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MCE521 Lecture IV

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28 views15 pages

MCE521 Lecture IV

Uploaded by

Oluwatobi Omofade
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MCE521

Advanced Computational Dynamics

Lecture 04: 13/02/2019

Dr. Ayokunle O. Balogun


balogun.ayokunle@lmu.edu.ng

Class: Wednesday (8 – 10 am)


Venue: A04

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS


Lecture content
Advanced Computational Dynamics
 The Momentum Equation (Force Balance)
 The Energy Equation (Energy Conservation)
 Additional Equation for Turbulent Flow
 Physical Boundary Conditions of the Governing
Equations

Recommended textbooks
1. Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Practical Approach by Tu J., Yeoh
G., and Liu C. 2nd Edition
2. Numerical Methods for Engineers by Chapra S., and Canale R.P. 5th
Edition
MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 2
ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
THE MOMENTUM EQUATION
 The x – component of Newton’s second law is expressed as
1

 Expressing acceleration in terms of substantial derivative yields Eq. 2

2
 So the rate of increase of x - momentum is given as Eq. 3

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 3


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
THE MOMENTUM EQUATION
 The two type of forces involved are body forces and surface forces.
 The surface forces for the velocity component u, as shown in Fig 3 that
deforms the fluid element are due to normal stress and tangential stresses
acting on the surfaces of the fluid element.

Fig 3: Surface forces acting on the


infinitesimal control volume for the velocity
component u. Deformed fluid element due
to the action of the surfaces forces

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 4


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
THE MOMENTUM EQUATION
 Combining the sum of the surface forces on the fluid element and the time
rate of change of u, the x–, y- and z-momentum becomes Eqs (4), (5), and (6)

6
 For 2-D consideration it reduces to popular Navier-Stokes equation

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 5


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
THE MOMENTUM EQUATION
The Physical Interpretation

Fig 5: The motion of fluid through a Venturi

Fig 4: The motion of fluid


in a piston mechanism

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 6


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
THE ENERGY EQUATION
 The energy conservation relation is derived from the first of thermodynamics
as:
Time rate of change of energy = Net rate of heat added ( 𝑄) + Net rate of work done ( 𝑊)

Fig 6: Work done by surface forces on the fluid


and heat added to the fluid within the
infinitesimal control volume. Only the fluxes
in the x direction are shown

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 7


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
THE ENERGY EQUATION
 The time rate of change of energy for the moving fluid element is

 The conservation of energy equation is given as

10
 After invoking the heat flux relation, and a further manipulations, in 2-D,
Eq.10 becomes.

11

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 8


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
THE ADDITIONAL EQUATIONS FOR TURBULENT FLOW

 There is a crucial difference when modeling the physical phenomena


between laminar and turbulent flow. It is far more complex and involving
for turbulent flows. Therefore mean quantities are often utilized.
 This process of obtaining mean quantities is applied to incompressible, 2-D
equations of continuity and the conservative form of momentum and energy
that produces the time-averaged governing equations, more popularly
known as Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations (Check the
recommended textbook).
 A typical two-equation turbulence model that is commonly used in
handling many turbulent fluid-engineering problems is the standard 𝑘 − 𝜀
model by Launder and Spalding (1974).

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 9


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
GENERIC FORM OF THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR CFD
 If a general variable ∅ is introduced, the governing equations for the
conservation of mass, momentum and energy and the turbulent quantities
in the conservative incompressible form yields
𝜕∅ 𝜕(𝑢∅) 𝜕(𝑣∅) 𝜕(𝑤∅) 𝜕 𝜕∅ 𝜕 𝜕∅ 𝜕 𝜕∅
+ + + = Γ + Γ + Γ + 𝑆∅
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

 While in the conservative compressible form the equation is given by


𝜕(𝜌∅) 𝜕(𝜌𝑢∅) 𝜕(𝜌𝑣∅) 𝜕(𝜌𝑤∅) 𝜕 𝜕∅ 𝜕 𝜕∅ 𝜕 𝜕∅
+ + + = 𝛤 + 𝛤 + 𝛤 + 𝑆∅
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

 The two equations above are the transport equations for the property ∅.
Each of them illustrates the various physical transport processes occurring
in the fluid flow: The local acceleration and advection terms on the left hand
side are respectively equivalent to the diffusion term (Γ= diffusion
coefficient) and the source term (𝑆∅ ) on the right hand side.
MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 10
ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
PHYSICAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS
 Note that the governing equations can also be represented in dimensionless
forms (Check the recommended textbook).

 Alongside the governing equations are also the boundary conditions that
have to be specified in order to obtain a unique solution for a particular
engineering flow problem.
 The specification of boundary conditions is an art that requires practice to
gain mastery over.

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 11


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Consider an incompressible, inviscid flow past a circular cylinder of
diameter d. The flow variation along the approaching stagnation
streamline (A – B) can be expressed as
𝑅2
𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑈∞ 1− 2
𝑥
With reference to the momentum
equations, determine the total
acceleration experienced by the fluid as it
flows along the stagnation streamline.
Also determine the pressure distribution
along the streamline by deriving
Bernoulli’s equation and stagnation
pressure at the stagnation point. Take
upstream velocity to be 𝑈∞ = 1m/s and
radius R = 1 m, air density – 1.2kg/m3.
MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 12
ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
2. To illustrate the application of the energy equation, consider the steady
heat conduction across an infinite long slab with a finite thickness.
Determine the analytical expressions based on the boundary conditions:
a) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇0 and 𝑥 + 𝐿, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝐿
𝜕𝑇(𝐿)
b) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇0 and 𝑥 = 𝐿, 𝑞𝐿 = −𝑘
𝜕𝑥

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 13


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
ASSIGNMENT (CA-1)
1. Simplify the general continuity equation for a two-dimensional constant
density case

2. A simplified, one-dimensional, inviscid, incompressible, laminar flow is


defined by the following momentum equation in the x direction:

Name each term and discuss its contribution to the flow


3. The momentum of a fluid in the y direction is given by the following
equation:

Discuss the forces that act to transport the fluid.


4. What are the differences between the momentum equation in question 3
and the following momentum equation?

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 14


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS
ASSIGNMENT (CA-1)
5. Consider a steady incompressible, laminar flow through a parallel-plate
channel. For a constant-property fluid with a fully developed flow,
determine the velocity profile, 𝑢(𝑦), subject to the boundary condition
where the vertical velocity is zero everywhere, as well as expressions for
the volume flow rate 𝑉, and the maximum velocity.

MCE521: ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS 15

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