its axis should also behave as a tiny magnet and possess a magnc
the
dipole moment due to this spin. However, nothing is known about the shape of an electron o
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 75
anner in which its charge is distributed. Hence it is impossible to calculate its spin
moment in a manner analogous to that used for the orbital motion. In order to obtain magnetic
man

agreement with
dipole
exoerimental results, the spin magnetic dipole moment (H) is assigned the value,

H 2x 2m
P, where p, =sh.
4 , 2 xsh = 2 eh eh -!
2m 2m 2m
4.20 THE STERN AND GERLACH EXPERIMENT
We have seen that the orbital and spin motions of the electrons in atoms endow the atoms with
magnetic moments. Direct evidence for the existence of magnetic moments of atoms and their space
quantisation is provided by the experiments of Stern and Gerlach.
Principle and Theory. The experiment is based on the behaviour of a magnetic dipole (atomic
magnet) in a non-uniform magnetic field. In a uniform magnetic field (B), the dipole experiences
a torque that tends to align the dipole parallel to the field. If the dipole moves in such a field
in a direction normal to the field, it will trace a straight line path without any deviation. In an
inhomogeneous magnetic field, the dipole experiences, in addition, a translatory force. If the atomic
magnet flies across such an inhomogeneous magnetic field normal to the field direction, it will be
deviated away from its rectilinear path. An expression for the deviation produced may be obtained
as follows.
Let the magnetic field vary along the X-direction, so that the field gradient is dB/dr and is
positive (Fig. 4.31). CLD is the atomic magnet (of pole strength p, length , dipole moment M) with
its axis inclined at an angle 0 to the field direction. If the field strength at the pole C is B, then the
dB
field strength at the other pole D will be B+ cos 6. Hence the forces on the two poles arepB
dr
and p B+cos. Hence the atomic magnet experiences not only a torque (plB=H8) but
dr
also a translatory force F p cone
dB
F H, cos .(1)
D

P[B+ (dB/dx)/cos e
CA
PB

B+[dB/dx) I cos 0
Fig. 4.31
it enters the fheld,
=velocity of the atomic magnet of mass m
as
Let V
L length of the path of the atom in the field and
through the field L/V
the time of travel of the atom
=

1
NI E N

F
 OF THE ATOM
cTRUCTURE 77
4.21 OPTICAL SPECTRA
The outer (valence) electrons of an atom determine the chemical and optical properties of their
The electrons in the closed inner orbits do not take part in the emission of spectral lines.
Spectral terms. Atoms are divided into two main categories, viz., one electron system and
many-clectron system.

n The alkali metals (such as lithium, sodium and potassium) have a single valence electron
tide completely filled subshells. The valence electron in the alkali metals therefore behaves
outsia

mach like the orbiting clectron in the hydrogen atom. Hence the alkali metals have a hydrogen-like
nectra. Their spectrum is also referred to as the one-electron spectra.
spect

I n the many-electron system, the atoms have more than one valence or optical electron
Qutside completely filled subshells. Hence they become effective in fixing the spectral properties.
or example, the alkaline earths belonging to the two-clectron system have spectra which are similar
For
among themselves.

Spectral notation. The states of the atom, in which the values of its L vector are 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5
re represented by the capital letters, S, P, D, F, 6, H, etc., respectively. The value ofthe total angular
nomentum ofthe atom J is written as a subscript at the 1lower right of the letter representing the
mo

particular L value of the atomic state. The multiplicity of the total spin () is written as a superscript
at the upper left of letter. If S is the total spin, the multiplicity is equal to 25+ 1.

Examples:() Astate with L= 1, S =and J= 3/2 would be written Pag and read "doublet
2

Pthreehalves". (Since S = , the multiplicity ofthestate = 2 x + 1 =2).

() A state with L = 2, S=1 and J=2 would be written D, and read "triplet D two".

(i) The spectral terms corresponding to L = 1 and S=. are written as Pu2 and P32: (Since

L=1,the capital letter which represents the stateis P; the multiplicity ofthe state = 2 x+1 =2;

thisisputas a superscript; J=LtS J =1+ = o r1 - - o r are put as subscripts).

The selection rules. An electron cannot jump from one energy level to all other energy levels.
A transition of an electron between two levels is possible only if certain rules called selection rules
are satisfied. For the vector atom model, three selection rules have been devised.
T h e selection rule for L is A L = t 1 ie., only those lines are observed for which the value
ofL changes by t1. For example, L can change from 0 to 1 (AL = 1) or from I to 0 (AL =-1).
Lcannot change from 0 to 2 (AL = +2) or from 2 to 0 (AL=-2). In symbols, a transition is possible
between S and P levels (AL= t1), but not possible between S and D levels (AL = +2).

