PHYSIC

SI
Presentation

The objective of this work is to offer an introduction to Physics, with a title on the main cover.
MANUAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBJECT OF PHYSICS I (Eng.
AGROINDUSTRIAL), as well as helping students develop an intuition for the subject and
making them knowledgeable and skilled at solving problems.

This monographic contribution reflects the results of experience and knowledge of the
difficulties and what it means to learn Physics.

This work is for a course of one academic cycle. It is assumed that students have studied or are
simultaneously studying Fundamental Algebra, differential and integral calculus and vector
calculus.

We have tried to write this contribution in a very summary, abbreviated and precise way, to gain
confidence by solving some of the exercises. At the same time we include problems of various
degrees of difficulty, as well as for better prepared students, the text contains: Physical quantities
and conversion factor, vector magnitude, scalars, Cartesian vectors, vector multiplication, statics,
kinematics, compound movement, dynamics, curvilinear motion, equations of motion, work,
energy, impulse and linear momentum.

We will appreciate communications from our colleagues, students and the reading public,
especially about any errors or deficiencies they find. You can collaborate by telling us what
needs to be improved. Feel free to communicate, by email.

Your comments will be taken into account. Email: wgilaguilar@gmail.com

fjrisco5@mail.com

Chimbote, September 2018

The authors

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Analytical Index

Chapter 1 Physics measurement, magnitudes and Conversion Factors 4

1.1 Physical Magnitude 7

1.2 Fundamental Concepts 7
1.3 Fundamental Magnitudes 10
1.4 Derived Magnitudes 11
1.5 Conversion Factor 11
1.6 Unit Conversion 12
Proposed Problems 13

Chapter 2 Vector and Scalar Magnitudes 15

2-1 Vector Quantity 15

2.1.1 Graphic Representation of a Vector 15
2-2 Scalar Magnitude 16
2-3
Vector Addition 16
2.3.1 Polygon 16 Method
2.3.2 Analytical Method 18
2.3.3 Triangle Method 18
2-4 Vector Decomposition in Plane 20
2-5 Module of a Vector in Rectangular Components 20
Proposed Problems 22

Chapter 3 Cartesian Vectors 26

3-1 Unit Vector 26

3-2 Sum of a Cartesian Vectors 27
3-3 Cartesian Vectors of Position 28
Proposed Problems 29

Chapter 4 Vector Multiplication 34

4-1 Vector Multiplication 34

Proposed Problems 40

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Chapter 5 Statics 41

5-1
Mechanics 41
5-2
Statics 41
5-3
Conditions for Equilibrium 41
5-4
Kinetic Balance 42
5-5
Static Balance 42
5-6
Springs 42
5-7
Strength 42
5-8
Free Body Diagram 42
Proposed Problems 43

Chapter 6 Kinematics 48

6-1 Kinematics 48
6-2 Position Vector 48
6-3 Average Speed 49
6-4 Instant Speed 49
6-5 Average Acceleration 49
6-6 Instant Acceleration 50
6-7 Kinematics using Differential and Integral Calculus 50
Proposed Problems 53

Chapter 7 Compound Movement 57

7-1 First Case 57

7-2 Second Case 58
7-3 General Curvilinear Movement 58
Proposed Problems 62

Chapter 8 Dynamics 64
8-1 Dynamics 64
8-2
Some Concepts 64
8-3
Equivalences between Some Units of Force 64
8-4
Friction or Friction Force 65
Proposed Problems 69

Chapter 9 Curvilinear Movement: Normal and Tangential Component

9-1 76Curvilinear Movement 76
9-2 Movement in Plane 76
Proposed Problems 79

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Chapter 10 Equations of Motion: Normal and Coordinates
Tangential 81

10.1 Equations of Motion 81

Proposed Problems 84

Chapter 11 Work Energy 87

11.1
11.2 Work of a Force 87
11.3 Work of a Variable Force 87
11.4 Work of a Constant Force 87
11.5 Work due to Weight 88
11.6 Potential Energy due to a Spring 88
11.7 Principle of Conservation of Energy 90
Problems and Application Exercises 91
Proposed Problems 98

Chapter 12 Impulse Linear Momentum 104

12.1 Impulse 104

12.2 Momentum 104
12.2 Collision 104
12.3 Coefficient of Restitution (e) 104
12.4 Elastic Collision (e = 1) 104
12.5 Inelastic Collision (e = 0) 104
12.6 Principle of Impulse and Linear Momentum 107
Proposed Problems 109

Bibliography 114

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Chapter 1 Physics, measurement, Magnitudes and Conversion Factor

Like all other sciences, physics is based on experimental observations and quantitative
measurements. The main goals of physics are to identify a limited number of fundamental laws
that govern natural phenomena and use them to develop theories capable of anticipating
experimental results. The fundamental laws used to construct theories are expressed in the
language of mathematics, the tool that provides a bridge between theory and experiment.

When there is a discrepancy between a theory's prediction and an experimental result, new or
modified theories must be formulated to resolve the discrepancy. Many times a theory is
satisfactory only under limited conditions; Sometimes a general theory is satisfactory without
certain limitations. For example, the laws of motion discovered by Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
accurately describe the motion of objects moving at normal speeds but do not apply to objects
moving at speeds comparable to the speed of light. In contrast, the special theory of relativity,
later developed by Albert Einstein (1879–1955), gives the same results as Newton's laws at low
speeds but also makes a correct description of the motion of objects at approaching speeds. at the
speed of light. Therefore, Einstein's special theory of relativity is a more general theory of
motion than that formed by Newton's laws.

Physics is a science that tries to explain the events that occur in nature, to understand it it is
necessary to have measuring instruments, hence it is experimental, so when measuring we find
physical magnitudes. It is necessary that the subject be complemented with the experimental
part, allowing us to verify the formulas found in the laboratory.

It is well known that currently physics not only studies the atom but also elementary particles,
since physics studies the smallest things, even the universe that surrounds us. The universe that
surrounds us is subject to the laws that nature governs, this makes it fascinating to the physical
sciences. In this sense, physics is the basis for the applications that are engineering and
technology; it will not be possible to design any structure if we do not fully understand the
principles and laws to which we are subject because we depend on it.

It is necessary to consider that to understand the subject, have clear prior knowledge of
elementary algebra, geometry, trigonometry, differential and integral calculus.

In this chapter we will learn about some magnitudes, we will review the measurement systems,
both the international system of measurement (SI), and the English or British system. We will
make some comparisons between both systems of units,

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1.1 Physical Magnitude
What we understand by physical magnitude is understood as everything that is measurable, we
could
Take a measuring instrument and compare with a
standard instrument, we can measure length, time,
mass, force, intensity of electric current, among
others. The word measurement involves precision
that has to do with the instrument to be measured
and is of high precision. Accuracy with the
experimenter, that is, who is going to carry out the
measurement, experience will prevail, that is, a
good experimenter will therefore make minimal
errors and correctly express his reading. Figure 1.1
shows the reading taken for a measurement of the
diameter of the sphere, commonly carried out in
Figure 1.1
the Physics Laboratory I, at the National University
of Santa.

1.2 Fundamental concepts

Below are some fundamental concepts that I consider important.
a) Length,Length is used to locate the position of a point in space. As recently as 1960, the
length of the meter was defined as the distance between two lines on a specific platinum–
iridium bar stored under controlled conditions in France. However, the current
requirements of science and technology require more precision than that given by the
separation between the lines on the bar. In the 1960s and 1970s, the meter was defined as
1,650,763.73 wavelengths of orange-red light emitted from a krypton 86 lamp. However, in
October 1983, the meter was redefined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a
time of 1/299,792,458 seconds. Indeed, this last definition establishes that the speed of light
in a vacuum is precisely 299,792,458 meters per second. This definition of the meter is valid
throughout the Universe with respect to the assumption that light is the same everywhere.

b) Time, time relates the events of sequences of some event and is important in
dynamic. Before 1960 the time standard was
defined in terms of the mean solar day
around the year 1900. (A solar day is the
time interval between successive
appearances of the Sun at the highest point
it reaches in the sky each day .) The
fundamental unit of a second (s) was defined
as ( i ^ )( 6 ^ )( 24 ) of an average solar day . It
is now known that the Earth's rotation
varies slightly with time. Because of that,
this movement does not provide a
standard time that is constant.

