9

XVIII
GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC
FUNCTIONS
Mathematics – Grade 9
Quarter 1 – Module XVIII: GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Angelee Sarmiento – Catanduanes National High School

Editors: Zoren I. Añonuevo – Baras Rural Development High School

Validators: Jonel G. Aznar – Bato Rural Development High School

Lyra C. Tusi – San Andres Vocational School
Ludy M Avila – Catanduanes National High School
Riza B. Benavidez – Bato Ruran Development High School
Romel G. Petajen – EPS-Math, Catanduanes Division

Illustrator: Edwin T. Tomes – Dororian National High School

Layout Artist: Edwin T. Tomes – Dororian National High School

 1

LESSON GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Did you know that throwing a ball, shooting a cannon, diving from a
platform and hitting a golf ball are all examples of situations that can
be modeled by a Graphs of Quadratic Functions? In many of these
practical applications you will need to know how to graph a quadratic
functions and you will investigate its properties as you go through this
module.

1. This module is designed for you

to: graphs a quadratic function:
a.) domain b.) range c.)
intercepts d.) axis of symmetry
e.) vertex f.) direction of
opening of the parabola.

a. domain of quadratic function - the set of all possible values of x. Thus,

the domain is the set of all real numbers.
b. range of quadratic functions – consists of all y greater than or equal to the y-
coordinate of the vertex if the parabola opens upward.
c. intercepts or zeroes of quadratic functions – the values of x when y equals 0. The
real zeros are the x-intercepts of the function’s graph.
d. axis of symmetry / line of symmetry– the vertical line through the vertex that divides
the parabola into two equal parts.
e. vertex – the turning point of the parabola or the lowest or highest point of the parabola.
If the quadratic function is expressed in the standard form y = a(x-h)2+ k, the vertex is
the point of (h,k).
f. direction of the opening of the parabola – can be determined from the value of a in
f(x) = ax2+bx + c. If a>0, the parabola opens upward; if a<0, the parabola opens
downward.
g. maximum value – the maximum value of f(x) = ax 2+ bx + c where a< 0, is the y-
coordinate of the vertex.
h. minimum value – the minimum value of f(x) = ax 2+ bx + c where a> 0, is the y-
coordinate of the vertex.
i. parabola – the graph of quadratic function
j. quadratic function – a second- degree function of the form f(x) = ax 2+ bx + c, where
a, b, and c are real numbers and a≠0. This is a function which describes a polynomial
of degree 2.
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Directions: Find out how much you already know about this
module. Write the letter that you think is the best answer to each
question on a sheet of paper. Answer all items. After taking and
checking this short test, take note of the items that you were not
able to answer correctly and look for the right answer as you go
through this module.

1. Which of the following is the sketch of the graph of quadratic function?

a. B. c. d.

2. It is a line that divide the graph into two parts such that one-half of the graph is a
reflection of the other half?
a. x-axis b. y-axis c. axis of symmetry d. intercepts

3. Which of the following statements is/are true?

i. The graph of a quadratic functions opens upward if the range is the set
{y:y≥k}.
ii. The graph of quadratic function opens downward of the range is the set
{y:y≤k}.
iii. In the form y = a(x-h)2+ k, the vertex is the point (h,k).
a. I only b. ii only c. I and ii d. I, ii and iii

4. Given the graph at the right which of the following quadratic functions illustrate
the graph?
a. y = x2 - 4x + 4
b. y = x2 - 4x - 4
c. y = x2 - 4x - 2
d. y = x2 - 4x + 2

5. What are the x – intercepts of y = x2 – 2x – 3 ?

a. 3 and -1 b. -3 and 1 c. 3 and 1 d. -3 and -1

So, how did you find the test?

Don’t worry if you were not able to answer
correctly the questions because the right
answer will be revealed as you go through
this module. So, let’s proceed!
 3

The graph of quadratic function is parabola. The parabola has a

lowest point or a highest point and “opens” upward or downward. At the
vertex, the y-value either increases or decreases. The parabola is
symmetrical about a line. This means that a line that would divide the
parabola into two parts so that each part is a mirror image of the other can
be determined. This line is the axis of symmetry.