Gi) The selection rule for Jis A J= tl or 0. But 0-0 is excluded.

(ii) The selection rule for Sis given by A S=0.
Intensity Rules. Whether an allowed transition is weak or strong is determined by what are
known as intensity rules. They are:

() Transitions for which L and J change in the same way (i.e.,A J=A L) are strong. For other
Changes in L and J (A L * AJ we get weaktransitions
(i) Transitions for which L and Jincrease (i.e., L>L+ 1and J>J+ 1) are less intense than
nose for which L and J decrease (i.e., L ->L -1 and J->J- 1).
 MODERN PHYSICS
78 are forbid
(i.e., AL-A )) are forbidden,
i) Transitions for which changes in and
L J are opposite
are written as
Symbolically, these intensity rules
AJ=-1 strongest
AL--1,
AJ= 0 less intense
AL--1,
AJ=+1weak
AL +1,
AJ=0 very weak
AL +1,
AL-1, AJ +Forbidden.
AJ=-1
AL +1,
interval in frequency between the
Interval Rule. Lande discovered a rule regarding the
The between two levels with
different levels constituting a multiplet.
It states that frequency interval the
to (J+ 1).
tofal angular momenta U+ ) and J respectively isproportional
Fine structure of the sodium D-line
interlocked in closed shells. They
ofthe normal sodium atom
are
Ten out of the eleven electrons
We have to consider only the states of
the angular momentum of the atom.
contribute nothing to
sodium.
eleventh optical electrondiscussing the spectrum of neutral
in
The D-line belongs to principal series. Lines ofthe principal a/2J P
1

series are due transitions from a P state to the S state. For the
to
-1 1/2 PIR
1, J L t S 3/2 or 1/2. Hence the two
upper P state, L
= =
=

possible P32 and Pn. For the lower S state, L

terms are:
=
0,
D D2
J=sothat only one term S2 is possible.
Fig. 4.33 shows the two transitions between the
possible
two terms of the P state and the single term of the S state. They -0 1/2 S
are Fig. 4.33
line of wavelength 5896 A.
) PnSi2 gives the D,
(i) P2 S/2 gives the D line of wavelength 5890 Å.
Now applying the selection rules A L = tl and A J = t l or 0 (excluding 0 0), both the
transitions are allowed. This explains the doublet fine structure of the sodium D line.

|4.22 FINE STRUCTURE OF H, LINE

According to Bohr's theory, H, line, the first of Balmer series, arises due to transition from
the third quantum state (n = 3) to the second quantum state (n 2).
Fig. 4.34 shows the different energy states for n = 2 and n = 3 in case of Hydrogen atom.

L J Term
Ds2
n=3 Da/2 Pan
n3 3/2 P3/2
1/2 P1/2
1/2 Si/2 Pi S
T
3/2 Pa2
n 2
23 Par2
112 P2
1/2 Sin
n2
-P12 Si
Fig. 4.34
Fig. 4.35
 OF THE ATOM
STRUCTURE 79
For the upper state n= 3

L values 0

J= L t S
and nd-
Spectral terms

For the lower state n =2

2S12 P2 and P2 D and Di2
L values 0

J LtS
and
Spectral terms
S P2and Pz
Theoretically fifteentransitions are possible between the five terms of the
upper state (n 3) =

and three terms of the lower state (n =2). But by applying the selection rules namely, AL = t 1 and
N 0 or t 1, these transitions reduce to the following seven transitions:

Dsn2 Py2
3 3
Dn 2Py 3
D3n2 Pi2 3 Pa22 S
3Pi22 *S\2 3 *S22°Py2» 3
S2>2Pi2
Out of these seven allowed transitions, two pairs in separate cases are identical, i.e.,
(3 D22 Pin and 3
Py22 S,al
[3 P22 "S2 and 3S22-Pr
since they represent transitions between coincident levels i.e., levels whose L values differ by unity,
butJvalues are the same.
Thus the fine structure of H, line should have five
components.
Now applying the intensity rules, the
transitions Ds2>P32 and [D3/2>P12and Py2>Sal have
the maximum intensity because they are of type AL=-l and AJ=-1.The two components D2>P3n
and PnS are less intense since they are of the type AL=-l and AW=0. The components Sin
Pyn is still weaker since here AL =+1 and AJ=+1. The weakest transition is Si2+Pi2 because here
AL +1 and AJ= 0.
Energy level diagram. The various energy levels are drawn in as the horizontal levels as
shown in Fig. 4.34. The coincident levels are drawn close to each other.
There are two such levels
in
upper state and one in the lower state. All the seven allowed transitions are also shown in
ig. 4.34. Leaving the transitions between coincident levels, the five transitions are
shown in Fig. 4.35. separately