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In 1967 the second was redefined to take advantage of the enormous precision achieved with
a device known as the atomic clock (figure 1.2), which measures vibrations of cesium atoms.
Now one second is defined as 9,192,631,770 times the vibration period of the radiation of
the cesium-133 atom.

The primary time standard in the United States is a cesium-sourced atomic clock developed
at NIST laboratories in Boulder, Colorado. The clock will never gain or lose a second in 20
million years.

c) Mass, mass is the fundamental SI unit which is the kilogram (kg), is defined as the mass of a
specific platinum–iridium alloy cylinder kept at the International
Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sévres, France.
This standard mass was established in 1887 and has not changed
since that time because platinum–iridium is an unusually stable
alloy. A duplicate of the Sevres cylinder is preserved at the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in
Gaithersburg, Maryland. (Figure 1.3)

Figure 1.3 d) Strength. It is a vector magnitude that has magnitude,

direction and meaning, and it also has gravitational, electric,
magnetic and nuclear forces.

The force is considered as a vector equation and can be written as. F = m. ^̅ Likewise, the
gravitational force, for two bodies that are very far away, for example the earth and the
moon, that force that the earth exerts on the moon and vice versa is defined by the
following equation, F = G
"^, where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the
earth, m is the mass of the moon and r is the distance that separates both bodies, when a
body is very close to the surface than, say, the earth then it is a force called weight, it is that
force that the earth exerts on the bodies and that are attracted towards the center of radius of
the planet and is expressed like this, W = m 9 . Where m is the mass of the body and g is the
acceleration of gravity in the International system, considering a value of 9.81 m/s 2 .

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Electric Force. In electrostatics we study the electric force, whether it is repulsion or attraction
depending on the nature of the electrostatic charges
produced in a body by friction. When the charges
obtained by friction are of the same sign, an electric
force of repulsion appears, and if they are of
opposite sign an electrical force of attraction.
Figure 1.4 shows the attraction of a small sphere of
aluminum foil by the rod after rubbing it and
bringing it closer to it. The experiment was carried
out in the physics laboratory III, of the National
University of Santa.

Figure 1.4
Magnetic Force. Magnetic force can be defined as the total electromagnetic force or Lorentz
force that an experimenter could measure on a distribution of moving charges. Magnetic forces
can be produced by the movement of charged particles,
as electrons, indicating the close relationship between
electricity and magnetism. Also the magnetic forces
between magnets and/or electromagnets is a residual
effect of the magnetic force between moving charges.
This happens because inside conventional magnets
there are microcurrents that macroscopically give rise
to closed magnetic field lines that leave the material
and re-enter it. The entry points form one pole and the
exit points form the other pole. If we take a magnet
See figure 1.5, we can see that due to its strength it is
capable of attracting certain metals.

Figure 1.5

Nuclear Force. The nucleus of atoms is made up of protons, which have a charge
positive, and neutrons, which are not charged. The
repulsive forces between the proton charges would
make the nucleus unstable. This does not happen
because the electric force is balanced by an
attractive force called the nuclear force, which is
characterized by the following:
-15
1.- It is length
m. This short range. Its radius
is known of action or
as a femtometer about 10
is fermi.

Figure 1.6

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2.- It is attractive and does not depend on the load. It exerts itself between protons, between
neutrons and between protons and neutrons. At very short distances, much less than the
range, the force of the core becomes repulsive.

• Its intensity is very high, one hundred times greater than the electromagnetic force. The force
Nuclear energy develops inside the nucleus and is
responsible for the balance of the atom, otherwise a
force of very intense magnitude would be unleashed,
producing radioactive particles as seen in Figure 1.7.
The nucleus of atoms is made up of protons, which
have a positive charge, and neutrons, which are
uncharged. The repulsive forces between the proton
charges would make the nucleus unstable. This does
not happen because the electric force is balanced by
an attractive force called the nuclear force.

1.3 Fundamental Magnitudes

Figure 1.7 The fundamental physical quantities are those that
serve as a basis to describe the derived quantities, among them we have length, mass, time,
intensity of electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, luminous
intensity and two complementary quantities: the plane angle and the angle solid.

According to the SI There are seven fundamental magnitudes and two complementary ones.
These can be seen below in the corresponding tables.

Fundamental Magnitudes
Physical Magnitude Unit
Length (L) Meter (M)
Mass (m) Kilogram (kg)
Time (t) Second (s)
Electric current intensity ( YO ) Amp ( TO )
thermodynamic temperature (T) Celsius (°C)
Amount of substance (n) Mol (mol)
Luminous intensity (J) Candle (cd)

Complementary Magnitudes
Physical Magnitude Unit
Plane angle ( Radian (rad)
solid angle
9)
(g) Steradian (Mr)

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1.4 Derived Quantities
Derived physical quantities are those that are written in terms of fundamental quantities.

Some Derived Magnitudes

Magnitud Derivative Formula Unit Name
e
Volume (V) V=l3 m 3

Speed (v) v = l/t m/s

Acceleration (to) a = v/t m/s 2
Force (F) F = ma Kg.m/s 2 Newton (N)
2
Pressure (P) P = F/A N/m Pascal (pa)
Job (W) W = Fl Nm Joule (J)
Power (P o ) P o = W/t J/s watt (W)
Density (ρ ) ρ = m/V Kg/m 3

Weight ( W̅ ) kg m/s 2 Newton (N)

w = mg
Specific weight ( δ) 5 = w/V N/m 3

Flow (Q) Q = AV m 3 s -1
Push (AND) E=Vδ N
Impulse (YO) I = mv kg m/s
Kinetic energy ( EK ) E K = mv 2 /2 Kg m 2 /s 2 Joule (J)

1.5 Conversion factor

A conversion factor is an equivalent of a quantity with its respective unit, which represents a
system of measurements that could well be from the international system (S. I) or the English
system of measurement, and is useful for comparing between systems of units. Below is the
prefix table, unit system table and the table for some conversion factors.

TABLE N01 Prefixes

Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol
1018 Exa AND 10-1 I said d
1015 Penta Q 10-2 centi c
1012 Tera T 10-3 milli m
109 Jig g 10 -6 micro or
10 6 Mega M 10 -9 elder n
103 Kilo K 10-12
brother
beak p
10 2 Hecto h 10-15 femto F
101 said gives 10-18 Atto to

1 1i n
4N
5,000 —x-------- ----x(------------) = 49249.3x104—,= 49249.3x104Pa = 492.5
Ín21
Ib 0.0254m ' m2. .

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TABLE N°02 System of Units

Name Length Time Mass Force

Newton (N)
International
System of Units meter (m) seconds) kilogram (kg) ( kg . m )
(SI) ls2 )

slug Pound (lb) (slug,ft j \

English System foot (ft) seconds)
(FPS) yes /
( lb. s 2
\ foot )
TABLE N°03 Conversion Factors

Amount Units of
Measurement
Equivalent Measurement
Units (FPS)
(SI)

Force pounds ^ 4.4482N

Mass slug ^ 14.5938kg
Length feet = 0.3048 m
Length inch = 0.0254 m

1.6 Conversion of Units.- The conversion of units consists of determining the relationship or
equivalence that exists of a physical magnitude corresponding to a system of units in which it
can be from the SI to the English system or vice versa.
Example 1.- Convert 240 m/h to feet/s

Solution.
1ℎ 1pie
--------x
0.218
m 360050.3048 pi
240 ^ is/s
Example 2.-
Convert 5,000 lb/in 2 to pascals.

