CHAPTER

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? 1st

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGY GRADE XI

 DEFINING PSYCHOLOGY

The term psychology is derived from two Greek

words:-

1. ‘psyche’ meaning soul

2. ‘logos’ meaning science or study of a subject.
Thus, psychology is a study of the soul or mind.
Four view about Psychology

❖ Psychology is a study of the soul.

❖ Psychology is a study of mind.
❖ Psychology is the study of consciousness.
❖ Psychology is the study of behaviour.
DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY

• WILLIAM JAMES:
“ Psychology is the science of behaviour.” (of all living
creatures)

• CROW and CROW:

“ Psychology is the study of human behaviour and
human relationship.”
ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY

•It is a scientific discipline.

•The range of phenomena it studies, are spread over
several levels, viz. individual, dyadic (two person)
group, and organisational.
•It has biological(heredity) as well as social
bases(environment).
•As a discipline it is defined both in terms of what it
studies and how it studies.
PSYCHOLOGY INCLUDES

➢ Psychology is defined formally as a science which

studies mental processes, experiences and behaviour
in different contexts.

➢ So, it includes:
1) Mental processes
2) Experiences
3) Behaviour
 MENTAL PROCESSES

• Mental processes are used when we think or try to solve a

problem, to know or remember something.
• Mental processes includes thinking, remembering, learning,
knowing, perceiving, feelings, problem solving, decision making,
etc.
• We cannot say that the brain activities and mental processes are
the same, although they are interdependent. Mental activities
and neural activities are mutually overlapping processes but,
they are not identical.
 EXPERIENCES

• Experiences are subjective in nature.

• We cannot directly observe or know someone else’s experience.
• Experiences are embedded in our awareness or consciousness.
• Only the experiencing person can be aware or be conscious of her or his
experiences.
• Eg:
• Pain or negative experience: feeling of pain due to illness, feeling of pain due
to betrayal.
• Pleasurable or positive experience: romantic feeling, achieving something.
• Some esoteric experiences also which attract the attention of psychologists,
such as when a Yogi meditates to enter a different level of consciousness and
creates a new kind of experience or when a drug addict takes a particular kind
of drug to get a high, even though such drugs are extremely harmful.
BEHAVIOUR

• Behaviours are responses or reactions we make or activities we

engage in.
• Behaviours may be simple or complex, short or enduring.
• Types of behaviour:
1) Overt: The behaviour which can be outwardly seen or sensed by
an observer.
2) Covert: The behaviour which can’t be seen or sensed by an
observer. It is hidden. In this, the behavioural pattern are known
to the person experiencing it.
 PSYCHOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE

• It seeks to understand and explain how the mind works and how different
mental processes result in different behaviours.
• When we observe others as lay or common persons, our own points of view
or our ways of understanding the world influence our interpretations of their
behaviours and experiences.
• Psychology, though it is a very old knowledge discipline, is a young science, if
one were to take the year of the founding of the first laboratory of
psychology in 1879 in Leipzig.
• Psychology is generally categorised as a social science. But it should not come
to you as a surprise that, not only in other countries, but in India also, it is
also a subject of study offered in the faculty of science, both at the
undergraduate and post-graduate levels.
 PSYCHOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE (CONTD.....)

• Neuroscience and computer science borrow principle continuously from psychology.

• Their is fast developing brain imaging techniques like MRI, EEG, etc. Which make it possible
to study brain processes in real time, i.e. when they are actually taking place.
• Similarly, in IT areas, both human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence cannot
possibly grow without psychological knowledge in cognitive processes.