4.23 ZEEMAN EFFECT

Zeeman effect is a
magneto-optical phenomeuon.
if a source of light producing line spectrum is placed in magnetic field,
spectralnormal
a the lines
ae split up into components. When the splitting occurs into two or three lines, it is called
eeman effect and can be explained quantitatively by classical theory. The splitting of a spectral
une into more than three components in ordinary weak magnetic fields is called anomalous Zeeman
efect. This cannot be explained by classical theory.
Experimental arrangement for the normal Zeeman effect. The arrangement is shown in
ig 4.36. MM is an electromagnet capable of producing a very strong magnetic field. Its conical
pOle-pieces PP have longitudinal holes drilled through them. A source of
light (L) emitting line
80
MODERN PHYSICs
The spectral li
is placed between the pole-pieces.
spectrum (say, a sodium vapour lamp) n effect mate
observed with the help of a spectrograph (S)
of high resolving power.
I he Zeeman
may be effect
observed in two ways.
Original
line

M
1 Longitudinal
view

h Transverse
view
da
d
HillE------i||
Fig. 4.36
)The position of the spectral line is noted without applying the magnetic field. The magnetic
field is now switched on and the spectral line is viewed longitudinally through the hole drilled
in the pole-pieces and hence parallel to the direction of the field. It is found that the spectral ine
is split into two components, one slightly shorter in wavelength and the other slightly longer in
wavelength han the original line. The original line is not present. The two components are found to
be symmetri ally situated about the position of the parent line. Analysing the two lines witha Nicol
prism, both the lines are found to be circularly polarised in opposite directions. This is called normal
longitudinal Zeeman effect.
(i) The spectral line is then viewed transversely i.e., perpendicular to the direction of the
magnetic field. In this case, the single spectral line is split up into three components when the
magnetic field is applied. The central line has the same wavelength as the original line and is plane
polarised with vibrations parallel to the field. The outer lines are symmetrically situated on either side
ofthe central line. The displacement of either outer line from the central line is known as the Zeeman
shif. The two outer lines are also plane polarised having vibrations in a direction perpendicularto
the field. This is called normal transverse Zeeman efect.
Lorentz classical theory of normal Zeeman effect. he emission of light by a
glowing gas
isdue to the vibratory motion of the electrons. The clectrons in the atom execute simple harmonic
vibration about the centre of the atom. The frequency of the spectral line is given
by the frequencyof
vibration of the electron. Any linear motion of an electron can be resolved into three
linear motion along the magnetic field and two components-
opposite circular motions perpendicular to the field
It is known that no mechanical force acts
upon a charge when it moves in the direction of the field
So the linear motion along the field is not affected
by the field and hence the frequency of this
component is unchanged by the magnetic field.
The other two circular components are affected
by the magnetic field, one being retarded and
the other being accelerated. Hence the
and that of the other is decreased
frequency of one of these circular components is increased
by the same amount.
In the longitudinal view, the unaltered linear
component along the field gives no light wave
along the direction of observation due to the transverse nature of
line is not observed. The two altered circular light vibrations. Hence the orig
components at right angles to the field prou
circularly polarised light waves. This explains the
Inthe transverse view, the unaffected linear
longitudinal
Zeeman pattern.
field
and hence perpendicular to the direction of component sends out vibrations parallel the
to
observation. This gives the central line of the u
STRUCTURE
OF THE ATOM 81
ag the same position as the original line and plane polarised with vibrations parallel to the
4 The two circular vibrations which are altered in frequency send out vibrations
feld and when viewed sideways appear as plane polarised vibrations in oppositeperpendicular
senses.
Eoression for the Zeeman shift. Consider an electron in the atom moving in a circular orbit
cdius r with a linear velocity v and angular velocity o. Let e be the charge of the electron and m
ofra
its mass.

