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Bio Project No 3

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32 views10 pages

Bio Project No 3

Uploaded by

Charan Deep . R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kendriya Vidyalaya Meenambakkam

Chennai - 27

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
Name: K.Shiwaani
Class: XII B
Roll no:
Session: 2024 - 2025
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that _____________________ of Class XII B as


successfully completed the project on the topic
__________________________. Under the guidance of Mrs. B.V Jayashree,
PGT (Biology) during the year 2024-25 in the partial fulfillment of the
Biology practical examination conducted by CBSE.

SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL
INTERNAL EXAMINER

SIGNATURE OF
EXTERNAL EXAMINER

INDEX
S. NO. TOPIC PG. NO.

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2. CERTIFICATE

3. WHAT ARE ANTIBIOTICS?

4. HOW ANTIBIOTICS WORKS?

5. ANTIBIOTICS

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
WHAT ARE ANTIBIOTICS?

Antibiotics are medications that destroy or slow down the growth of


bacteria. It includes a range of powerful drugs used to treat diseases
caused by bacteria. Doctors prescribe them to treat bacterial infections.
They do this by killing bacteria or preventing them from multiplying.

Only substances that target bacteria are called antibiotics. Antibiotics


cannot treat viral infections, such as colds, flu, and most coughs.

Antibiotics are produced in nature by soil bacteria and fungi.

The first antibiotic was penicillin. Penicillin-based antibiotics, such


as ampicillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin G, are still available to treat a
variety of infections and have been in use for many years.

HOW ANTIBIOTICS WORKS?

Before bacteria can multiply and cause symptoms, the immune system
can typically kill them. White blood cells (WBCs) attack harmful
bacteria — even if symptoms occur, the immune system can usually
cope and fend off the infection.

However, sometimes the number of harmful bacteria is excessive, and


the immune system cannot clear them all. Antibiotics are useful in this
scenario.
There are different types of antibiotics, which work in their unique
way. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics take
advantage of the difference between the structure of the bacterial cell
and the host's cell.

They either prevent the bacterial cells from multiplying so that the
bacterial population remains the same, allowing the host's defence
mechanism to fight the infection, or kill the bacteria, for example
stopping the mechanism responsible for building their cell walls.

It may take a few hours or days after taking the first dose before people
feel better or their symptoms improve.

Antibiotic classification:

An antibiotic can also be classified according to the range of


pathogens against which it is effective.

 Narrow-spectrum antibiotic: Penicillin G will destroy only a


few species of bacteria.

 Broad-spectrum antibiotic: Tetracycline is effective against a


wide range of organisms.

Fast facts on antibiotics


 Alexander Fleming discovered
penicillin, the first natural antibiotic, in 1928.
 Antibiotics cannot fight viral infections.
 Fleming predicted the rise of antibiotic resistance.
 Antibiotics either kill or slow the growth of bacteria.
 Side effects can include
diarrhoea, an upset stomach, and nausea.
7 types of antibiotics

Although there are well over 100 antibiotics, the majority come from only
a few types of drugs. These are the main classes of antibiotics.

ANTIBIOTIC EXAMPLE

Penicillin amoxicillin

Cephalosporins cephalexin

Macrolides erythromycin

Fluoroquinolones ofloxacin

Sulphonamides Bactrim

Tetracyclines tetracycline

Aminoglycosides gentamicin
The Impact of Antibiotics on Microorganisms:

Antibiotics have been widely used to treat bacterial infections for over
a century. However, they have also had a profound impact on the
microbial world.

Antibiotics can kill beneficial microorganisms along with harmful


ones, leading to an imbalance in the microbial ecosystem. This can
result in the growth of antibiotic- resistant bacteria, which can be
difficult to treat and pose a significant threat to public health.

The effects of antibiotics on microorganisms depend on many factors,


including:

 Concentration

The concentration of antibiotics can vary in natural environments, and


bacteria have evolved ways to respond.

 Growth conditions

The specific conditions where the organisms are growing can affect the
impact of antibiotics.

 Organism characteristics

The characteristics of the organism itself can also affect how antibiotics
impact it.

Antibiotics can also impact the human microbiome, which is the collection
of bacteria, eukaryotes, and viruses that live in the human body. These
changes can have negative effects on host health, such as: Reduced microbial
diversity, Changes in microbiota function, Antibiotic-resistant strains, and
Dysbiotic microbiome
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://www.studocu.com/in/document/universit y-of-
kerala/reading-poetry/bio-project- estse/44582353
2. www.emedicinehealth.com

3. www.microbiologysociety.org

4. www.scienceproject.com

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