1. A grasshopper makes four jumps. The displacement vectors are (1) 27.

0 cm, due
west; (2) 23.0 cm, 35.0° south of west; (3) 28.0 cm, 55.0° south of east; and (4)
35.0 cm, 63.0° north of east. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant
displacement. Express the direction with respect to due west.
Solution: The following table shows the components of the individual
displacements and the components of the resultant. The directions due east and
due north are taken as the positive directions.

East/West North/South
Displacement Component Component

(1) –22.0 cm 0
(2) –(15.0 cm) cos 40.0° = –11.49 cm –(15.0 cm) sin 40.0° = –9.64 cm
(3) (18.5 cm) cos 55.0° = 10.61 cm –(18.5 cm) sin 55.0° = –15.15 cm
(4) (22.0 cm) cos 30.0° = 19.05 cm (22.0 cm) sin 30.0° = 11 cm

Resultant –3.83 cm –13.79 cm

From the Pythagorean theorem, we find that the magnitude of the resultant
displacement vector is

𝑅 = √(-3.83 cm)2 + (-13.79 cm)2 = 14.3 cm

The angle θ is given by
13.79 cm
𝜃 = tan−1 ( 3.83 cm ) = 74.5°, south of west

2. A tourist being chased by an angry bear is running in a straight line toward his car at a
speed of 3.58 m/s. The car is a distance d away. The bear is 26.49 m behind the tourist
and running at 6.46 m/s. The tourist reaches the car safely. Calculate time taken by the
tourist to reach the car?
𝑣𝑡 = 3.58, 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑
𝑣𝑏 = 6.46, 𝑑𝑏 = 26.46 + 𝑑
𝑑 26.46 + 𝑑
𝑣𝑡 = , 𝑣𝑏 =
𝑡 𝑡
𝑑 26.46 + 𝑑
=
3.58 6.46
 6.46𝑑 = 3.58(26.46 + 𝑑)
2.88𝑑 = 94,73
𝑑 = 32.89 𝑚
𝑑 32.89
𝑡= = = 9.19 𝑠
𝑣𝑡 3.58

3. A block with mass m is dragged across a horizontal surface at constant speed v

by a force of magnitude Fapp, which acts at an angle of θ above the horizontal
surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the surface is µk.
Express the normal force exerted on the block by the horizontal surface.

Let the force applied on the block be FAPP.

The surface applies a frictional force on the block in the backward direction. Vertical direction

𝐹𝑁 + 𝐹𝐴𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔
and

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝐹𝑁 ) = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹𝐴𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

4. A boat has a mass of 6.78x103 kg. Its engines generate a drive force of 4.1 x 103 N, due
west, while the wind exerts a force of 7.06 x 102 N, due east, and the water exerts a resistive
force of 1.17 x 102 N due east. What is the magnitude and direction of the boat's
acceleration?
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝑟 − 𝐹𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝑟 − 𝐹𝑤 4.1 × 103 − 7.06 × 102 − 1.17 × 102
𝑎= = = 4.83 × 10−1 m/s2
𝑚 6.78 × 103
5. How much work is done by a person lifting a 25.0 kg mass at a constant speed of a distance
3.2 m?
𝑊 = (𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)𝑠 = (𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)𝑠 = (25 kg)(9.80 m/s2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 0∘ )(3.2 m) = 780 J

6. A girl throws a ball downward from a height of 7.4 m. When it is 1.2 m off the ground, it has
23 J of kinetic energy. If the ball stated with 5.2 J kinetic energy, what is the mass of the
ball? Neglect air resistance.
The ball’s gravitational potential energy PE = 𝑚𝑔ℎ decreases as it falls. This decrease
1
contributes to an increase of her kinetic energy KE = 2 𝑚𝑣 2

Because air resistance is negligible, all of the potential energy it loses is transformed into
kinetic energy, so that the total mechanical energy 𝐸 = KE + PE remains constant.

KE
⏟ 𝑓 + PE𝑓 = ⏟
KE0 + PE0 or PE𝑓 − PE0 = KE0 − KE𝑓 or 𝑚𝑔(ℎ𝑓 − ℎ0 ) = KE0 − KE𝑓
𝐸𝑓 𝐸0

Solving this expression for m, we obtain

KE0 − KE𝑓 5.2 J − 23 J

𝑚= = = 0.29 kg
𝑔(ℎ𝑓 − ℎ0 ) (9.80 m/s2 )(1.2 m − 7.4 𝑚)
7. A pole-vaulter just clears the bar at 5.80 m and falls back to the ground. The change in the
vaulter’s potential energy during the fall is -4.20 x 103. What is the weight?
PE = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

PEf – PE0 = – 4.20 J = mghf – mgh0

With hf = 0 m and h0 = 5.80 m we find that

PE𝑓 − PE0 – 4.20 × 103 J

𝑚𝑔 = = = 724 N
ℎ𝑓 − ℎ0 0 𝑚 – 5.80 m

8. A solid steel cylinder is standing (on one of its ends) vertically on the floor. The
length of the cylinder is 3.6 m and its radius is 65 cm. When an object is placed on
top of the cylinder, the cylinder compresses by an amount of 3.2 × 10 −7 m. What is
the weight of the object?
The When the object is placed on top of the pipe, the pipe is compressed due to
the weight of the object. The amount ΔL of compression depends on the weight F,
the length L0 and cross-sectional area A of the pipe, as well as Young’s modulus Y
for steel. All of these quantities, except for the weight, are given in the statement
of the problem. Young’s modulus can be found by consulting Table 10.1. Using
Equation 10.17, we find that the weight F of the object is
 𝛥𝐿
𝐹 = 𝑌( ) 𝐴
𝐿0
6.2 × 10−7 𝑚
= (2.0 × 1011 𝑁/𝑚2 ) ( ) 𝜋(65 × 10−2 𝑚)2
3.6 𝑚
= 4.6 × 104 𝑁
Note that in this calculation we have used the fact that the circular cross section of
the pipe is a circle of area 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 .