• Psychology as a discipline today has two parallel streams. One which makes use of the method
in physical and biological sciences and the other which makes use of the method of social and
cultural sciences in studying various psychological and social phenomena.
• Here the aim of the researcher is to know the cause and effect relationship so that a
prediction of the behavioural phenomenon can be made and behaviour can be controlled if
need be.
• On the other hand, psychology as a social science focuses on how behavioural phenomena can
be explained in terms of the interaction that takes place between the person and the socio-
cultural context of which s/he is a part.
 PSYCHOLOGY AS NATURAL/PHYSICAL SCIENCE
➢ Modern psychology has developed because of the application of the scientific method to study
psychological phenomenon.
➢ As a physical science, it emphasises on data that is systematic and can be studied under
controlled conditions.
➢ It takes influence from both physics and biology and believes in the Hypothetico-deductive model
(HDM).
➢ The model suggests that scientific advancement can take place if you have a theory to explain a
phenomenon.
➢ Based on a theory, scientists deduce or propose a hypothesis.
➢ Every and any hypothesis can be accepted or rejected on the basis of factors available.
➢ A hypothesis is a tentative solution to a problem that helps in guiding a research or a theory.
➢ Using the above approach psychologists have developed theories of learning, memory, attention,
perception, motivation and emotion, etc. and have made significant progress. Till date, most of
the research in psychology follows this approach of hypothetico-deductive model.
➢ Psychologists have also been influenced by the evolutionary approach which is dominant in
biological sciences.
➢ This approach has also been used to explain diverse kinds of psychological phenomenon such as
intelligence, personality, attachment, aggression, etc.
 PSYCHOLOGY AS SOCIAL SCIENCE

➢ Psychology is a social science because it studies the behaviour of

human beings in their social and cultural context.
➢ Psychology as a social science discipline focuses on humans as
social beings.
➢ It studies how we can differentiate people with different abilities,
capabilities, psychological characteristics.
➢ Psychologists use samples to understand the population and to
formulate laws and theories which can be generalised.
➢ Human beings are not only influenced by the socio-cultural
context, they also create them.
 UNDERSTANDING MIND AND BRAIN
❑ Psychology was once defined as a science of the mind but this concept was rejected because
its location could not be indicated.
❑ The term “mind” has returned to psychology due to efforts by Sperry and physicists like
Penrose, who have given it the respect which it deserved and now has.
❑ It is true that mind cannot exist without brain, but mind is a separate entity.
❑ This can be justified by understanding some cases:-
✓ Some patients whose occipital lobes (responsible for vision) were surgically removed have been found to
be responding correctly to location and configuration of visual cues.
✓ an athlete lost his arm in a motorcycle accident but continued to feel an “arm” and also continued to feel
its movements.
✓ A man who suffered brain injury in an accident, after he returned home from the hospital, claimed that
his parents had been replaced by their “duplicates”.
❑ In each of these cases, the person had suffered from damage of some part of the brain but
his “mind” had remained intact.
❑ It was earlier believed by scientists that there is no relationship between the mind and the
body and that they were parallel to each other.
❑ Recent studies in affective neuroscience have clearly shown that there is a relationship
between mind and behaviour.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIND AND BEHAVIOUR

• By using positive visualisation techniques and feeling positive emotions, one can
bring about significant changes in bodily processes and their behaviour.
• Ornish has shown this in a number of studies with his patients.
• In these studies a person with blocked arteries was made to visualise that blood
was flowing through her/his blocked arteries. After practicing this over a period of
time, significant relief was obtained by these patients as the degree of blockage
became significantly less.
• Mental imagery, has been used to cure various kinds of phobias (irrational fears of
objects and situations).
• A new discipline called Psychoneuroimmunology has emerged which emphasises
the role played by the mind in strengthening the immune system.
EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOLOGY ‘OR’ VARIOUS SCHOOLS
OF PSYCHOLOGY

• Psychology is emerged from Philosophy.

• Formal beginning of modern psychology is started in 1879 when the first experimental laboratory
was established in Leipzig, Germany by Wilhelm Wundt.
• It emerges as a scientific discipline in the following phases:

SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

GESTALT
STRUCTURALISM FUNCTIONALISM BEHAVIOURISM PSYCHOANALYSIS HUMANISM CONSTRUCTIVISM
PSYCHOLOGY
1. STRUCTURALISM:
➢ It is the oldest school/approach to psychology proposed by Wilhelm Wundt.
➢ Structuralists were interested in analysis of human mind and its structure.
➢ They were interested in conscious experience and wanted to study the building blocks of mind.
➢ They used introspection as a method to study mental processes and experiences.
➢ introspection as a method did not satisfy many other psychologists. It was less scientific. This led
to the development of new perspectives in psychology.

