Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example

You can find the whole number given a Example:

fraction of the number using bar modeling.
Three-eighths of the town voted in an election. If 120 of
the people voted, how many people lived in the town?
e.g.
Solution:
3
of a group of children were girls. If there
5 Step 1. Draw the whole divided into eighths:
were 24 girls, how many children were there
in the group?
3
Step 2. Represent :
8
3
For , bracket 3 parts, then bracket the remaining parts.
8

3 units = 24 3 5
voted = 120 did not vote
1 unit = 24 ÷ 3 = 8 8 8
5 units = 5 × 8 = 40
1
There were 40 children in the group. Step 3. Divide 120 by 3 to find 8 of the people who voted.
1
120 ÷ 3 = 40, which is 8 of the people who voted

40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

Step 4. Add all the parts to find the whole group:

40 + 40 + 40 + 40 + 40 + 40 + 40 + 40 = 320

Answer: 320 people lived in the town.

Other examples of worded problems are:

1. Kareem said that four fifths of his age is 16 years.

How old is Kareem?

2. Charlie bought a book for $25.

5
He paid 6 of the regular price.

What was the regular price of the book?

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 22

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Multiplication of Fractions 1 9
Example: ×
3 16
Three steps to multiply fractions:
Step 1. Multiply the numerators:
Step 1. Multiply the numerators
1 9 1× 9 9
Step 2. Multiply the denominators × = =
3 16

Step 3. Simplify the fraction if needed. Step 2. Multiply the denominators:

1 9 1×9 9
× = =
3 16 3 × 16 48

Step 3. Simplify the fraction:

9÷3 3
OR = (Divide numerator and denominator by 3)
48 ÷ 3 16

Reduce the fractions and then multiply Example:

numerators and denominators.
5 2 5 21 5×1 5
×3 = × = =
6 63 3 3×3 9

Example:
5 9 51 93 1×3 3
× 10 = × = =
6 62 102 2×2 4

Make the whole number a fraction, by putting it Example:

over 1. 2
3×9
Think of the whole number as being the
numerator and 1 as the denominator: Solution:
Step 1: Put the whole over 1.
Example:
3 2
1
×9

Step 2: Multiply numerators and denominators.

3×2 6 2
1×9
= 9
= 3

2
Answer: 3

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 23

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Multiplication of Mixed Numbers Example:
1 1
To multiply mixed numbers, follow these steps: Multiply 12 × 25

Step 1. Convert to improper fractions Step 1. Convert both to improper fractions

1 1 3 11
Step 2. Multiply the fractions 12 × 25 = 2 × 5
Step 3. Convert the result to mixed numbers
Step 2. Multiply the fractions (multiply the
numerators and denominators):
3 11 3 × 11 33
× = = 10
2 5 2×5

Step 3. Convert to a mixed number

33 3
= 310
10
3
Answer: 310

Division of Fractions Example:

1 1 2 4
÷
2 2 3 5
1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4 Solution:

1 1 1
Step 1. Turn the divisor upside down:
÷ = 2 ( two in one-half) 4 5
2 4 4
becomes
𝟏 𝟒 𝟒 5 4
× = =2
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
Step 2. Multiply the 1st fraction by the 2nd one:
1 1 1
2 5
3 3 3 ×
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4
6 6 6 6 6 6
(multiply the numerators and the denominators)
2 1 1
÷ = 4 (four 6 in two-thirds) 2 5 2×5 10
3 6 × = =
3 4 3×4 12
𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
× = =4
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 Step 3. Simplify the fraction:

Look at the pattern before we state the rule: 10 5

=
12 6
Step 1. Turn the divisor (2nd fraction) upside 5
Answer:
6
down, i.e. invert.
Step 2. Multiply the 1st fraction by the 2nd one.
Step 3. Simplify the answer, if needed.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 24

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Word problems involving fractions Example:
4
Martha spent of her allowance on food and shopping.
9

What fraction of her allowance did she have left?

Solution:
4 9 4 5
1– = – =
9 9 9 9
5
Answer: She had of her allowance left.
9

Example:
2
Sam had 120 teddy bears in his toy store. He sold of
3
them at $12 each.

How much money did he receive?

Solution:
Step 1. Calculate the number of teddy bears sold.
2 120 2 12040 80
× = × =
3 1 31 1 1

He sold 80 teddy bears.