9. A vertical steel wire of length 1.6 m and cross-sectional area1.3 x 10-6 m2 carries a
weight of 60 N. The Young modulus for steel is 2.1 x 1011 N/m2. Calculate:
𝐹𝑙 (60 N)(1.6 m)
𝛥𝑙 = = = 3.5 x 10−4 m
𝐴𝑌 (1.3 x 10 m2 )(2.1 x 1011 N/m2 )
6

10. Suppose that the amount of heat removed when 3.6 kg of water freezes at 0.0 °C
were removed from ethyl alcohol at its freezing/melting point of −114.4 °C. How
many kilograms of ethyl alcohol would freeze?
The amount of heat removed when a liquid freezes into a solid is determined by its
latent heat of fusion Lf. The amount of heat removed is 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓 , where m is the

mass of the material that freezes. The latent heat of fusion for water is
33.5 × 104 J/kg, whereas the value for ethyl alcohol is 10.8 × 104 J/kg. The same
amount of heat is removed from the water as from the ethyl alcohol. Therefore,

𝑄water = 𝑄alcohol or 𝑚water 𝐿f, water = 𝑚alcohol 𝐿f, alcohol

Solving this expression for malcohol gives
𝐿f, water 33.5 × 104 J/kg
𝑚alcohol = 𝑚water = (3.6 kg) ( ) = 11 kg
𝐿f, alcohol 10.8 × 104 J/kg

11. A piece of a metal with mass 0.364 kg at 90 oC is added to 0.200 kg of water at 15 oC inside an
aluminum calorimeter that has a mass of 0.100 kg. The final temperature of the metal, water, and
calorimeter is 25 oC. (cal = 890J .kg−1 oC−1, cw = 4180 J . kg−1 oC−1) What is the specific heat capacity
of the metal?
The heat lost equals the heatt gained:
(heat lost by metal) = (heat gained by water) + ( heat gained by calorimeter)

mmcm ΔTm = mwcw ΔTw + mcal ccal ΔTcal

0.364 kg x cm(25 oC -90 oC) = 0.200 kg x 4180 J . kg−1 oC−1 x (25 oC - 15 oC) -
0.100 kg x cal x 890J .kg−1 oC−1 x (25 oC - 15 oC)
Ans: cm = 390.95 J.kg −1 K−1
12. Two metal cylinders, one copper and the other aluminum, with radius 4.0 cm and
length 5.0 cm are placed end to end. If the free ends of the two cylinders are kept
at constant (copper = 12 oC and aluminum = 85 oC), find the temperature at the
juncture.
With the two rods touching, we know that the heat transferred through both rods
must be equal and that the temperature at the interface between them must be the
same. We also know that the surface area and time will be equal, as well as the
lengths of each rod. Setting the two amounts of heat 𝑄𝐴 and 𝑄𝐶 (for aluminum and
copper respectively) equal to one another we have

QA = QC

( k A A (TW − T ) ) t = ( kC A (T − TC ) ) t
LA LC

and solving for T (and suppressing units) gives,

𝑘𝐴 𝑇𝑊 +𝑘𝐶 𝑇𝐶 (240)(53)+(390)(12)
𝑇= (𝑘𝐴 +𝑘𝐶 )
= (240+390)
= 28 ∘ 𝐶

13. A polarized beam of light is incident upon two polarizing filter that are oriented at
70o to one another. Find the original intensity of the light the light that passes
through the second filter has an intensity of 15 W/m2.
We can use to Malus' law to solve this problem by rearranging the equation to find
the original intensity.
𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝐼 15 W/m2
𝐼0 = = = 130 W/m2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 7 0°

14. A converging lens has a focal length of 10.00 cm. An object is 13 cm tall and
located 15.0 cm in front of this lens. What is the image height?

1 1 1 1 1
= − = − = 0.033 cm−1 or 𝑑𝑖 = +30 cm
𝑑𝑖 𝑓 𝑑o 10 cm 15 cm
ℎ 𝑑
Using the magnification equation ( 𝑚 = ℎ 𝑖 = − 𝑑 𝑖 ) we find that the image height
𝑜 𝑜

is
 𝑑𝑖 30 cm
ℎ𝑖 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜 = (− ) ℎ𝑜 = (− ) (13.0 cm) = −26 cm
𝑑𝑜 15.0 cm

15. A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 40.5 cm and is positioned at a distance such
that the upright image of a person’s face is 1.5 times the size of this face. How far is the
mirror from the person’s face?

1 1 1
+ =
𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑓
1 1 1
+ =
𝑑𝑜 (−𝑚𝑑𝑜 ) 𝑅
( )
2
𝑚 1 2𝑚
− =
𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑅
1 2𝑚
=
𝑑𝑜 𝑅(𝑚 − 1)
𝑅(𝑚 − 1) (40.5 cm)(1.5 − 1)
𝑑𝑜 = =
2𝑚 2(1.5)
𝑑𝑜 = +6.75 cm