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Large Scale Energy Storage

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Large Scale Energy Storage

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kseton22
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Issue 36

Jan.
2015

Large Scale Energy Storage


Introduction There are several different electrochemical battery technologies
Greenhouse gas emission reduction is a driving force behind such as lithium ion, sodium sulfur, and lead acid, currently
implementation of many renewable energy generation sources available for commercial applications. Widespread adoption of
such as wind and solar. Depending on weather conditions, power these technologies is limited due to challenges in energy density,
outputs of solar and wind farms vary greatly, making them power performance, charging capabilities, safety and system
difficult to predict when the power will be available from the cost.
renewable sources. As a result, integration of renewable energy
Flywheels in commercial installations are limited to frequency
sources to utilities requires complex control since utilities need
regulation. Flywheel plants receive electricity and convert it into
to continuously match supply with demand. Decoupling energy
spinning discs, whose speed is modulated (up or down) to match
generation and its usage will require installation of large scale
shifts in energy to or from the grid, which ensures steady power
energy storage systems. Both large scale energy storage systems
(60 Hz) is supplied to the grid.
near the renewable power generation sources and at customer
sites will allow easy integration of variable sources to the grid. Other emerging technologies include: flow batteries,
superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES), electro-
Types of Energy Storage
chemical capacitors (EC) and thermochemical energy storage.
Types of energy storage include compressed air; flow batteries;
pumped heat; flywheel; and pumped hydro (pumping water up a Distributed Energy Storage
hill at times of surplus energy, so that we can later to create Grid level energy storage will enhance integration of large scale
hydroelectric power during the peak demand). Each of these renewable energy sources. Implementation of small scale photo
storage technologies is suitable for certain applications: energy voltaic (PV) systems at customer sites is also creating an
management, backup power, load leveling, frequency regulation, opportunity for customer energy storage, improving reliability
voltage support, and grid stabilization. As a result, energy and increasing economic benefits. For long, uninterruptable
storage types mentioned above can’t meet the demand of all power and thermal energy storage systems have been used by
grid applications, requiring storage portfolio strategy. Adoption customers to increase reliability of electrical systems. The value
of different energy storage technologies at different levels of proposition for installation of distributed energy storage at
power distribution will increase power system resiliency. customer sites depends on the time-of-use rates and demand
charges. However, their implementation has the potential of
Technology Overview
reducing capital expenditures required for installation of
Presently, pumped hydro comprises 95% of the storage systems additional peak power generation capacities by the utilities.
installed in the US. Pumped hydro currently employs off-peak
electricity to pump water from a reservoir up to another Conclusion
reservoir at a higher elevation. When electricity is needed, water Reduction of greenhouse gases will require installation of
is released from the upper reservoir through a hydroelectric variable power sources, requiring adoption of energy storage
turbine into the lower reservoir to generate electricity. New systems. Primary barriers to widespread adoption of storage
capabilities of pumped hydro, through the use of variable speed systems include cost, performance, safety, equitable regulatory
pumping, has the potential for the additional services that may environment and industry acceptance, with a need to focus on
be used to assist in the integration of renewable energy sources. the reduction of these barriers at national and local levels.
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) stores energy using
compressed air, usually in underground caverns, to deliver
power when needed at a later time. Large geographic References:
requirements make pumped hydro and CAES installation site [1] Yuri V. Makarov, Michael C.W. Kintner-Meyer, Pengwei Du,
specific. Chunlian Jin, and Howard F. Illian, Sizing energy storage to
accommodate high penetration of variable energy resources, IEEE
In contrast to the capabilities of these two technologies, various Transaction on Renewable Energy, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 34-40, 2012.
electrochemical batteries and flywheels can address demands at
[2] US Department of Energy. Grid Energy Storage, Washington DC,
lower power levels with shorter discharge times, ranging from a
December 2013.
few seconds to six hours. In addition, these technologies have no
geographic constraints.

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