Step 2. Calculate how much money he received.

80 × 12 = 960
He received $960.

Answer: Sam received $960

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 25

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
A factor tree breaks down a number into prime Example:
numbers.
Make a factor tree for the number 60
Prime factorisation is expressing a number as a
product of its prime factors. Step 1. Begin by writing down the number 60.

Note that the product of the prime factorization is Step 2. Below it write down any factor pair whose
the original number. product is 60. For example, write down 6 and 10
on the branches because 6 × 10 = 60.

Step 3.

Step 4. Next repeat the process with the new branches.

Since 2 × 3 = 6 and 5 × 2 = 10. Write the
factors underneath their respective branches.

Circle the prime numbers.

Prime Factorization:
2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 26

A. NUMBER - Decimals
Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
A decimal number is one which has whole As you move to the right in the place value chart, each
number values and numbers with a fractional number place is divided by 10.
value (less than 1).

The whole number is separated from the Example:

fractional number by a decimal point. 1000 ÷ 10 = 100
100 ÷ 10 = 10
The first digit after the decimal point is in
10 ÷ 10 = 1
the tenths place value.
This is also true for digits to the right of the decimal point.
The second digit after the decimal point is in
the hundredths place value.
Example:
The third digit after the decimal point is in
1
the thousandths place value. 1 ÷ 10 = or 0.1 (one tenth)
10

1 1
÷ 10 = or 0.01 (one hundredth)
10 100

Example:

Ones Decimal Point 1

(Tenths)
10
Tens  1
(Hundredths)
100
1 7 5 9
10 times greater
10 times smaller

In the number shown above:

5
There are 5 tenths, having a value of 0.5 or 10
9
There are 9 hundredths, having a value of 0.09 or 100

In consumer arithmetic, the decimal point is Examples:

also used to separate dollars from cents in
money. $1.50 represents one dollar and fifty cents
$5.25 represents five dollars and twenty-five cents
$175.00 represents one hundred and seventy-five dollars

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 27

A. NUMBER - Decimals
Decimal Fractions in Expanded Notation Example:

Express 17.59 using expanded notation.

1 1
17.59 = (1 × 10) + (7 × 1) + (5 × 10) + (9 × 100)

= 10 + 7 + 0.5 + 0.09
T O . th hth
10 1 0 . 0 0
7 7 . 0 0
OR
0.5 . 5 0
0.09 + . 0 9
17.59 1 7 . 5 9

Answer: 17.59 = 10 + 7 + 0.5 + 0.09

Comparison of decimals Example:

We can use the methods below to compare Put the following decimals in ascending order:
decimals:
1.5, 1.56, 0.8
Step 1. Set up a table with the decimal Solution:
point in the same place for each
number.
Decimal Point

Hundredths
Step 2. Put in each number.
Tenths
Ones

Step 3. Fill in the empty squares with

zeros. Order
1 • 5 0 2nd
Step 4. Compare the numbers using the
first column on the left. 1 • 5 6 3rd
0 • 8 0 1st
Step 5. If the digits are equal move to the
next column to the right until
one digit is larger. Answer:
The ascending order of decimals is 0.8, 1.5, 1.56.
OR

Step 1. Line up the decimal point.

Note:
Step 2. Use zeros as place holders
To place numbers in ascending order start with the
Step 3. Visualize the numbers as whole
smallest number first.
numbers.
To place numbers in descending order start with the
Step 4. Compare the numbers from
smallest to largest. largest number first.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 28

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Addition of decimal fractions Example:

To add decimals follow these steps: Add 1.45 to 1.3

Step 1. Write the numbers, one under the Step 1. O • th hth

other, with the decimal values one Line up the decimals 1 . 4 5
under the other. + 1 . 3

Step 2. Use zeros as place holders.

Step 2. O • th hth
Step 3. Then add, remembering to put the Use zeros as place holders 1 . 4 5
decimal point in the answer. + 1 . 3 0

Step 3. O • th hth
Add 1 . 4 5
+ 1 . 3 0
2 . 7 5

Answer: 2.75

Subtraction of decimal fractions Example:

To subtract decimals, follow these steps: Subtract 0.03 from 1.1

Step 1. Write down the numbers, one under Step1. O • th hth

the other, with the decimal points one Line up the decimals 1 . 1
under the other. − 0 . 0 3

Step 2. Use zeros as place holders.