2. FUNCTIONALISM:
➢ It is an approach to psychology, developed by an American psychologist, William James, who had set
up a psychological laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
➢ William James believed that instead of focusing on the structure of the mind, psychology should
instead study what the mind does and how behaviour functions in making people deal with their
environment.

3. BEHAVIOURISM:
➢ Behaviourism is proposed by John B. Watson who viewed psychology as a study of behaviour or
responses (to stimuli) which can be measured and studied objectively.
➢ According to him, scientific psychology must focus on what is observable and verifiable.
➢ Behaviourism of Watson was further developed by many psychologists who are known as
behaviourists. Most prominent among them was Skinner who applied behaviourism to a wide range
of situations.
4. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY:
➢ Gestalt psychology was founded in Germany by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka.
➢ It focused on the organisation of perceptual experiences (organisation of what we see). Instead of
looking at the components of the mind, the Gestalt psychologists argued that when we look at the
world our perceptual experience is more than the sum of the components of the perception.
➢ In other words, what we experience is more than the inputs received from our environment.
➢ For example:
➢ When we see a movie, we actually have a series of rapidly moving images of still pictures falling
on our retina.
➢ When we see a flower in the garden we see it as a whole(flower) and not in parts(petals, sepals,
anther, pollen, etc)
➢ Thus, our perceptual experience is more than the elements.

5. PSYCHOANALYSIS:
➢ This approach was proposed by Dr. Sigmund Freud.
➢ Freud viewed human behaviour as a result of unconscious desires and conflicts.
➢ Psychoanalysis can be defined as method of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to
bring repressed unconscious material into consciousness.
➢ Freud used psychoanalysis as a system to understand and cure psychological disorders.
6. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY:
➢ This approach was proposed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
➢ This approach of psychology emphasises the person, or the self, and personal growth and
development.
➢ They emphasised on the free will of human beings i.e people are free to do whatever they choose
to do.
➢ They said that human beings strive to grow and unfold their inner potential i.e. what they are
capable of doing.
➢ According to them all individuals have innate tendency to self actualise and all human activities are
goal directed and worthwhile.

7. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE / CONSTRUCTIVISM:

➢ Jean Piaget and Vygotsky are the pioneers of this approach.
➢ This perspective is a combination of gestalt approach and structuralist approach.
➢ This approach focuses on cognition i.e. how we know the world through- thinking, understanding,
perceiving, memorising and problem solving etc.
➢ Cognitive psychologists view the human mind as an information processing system like a computer.
➢ Mind is considered to receive, process, transform, store and retrieve information.
➢ Mind is dynamic and human beings actively construct their minds as they-
➢ Interact with social and physical environment.
➢ Interaction between adults and children.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY IN INDIA

❑ The modern era of Indian psychology began in the Department of Philosophy

at Calcutta University.
➢ The first syllabus of experimental psychology was introduced and the first
psychology laboratory was established in 1915.
➢ They started the first Department of Psychology in the year 1916 and
another Department of Applied Psychology in 1938.
➢ Dr. N.N. Sengupta (trained experimental tradition of Wundt) and Professor
G. Bose (trained in Freudian psychoanalysis) influenced the early
development of psychology in India.
➢ Professor Bose established Indian Psychoanalytical Association in 1922.
❑ Departments of Psychology in the Universities of Mysore and Patna were other
early centres of teaching and research in psychology.
❑ There are two centers of excellence in psychology supported by the UGC at
Utkal University, Bhubaneswar and at the University of Allahabad.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY IN INDIA (Contd.)
❖ Durganand Sinha published book in 1986 – “Psychology in a Third World Country: The Indian Experience”
This book is the first book to provide a systematic and historical development of scientific psychology in
India in four phases.
1. First phase – till independence.
▪ This phase gave emphasis on experimental, psychoanalytic and psychological testing research.
2. Second phase – till 1960
▪ It was a phase of expansion of psychology in India into different branches of psychology.
▪ It deals with the problem-oriented research.
▪ Psychologists became more focused on addressing the problems of the Indian society.
3. Third phase – post 1970
▪ This is the phase of indigenisation, in which focus was given to research which was based on problems
related to Indian culture, society and people.
4. Fourth phase – 1980s-till now
▪ Psychology in India is now being applied in diverse professional areas.
▪ Psychologists been working with children having special problems.
▪ Psychologists are employed in hospitals as clinical psychologists.
▪ In corporate organisations they are working in the HRD and advertising departments.
▪ They are working in sports directorates, development sector and in IT industry.
 BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTAL
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY

SPORTS BRANCHES OF CROSS-CULTURAL

AND CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY

EDUCATIONAL ENVIONMENTAL
INDUSTRIAL / CLINICAL AND PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY HEALTH
ORGANISATIONAL COUNSELLING
PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY
 BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY:
✓ It studies mental processes involved in acquisition, storage, manipulation, and transformation
of information received from the environment along with its use and communication.
✓ The major cognitive processes are attention, perception, memory, reasoning, problem
solving, decision-making and language.
2. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY:
✓ It studies relationship between behaviour and the physical system (brain, nervous system,
immune system and genetics).
✓ Biological psychologists work in collaboration with neuroscientists, zoologists, and
anthropologists.
✓ Neuropsychology is a field of research where psychologists and neuroscientists are working
together.
3. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY:
✓ It studies the physical, social and psychological changes that occur from conception to old
age.
✓ The main concern of developmental psychologists is how we become what we are.
✓ It also focus on the biological, socio-cultural and environmental factors that influence
intelligence, cognition, emotions, personality, values and social relationships.
 BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY Contd.

4. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY:
✓ It studies the effect of society and culture on individual’s behaviour and vice versa.
✓ Social psychologists are interested in topics such as attitude, conformity and obedience to
authority, aggression, social motivation, inter-group relations, etc.

5. CROSS-CULTURAL AND CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY:

✓ It studies the role of culture in understanding behaviour, feelings, thoughts and emotions.
✓ It assumes that human behaviour is a product of heredity as well as culture.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY:
✓ It studies the interaction of physical factors such as noise, heat, pollution, crowding and
natural disasters on human behaviour.
✓ It also studies the influence of physical arrangement of the workplace(offices) on health, the
emotional state, and interpersonal relations.
✓ In recent years disposal of waste, population explosion, conservation of energy, efficient use
of community resources and nuclear energy are becoming serious topics of research.
 BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY Contd.

7. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY:
✓ This branch of psychology studies the role of psychological factors (stress, anxiety, etc) in the
development, prevention and treatment of illness/disease.
✓ Psychologists are interested in studying stress and coping, the patient-doctor relationship and
ways of promoting positive health.

8. CLINICAL AND COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY:

✓ Clinical psychology deals with causes, treatment and prevention of psychological disorders
(anxiety, depression, eating disorders and substance abuse/addiction).
✓ Counselling Psychologist provide advice and help in problems related to everyday functioning.
9. INDUSTRIAL/ORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY:
✓ This field of psychology applies the principles of psychology to work place.
✓ It deals with workplace behaviour focusing on both the employer and employee.
✓ Organisational psychologists are concerned with training employees, improving work
conditions, and developing criteria for selecting employees.
✓ They are also concerned with issues such as leadership, conflicts between employees,
motivation amongst employees, etc.
 BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY Contd.
10. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY:
✓ This field of psychology studies how learning takes place during several stages of life.
✓ This branch of psychology covers the areas of revolutionising the education system, teacher
training strategies and methods of teaching.
✓ A related field, SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY focuses on designing programmes that promotes
intellectual, social and emotional development of children, including those with special
needs.

11. SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY:

✓ Sports Psychology applies principles of psychology to improve sports performance by
enhancing the motivation of players and teams.

12. OTHER EMERGING BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY:

✓ Aviation psychology Engineering psychology
✓ Space Psychology Managerial psychology
✓ Military psychology Political psychology
✓ Forensic psychology Psychology of women
✓ Rural psychology Community psychology
 PSYCHOLOGIST VS PSYCHIATRIST
PSYCHOLOGIST PSYCHIATRIST
1 Degree in psychology. Degree in medicine.

2 They are not medical doctors. They are trained medical doctors.
3 Can only use psychotherapy and can’t prescribe Can give electroshock treatments and also provide
medication. medication.

COUNSELLOR VS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST

COUNSELLOR CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
1 They work with persons who suffer from motivational They are specialised in helping clients with
and emotional problems. behavioural problems by providing therapy for
disorders such as anxiety, fear or stress.

2 They may be involved in vocational rehabilitation They may be involved in conducting interviews,
programmes, helping people in making professional administering psychological tests to diagnose
choices or adjusting in new situations. client’s problems, using psychological methods for
their treatment.

3 They work for hospitals, schools, colleges and They work either as private practitioners or at
universities. hospitals, mental institutions or social agencies.
 THEMES OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY

1. Psychology like other sciences attempts to develop principles of behaviour

and mental processes.

2. Human behaviour is a function of the attributes of persons and

environment.

3. Human behaviour is caused.

4. Understanding of human behaviour is culturally constructed.

5. Human behaviour can be controlled and modified through the application of

psychological principles.
 BASIC Vs APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
S. No BASIC PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
1. It can be regarded as the base of It can be regarded as the surface (work upon the
psychology. base) of psychology.

2. Psychologists work in the basic areas Psychologists work on the applied areas like
like teaching and research. organisations, etc.

3. It studies the laws, theories, principles, It studies how to implement the laws, principles,
etc. of psychology. theories, etc. of basic psychology.

4. It is also known as pure psychology. It is also known as implemental psychology.

5. It studies the process of learning, It emphasise on the functioning of the process of

memory, perception, attention, etc. learning, memory, perception, attention, etc.

6. It studies the subject matter. It applies or implement the subject matter.

 PHILOSOPHY MEDICINE
ARCHITECTURE ECONOMICS
AND ENGINEERING

MUSIC PSYCHOLOGY
AND
FINE ARTS
AND OTHER POLITICAL SCIENCE
DISCIPLINES

MASS
COMMUNICATION SOCIOLOGY
LAW
COMPUTER
AND
SCIENCE
CRIMINOLOGY
1. PHILOSOPHY:
✓ Psychology emerged from philosophy. Certain concepts that are now part of psychology like
what is the nature of the mind, motivations and emotions were the concerns of philosophers.
✓ In the later part of the 19th century, Wundt and other psychologists adopted an experimental
approach to answer these question and psychology emerged.

2. MEDICINE:
✓ Healthy body requires healthy mind.
✓ In many hospitals psychologists are employed to prevent people from engaging in health
hazardous behaviours and in adhering to the prescribed doctor’s advise regarding healthy
behaviour.
✓ Treating patients suffering from cancer, AIDS, or handling patients in the ICU, and patients
during post operative care doctors looks at the psychological as well as physical well-being
of the patients.
3. MUSIC AND FINE ARTS:
✓ Studies show that music help in increasing the work performance.
✓ In India experiments are being conducted for ‘music therapy’ in which various ‘Ragas’ are
used for curing physical problems.
4. ECONOMICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIOLOGY:
✓ Economics: Psychology has contributed to the study of micro-level economic behaviour,
particularly in understanding consumer behaviour, savings behaviour and in decision-making.
✓ Political science: It uses psychological approach in understanding issues related to exercise
of power and authority, nature of political conflicts and their resolutions, and voting
behaviour.
✓ Sociology: Sociology and psychology come together to understand socio-cultural basis of
behaviour. Sociology studies the society whereas psychology studies individual in society.