Solution.
_ Ib 4.4482 N 1

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PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 01

TOPIC: SI Units of Measurement and Calculations

1.- An auditorium measures 40.0 m x 20.0 m level is 14.7 pounds/ft 2 . How many pascals
x 12.0 m. The density of air is 1.20 kg/m 3 . is it equivalent to?
What are a) the volume of the room in cubic
11 .- Determine the number of cubic
feet and b) the weight in pounds of the air in
millimeters contained in a cubic inch.
the room?
12 .- A steel disc has a diameter of 500 mm
2 .- Calculate each of the following and a thickness of 700 mm. If the density of
expressions and represent them with the the steel is 7850 kg/m 3 , determine the
appropriate prefix in the SI system: (a) (50 weight of the disk in pounds.
mN)(6 GN), (b) (400 mm)
(0.6 MN) 2 , (c) 45 13 .- If a man weighs 155 pounds on Earth,
MN 3/900
Gg. express (a) his mass in slug, (b) his mass in
kilograms, and (c) his weight in Newtons. If
3 .- What is the weight in Newtons of an the man were on the Moon, where the
object that has a mass of (a) 8 kg, (b) 0.04 g acceleration due to gravity is g L = 5.30 ft/s 2
and (c) 760 Mg? , determine (d) his weight in pounds and (e)
4 .- The wood has a density of 4.70 his mass in kilograms.
slug/foot 3 . What is its density expressed in 14 .- Determine the mass in kilograms of an
SI units? object that has a weight of (a) 20 mN, (b)
5 .- Represent each of the following 150 kN, (c) 60 MN. Express each answer
using the appropriate prefix.
combinations of units in its correct form
using the appropriate prefix of the SI 15 .- The mass of Saturn is 5.69 x 10 26
system: (a) m/ms, (b) us/mg and (d) km. a. kg,
and its radius, 6.03 x 10 7 m. a) Calculate the
6 .- Represent each of the following figures
average density of that planet in kg/m 3 ,
as a number between 0.1 and 1,000 using the
using notation of powers of 10 and the
appropriate prefix: (a) 45,320 kN, (b) 568
correct number of significant figures b)
(10 5 ) mm and (c) 0.00563 mg.
Express the density of Saturn in g/cm 3 . An
7 .- Solve and represent with an appropriate object floats in water if its average density is
prefix in each of the following expressions: less than that of water, 1.00 g/cm 3 . Will an
(a) (430 kg) 2 , (b) (0.002 mg) 2 , and (c) object with the average density of Saturn
(230 m) 3 . float in water?

8 .- Represent each of the combinations of 16 .- Suppose that filling a 30.0 gallon

units in its correct form, in the SI system: (a) gasoline tank takes 7.00 min. a) Calculate
GN. um, (b) kg/u m (c) N/ks2 and (d) kN/u 5. the rate at which the tank fills in gallons per
second. b) Calculate the speed at which the
9 .- Represent each of the combinations in tank fills in cubic meters per second. c)
its correct form in the SI system: (a) kN/u5, Determine the interval, in hours, that is
(b) Mg/Mn and (c) MN/(kg. ms). required to
10 .- The pascal (pa) is actually a very
small unit of pressure. To show the above,
convert 1 pa = 1 N/m 2 a
lbs/ft 2 . The atmospheric pressure at sea

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17 fill a volume of 1.00 m3 at the same AU are there in 1.00 light year? c ) What is
speed (1 gallon = 231 in 3 ). the speed of light in AU/h?

18 .- One gallon of paint (volume = 3.78 x 25 .- a ) How many seconds are there in
10 -3 m 3 ) covers an area of 25.0 m 2 . What 1.00 year? b ) How many nanoseconds are
is the thickness of the fresh paint on the there in 1.00 year? c ) How many years are
wall? there in 1.00 second?
18.- Let p A i represent the density of
aluminum and p Fe that of iron. Find the 26 .- Typically the lung of an adult human
radius of a solid aluminum sphere that contains about 300 million tiny cavities
balances a solid iron sphere of radius r Fe on
an equal-arm balance. called alveoli. Estimate the average diameter
19.- A car tire lasts 50,000 miles. In an order of a single alveolus.
of magnitude, through how many
revolutions will it spin? In your solution, 27 .- An angstrom (symbol: Å) is a length,
state the quantities you measured or defined as 10 -10 m, which is in the order of
estimated and the values you took for them. the diameter of an atom. a ) How many
nanometers are there in 1.0 angstrom? b )
20.- Suppose Bill Gates offers you $1 billion How many femtometers or fermis (the
if you are able to finish counting it using common unit of length in nuclear physics)
only one-dollar bills. Should you accept his are there in 1.0 angstrom? c ) How many
offer? Explain your answer. Suppose you angstroms are there in 1.0 m? d ) How many
count a bill every second and notice that you angstroms are there in 1.0 light year
need at least 8 hours a day to sleep and eat.
28 .- A heavy rain dumps 1.0 cm of water
21.- A liter (1000 cm 3 ) of oil is spilled onto on a city 5 km wide and 8 km long during a
a calm lake. If the oil is dispersed uniformly period of 2 hours.
until a film one molecule thick forms, with How many metric tons (1 metric ton =10 3
adjacent molecules barely touching, estimate kg) of water fell on the city? (1 cm 3 of
the diameter of the oil film. Suppose the oil water has a mass of 1 g =10 -3 kg.) How
molecule has a diameter of 2 x10 - 10 m. many gallons of water were there?

22.- The diameter of the Moon is 3480 km. BIBLIOGRAPHY

What is its volume? How many Moons
would be required to create a volume equal R. c. HIBBELLER Engineering
to that of the Earth? STATIC MECHANICS Twelfth Edition
2010
23 - One mole of atoms consists of 6.02 x
10 23 individual atoms. If one mole of atoms
were spread evenly over the surface of the
Earth, how many atoms would there be per
square meter?

24 .- A light year is the distance that light

travels in one year (at a speed = 2.998 x 10 8
m/s). a ) How many meters are there in 1.00
light year? b ) An astronomical unit (AU) is
the average distance between the Sun and
the Earth, that is, 1.50 x 10 8 km. How many

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Chapter 2

speed, acceleration, magnetic field, electric

field, etc. A vector magnitude, unlike a
scalar one, can be represented graphically
by an oriented straight line called a vector.
In figure 2.1, a force is being applied to a
block of small mass, being oriented and
directed, therefore it can be represented
graphically.

Figure 2.1

Vector and Scalar Magnitudes

We know that magnitudes are all those that can be measurable, among them we have vector and
scalar magnitudes.

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2.1 Vector Magnitude.

It is any physical quantity that requires magnitude, direction and sense. Examples, strength,
using the arrow or straight oriented line. The application of this force was to determine the
friction force that exists between the contact of the wood and the aluminum, that force that
opposes its displacement, carried out in the Physics I laboratory at UNS.

2.1.1 Graphic Representation of the Vector ( F ) A vector is represented by an arrow where

the direction is given by the angle that the vector forms with the horizontal and measured in an
anti-clockwise direction, the direction by the arrow and the module for the quantity, in the
figure 2.2, this represented
graphically the direction force F, its the
vector is given as hourly angle ^
measured in the anti at
direction
clockwise from the horizontal to the force
F , the direction of our vector is given by
the head of the vector or the arrow and its
module or magnitude is given by the
reading on the dynamometer or
measuring instrument.

Figure 2.2

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A vector quantity is represented by a segment oriented like this: OP , see figure 2.3

Where:

A : Vector A

A : Module of vector A

o : Direction of the vector with the horizontal

—> : Direction of vector A

2.2 Scalar Magnitude

It is any physical quantity that can be completely specified by its magnitude.

Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5

To determine a scalar magnitude we need a standard instrument with which we are going to
measure. In figure 2.4 the mass is being measured, the reading is provided by the analytical
balance, according to the reading it is 19 grams and in figure 2.5, the thickness of a sheet is being
measured with the micrometer and these are scalar magnitudes.

Then scalar magnitudes are defined by a numerical quantity and its respective physical unit. In
the laboratory we measure scalar or vector magnitudes, thus complementing the theoretical part
with the experimental part.

Among the scalar quantities we have some of them, mass, time, length, temperature, electric
charge, voltage, etc.

2.3 Vector Addition

To add vectors there are several methods, including polygon, analytical, parallelogram, triangle,
among others.