Step 2. O • th hth
Use zeros as place holders 1 . 1 0
Step 3. Then subtract, remembering to put
− 0 . 0 3
the decimal point in the answer.

Step 3. O • th hth
Subtract 1 . 1 0
− 0 . 0 3
1 . 0 7

Answer: 1.07

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 29

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Multiplication of decimal fractions Example:

If we look at the answers we see a pattern. We can Tenths multiplied by Whole Numbers
use the pattern to get a rule for multiplication by 0.4 × 3
decimal fractions.
Convert decimal fraction to regular fractions
4 3 12
× =
10 1 10
12
= 1.2
10

0.4 × 3 = 1.2 0.4 × 3 = 1.2

Example:

Hundredths multiplied by Whole Numbers

0.23 × 5
Convert decimal fraction to regular fractions
23 5 115
× =
100 1 100

115 15
=1 = 1.15
100 100

0.23 × 5 = 1.15 0.23 × 5 = 1.15

Example:

Tenths multiplied by Hundredths

0.2 × 0.41
Convert decimal fraction to regular fractions
2 41 82
× =
10 100 1000

82
= 0.082
1000

0.2 × 0.41 = 0.082 0.2 × 0.41 = 0.082

Rule: the number of decimal places in the

answer is the total number of decimal places
from the numbers that are being multiplied.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 30

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Example:

Calculate the product of 3.7 × 2.8

Solution:

3 . 7 1 decimal place
× 2 . 8 1 decimal place
7 4 0
2 9 6
1 0 . 3 6 2 decimal places

Answer: 10.36

Multiplication of decimal fractions by powers of 10 Example:

× 10 – shift the decimal point 1 place to the right Multiplication by 10

5 101 5
0.5 × 10 = 10 × =1 =5
1 1

25 101 25
0.25 × 10 = 100 × = 10 = 2.5
10 1

× 100 – shift the decimal point 3 places to the right Multiplication by 100

31 1001 31
0.31 × 100 = 100 × = = 31
1 1 1

15 1001 15
0.15 × 100 = 100 × = = 15
1 1 1

× 1000 – shift the decimal point 3 places to the right Multiplication by 1000

14 10001 14
0.014 × 1000 = 1000 × = = 14
1 1 1

𝟕𝟓 10001 = 750
0.75 × 1000 = 100 × = 750
1 1 1

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 31

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Division of a decimal number by a whole number Example:

Step 1. Put the decimal point in the same spot Divide 9.1 by 7.
as the dividend (the number being
divided). Put the decimal point in the quotient directly above
Step 2. Continue division just as you would the decimal point in the dividend.
with whole numbers.
1 . 3
7 9 . 1
− 7 .
2 . 1
− 2 . 1
0
Answer: 1.3

Division of a decimal number by another decimal Example:

number
8.64 ÷ 1.2
Step 1. Express as a fraction using the dividend Solution:
as the numerator and divisor as the
denominator Step 1. Express as a fraction:
Step 2. Multiply by 10, or 100, or 1000, etc. 8.64
8.64 ÷ 1.2 =
until the divisor becomes a whole 1.2
number.
Step 2. Multiply numerator and denominator by 10:
Step 3. Continue division just as you would
8.64 × 10 86.4
with whole numbers. =
1.2 × 10 12

e.g. Step 3.

7 . 2
1 2 8 6 . 4
− 8 4
2 . 4
− 2 . 4
0

Answer: 7.2

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 32

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Division of decimal fractions by powers of 10 Examples:

When dividing a decimal by:

÷ 10 – shift the decimal point 1 place to the left 3.24 ÷ 10 = 0.324

÷ 100 – shift the decimal point 2 places to the left 2.1 ÷ 100 = 0.021

÷ 1000 – shift the decimal point 3 places to the left 310.5 ÷ 1000 = 0.310 5

Word problems involving decimal numbers Example:

What is the total length of these three pieces of ribbon:

0.1m, 0.22m, and 0.38m?

Solution:

0 . 1 0 m
0 . 2 2 m
+ 0 . 3 8 m
0 . 7 0 m

Answer: The total length is 0.7m

Example:

A student earns $11.75 per hour for gardening. If she

worked 21 hours this month, then how much did she
earn?

