1.2 1.3 Magnitude of a vector A isa Unit Vector aa Itis mathematical way to express direction of a vector and defined by the ratio of @ When a unt vectors multiplied with ascalac magnitude, we get a vecior of cove Hr rection of the unit vector. A unit vector is usual ted by putting a sign (") known 95 °F = ly represented by putting: P over a letter assigned to the unit vector. This letter may be the same as used for the vector, or is lowes Sake letter or some other symbol. For example, if we assign lower case letter a to unit vector in the direction of vector A , the unit vector denoted by 4 is expressed by the following equation. A=Aa Geometrical Representation of Vectors Geometrically a vector is represented by a directed straight-line segment drawn to a scale. Starting point of the directed line segment is known as tail and the end-point as arrow, head, or tip. The orientation of the line and ne arrow collectively show the direction and the length of the line drawn to a scale shows the magnitude. For example let a particle moves from point A to B following curvilinear path shown in the figure. It displacement vector is straight line AB directed form A to B. If straight-line distance between A and B is 25 m, the directed line segment has to be drawn to suitable scale. If we assume the scale 1.0 cm = 10 m, the geometrical length of the displacement vector AB must be 2.5 cm. B a, af B Displacement Tail A - Geometrical representation of Displacement Vector ‘ion of Vectors: The Triangle Law Use of geometry in solving problems involving vectors is of fundamental nature. The triangle law also uses principles of plane geometry. This law states: : Tho vectors to be added are drawn in such a manner that the tail ofa vector coincides the tip of the preceding vector (in tip total fashion); theirresultantis defined by the vector drawn from the tall ofthe first vector to the tip of the second vector. The two vectors to be added and their resultant are coplanar. Consider vectors A and B shown in the figure-1. Using the triangle law, we obtain geometrical construction shown in the figure-II, where it is shown that two vectors and their sum € = A +B always make a closed A r A and B, in triangle. If we change order of vector Avon Be ee een ty ecuntion C=B+A remain un& gests the folowing results Gooner ebowe noe oa) ac: 80" (Keven —— Illustrations ae Oe ae 4 B make angles of 20° and 110° respectively with the X-axis. The magnitudes of a ctor A and rd 12m respectively Find thelt resultant vector. Solution th a 7abe50) = VS eae Fi ei of R from A isa@ B en 12sing0"___ 12x12 ei int =F Beosd 5+12¢0890° 5+12x0 5 Ls z = tan 2 with vector A or (a + 20°) with X-axis oo Iustration 2 vvofaces each numeieally equato 10 dynes are acting as shown in the igure, ther find resultant of these two vectors. Solution he angle 0 between the two veetors is 120° and not 60". & ((10)* + (10)? + 2(00)0\(e0s120") = J100+100—100 =10 dyne 1.4 Addition of ao more than two Vectors wrt aligns nal aw canbe extended fo deine adaifon of mons vectors, Accordingly, if vector 0 e drawn in tip to talfashion,§ es aa the last vector. Them maine ? vector nin Settle 5 ation of addition of three vectors A, B and & = os — and their resultant P are shown in figure. icresul euagests the following Bsin@ stan (qrBe088 i 46 Illustrations 20° and 110° A and B make angles of ee tre sm and 12m respectively. Find t & = 110°-20° = 90° Solution Je of R from A isa Bsin® oan eounif2 Illustration 2, Two forces each mu these two vectors. jolution 1.4 Addition of more than a triangle law can be ex ‘added are drawn in tip to tal the tip of the last vector Operation of addition 6Multiplying by a Number a2 t x can be represented as a sum of two (in two-dimensional space) or oe eredeterined drecions. These directions arecaled axes