Department of Education

National Capital Region

Schools Division of Parañaque City
Self-Learning Modules
Mathematics 9 Quarter 1 Week 8

GRAPHS OF THE QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Learning Competencies
The learner analyzes the effects of changing the values of 𝑎, ℎ and 𝑘 in the
equation 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 of a quadratic function on its graph. (M9AL-Ii-2)

Objectives
The learner explores the effects of changing the values of 𝑎, ℎ and 𝑘 in the
equation 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 of a quadratic function on its graph.

Let’s Recall
1) A quadratic function is a second-degree function in the form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎 ≠ 0.
2) Quadratic functions can be written in two forms- the standard form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or its equivalent form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘.
3) To rewrite a quadratic function from the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 to the form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘, use completing the square; or determine the values of
𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 then solve for ℎ and 𝑘. Substitute the obtained values in
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘. To find the values of ℎ and 𝑘, use the relationships,
𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
ℎ = − 2𝑎 and 𝑘 = 4𝑎
4) To rewrite a quadratic function from the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 to the form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, expand the square of the binomial, multiply by 𝑎 and add
𝑘, then simplify by combining similar terms.
5) The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola.
6) A parabola may open upward or downward depending upon the sign of a. If
𝑎 > 0, the parabola opens upward while if 𝑎 < 0, the parabola opens
downward.
7) The highest or lowest point of a parabola is called the turning point or vertex. It
𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
is denoted by the ordered pair 𝑣(ℎ, 𝑘) where ℎ = − and 𝑘 = . 𝑥 = ℎ is
2𝑎 4𝑎
called the axis of symmetry while 𝑦 = 𝑘 is the highest or lowest value of 𝑓(𝑥).
8) The axis of symmetry is the line that passes through the vertex and divides the
parabola into two equal parts such that one part is the mirror image of the
other.

Let’s Understand
Now that we know how to graph quadratic function, let us explore more so that
we can be able to determine the effect of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, ℎ and 𝑘 in the graph of quadratic
function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘.

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Example 1: Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions on the same
Cartesian plane. Then observe the behavior of the graph
a. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 c. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 2
b. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1

Based on the graph, we can say that as the value of 𝑘 increases the graph of
quadratic function moves upward, while if 𝑘 decreases the graph of the function moves
downward. Moreover, the graph opens upward because 𝑎 > 0.

Example 2: Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions on the same
Cartesian plane then observe the behavior of the graph.
a) 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 c) 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2)2
b) 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 1)2

Based on the graph, as the value of ℎ increases the graph moves to the
right. As the value of ℎ decreases, the graph moves to the left.

Example 3: Sketch the graph of the following functions on the same Cartesian plane
then observe the behavior of the graph.
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 c) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2

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b) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2

Based on the graph as the value of 𝑎 increases, the opening of the graph
decreases. Also, as the value of a decreases the opening of the graph becomes wider

Example 4: Sketch the graph of the following functions on the same Cartesian plane
then observe the behavior of the graph.
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1

Based on the graph, as the value of 𝑏 increases the graph slides diagonally
downward. This is because, as the value of 𝑏 increases, the values of ℎ and 𝑘 both
decreases.

Now, let us wrap up what we have learned about the graph of quadratic
functions.
9) The effects of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 in the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 are the following:
a) As the absolute value of 𝑎 increases, the opening of the parabola becomes
narrower and as the absolute value 𝑎 decreases, the opening of the parabola
becomes wider.

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b) The value of 𝑏 affects the values of ℎ and 𝑘. Because of this, as the value of
𝑏 increases, the values of ℎ and 𝑘 decreases causing the graph to slide
diagonally downward.
c) As the value of 𝑐 increases, the graph moves vertically upward by 𝑘 units
and as the value of 𝑐 decreases, the graph moves vertically downward by 𝑘
units.

Let’s Apply
Sketch the graph of each quadratic function and identify the direction of the opening,
vertex, domain, range, equation of the axis of symmetry and determine if it has a
maximum or a minimum point.
1) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 2) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3

Opening: ___________________ Opening: ___________________

Vertex: ____________________ Vertex: ____________________
Minimum ___ Maximum ___ Minimum ___ Maximum ___
Axis of symmetry: ____________ Axis of symmetry: ____________
Domain: __________________ Domain: __________________
Range: ___________________ Range: ___________________

Let’s Analyze
On the space provided before each number, write what is being asked.
_____ 1) What is the maximum value of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 2 − 1?
_____ 2) What is the minimum value of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2?
_____ 3) When will the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 reach its maximum value?
_____ 4) When will the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 reach its minimum value?
_____ 5) What is the equation of the axis of symmetry of the function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5?

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Let’s Create
Sketch the graph of each quadratic function and identify the direction of the opening,
vertex, domain, range, equation of the axis of symmetry and determine if it has a
maximum or a minimum point.
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𝑓 (𝑥 ) = − 2 𝑥 2 + 2

Opening: ________________
Vertex: ___________________
Minimum ___ Maximum ___
Axis of symmetry: __________
Domain: __________________
Range: ___________________

Let’s Evaluate
Sketch the graph of the given quadratic function then write what is being asked.
1) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 2 2) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1

Opening: _________________ Opening: ___________________

Vertex: ___________________ Vertex: _____________________
Axis of symmetry: ____________ Axis of symmetry: ______________
Domain: ___________________ Domain: ______________________
Range: ____________________ Range: _______________________

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3) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 3

Opening: _____________________
Vertex: _______________________
Axis of symmetry: ______________
Domain: ______________________
Range: _______________________