Solution:
To solve this problem, we will multiply $11.75 by 21.

$ 1 1 . 7 5 2 decimal places
× 2 1 0 decimal places
$ 1 1 7 5
$ 2 3 5 0 0
$ 2 3 6 . 7 5 2 decimal places

Answer: The student earns $236.75.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 33

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Conversion of a Fraction to a Decimal Fraction Example:

To convert a fraction to a decimal fraction: 1

Convert to a decimal fraction.
4
Step 1. Find an equivalent base ten fraction.
Solution 1:
Step 2. Express as a decimal fraction
1 1 x 25 25
= = = 0.25
OR 4 4 x 25 100

Divide the numerator by the denominator. Solution 2:

0 . 2 5 Align the decimal point.

4 1 . 0 0 Keep adding zeros.
− 8
2 0
− 2 0
0

Answer: 0.25

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 34

A. NUMBER - Approximation and Computational Estimation
Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Approximation produces a useful result to get The length of a new pencil can be estimated at about 8cm.
an estimation of the answer. This is called a
rough check or guess estimate. Rough
estimates can prevent wrong answers for
calculations.

Approximating means rounding.

You can round up or round down.

The symbol , means “is approximately

equal to”.

Rounding Numbers Example:

Round 86 to the nearest 10.
To round a number use the following steps:
Solution:
Step 1. Identify the digit of the value to
Step 1. 8 is the digit in the place value column to
which you are approximating.
which you are rounding.
Step 2. Look at the digit to the immediate Step 2. 6 is more than 5 so round up by adding 1 to the
right, 8 which is the tens digit, so the tens digit is
 If it is 5 or more (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) now 9.
round up by adding 1 to the digit Step 3. Replace the ones digit which is 6 with a zero.
on the left.
 If is less than 5 (4, 3, 2, 1, 0) Answer: 86  90, to the nearest 10.
round down.
Example:
Step 3. Replace the digits to the right of the
rounded value with zeros.
Round 143 to the nearest 100.
Solution:
Step 1. 1 is the digit in the place value column to
which you are rounding.
Step 2. 4 is less than 5 so round down.
Step 3. Replace both the tens digit and the ones digit
on the right of the 1 with a zeros.

Answer: 143  100, to the nearest 100.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 35

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Examples:

84  90, to the nearest 10

45  50, to the nearest 10
32  30, to the nearest 10

459  500, to the nearest 100

398  400, to the nearest 100
201  200, to the nearest 100

145  150 to the nearest 10

145  100 to the nearest 100

365  370 to the nearest 10

365  400 to the nearest 100

726  730 to the nearest 10

726  700 to the nearest 100

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 36

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Rounding Decimal Numbers Example:

To round a decimal number use the following What is 1.2735 rounded to the nearest tenth?
steps:
Solution:
Step 1. Identify the digit of the value to
which you are approximating. Step 1. Identify the digit in the tenths column:

Step 2. Look at the digit to the immediate 1. 2 7 35

right,
Step 2. Look at the digit to the immediate right
 If it is 5 or more (5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
round up by adding 1 to the digit 1. 2 7 35
on the left.
 If is less than 5 (4, 3, 2, 1, 0) The digit “7” at the immediate right is more
round down. than 5, so round up by adding 1 to 2: 2 + 1 = 3.

Rounding to tenths means there is only one Answer: 1.3 to the nearest tenth.
digit after the decimal point.
Example:
Rounding to hundredths means there are
only two digits after the decimal point. What is 3.1416 rounded to the nearest hundredth?

Solution:

Step 1. Identify the digit in the hundredths column:

3.1 4 16

Step 2. Look at the digit to the immediate right

3.1 4 16

The digit “1” at the immediate right is less than

5, so round down.

Answer: 3.14 to the nearest hundredth.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 37

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Example:

Ellen wanted to buy a DVD player for $49.95, a DVD

holder for $19.95 and a pair of earphones for $21.95.

Is $85.00 enough money for Ellen to buy all three items?

Solution:

The phrase enough money tells us that we need to

estimate the sum of the three items. We will estimate the
sum by rounding each amount to the nearest dollar. We
must then compare our estimated sum with $85.00 to see
if Ellen has enough money to buy these items.