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2.3.1 Polygon Method. The sum or resultant of vectors is obtained by plotting the first vector,
to scale, with its magnitude, direction and sense, then the next one, making

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2.3.2 coincide the origin of the second with the end of the first, finally the origin of the first is
joined with the end of the last.

Graphic Addition – This method is effective if it is done on graph paper, with a protractor and
due care in each stroke.

Given the vectors:

• Take any of the given vectors and locate it.

• Take another vector and place it after the

previous one, repeat this as many vectors as
necessary.

• Finally join the starting point (start) with the

arrival point (end) and this vector will be the
sum or resulting vector.

Example 1.- Add the vectors: A +B+C

Example 2.- Subtract the vectors: A —B

Solution.

The difference vector is obtained by drawing the minuend vector, then the subtrahend vector but
in the opposite direction, finally joining the origin of the first with the end of the second.

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2.3.3 Analytical Method. Let there be two vectors A and B Fig. 2.6, which form an angle, or.
Let's determine the sum vector R.

Fig. 2.6 Fig. 2.7

When constructing the parallelogram (Fig. 2.7) we have a right triangle OPQ so that we
determine R , which represents the sum of the two vectors when they form an angle o, applying
the PYTHAGORAS theorem.

PHYSICS I.........................................................................................................34
- - A r dr............................................................................................................60
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB..............................................................................................75
>F......................................................................................................................................81
>F,.....................................................................................................................................81
d2z......................................................................................................................81
dt2=m.................................................................................................................81
p
= d2y..............................................................................................................96
1+(1x)22.................................................................................................................96
232 106........................................................................................................................101
1 2 1 21 2.....................................................................................................124
m A v 2...............................................................................................................124
) = m A......................................................................................................................125
( vv A.......................................................................................................................125
)( v + v A............................................................................................................125
m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2...................................................................................................128

2.3.4 Triangle Method.

From this triangle figure 2.8, the magnitude of the Resulting Force can be determined with the
law of cosines, and its direction by the law of sines. This method is useful when a body is in

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equilibrium and three vectors act on it.

to b c
= =
sen a sen p sin and
law of sines

^ 2=
bc 22 +-2 bccos^
law of cosines b2 = c 2 + ^ 2 - 2 c^cos Q
c 2 = ^ 2 +b 2 - 2^b cosand

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When we want to apply this method, we must first consider a point of application, that is, where
the vectors meet, second, draw the free-body diagram, third, construct the closed triangle, and
fourth, apply any of the laws depending on the type of problem.

Example 1. - Two men lift a load of mass equal to 75 kg, as indicated in Figure 2.9, ending the
tensions exerted through the ropes AB and AC, respectively. Solution .
We will solve this problem using the triangle
method. If the mass is 75 kg, then we will have
a weight of W = mg = 75 kg x 9.81 m/s 2 = 736
N.
First let's consider point A, then draw the free
body diagram, see figure 2.9, then construct the
closed triangle see figure 2.10 and finally apply
the law of sines.

Figure 2.9

Fig. 2.10 Fig. 2.11

T
AB T
AC 736N
sin 60 0 sin 40 0 sin 80 0
Obtaining the tensions respectively:
T AB = 647 N
T AC = 480 N

Example 2.- Determine the magnitude of the force F in Figure 2.12 and the magnitude of the
resultant force F R if F R is directed along the positive y axis.
Solution

From Figure 2.12 you can first construct a parallelogram, then work with the triangle on the right
and finally apply the law of sines.

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.. Fig. 2.14

_AND_ 20C
45 0 sin 60° sin 45°
F = 245 lb

o ^ 75 0 = 200
450
sin 75° sin 45°

F = 273 lb
c 2 or .4 mp
Cons id with the sho e r l iz v o e n c ta to l r nue F str V o e v r ector has two components: e os
,and
,
our vector has two
components:

F — Fcose and
F — Fsene

You can also write:

You can also write:

F=F ^ +
F = Fcose + Fcose
TO and

..
Fig.2.15

.
2.5 Modulus of a Vector in Rectangular Components
e poeeno r that this compose is recangulars are
the cathetos and
the resulting vector the hypotenuse of a
triangle or rectangle, therefore, the mouo ap can oel can
be found very useful and
famous Pythagorean
theorem.

g
R. C, Gil
Aguilar
PHYSIC
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22
A
=, AX 2
+ OW 2

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We can also express the rectangular components in terms of the
vector ^ and the angle6.
> >
A x .= A cos e y A y ,= A sin e

If we want to find the direction of the vector, then we can apply

e = arctg

Some Notable Triangles and Their Similarity

Taking into account these notable triangles is useful for the solution of some problems, allowing
direct simplification.

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PHYSIC
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PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 02

TOPIC: Force Vectors – Scalars and Vectors

1 .- (2.1) If θ = 30 o and T = 6 kN,
determine the magnitude of the resultant
force acting on the screw eye and its
direction measured clockwise from the
positive axis.

F R = 8.67 kN
Φ = 3,050
PROB. 3-4
2 .- (2.3) If the magnitude of the force
5 .- (2.7) Yes FB ; - 2 kNy the resultant
resulting should be 9 kN directed along the
force acts along the positive u axis,
positive x axis, determine the magnitude of
determine the magnitude of the resultant
the force T acting on the threaded eye and its force and the angle θ.
angle θ.

PROB. 1-2 F R - 3.2 KN

θ = 78.6 o
T - 6.57 kN
θ = 30.6 or 6 .- The wind hits the sail of a boat in such a
way that it exerts a resultant force of F = 110
3 .- (2.4) Determine the magnitude of the pounds in a direction perpendicular to the
resultant force acting on the bracket and its sail. Decompose this force into its two
direction, measured counterclockwise from components, one parallel and
the positive u axis. another
perpendicular to the keel aa of the boat.
F R = 216.72 LB Note: The ability to sail with the wind is

• - 3.05 0 known as sailing and is possible due to the

force parallel to the keel of the boat. The
4 .-(2.5) Solve the force F 1 into perpendicular component tends to tilt the
components along the axes u and v; boat or push it forward.
Additionally, determine the magnitudes of
these components.

Fu - 386 lbs.
Fv - 283 lb

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PHYSIC
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≤ θ ≤ 90 o ) for bar AB so that the 400 lb
horizontal force has a 500 lb component
directed from A to C. What is the component
of force acting along element AB? Consider
ϕ = 40 o .
4001b A

7 .- A hook is supporting the two cable

forces F 1 = 500 N and F 2 = 300 N. If the
resultant of these forces acts in a vertical
downward direction and has a magnitude of
F R = 750 N. Determine the angles θ and Ф 0 = 53.5 o ; F AB = 621 lb
of the cables.
10 .-(2.16) Decompose F 1 into its
components along the u and v axes, and
determine the magnitudes of these
components.

8 .- A vertical force of F = 60 pounds acts

downward at point A of a two-part structure.
Determine the magnitudes of the two
components of F along the axes of parts AB
and AC. Take the angle θ = 45°

Fiv = 129 N; Flu = 183 N

11.- (2.20) If ϕ = 45 o , F 1 = 5 kN and the

resulting force is 6 kN directed along the
positive y axis, determine the required
magnitude of F 2 and its direction θ.

o
9 .- (2.14) Determine the design angle θ (0

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PHYSIC
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F2 = 4.31 kN ; e= 55.1 or

12 .- (2.28) A beam is to be lifted O = 10.9 ; F min = 235 lb

through two chains. Determine the
magnitudes of the forces F A and F B acting 14 .- (2.31) Three chains pull a tube in such
on each chain so that they develop a a way that they generate a resultant force
resultant force of 600 N directed along the with a magnitude of 900 lb. If two of the
positive y-axis. cables are subjected to known forces, as
Consider θ = 45 0 . shown in the figure, determine the angle θ of
the third cable so that the magnitude of the
force F on this cable is minimal. All forces
are in the xy plane. What is the magnitude of
F? Suggestion. First find the resultant of the
two known forces.