5. COMPUTER SCIENCE:
✓ It is always tried by computer science to imitate/copy the functioning of human mind.
✓ This imitation can be seen in the structure of computer(memory organisation and
processing).
✓ Computer scientists are trying to make computers not only more and more intelligent but
also machines which can sense and feel.
6. LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY:
✓ Knowledge of psychology is required by lawyer and criminologist to answer the questions such as-
• How well a witness remembered an accident, fight, or a murder?
• What factors influence the decision which is taken by jury?
• What degree of punishment is considered appropriate for a criminal act?
✓ Various psychologists are working on finding the answers which would help the legal system of country.
7. MASS COMMUNICATION:
✓ Media has a major influence on our thinking, attitudes and our emotions.
✓ The impact of media on the formation of attitudes of children and their behaviour is a domain
where both these disciplines come together.
✓ A journalist in reporting news must know the reader’s interests in the story.
✓ Since most stories deal with human events, knowledge of their motives and emotions is very
important.

8. ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING:

✓ Architects satisfy their clients by providing mental and physical space through their design and
satisfy aesthetically.
✓ Engineers take into account human habits in their plans for safety, for example, on streets and
highways. Psychological knowledge helps in a big way in designing of all mechanical devices and
displays.
 CLINICAL COUNSELLING
PSYCHOLOGISTS PSYCHOLOGISTS

PSYCHOLOGISTS AT
WORK

COMMUNITY
PSYCHOLOGISTS
ORGANISATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS SCHOOL
PSYCHOLOGISTS
1. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS:
✓ They help clients with behavioural problems such as mental disorders, anxiety, fear, stress at home
or at work by providing therapy.
✓ They work as private practitioners or at hospitals, mental institutions, social agencies, etc.
✓ They may be involved in conducting interviews, administering psychological tests to diagnose
client’s problems, using psychological methods for their treatment.
2. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGISTS:
✓ They work with persons who suffer from motivational and emotional problems.
✓ The problems of their clients are less serious than those of the clinical psychologists.
✓ They may be involved in vocational rehabilitation programmes, helping people in making
professional choices or adjusting in new situations of life.
✓ Counselling psychologists work for mental health centres, hospitals, schools, colleges and
universities.

3. COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGISTS:
✓ They focus on problems and their solutions related to community mental health and physical health.
✓ They work for mental health agencies, private organisations and state governments, both in
urban(drug rehabilitation programme) and rural areas(establish a mental health centre).
✓ Besides the redirection and evaluation of various programmes and plans, community based
rehabilitation (CBR) is of major interest to community psychologists.
✓ They even work for special population such as elderly or mentally challenged.
1. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS:
✓ They work in educational/school systems.
✓ They help in the formulation of school policies, teaching methods, effective use of teaching
aids, etc .
✓ They facilitate communication between parents, teachers and administrators, and also
provide teachers and parents with information about the psychological and academic progress
of a student.

2. ORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGISTS:
✓ They provide valuable help in dealing with problems that the executives/authorities and
employees of an organisation tend to face in their respective roles.
✓ They provide organisations with consultancy services and organise skill training programmes in
order to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness.
✓ It is a subject that can offer solutions to a variety of problems.
✓ These problems can be-
✓ Personal: Eg. A daughter having to face an alcoholic father or a mother dealing
with a problem child.
✓ Family set up: Eg. Lack of communication among family members.
✓ Group/community setting: Eg.Terrorist groups or socially isolated communities.
✓ National or International dimension: Eg. Problems related to education, health,
environment, social justice, women development, intergroup relations, etc.
✓ The solution of these problems may involve political, economic and social
reforms, interventions at the individual levels are also needed in order to change.
✓ Psychologists are working in diverse settings such as schools, hospitals, industries,
prisons, organisations, military establishments, and in private practice to help
people in solving problems in their respective settings.
✓ The understanding of psychological principles, laws and theories also helps an
individual to have a positive and balanced understanding of themselves.
THANK YOU