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Mrinmoys Assignment

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22 views9 pages

Mrinmoys Assignment

Uploaded by

Efaz Afnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measurement of

Power
and Wattmeter
Course Code : EEE 353

Course Title : Measurement and Instrumentation

Course Teacher: Mr. Mrinmoy Dey, Associate Professor,


Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, CUET
POWER IN D.C. CIRCUITS

❖ In a DC circuit, the power(P) used by a device is found by multiplying the voltage (V) and the
current (I)
P = VI. Voltage are taken with the help of voltmeter and current is measured using ammeter.
❖ Ammeter and voltmeter can be placed either in the two position.
❖ In position 1 ammeter is connected between load and voltmeter. Therefore, the voltmeter not
only indicates the voltage VL across the load, but in addition voltage drop Va across the
ammeter.
❖ In position 2 voltmeter is connected between load and ammeter. Therefore, ammeter not only
indicates the current through the load but in addition current in the voltmeter also.

Position 1 Position 2
POWER IN D.C. CIRCUITS (continue)

Position 1 Position 2
POWER IN D.C. CIRCUITS (continue)

❖ In both connection setups, the power shown by the instruments equals the power used by the
device plus the power used by the closer instrument.

❖ To get accurate power readings, we need to adjust for the power lost in the instruments.
Usually, this isn't a big deal, but it can cause problems if the power source is limited.

❖ For setups where power measurements are needed often, using a wattmeter instead of a
voltmeter and ammeter is better. A wattmeter directly shows power without needing to
multiply readings, making it simpler and more accurate while reducing labor.

Position 1 Position 2
POWER IN A.C. CIRCUITS

❖ In AC circuits, power varies continuously, but we're


interested in its average value over a cycle.

❖ Instantaneous power (p) is the product of instantaneous


voltage (v) and current (i) : p = vi .

❖ Average power over a cycle is calculated as


P = (VI) cos φ, where V and I are rms values, and
cos φ is the power factor.

❖ Power factor (cos φ) involvement in power expression


requires wattmeter use for accurate measurement, as
simple ammeter-voltmeter setups neglect power factor.
Electro dynamo Wattmeter , Construction & Theory

❖ Electrodynamometer wattmeter operate similarly to


electrodynamometer ammeters and voltmeters. They consist of
two coils: the fixed coils, connected in series with the load, serve
as the current coil (C.C.), while the moving coil, connected
across the voltage, acts as the voltage coil (P.C.). A high non-
inductive resistance limits the current through the moving coil.
❖ Fixed coils: Divided into two halves, they carry the circuit's
current and are constructed to handle considerable current. •Voltage circuit: Series resistor limits current,
while for higher voltages, a potential
Typically wound with heavy wire, often stranded or laminated to transformer steps down the voltage to 110 V
reduce eddy current losses. for the pressure coil circuit.
❖ Moving coil: Mounted on a pivoted spindle and situated within •Control: Spring control mechanism is
the fixed current coils. Utilizes spring control for movement, employed for the instrument's operation.
•Damping: Air friction damping method is
with a series resistor limiting current to safe levels, usually up to utilized, as electromagnetic or eddy current
100 mA. damping could distort the instrument's weak
❖ Air-core design: Both fixed and moving coils are air-cored, with magnetic field.
voltage ratings typically limited to around 600 V due to power •Scales and pointers: Equipped with mirror-
type scales and knife-edge pointers to reduce
requirements and heat generation. reading errors caused by parallax.
Theory
The instantaneous torque of an electrodynamometer instruments
is given by :
T = i1i2 dM/de
where i1 and i2 are instantaneous values of currents in two coils.

Let V and I be the r.m.s. values of voltage and current being


measured.
Instantaneous value of voltage across the pressure coil circuit
v = √2 V sinwt

If the pressure coil circuit has a very high


resistance, it can be treated as purely resistive.
Therefore, current i in the pressure coil is in phase
with the voltage and its instantaneous value is :

ip = v/Rp = √2 (V/Rp) sinwt = √2Ipsinwt

Here
Ip = V/Rp = rms value of current in pressure coil circuit.
and Rp = resistance of pressure coil circuit.
Theory
Shape of Scale of Electrodynamometer Wattmeter

•The deflection of an electrodynamometer wattmeter is


directly proportional to the power being measured.

•The scale is essentially uniform over the range where


the rate of change of mutual inductance (dM / dθ) is
constant.

•Mutual inductance between the fixed and moving coils


can be designed to vary linearly with angle over a range
of 40° to 50° on either side of zero mutual inductance
position.

•If the zero mutual inductance position aligns with the


midscale, the scale will be uniform over a range of 80°
to 100°, covering almost the entire scale range.
Fig: Variation of mutual inductance
with deflection

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