FA = 439 N; FB = 311 N

13 .- (2.30) Three chains act on the bracket

in such a way that they generate a resultant
force with a magnitude of 500 lb. If two of
the chains are subjected to known forces, as
shown, determine the angle θ of the third F = 97.4 lb; e = 16.2 o
chain, measured clockwise from the positive
x-axis, so that the magnitude of the force F 15 .- (2.51) If F 1 = 150 N and ϕ = 30 o ,
in this chain is minimal. All forces are in the determine the magnitude of the force acting
xy plane. What is the magnitude of F? Hint: on the bracket and its direction measured
First find the resultant of the two known clockwise from the positive x axis.
forces. The force F acts in this direction.

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FR = 391N 0 = 16.4 o

16 .- (2.58) Express each of the three forces that act on the bracket in Cartesian vector form
with respect to the x and y axes. Determine the magnitude and direction θ of F 1 , such that the
resulting force is directed along the positive x axis! and has a magnitude of F R = 600 N

F1 = | F 1 cos 0 i
+ F 1 sin . 0 j} N
F2 = | 350 i} N

F3 = { 100 j} N
0 = 67.0 or
F1 = 434 N BIBLIOGRAPH
Y

R. c. HIBBELLER Engineering
Static Mechanics Twelfth
2010 Edition

RC, Gil Aguilar Page 29

 PHYSIC
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Chapter 3 Cartesian Vectors

When we perform vector algebra operations, in solving three-dimensional problems, they are
simplified if we first represent the vectors in Cartesian vector form. For a better understanding,
consider a vector ^ that acts between the x, y, and z axes. this vector is represented as a Cartesian
vector: ^ = ^ ^
i+ A yj + A zk See Fig. 3.1
3.1 Unit Vector
This vector and any other has a unit vector denoted as
I u ^ y is defined in two ways.
1 .- |^|
■ u A

Where:

Al = JA ^ + A 3 + A2
Therefore our unit vector is written
correctly as follows:

Fig. 3.1

2.- The other way to define the unit vector is:

u A=Cos a: I + cns ^ j + C osyk
When working with space it is useful to consider the
following trigonometric identity.
cos 2 a + cos 2 p + cos 2 y = 1
Our vector A can then be written taking into account the two
forms of the unit vectors as.

A=A
. u^ = A cos ^ i + A cos
■P j + A cos
. and k

It remains to write the angles or the direction of the vector

with the respective rectangular axes, for this let's define the
governing cosines.
Fig. 3.2

To determine the direction of vector A with the x, y, or the angle it forms with the axes, we
resort to expressions.

R. C, Gil Aguilar g na Yo
30
PHYSIC
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Figures 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 show the directions of vector A with the respective axes.

3.2 Addition of Cartesian Vectors.- For the addition of three-dimensional Cartesian vectors, they
are written in their Cartesian components and then grouped into their rectangular components and
added algebraically like this:

Let the Vectors be: A - A x i + A r J + A z k and B=Bxl+BYj+Bzk

The vector sum is:

A +B - ( A x ± B x )j + ( A Y ± B Y ) J + ( A z ± B z ) k

Example 01.- Express the force F as a Cartesian vector.

Solution
The
vector F can be written like this:
F = F u A = F cos a i + F cos ^ j + F cos y k ...(1)
Let's determine the angle ^
Using the trigonometric identity.
cos2 p = Veos 2 120 ° + cos 2 45 ° = 60 0
Replacing data in equation (1):
F= {200 eos 120 ° + 200 eos 60 ° + 200 eos45 ° } N
F = { 100 i + 100 j + 141.4 k } N

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3.3 Cartesian Position Vectors r.- Position vectors are those that are oriented from the origin of
coordinates, and are used to locate a point in space - understood, see figure 3.6

a) The position vector r is oriented from the origin

to the point P of coordinates (x, y, z).

And it is expressed as: r = xi + yj + zk

Fig. 3.6
b) Directed position vector of any two points, let's see the directed vector from point A to point
B, see figure 3.7. In this case, the vector r is oriented from A to B, for

both can be written as follows:

r = r AB = (x B i + y B j+ z B k) + (x B i + y B j +
z B k)

r AB = (x B - x A )i + (y B - y A )j + ( z B -z A )k

Example 02.- The roof is supported by cables as

shown in the figure. If the cables exert forces F AB =
100 N and F AC = 120 N on the wall hook at A as
shown in the figure, determine the resultant force
acting at A. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
Solution
Let's determine the unit vectors for each of the
forces:
r AB = (4-0)i + 0j + (0 – 4)k = (4i – 4k) m rA B | = √(4 m )2 + (-4 m )2 = 5.66 m Its unit vector:
u AB = | ^ B = 0.706 i – 0.706 then:
rA B |
F AB = { 100(0. 706) i +100(-0. 706) k } N
F AB = { 70. 7 i -70. 7k} N
The same for the force F AC = {80i+4 0.j-
80k }N
Therefore the resulting force:
F R = F AB + F AC = {151 i +4 0.j- 151k}N

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PHYSIC
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PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 03

TOPIC: Cartesian Position Vectors

1 .- (2.59) Determine the coordinate angle γ
for F 2 and then express each force acting on
the bracket as a Cartesian vector.

F R = {90 i - 113 j + 42 k } Ib
4 .- (2.69) If the resultant force acting on the
support is F R = {-300 i + 650 j +250 k }
N , determine the magnitude and the
F 1 = i -159 i + 276 j + 318 k} N ; F 2 = i 424 i + 300 j - 300 k }N
coordinate direction angles of F.
2 .- (2.61) Express each force acting on the F 1 = [ 480 i + 360 kN
tube assembly in Cartesian vector form F 2 = [ 200 i + 283j- 200k ] N
5 .- (2.71) If α = 120 0, β < 90 0 , ϒ = 60 0
and F = 400 lb, determine the magnitude and
the coordinate direction angles of the
resultant force acting on the hook.

F = 1154.78 N; a = 131 , P = 70.5 , y =

o o

3 .- (2.68) The spur gear is subjected to the two forces caused by contact with other gears.
Determine the resultant of the forces and express the result as a Cartesian vector.

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coordinate direction angles of F 2 so that the

resultant of the two forces acts along the
positive x axis and has a magnitude of 500
N.

FRI = 718 lb , a = 86.8 0 ,

P = 13.3 0 ,
Y = 103 0

6 .- (2.73) The axis S exerts three

components of force on the die D. Find the
magnitude and coordinate direction angles of
the resultant force. The force F 2 acts within

FR | = 754 N , a = 121 0 , P = 52.5 0

, y=
0
53.1

8 .- (2.78) If the resultant force acting on the

bracket is directed along the positive y axis,
determine the magnitude of the resultant

Y = 64.0 0

the octant shown.

F R | = 615 N , a = 26.6 0 ,
P = 85.1 0 ,

7 .- (2.76) Determine the magnitude and the

F R = 9.63 kN , ^=115 0 , P = 97 0 , y = 154 0

force and the coordinate direction angles of F
so that β < 90 0 .
9 .- (2.80) If F3 = 9 kN, 3 = 30 0 and d =
45 0 , determine the magnitude and the
coordinate direction angles of the resultant
force acting on the ball joint.
10 .- (2.83) Three forces act on the ring. If
F2 = 363N ; a 2 = 15.8 , P 2 = 104 Y2
o
, = 82.6°
o
the resultant force F R has the magnitude and
direction shown in the figure, determine the

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magnitude and coordinate direction angles of

the force F 3 .

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PHYSICS I
5 = (400 it 400 . 200k Jlb

F, ={250i+500j-500k}lb
4th ,
Yo ,
FR = 960 Ib
n
o e rd l e a m do a s gn d i e tu l d af y
uer lo zas 7 = 137°

13 .- (2.90) Determine the magnitude and

the coordinate direction angles of the
resultant force.

the
The length of the
) AB string. Consider z = 4
7.5°

11(2.86) Determine the position vector r

directed from point A to point B and the length
of the chord AB. Consider z = 4 m.
Z

F R =821.64=822N, a = 72.8°, P = 83.3°, Y = 162°

14 .- (2.91) Determine the magnitude and the

coordinate direction angles of the resultant force
acting at A.

rAB =-3i+6j+2km, rAB=7m

12.- (2.89) Determine the magnitude and

direction angles of the resultant force acting at
A.