In the parabola at the left, the highest point or the maximum point is at (0,0) and
the axis of symmetry is the y-axis. The other parabola has a lowest point or the minimum
point at (2,0). Its axis of symmetry is the line x = 2.

To know other properties of graphs of quadratic

functions let us do some graphing exercises.

Graphing Exercise 1:
Parabolas have a highest point or a lowest point. Have you noticed when
this occur?
Draw the graphs of y = x2 and y = -x2.
Procedures:
a. Copy and complete the tables below.
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2
y =x 25 16 9

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Y=- -25 -16 -9
x2

b. Plot the points in each table on different axes and draw the curves.
(Let the students to do the plotting on a graphing paper )
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c. Label the parabolas with the corresponding equation.

• Identify the vertex and the axis of symmetry for each graph.
(Keep the graph for future reference.)
• Can you tell from the equation when a parabola will have a
lowest point or minimum point or a highest point or maximum
point?
Now, let’s check your answer and your graph!

The graphs for y = ax2, a ≠0, will have the same vertex or turning point and the same
axis of symmetry. The graph will have a minimum point if a is positive and a
maximum point if a is negative. If a is positive, the parabola opens upward; if a is
negative, it opens downward.

y = x2
y = -x2

Now, let us study the observations about the direction

of the opening of the parabola according to the sign of
the coefficient a in the equation y = ax2+ bx + c.

In your past lesson, y = ax2+ bx + c. Can be written in the form y – a(x-h)2= k.

Using this form, consider two cases; when a is positive and when a is
negative.

Let’s take the equation y = 3 (x + 1)2- 1.

If x = -1, (x +1)2= 0,
if x = -2, (x + 2)2 is positive,
if x = 2, (x + 1)2 is positive.
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For any value of x, 3(x +1)2 is zero or positive and 3(x+1)2 – 1 is equal to -
1 or to a real number greater than -1. In other words, y = 3(x+1)2-1 is equal to -1 or to a
real number greater than -1. This means that (-1, -1) is a lowest point or minimum point
and all other points on the parabola are above the line y = -1

Let’s sketch the graph of y = 3 (x + 1)2- 1 and y = -3(x + 1)2 - 1.

On the other hand, for the equation y = -3(x + 1)2- 1, for any value of x, -3(x + 1)2
is zero or negative. So y = -3(x + 1)2- 1 is equal to or less than -1. This means that (-1, -1)
is a highest point or the maximum point and all other points of the parabola are below the
line y = -1
In both cases, the vertex is (-1,-1) which corresponds to (h, k). The line of symmetry
in both cases is x = -1, or x =h. Hence,
−𝑏
𝑥 = ℎ =
2𝑎

Therefore; if the quadratic function is expressed in the form y = a(x-h)2+ k, the vertex is
the point (h,k). The line x = h is the axis of symmetry and k is the minimum or maximum
value of the function.

The domain of a quadratic function is the set of all real numbers. The range
depends on whether the parabola opens upward or downward. If it opens upward, the
range is the set {y:y≥k}; if it opens downward, then the range is the set {y:y≤k}.

There are two methods to find the coordinates of the vertex

of the parabola for the function.
 6

Example 1: Find the vertex of the parabola for y = x2+2x+3.

• Using x = -b/2a, x = -2/2 or -1
• If x =-1, then y = (-1)2+ 2 (-1) + 3. Thus, y = 2.
• The vertex is at (-1, 2)
• Since a is positive, the point (-1, 2) is a lowest point or minimum point and 2 is
the minimum value of the function
• Another solution is by completing squares.
Y = x2+ 2x +3
= (x2 + 2x + 1) + 3 – 1
= (x + 1)2 + 2
• The coordinates of the vertex are (h, k) which are (-1, 2). The minimum value of
the function is 2.

Example 2: For the function y = -2x2-4x + 7

a. Determine the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola and
b. Give the maximum or minimum value of the function.
c. Give the domain and range.
Solution 1:
−(−4) 4
• b = -4, a = -2 so x = 2(−2) = −4 = -1
• if x = -1 , y = -2(-1)2 - 4(-1) + 7 = 9
• The vertex is at ( -1, 9).
• Since a is negative, the vertex is a highest point, so the function will have a
maximum value of 9.