The centripetal force on the electron towards the centre in the absence of the magnetic field is
mv
B
F mo'r ...(0)

Now let an external magnetic field

B be applied in a direction
of flux density Bev
perpendic to the plane of the orbits of
the two circular components and directed Bev
towards the reader. Then an additional radial
forceof magnitude Bev acts on the electron.
Fig. 4.37
The direction of this force will be outwards
from the centre for clockwise motion but inwards towards the centre for anticlockwise motion (Fig.
4.37). The resulting complex motion of the electron subjected to an additional radial force is called
Larmor precession. This produces a change in the angular velocity without any change in the form
of the orbit.
Let o be the change in angular velocity caused by the field. For the circular motion in the
clockwise direction, the additional radial force is directed away from the centre.
F-Bev m (o +8o)r .(2)
mor-m (o +8o)°r = Beor

2mro oo = Beor
or neglecting (öo)
or Sw =-Bel2m . (3)
For the circular motion in the anticlockwise direction, the additional radial force is directed
towards the centre.
F+Bev m (o +ô)r
Or
So = +Be/Zm 4)
The two cases can be combined into the equation

o e (5)
2m

Ifv frequency of vibration of the electron,

= 2TEV; öw = 27 ôv or ov = 0
27
Change in frequency Be 9 6)
of the spectral line 4tm
Ifv and à are the frequency and wavelength of the original line,

C
v or
v8.
Bea2
The Zeeman shift
=
6 = t ..(7)
4Tumc
82
MODERN PHYSIC
between the unmodified line of vw
EXAMPLE 1. Calculate the wavelength separation
induction ofTWbm is applied, in normal vel7eng
6000 4 and the modified lines when a magnetic eeman
efect
dh
BelIx(1.6 x10")(6000 x 10
SoL. We have
4 7mc 47 (9.1x 10") (3 x 10")
- 0.168 x10m 0.168 A.
between the two component lines whichare
EXAMPLE 2. Calculate the wavelength separation
used is 0.4 weber/m; the specific cha.
observed in the normal Zeeman efject. The magnetic field arge
1.76 x 10 Ckg and = 6000 A.

SoL. The wavelength separation

A-A2dh Bel
27tmc
Here, B 0.4 weber/m*; elm = 1.76 x 10 Ckg
= 6000 x 10m; c=3 x
10 ms
0.4x (1.76
x10 ) (6000 x-100
-- 2 m
2m (3x 10 )
= 1.335 x 10- m =0.1335 A
EXAMPLE 3. The red line ofcadmium splits into three components separated by 120 MHz whe
the source is placed in a magneticfield offux density 8.6 mT, the light being examined in a direction
perpendicular to the magneticfield. Calculate the ratio ofcharge to mass (elm) of the electron.
SOL. We have, 8v Bel4 Ttm.
4t 8v 47 x(1.2x 10)1.76 10 x C kg
B 8.6 x 103

4.24 LARMOR'S THEOREM

Statement. The effect ofa magnetic field on an electron
on the orbital motion a
moving in an orbit is to superimpose
precessional motion the
of entire orbit about the direction of the magnetic
field with angular velocity o given by o = Bel/2m.

Explanation. Fig. 4.38 shows two positions of the vector as it precesses about the
field at constant
magnetic
inclination and the corresponding
electronic orbit. Just as a mechanical top positions of the
precesses in a gravitational
field, an electron in an orbit precesses in a
called Larmor precession. magnetic field. This is
Change in K.E. due to Larmor precession. In the
field, the angular velocity of the atomic magnetic
amount Be/2m. Let o be the
system changes by an
change in K.E.
original angular velocity. Then

- m, ma .
2m

m o1 Be
2moo
Fig. 4.38
TRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
83
mr 1+ mr
mr o Be = Be
2moo 2m
Here, L original angular momentum= mr o
25QQUANTUM MECHANICAL EXPLANATION
4.25 OF THE NORMAL
ZEEMAN EFFECT
Debhye explained the normal Zeeman effect
without taking into account the concept of electron
spin. We neglect the spin motion of the electron,
Orbital angular momentum of the electron L= lh
.(1)
Magnetic moment of the electron = H, = !h -
(2)
In the presence of an external magnetic field
of flux density B, the vector I precesses around the
direction of the magnetic field as axis. The precession is known Larmor
as
precession.
The frequency of Larmor precession = o = Be/2m
3)
Fig. 4.38 shows two positions of the vector 1, as it precesses about the
magnetic field at constant
inclination and the corresponding positions of the electronic orbit. The additional
electron due to this precessional motion energy of the

AE 4B cos Ih Bcos
2m
Be hl cos
2m
But Be/2m =
o and l cos 0 =
projection of 1 on B m =