The estimated cost is $92.

Answer:
$85.00 is not enough for Ellen to buy all three items.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 38

A. NUMBER - Percent
Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Percent means “out of 100”. Example:
𝟐𝟎
20% means “20 out of 100” or 𝟏𝟎𝟎
The symbol % means percent.

To find a percent of a given quantity: Example:

Find 5% of 80.
Step 1. Express the percent as a fraction
Solution:
Step 2. Multiply the fraction by the
51 804 4
quantity × = =4
10051 1 1
Step 3. Simplify
Answer: 4
Conversion of a Percent to a Fraction Example:
Convert 12% to a fraction.
To convert a percent to a fraction:
Solution:
Step 1. Express the percent as a fraction
12 12 ÷ 4 3
12% = = =
Step 2. Simplify the fraction (reduce it to 100 100 ÷ 4 25

its lowest terms) 3

Answer: 25

The whole is 100%. Example:

If the whole is 20 then 5 out of 20 is the equivalent of 25%.
e.g.
25 students in a class 5 100 51 100 100
× = × = = 25%
100% of students in the class = 25 20 1 204 1 4

e.g. Example:
Joy’s allowance is $150.00 If the whole is 10 then 2 out of 10 is the equivalent of 20%.
100% of Joy’s allowance = $150.00
2 100 21 100 100
× = × = = 20%
e.g. 10 1 105 1 5
Farmer Joe picks 780 oranges
100% of Farmer Joe’s oranges = 780

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 39

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Conversion of a Decimal to a Percent Example:
Express 0.1 as a percent.
To convert a decimal fraction to a percent:
Step 1. Express the decimal fraction as a Solution:
fraction.
1 100 100
0.1 ×100 = 10 × = = 10%
Step 2. Multiply by 100. 1 10

OR
Remember:
Shortcut for multiplying by 100 is shifting the 0.1 × 100 = 10%
decimal point two places to the right. Answer: 10%

Example:
Express 0.675 as a percent.
Solution:
675 100 675 1001 675
0.675 × 100 = 1000 × = 1000 × = = 67.5%
1 10 1 10

OR
0.675 × 100 = 67.5%
Answer: 67.5%

Conversion of a Percent to a Decimal Example:

To convert a percent to a decimal: 10 1

10 % = = = 0.1
100 10
Step 1. Express the percent as a fraction.
Step 2. Simplify the fraction (reduce it to Example:
its lowest terms).
67.5
Step 3. Divide the numerator by the 67.5% = = 0.675
100
denominator.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 40

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Conversion of a Fraction to a Percent Example:
3
To convert from a fraction to a percent: Express 25 as a percentage.
Solution:
Step 1. Multiply the fraction by 100. 3 1004
× = 12%
Step 2. Include % symbol. 251 1

OR OR

Step 1. Convert the fraction to a decimal Convert the fraction to a decimal:

by dividing the numerator by the 3
denominator 25 = 0.12

Step 2. Then convert the decimal to a Multiply the decimal by 100:

percentage by multiplying by
0.12 × 100 = 12%
100%. Include % symbol.
Answer: 12%

Expression of a quantity as a percent of Example:

another
Peter scored 45 marks out of 60 in a test.
To express one quantity as a percent of Express Peter’s score as a percent.
another,
45 453 100 3 100
Percent of mark = 60 × 100 = × = × = 75%
 Make sure that both quantities are 604 1 4 1

expressed in the same units.

 Write the given quantity as a fraction Answer: 75%.
of the total
 Multiply the fraction by 100.
 Simplify.
To calculate the whole (or part) given a part Example:
expressed as a percent.
If 60% of a number is 9, then what is the number?
Solution:
60% of a number = 9
9
1% of a number = 60
93 1005 15
100% of a number = × = = 15
60201 1 1

Answer: The number is 15.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 41

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Word problems involving percent Example:

If 5% of China plays tennis, how many people would you

expect to play tennis out of a group of 320 Chinese?

Solution:

Number of tennis players = 5% of 320

= 5% x 320
5
= 100 x 320

= 16

Answer: 16 people

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 42

B. MEASUREMENT - Money
Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Trinidad and Tobago Currency Example:
(not drawn to scale)
Insert the missing values on the bills and coins required to
make $20.35.
Dollar Bills
? ?