Solution 2:
• Y = -2x2- 4x + 7
= -2 (x2+ 2x) + 7
= -2 (x2+ 2x + 1) + 7 + 2
= -2 (x+ 1)2+ 9
• The vertex (h, k) will be at (-1, 9). The function will have a maximum value of 9.
• The range is the set of all real numbers.
• The domain is the set of {y:y≥9}.

Example 3: A x(16 – 2x) is the equation for the area of a vegetable garden owned by
Ms Sarmiento at Palta Small. By graphing, the highest point or the maximum point
of the parabola is found at (4, 32).
• Solving algebraically, expand and rewrite
A = x (16-2x) to have
A = -2x2 + 16x so
−𝑏 −16
2𝑎
= −4 = 4
If x = 4, A = 4 [16 – 2(4)] or 32.
• The vertex of the parabola (which is the maximum point )is at (4, 32) and the
maximum area equals 32, Knowing the vertex of the parabola and the fact that
the parabola has axis of symmetry through the vertex, a systematic
procedure of graphing y = ax2+ bx + c or y = a(x – h)2+ k can be followed.
 7

Now let us have graphing exercise again to know the other properties of graphs of
quadratic functions.

Graphing Exercise 2:
Sketch the graph of y = ½x2 + x – 3.
Solution: a = ½, b = 1, c = -3
x = -b/2a = -1/2(1/2) = -1
y = ½(-1)2 + (-1) – 3
so y = -3 ½.
The vertex is at (-1, -3 ½).

This time its your turn to sketch the graph on a graphing paper. (You will be
given the corresponding points).

• Plot the vertex. (1 point)

• Draw a broken line to represent the axis of symmetry, x = -1. (1 point)
• Take three or four values of x on each side of the line of symmetry and construct
the (x, y) table of values. (3 points)
• Plot the points. Draw the smooth curve. Observe the symmetry. What points are
opposite each other with respect to the axis of symmetry? (5 points)

Draw me!

Sketch the graph of quadratic function y = x 2- 4x +1 using the vertex form and
identify the vertex, domain, range, and the opening of the graph. State whether
the vertex is a minimum or a maximum point and write the equation of its axis of
symmetry. Use a graphing paper.
You can follow the following steps:

1. Find the vertex and the axis of symmetry by expressing the function in the form
y = a(x – h)2 + k or by using the formula h = -b/2a; k = 4ac – b2/ 4a

Vertex:_______ Axis of symmetry:_________

2. On one side of the line of symmetry, choose at least one value of x and
compute the value of y. (Take x = 4).

Therefore, coordinate of point is ( , ).

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3. Similarly, choose at least one value of x on the other side and compute the
value of y. (Take x = 0).

Therefore, coordinate of point is ( , ).

4. Plot the points and connect them by a smooth curve.

Congratulations, you have done the first part of this

learning module! This time it’s your turn to answer the next
challenge to gain more your understanding on graphs of
quadratic functions. So, are you ready to do it with yourself?

A- Directions: Sketch the graph of quadratic functions and

identify the vertex, domain, range, and the opening of the graph.
State whether the vertex is a minimum or a maximum point, and write
the equation of its axis of symmetry. (10 points each problem)

1. f(x) = (x + 2)2 + 3
• Vertex: _________
• Opening of the point: _______
• Vertex is a ______ point
• Equation of the axis of symmetry: ________
• Domain: ________
• Range:_______

2. y = -2x2- 2
• Vertex:________
• Opening of the point:_____
• Vertex is a ______ point
• Equation of the axis of symmetry:_______
• Domain: ________
• Range:__________
 9

3. f(x) =x2- 2x – 3
• Vertex:______
• Opening of the point:______
• Vertex is a ____ point
• Equation of the axis of symmetry:______
• Domain:______
• Range: ________

Good job! Now, you can check your answer by

referring to the answer key. If your score is less
than 20, please go over the earlier sections of this
learning module and do the activities once more. If
you got a sore 20 and above, please proceed to
the succeeding activity.