F R =1377.95 N = 1.38 kN, a =82.4°, P = 125°, y=144°

15 .- (2.93) The candelabra is supported by three

chains that are concurrent at point O. If the force
in each chain has a magnitude of 60 Ib, express
each force as a Cartesian vector and determine the

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magnitude and the angles directors 17.- (2.97) The door is kept open by two
coordinates of the resultant force. chains. If the stresses in AB and CD are FA
= 300 N and FC = 250 N, respectively,
z express each of these forces in Cartesian
vector form.
co
DK
Ugly
] AFc
25m_Nsm ' \ Nc=20)-
----
B/ J
TO! h 6 n
AK( \
F,= 300N > 5
(7120.4nc, k
P°
g\,M0
251200' )) (, §
NAg/ \ 30° "% D&
A< or -
"UIIy 1m
D B<
k 0.5 m
x
and
F A =( 28.8 i - 16.6 j - 49.9 k)lb ,
FB =( 28.8 i - 16.6 j - 49.9 k) lb , -
F A = (285 J - 93.0 K )N ,
FC =(33.3 j - 49.9 k)lb, Fr = (- 149.8 k )b, a =
F C = (159 i + 183 j - 59.7 k )N
90 0 , =900,
Y = 180 0 18.- (2.98) The retaining cables are used to
support the telephone pole. Represent the
16.- (2.96) The tower is held in position by force in each cable as a Cartesian vector.
three cables. If the force of each cable acting on
Overlook the diameter of the pole.
the tower is as shown in the figure, determine
the magnitude and the angles z
directors
coordinates α, β, ϒ of the resultant force.
Consider x = 20 m, y = 15 m.
Z
ad _----g 1 11.5 m NA
F B = 175 N/ 1 \
600N >MN TO 1 NFA = 250 N
/ 400N)

Z
/ 4in b
m 2mPp 14m
/ 24 \ ek_ Nc
3 m_ ' —49,
/ 4\ x

16 mE —— _ -
F A = (- 43.5 I + 174 J - 174K )N

XX । \
-
F B = (53.2 I - 79.8 J - 146
K)N
_22,- — —QL-B
-é —— 35-96m
118m —EF--yE-eex- y A
x

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19.- (2.102) If the force in each chain has a F A ={1.46 i

magnitude of 450 lb, determine the + 5.82k
) kN ,
magnitude of the coordinate direction angles
of the resulting force. F B ={ 0.970 i - 1.68 j + 7.76 k
) kN ,
FC
= { 0.857 i
+ 0.857 j
+ 4.85 k) kN
FR = 18.4548 kN = 18.5 kN ,
a = 88.8
o
, P = 92.6 o , y = 2.81 o

either
= 1240.85 N = 1.24 kN, a = 90 • = 90 o , y = 180 o

FR

20.- (2.109) The cylindrical plate is

subjected to the forces of three cables that meet at point D. Express each force exerted by the
cables on the plate as a Cartesian vector, and determine the magnitude and coordinate direction
angles of the resulting force.

BIBLIOGRAPH
Y

R. c. HIBBELLER Engineering
Static Mechanics Twelfth
2010 Edition

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 38

PHYSIC
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Chapter 4 Vector Multiplication

4.1 Vector multiplication.- In the same way that vectors are added, in the same way they are
multiplied, we have the scalar product and the vector product. In the applications of the products
of vectors we have.
a) Scalar product w.- The scalar product is the work done by a force F when transferring a
charge a distance r .
The equation will be w =
r. F

Where:
w : it's work

r. F: Scalar product

For example in figure 4.1, the machine lifts

a load by applying a force F through the
cables to move a distance r , we would say
it is doing work, and how do we calculate
that work done by the machine? We
calculate it by determining the dot product
in other words to better understand
multiplying
Fig. 4.1
the vectors r and F scalarly. Hence how useful it is to study the dot product, in our daily lives
we encounter situations that we inadvertently do physics.

Scalar Product.- The scalar product of two vectors A and B is defined geometrically as the
product of the magnitude of B and the projection of A on B see figure 4.2

A•B
= | A I B cos e 0< e < n B

Yeah: TO
X i+ A Y j + Z K y
=
By i + B
And j + B

j j

9A •B=A X BX+AYBY
+AZBZ

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Some properties

1) A • B - B • A By P.
_ _ _2 Commutative
2) A •A-A
3) i • i= j • j = k • k = 1

4) i • j = j ' • k = k• i = 0
b) Vector product.- The vector product in engineering is defined as a bending moment that can
be produced when a force F acts on any body with respect to a point. In figure 4.5, a force F is
capable of producing a moment
bending with respect to point D and
can be calculated by determining the
vector product, in this case it will be:

Yeah

F=Fxi+Fyj+Fzk

and

r = r x i+ r y j + r z k

Then: the moment of force about point

D will be
Fig. 4.5

MD=rxF

Fig. 4.6

The vector product is another vector, let's consider two vectors A and B, see figure No. 4.6

NOTE: If you want to calculate angle 9 when clearing, sin e = A x B : it is esea ca cuar e ngu
oa espajar, sen
A
IBI

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The following expression will be taken into account since the angle is a scalar
AxB
sin e =

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If A = A X i +
A
Y j +AZKyB
=BXi+
B
j+B
Xi and j Yo
ZK Xi jkYand j ZK
Then the vector product is given by:
AX AY A
B
to Z
BY BZ
AxB= (A Y BZ- A
Z BYi+ ( AB − AB )j+(A X BY−A

Y B X )
Propertiesk
AND Z ZY 1) A x BZX# B x AXZ Does
XY not enjoy
YX the Prop.
Commutative
2) A x B — — B xA

3) A x A — 0

— jx j — kx k — 0
4) ix i
5) ix j — k , j — i , kx i — j
Example 01.- Given the vectors: A — 3 i + 4 j + k and B
x k

— 2 j-5 k .
Find the angle formed by A and B
Solution

First Method “Scalar Product” A •B— AB cos e

cos 0 — (1 )

A •B—(3I+4j+k
)
A | — V3 + 4 + 1 =
2
•
2
( 2j
—
5 k ) — (3)(0) + (4)(2) + (1)(-5) — 3
2
(2 )
26
(3 )
B | — v 2 2 +(—5) 2 — A (4 )
29
(2), (3) and (4) in
(1):
A
: B— , 3 = 0,1092
cos 0 AB
| J (26)(29) ,
—

0 — cos 1 (0.1092) — (5)

83.73°
Second Method “Vector Product” A x B —AB sin 0

AxB
sin 0 — A
II B
(6) Í

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PHYSIC
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AxB- ( — 20 — 2 ) i + ( 0 —15 ) j + ( 6 — 0 ) k
A x B - — 22 i + 15 j + 6 k (7)

A x B - /(-22)2+(15)2+(6)2 - A /745 (8)

(3), (4) and (8) in (6):

AxB _/745
sin 0 - - 0,994
A'B /(26)(29)

0 - sin (0.994) - 83.73°

Example 02.- Find:

(a) (2i) x (-4j)

(b) k x (2 j)

Solution

(a) ( 2 i) x (-4 j ) - (2)(-4) k -

—8k
7 B - 3 i + 4 j and C - 2l + 3 j .
Example 03.- Given the vectors: A - i + 2 j ,
---
Calculate: C.
(AxB)
Solution:

Yo
^ ->
AxB - 1 - (4 — 6) ki - —
2k
3
—> —> —>
C .( Ax B ) - (2i + 3 j ). — 2ki -
0
— — —
C .( AxB ) - 0

—— ——
Example 04.- We have the vector: A - 5i + 7 j and the vector B — — 7j 3 ki What is the
—— —— angle that
forms the vector A + B with the Z
axis.