AE =
m B=mo h
2m 4)
with field

without field
i=2

- I=1
Vo

eYo-ov Vo Vo+ov
Fig. 4.39
 MODERN PHYSICS
84 Now, m,can have (2/+ 1) values from +/to-I. Therefore,an external magnetic
evels and
fieldthewiwillp-state
split
into 5 sub-levels and the
d-state (
=
2) is split
into (2+ 1) levels. The
asingle energy level
sublevels (Fig. 4.39).
(-1) is split into 3 absence of the magnetic field and
and
E
of the level I
=
I in the
Let Erepresent the energy field. Then,
of magnctic
level in the presence
represent the energy of this
+mB 5
E' E, +AE'=E, 2m
and with the magneti.
etic
level 7=2 without
E,"represent the energies ofthe
Similarly, if E,"and
field respectively, then,
eh 6)
E E+AE'= E, +miB
2m
field is
radiated in the presence of magnetic
The quantity of energy

E-E-(E -E,)+(m -m)B

eh
E-E (E -5,)+(mi -mi)

eh
hv = hv, +Am B
4tm
eB
or
4tm
frequency of the
the magnetic field and v,
=

where v frequency of the radiation emitted with

selection rule for m, is Am,=0 or t1.
radiation in the absence ofthe magnetic field. The
Hence we have three possible lines,
.8)
V V for Am,=0
eB
for Am =+1 ..9
V2 Vo t
4Ttm

eB for Am - 1 .(10)
and V3Vo 4Tm

Fig. 4.39 represents the normal Zeeman effect. Although there are nine possible transitions
they are grouped into only three different frequency components as indicated by equations (8),0)
and(10).Forthree transitions in a bracket, change in the value of Am, is the same and hence they
represent same change of energy and a single line.

4.26 ANOMALOUS ZEEMAN EFFECT

This can be explained only by using the idea of the spin of the electron. With the introduction
of spin, we have two angular momentum vectors 1 and s associated with each electron. The total
angular momentum vector j = 1+s )
The magnetic moment due to orbital motion

2m
H, is directed oppositely to I because of the negative charge of the electron.
rQUCTURE OF THE ATOM
85
Cimilarly, the magnetic moment due to the spin of the
electron,
42s
2m (3)
oppositely directed to s because of the negative charge of
is
the electron. The relationships betwcen the magnetic
moments and
dhe angular momenta are shown in Fig. 4.40.
The resultant magnetic moment ju is not
along j. Since 1 and s
arecess about j. 4, and j4, must also precess about j.
To out the resultant magnetic moment of the
find clectron, each
Cthese vectors u, and 4, is resolved into two
components, one along
and the other perpendicu to it. The value of the
perpendicular
Donent of each vector, averaged over a
period of the motion
will be zero, since it is constantly changing direction. The
effective
magnetic moment of the clectron will be

= component of u, along the direction of j + component of , Fig. 4.40

along the direction of ji
eh eh
2m
I cos (1,j) +2s
2m
cos
(s, j)
[1
2m
cos (1,j)+ 2s cos
(s, j)]
But according to cosine law,

cos(1,) + i -
21J
and cos (s, j) +f-?
2sj

Hence,

eh 3 -
2m

Writing =j0+ 1) and so on,

+1)+s(s+1)-d+1D]
2jG+1)
The quantity 1+ JU+ )+s(s +D-10+) =g
2j +1)
is called the Lande g factor.

Hence
2m

Ifthe atom is placed in a weak magnetic field, the total angular momentum vectorj precesses
about the direction of the magnetic field as axis,
The additional energy AE due to the action of the magnetic field on this atomic magnet is
 MODERN PHYSICS
86
eh
AE B cos (j,B) jB cos
(j.B)
H, 2m
the direction of the magnetic field =m
m
the projection of the
vector j on
Butj cos (j, B)
=

Hence, AE 2m
Bgm
used for expressing
Lorentz unit. It is a unit of energy .