I- Directions: Fill in the blank with the properties of graphs of quadratic

functions to make the statement true.

1. The graph of a quadratic function y = ax 2+bx + c is called _________.

2. It is a turning point which is either the lowest point or the highest point of
the graph is called_____.

3. A vertical line through the vertex that divides the parabola into two equal
parts is called ________.

4. The _____ of quadratic function consists of all y greater than or equal/less

than or equal to the y-coordinate of the vertex if the parabola opens
upward/downward.

5. The _____ of quadratic function is the set of all possible values of x, thus it
is the set of all real numbers.
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II- Answer the problem. Each question will be given a corresponding points.
The path when a stone is thrown can be modelled by y = -16x2+ 10x + 4, where
y (in feet) is the height of the x seconds after it is released.

a. Sketch the graph of the function: y= -16x2+ 10x + 4 (6 points)

b. What is the maximum height reached by the stone? (2 points)
c. How long will it take the stone to reach its maximum height? (2 points)

Your goal in this part is to have a deeper insights on the

graphs of quadratic functions by answering the following
questions that follows.

1. How do you describe the graph of a quadratic function?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. How will you sketch the graph of quadratic functions using the table of values.
Enumerate the steps.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. How will you sketch the graph of quadratic functions using the formula of h and k.
Enumerate the steps?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. Describe or tell something about the properties of the graph of quadratic functions.
a. Vertex
b. Intercepts
c. Axis of symmetry
d. Domain
e. Range
f. Direction of opening of a parabola
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Module XVIII
GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Key To Correction:
A- Try This!
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. B
B- See This!
1
Graphing Exercise 2 ( Graph by desmos to check the answer) y= x2 + x - 3
2

Axis of symmetry

vertex

C-Let’s Do This!
1. Vertex: (2, -3) Axis of symmetry: x = 2
2. (4, 1)
3. (0, 1)
4. Graph by Using Desmos
y = x2 - 4x + 1
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D. You can do it!

1. f(x) = (x + 2)2 + 3 2. y = -2x2 - 2 3. f(x)=x2 – 2x -3

• Vertex (-2, 3) (0, -2) (1, -4)

• Opening upward downward upward

of the
point
• Vertex is a minimum maximum minimum
____ point
• Equation x = -2 x=0 X=1
of the axis
of
symmetry
• Domain All real numbers All real numbers Set of all real numbers

• Range y ≥3 y ≤ -2 y ≥ -4
• Graphs

E- Check Your Understanding :

I- 1. Parabola
2. vertex
3. axis of symmetry
4. range
5. domain
II. a. Graph by using Desmos
y = -16x2 + 10x + 4

9
b. 5 16 ft.
5
c. 16 seconds

F- Reflect
1. parabola
 13

2. a. Plot the points on the table of values

b. After plotting the points connect them by a smooth curve.
c. Label the vertex which is the turning point.
d. Label the axis of symmetry.

3. a. Find the vertex and the axis of symmetry by expressing the function in the
𝑏
form y=a(x-h)2 +k by using the formula h= - ; k =4ac – b2/4a
2𝑎
b. On one side of the axis of symmetry, choose at least one value of x and
compute the value of y.
c. Similarly, choose at least one value of x on the other side and compute the
value of y.
d. Plot the points and connect them by a smooth curve.

4. a. vertex- turning point of the parabola which is either the lowest point or the
highest point.
b. intercepts /zeroes of quadratic functions- the values of x when y = 0., the real
zeros are the x-intercepts of the function’s graph.
c. axis of symmetry-a line which divides the graph into two parts such that one-
half of the graph is a reflection of the other.
d. domain- the set of all possible values of x
e. range – consists of all y greater than or equal to the y-coordinate of the vertex
if the parabola opens upward.
f. direction of opening of a parabola- can be determined from the value of a in
f(x)= ax2 +bx + c. if a>0, the parabola opens upward; if a<0, the parabola opens
downward.

References:
Mathematics Grade 9 Learner’s Material, First Edition, 2014
Mathematics III Textbook For Third Year High School, 1997