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Solution:
> >
We find the vector A. + B , then using the scalar product we calculate the angle that this vector
forms with the Z axis for which we represent it by a unit vector in the Z direction.
••.
A + B = —3 k and / / Z = k

PHYSICS I........................................................................................................34
- - A r dr...........................................................................................................60
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB.............................................................................................75
>F.....................................................................................................................................81
>F,....................................................................................................................................81
d2z.....................................................................................................................81
dt2=m.................................................................................................................81
p
= d2y..............................................................................................................96
1+(1x)22................................................................................................................96
232 106.......................................................................................................................101
1 2 1 21 2.....................................................................................................124
m A v 2..............................................................................................................124
) = m A.....................................................................................................................125
( vv A......................................................................................................................125
)( v + v A...........................................................................................................125
m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2..................................................................................................128

6 = arccos — 1 = 180°

e = 180°
—,

Example 05.- Let the vectors be: A = 3+ 2 J and B = — 2i + 3 7

/- \(- • N
Find the vector: I A + B I x I A — B I

Solution:

A + B = 7 + 5j A — B = 5i — 7
4
.
ABx A — B 1 TO
5 0=—
A+B x A—B__ 26k

Example 06.- Given the vectors A = 5i + 3j — 2k and B = i + 3j + 2k. Find a unit vector
perpendicular to the sum vector.
R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 44
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Solution:

We find the sum vector

A+B = 6i + 6j (YO)

The vector to be determined must be unitary

^ 1= xi +
yj = x 2 + y 2 = 1 (2)

and perpendicular to the sum vector

(A+B).A, = 0

=6x+6y=0.x= — y (3)
Replacing (3) in (2) we obtain:

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2-, V 4
A -s±* 2 i+j
2

v2 ,m
Example 07.- Given the vectors: A = mi - 2j + k and B = 2mi + mj - 4k For what values of
m " are the vectors A and B perpendicular?

Solution:
--
For A and B to form 90°, the dot product of the two vectors must be zero (0).

ALB = cos (A, B ) =0

AB = 0 — 2m 2 - 2m - 4 = 0

The solutions to the quadratic equation found are the values for m.

(m - 2)(m + 1) = 0 = m = 2 A m = - 1

m = 2 TO m = -1

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 46

PHYSIC
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PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 04

TOPIC: Scalar and Vector Product

1) A = i+ 3k and B = 5 i + 2 j— 6 k . Determine angle 0

AB

2) Given: P = 2 i — k , Q = 2 i — j + 2 k and R = 2 i — 3 j + k
Determine:

a) P + Q b) P -Q c) (P + Q ) x ( P-Q ) d) P ' •Q
f) 2 R g) P x Q
e) Q •R h) Q x R

3) a) j xk b) i xk
c) — k xj d) k x -Yo e) —kx
-i
f) — j x -k g) j xi h) — 2 j xi i) —
4j x -2 i

a) i
4) ■ •j b) j ■ •i c) k •i d) i •k e) j ■ •j
f) 2 i • k g) 3 k • 4 k

5) Let: A = 2 i + 5 j -3 k, B = 3 i — 4j and C = i + j + k
Determine: a) A + 2 B b) A —5 C and c) ( A x B) (
A•B)

6) For vectors: A = 2 i + 5 j + 4 k, B = 3 i + j + 5 k and C = i —6k

Calculate: a) A ■ • B b) A x B c) A • ( B - C ) d) A x ( B + C )

7) Three field quantities are expressed by:

—
P = i - 5 j + 3 k, Q = 3i + 2 j + 4 k and R = i j

Determine: a) P • Q b) cos 0 PQ c) Q xR d) sin 0 QR

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 47

PHYSIC
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Mechanics.- of
5.1 Mechanics can be defined as the branch physical sciences that studies the state of

Chapter 5 Static

rest or movement of bodies that are subject to the action of forces.

5.2 Static
Study the laws and conditions that must be met by the forces acting on a body in equilibrium.
Newton's First Law
“A particle that is originally at rest, in equilibrium, or moving in a

Fig. 5.1
straight line with constant speed, will remain in this state as long as
an external force does not act on it.”
Example.- Let us consider three forces that act on a rigid body, see
figure 5.1, adding the force vectors we construct the closed triangle,
therefore the sum is zero and we write:
> FR = F 1 + F 2 : + F 3 = 0
ii- 1 to 3

5.3 Conditions for Equilibrium

5.3.1 act on a
First condition (Translational Equilibrium).- The sum of all the forces that
body is zero. See Fig. 5.1, this case can be considered as the first equilibrium condition.

2Fi-0
Yo

> F i = F i + F2 : + F 3 = 0 (1)
i=1

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PHYSIC
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5.3.2 Second condition (Rotational Balance)
The sum
of all moments of forces or torques with respect to any point must be equal to zero. See Fig. 5.2

2, = 0
Yo
2
X / i = - r i x F i + r2 x F 2 = 0
i=1
- r1 F1 | sin ^ + I r2 ; |l F2 J sin C = (2)
0

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ISICAAI

Fig. 5.22
.44EquilibriumcKinetic0
It occurs when a body has uniform crectilinear movement in MRU.

.55BalancecStatic0
It produces when a body is at rest.

.66Springs If a clinear elastic spring of length cnoc deformed to 0 c is used as a support for a
particle, its
length Cwill change in direct proportion to the force F acting on it.1.

A characteristic that defines the elasticity of a spring is the constant and

rigidity2k. The magnitude C of the force exerted on a Clinear elastic
spring that has a stiffness k and is deformed by a distance 5;=l—
measured from its unloaded position is:

! F•= ks

.7 1 Forcea
It is the measure of the interaction that manifests between two bodies.

.88Diagram: de€BodypotFree£(DCL)1)

Making the diagram of a free body consists of completely isolating it from the environment that
surrounds it and representing on it all the forces that act on it and not nearly the forces that this
body exerts on the environment.

rules for making the DCLL

°.- After isolating the: body, represent the weight, >, p
P) in the same direction and sense of the
acceleration of gravity, 1. with the point of application at the geometric center of the body or
exactly must be at the center of gravity).

°.- Represent 11 forces of understanding: N

N) and frictional forces11 f P . When a body is
in motion, the force of friction is always in the opposite direction, the direction of speed, and if
the body is at rest, the direction is opposite to where the body tends to move.

°.- Represent the tensile forces T P.

°.- Complete the other forces that intervene in the problem.

. C, Gili Aguilarr page 422

example
nrlanext£figure make the Body DiagramClibree

. C, Gili Aguilarr page 422

PHYSIC
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DC
L

PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 05
TOPIC: Statics and Moments of Force
First part

1 .- (3.2) If the 1.5 m long rope AB can

withstand a maximum force of 3500 N,
determine the force in the rope BC and the
distance y so that the 200 kg box can be
supported.

TBC = 22.3 kN , TDB = 32.6 kN

4 .- Determine the length of the AC rope

that is required in the figure so that the lamp,
of mass 8 kg, remains suspended in the
position shown in the figure. The non-
deformable length of spring AB is l AB = 0.4
m, and it has a stiffness of k AB = 300 N/m.
FBC = 2.90 kN and = 841 mm

2 - (3.4) If cables BD and BC can withstand

a maximum tensile force of 20 kN,
determine the beam with the maximum mass
that can be hung from cable AB such that
neither cable fails. The center of mass of the
beam is located at point G.

l AC = 1.32 m

5 .- The string arrangement is used to

support a cylinder that has a weight of 900
pounds. Determine the force in ropes AB
and AC for equilibrium. Take the value of θ
= 20°
m = 2.78 Mg

3 .- (3.7) The tow hanger AB is subjected to

the force of 50 kN exerted by a tugboat.
Determine the force in each of the holds BC
and BD if the ship is moving forward with
constant speed.

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PHYSIC
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6 .- Determine the stretch of each of the and B exert on the pipe.

springs to reach the balance of the 2 kg
block. The springs shown are in an
equilibrium position.

7 .- The motor at B winds the rope attached

to the 65-pound load with a constant speed.
Determine the force in the rope CD
supporting the pulley and the angle θ for
equilibrium. Neglect the size of the pulley at
point C.
8 .- The block has a weight of 20 pounds
and is being lifted with a uniform speed.
Determine the angle θ for balance and the
force required in each rope.