The quantity B is called a

2m
field.
splitting of the energy levels in a magnetic + 1) sublevels with th
level is split up into (2j
Since m, has (2j +1) values, a given energy 0 or tl, we ge
to the selection rule Am,
=

application ofmagnetic field. When this m, subjected

is
D-lines.
the transitions shown in Fig. 4.41 for the sodium
The ground state Sn splits into two sublevels. Here,

I-0,s= j- hence,

8 1+22

gm
3/2
gm 2
1/2 1/2 2/3
1/3
-2/3
-1/3
-1/2 I -2
-1/2 -3/2
D2
D
1/2
S 1/2

1
-1/2
-1/2
Fig. 4.41

Since m, can have the values andi- gm, can have the values +1 and -1. The following

table (Table 4.3) gives the values for the

quantum numbers necessary
splitting factor gm, for each of the energy levels of the sodium D-lines. for
the determination of the

TABLE 4.3
State
m mg
1,-1

Pn

2P 2
 OF THE ATOM
TRUCT 87
The longer wavelength component P12S, splits into four lines. The shorter wavelength
mponent P/2 25plits into six lines.
comp
Thus the introduction of electron spin has led to complete agreement between the experimental
eults and the theory of the anomalous Zeeman effect.
resu.

4.27 PASCHEN-BACK EFFECT

Paschen and Back found that whatever be the anomalous Zeeman pattern of a given line in a
nk magnetic field, the pattern always approximates the normal Zeeman triplet as the field strength is
weak
nrogressively increased. This redtuction may occur either through the coalescence oflines or through
he disappearance of certain lines. This transition phenomenon is called Paschen-Back effect.
Explanation. In a strong magnetic ficld, the coupling between I and s
hreaks down, and j loses its significance. I and s are quantised separately. I and s
arecess separately about the external magnetic field B independent of each other
(Fig. 4.42). The energy change due to the presence of the field will then be made
uD of two parts, one arising from the precession ofI about B and the other from
about B.
the precession of s
Hence AE (AE), + (AE),
B
4Tm
[l cos (, B) +2s cos (s, B)]
eh ms S
B (m, + 2m,).
4Ttm
In terms of frequency change,
eB Fig. 4.42
Av A (m + 2m,).
4Tm
The quantity (m + 2m,) is known as the strong feld quantum number and is evidently an
integer. Now since Am, =0 or t 1, Am, =0, A(m, + 2m,) 0 1. =

ort
Hence in a strong magnetic field, a given spectral line will split into three components only and
this is the usual characteristic of the normal Zeeman effect.

4.28 STARK EFFECT

The Stark effect is the electrical analogue of the Zeeman effect. The Stark effect is the splitting
of spectral lines due to the action of an external electric field on the radiating substance. Even
to the interatomic fields. Hence the action
very strong external electric fields are weak compared
of electric field on the motion of the atomic electrons can be regarded as small perturbations.
with instruments
Consequently, the Stark line splitting is very minute and can be observed only
located, in
having a high resolving power. The lines are split into a series components (satellites)
of
case of hydrogen, symmetrically on both sides of the original line.
Experimental study. Here the hydrogen atoms emitting spectral lines are subjected to a powerful
electric field. The arrangement used by Stark is shown in Fig. 4,43. The canal rays are produced
in an ordinary glass discharge tube provided with a perforated cathode C. When the pressure in

the tube is not very low, discharge takes place between the anode A and cathode
C maintained at
a suitable PD. The canal rays stream through the perforations in the cathode and form behind the
and
cathode narrow cylindrical bundles of luminous rays. An auxiliary electrode F placed parallel
is
of several thousand volts
close to C at a distance of a few millimetres. A very strong electric field
per metre is maintained between Fand C. The effect produced can be studied both transversely [Fig.
in the spectrum emitted by
4.43 (a)]and [Fig. 4.43 (b)]. Stark observed that the lines
longitudinally
sharp components under the action of the
the canal rays of hydrogen were split up into numerous

electric field.
 MODERN PHYSICs
88
series of the hydrogen spectrum are
spectrun
Results. The results obtained
with the lines of the Balmer
given below:
into a number of sharp 8000 V T 10000 v .IH
() Every line is split up
form symmetrical
components. All hydrogen lines
on the quantum C
patterns. The pattem depends markedly Canal
number n of the term involved. The number of lines
and rays
the total width of the pattern increases with n. Thus, the
number of components of Ha line is greater than that of
Spectrometer
the H, line; similarly, the number of components of H, is
greater than that of HR:
(i) Observation perpendicular to the direction of the Canal AL
electric field (transverse view) shows that the components rays
are polarised, some parallel to the direction of the field and
others perpendicular to it. Spectrometer
(ii) Upto fields of about 10 Vim, the resolutionn Fig. 4.43
increases in proportion to the field strength (E). In this region, we have linear or
first order Stark
effect. When E exceeds 10 Vim, there are shifts in the line
patterns which are proportional to E* and
we speak of the second-order Stark effect.