? ?
Answer:
Bills: $5, $5 and Coins: 5¢ , 25¢

Insert the missing values on the bills and coins required to

Coins make $35.71.

? ?

? ?
Answer:
Bills: $20, $10 and Coins: 1¢ , 50¢
A budget Example:
Sam earned $2 500.00 in April.
Sam's budget for April:
 $420.00 at the supermarket
 $150.00 on electricity
 $100.00 on gas
 $160.00 on phone and internet
 $115.00 on insurance (car, house)
 $650.00 on rent
 $200.00 in savings
That is a total of $1 795.00.
How much money does Sam have left over?
Solution:
$2 500.00 − $1 795.00 = $705.00
Answer: Sam has $705.00 left over.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 43

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
If an article is sold for more than it cost, then it is Example:
said to have been sold at a profit
A store owner bought a shirt for $10.00 and sold it for
Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price $13.00.
a) Calculate the profit made on the sale of the
Profit
Profit % = x 100 shirt.
Cost Price
b) Determine the profit percent.
Selling Price − Cost Price
= × 100 Solution:
Cost Price
a) Profit = Selling price – Cost price
= $13.00 – $10.00 = $3.00
If an article is sold for less than it cost, then it is Answer: The profit is $3.00
said to have been sold at a loss.
Selling Price − Cost Price
b) Profit % = × 100
Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price Cost Price
Profit
= × 100
Cost Price − Selling Price Cost Price
Loss % = x 100
Cost Price 3
= × 100 = 30%
10
The profit percent is 30%

Example:
A vase that cost $60.00 was sold for $50.00.
Find the loss percent.

Solution:
Loss = Cost price – Selling price
= $60.00 – $50.00 = $10.00

Cost Price − Selling Price

Loss % = × 100
Cost Price
Loss
= × 100
Cost Price

10 100 2
= × = 16 %
60 1 3

2
Answer: The loss percent is 16 %
3

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 44

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Example:

A car was bought for $60 000.00 and then sold for
$75 000.00.
What is the profit percent?
Solution:
Profit
Profit % = × 100
Cost Price

Selling Price − Cost Price

= × 100
Cost Price

75000 − 60000
= × 100
60000

15000
= × 100 = 25%
60000

Answer: The profit percent is 25%.

Value Added Tax or V.A.T. is applied to both Example:

goods and services in Trinidad and Tobago and
Mr. Ram’s bill at a restaurant is $240.00.
is included in the final price of the product.
V.A.T. of 12.5% is added.
V.A.T. is charged at a rate of 12.5% How much money must Mr. Ram pay?
Solution 1:
1
 12.5 % = 8 (for easy calculation) 1
12.5% =
8
OR
1 1 $24030

1
12.5% = 2 of 25% (find 25% and then find V.A.T. = × $240 = × = $30
8 81 1
half of the amount)
Solution 2:
25 $240
25% of 240 = × = $60
100 1
1
12.5% = 2 of 25%
1
of $60 = $30
2

V.A.T. = $30
Total to be paid = Amount + V.A.T.
= $240.00 + 30.00
= $270.00

Answer: Mr. Ram must pay $270.00 in total.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 45

Facts to Remember Illustration/ Example
Percentage discount is equal to Example:

Marked Price − Selling Price

A watch bought for $160.00 is sold for $140.00.
× 100 a) Calculate the discount.
Marked Price
b) Calculate the percentage discount.

Solution:
a) Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
= $160.00 – $140.00 = $20.00

Answer: The discount is $20.00

Discount 100
b) Percentage discount: = ×
Marked Price 1

$20.001 100
= ×
$160.008 1

= 12.5%

Answer: The percentage discount is 12.5%.

Example:

The marked price of a dress is $400.00. Anna paid

$300.00 for the dress.

How much discount did she receive?

Solution:
Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
= $400.00 – $300.00
= $100.00

Answer: Anna received a $100.00 discount.

Example:

The marked price of a lamp is $300.00.

a) If a 20% discount is given, calculate the sale

price.
b) If the V.A.T. is charged at 12.5%, calculate the
amount of V.A.T. paid on the discounted price.
c) Calculate the cost of the lamp.

CURRICULUM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 46