9 .- A screw keeps the pipe in position. If

this screw exerts a force of 50 pounds on the
pipe in the direction shown, determine the
forces F A and F B that the soft contacts of A

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PHYSIC
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10 .- Determine the maximum weight W

that can be supported in the position shown
if each cable AC and AB can support a

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 54

PHYSIC
SI

11 Maximum tension of 600 pounds before

it breaks.

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PHYSIC
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Second part

11 .- (4.8) The hammer handle is

subjected to the force of F = 20 lb.
Determine the moment of this force about point
A.

M A = 362 lb.in

12 .- If the resulting moment, with respect to

point A, is 4800 Nm in the clockwise direction.
Determine the magnitude of F 3 if F 1 = 300 N and
F 2 = 400 N.

13 .- The crane cable exerts a force of P = 4

kN at the end of the 20-meter-long crane
boom. If θ = 30°, determine the location x of
the hook, at point A, so that this force
produces a maximum moment about point
O. What is that moment?

14 .- The basket transports a worker whose

weight is 230 pounds and whose center of
mass is located at point G. Determine the
moment of this force about (a) point A and
(b) point B.

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PHYSIC
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17 .- The cutting tool on the lathe exerts a

force F on the arrow in the direction shown.
Determine the moment of this force about the
y-axis of the arrow.

15 .- The iron lever is subject to a vertical

force of P = 25 pounds on the handle, while a
force of F = 155 pounds on the nail is
necessary to remove the nail. Determine the
18 .- The force F = í 600i + 300j -
600k } N acts at end B of the beam.
moment of each force about point A and Determine the moment of force about point 0
determine if P is sufficient to remove the bald.
The lever makes contact with the board at z

point A.

0.2 nor

16 .- Two forces act on the oblique couple. 19 .- (4.34) In order to hold the truck in the
Determine the resultant moment of these position shown, force F must produce a
forces about point A and about point B. counterclockwise moment of 200 Nm with
respect to axis A. Determine the required
magnitude of force F.

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 57

PHYSIC
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F = 115N
20 .- (4.43) Determine the moment
produced by each force with respect to point
O located on the tip of the drill. Express the
results as Cartesian vectors.

M x = 137 Nm

M A = 151 lb.in

( MFA)o ={ 18i + 9j - 3k } Nm
( MFB)o =(18 + 7.5j
+ 30k
}
Nm

21 .- (4.50) A horizontal force of 20 N is

applied perpendicularly to the handle of the
torque wrench. Determine the magnitude
and coordinate direction angles of the

moment produced by this force about point

O.

MO
= 4.27Nm, a = 95.2
° . =110 ,
Y= 20.60

22 .- (4.60) Determine the magnitude of

the moment produced by the force of F =
200 N with respect to the axis that contains BIBLIOGRAPH
the door hinges (x axis). Y
STATI R. c. HIBBELLER
C

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 58

PHYSIC
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MECH
ANICS
Twelfth
Edition
2010

23 .- (4.66) The perpendicularly as

flexible head shown in the
wrench is figure, determine
subjected to a the moment or
force P = 16lb, torque of
applied

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 59

PHYSIC
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erno
i located
( in
1 A.
along the vertical axis of the bolt located at A.

Chapter 6 Kinematics

In this chapter it is very important to know the position of the mobile as a function of time, from there
you can predict the
to successive positions for any time. If we are in three dimensions
ament,
we know the
c position x(t), y(t), z(t), we can determine the trajectory of the particle. By

previous definitions
: . , pg
p

Reference system x(t), y(t), z(t), we can determine the trajectory of the particle. For example, an axis of
spatial coordinates: from which measurements of the movement were taken, this reference system must
be L Inertial, that is, it must be at rest or with constant speed MRU. Some previous definitions: study are
the planes u q n u
and they have to land, to
this end the-technicians n in e la qu to erre e d n e in co q n u t e ro a le to rr m z a a n , d pa a to ra s
In which measurements of the movement are taken, this reference system must be Inertia!, i.e. be at
rest or with constant speed MRU.

on c ons for an ex oso a err zaje.

This constitutes the mobile control tower at an airport.
Mobile phones themselves are the object of study, of
x
which their meaning is going to be described.
movement, measured from the reading reference system,
speed, etc. and look for optimal conditions for a
successful landing.
.2 Position Vector
It is a vector drawn from the origin of the coordinates of
the reference system to the instantaneous location of the
motion, measured from the chosen reference system.
movement
6.2 Vector Position
. C, GileAguilar from the origin of the coordinates of the
reference system to the instantaneous location of the
mobile.

Page 48
PHYSIC
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Motion

R. C, Gil Aguilar
PHYSIC
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If the position vector changes with time, then we say that there is motion
Trajectory
The continuous changes of the position vector give rise
to the trajectory described by the mobile (dotted lines).
This trajectory gives rise to the name of the movement.
For example: Rectilinear Movement – straight line
trajectory, Parabolic Movement – parabola trajectory,
Circular Movement – circumference trajectory, etc.

Displacement
It is a vector independent of the trajectory described by a mobile phone, it is drawn between two
successive positions in a given time interval.

6.3 Average speed

It is a vector quantity that measures how the position vector changes with respect to time.

—
-Ar
V m—- - to you

It has the following characteristics:

6.3.1 It has the same direction as the

displacement vector.
6.3.2 It is measured over a time interval.
6.3.3 Its unit is m/s.

6.4 Instantaneous Speed

It is a tangent vector to the trajectory, which is derived from the average speed, when the time interval is
made to tend to zero. As you can see, if we make the time interval tend to zero, mathematically A t —> 0.
We observe how the displacement vector becomes increasingly closer to being tangent to the trajectory.
——
- - A r dr
v — Limv — Lim — — —
m

At t -0 At -0A t dt
It has the following characteristics:
- It is tangent to any point on the
trajectory.
- It is measured in an instant of time.
- Its unit is m/s.

6.5 Medium Acceleration

R. C, Gil Aguilar

x
PHYSIC
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It is a vector quantity that measures how the velocity vector changes in relation to time.

"_A v
me to you
Fig. 6.6
It has the following characteristics:
- It has the same direction as the velocity
change vector.
- It is measured over a time interval.
- Its unit is m/s 2 .
6.6 Instant Acceleration

It is a vector inward of the concavity of the

trajectory, which is derived from the average
acceleration, when the time interval is made to tend
to zero. As you can see, if we make the time
interval tend to zero, mathematically A t ' —> 0. We
observe how the velocity change vector approaches
increasingly towards the concavity of the trajectory.
——
-- a v dv
a = Lima m = Lim =
At t — 0 At t — 0 At t dt
( —d dr -d2r
It has the following dt dt dt 2
characteristics: \)
- It is towards the inside of
the concavity at any point of the
trajectory.
- It is measured in an instant of time.
- Its unit is m/s 2 .

From the above we can arrive at the following, very useful in solving problems, using the derivative and
the integral.
PHYSICS I.....................................................................................................................34
- - A r dr........................................................................................................................60
—
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB..........................................................................................................75
d 2 r

dt 2
>F..................................................................................................................................................81
>F,.................................................................................................................................................81
d2z..................................................................................................................................81
dt2=m.............................................................................................................................81
p
= d2y..........................................................................................................................96
1+(1x)22.............................................................................................................................96
232 106....................................................................................................................................101
1 2 1 21 2.................................................................................................................124
PHYSIC
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m A v 2...........................................................................................................................124
) = m A..................................................................................................................................125
( vv A...................................................................................................................................125
)( v + v A........................................................................................................................125
m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2...............................................................................................................128

we will obtain the speed v ( t ) and integrating the speed again we will obtain the position r ( t )
. In the integration process it is necessary to know initial conditions in order to find the constants that
result from the integration.

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PHYSIC
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1 .7 Kinematics using Differential and Integral Calculus

You have:

2 .- Known the displacement as a function of time x(t)

If position is given as a function of time, we could calculate velocity and acceleration by derivation.

•(•)=
;; and at •)=
dt
3 .- Known the speed as a function of time v(t)
When velocity is a function of time, acceleration can be found by derivation and position is obtained by
integration.

V(
•)=
d

By integration we have ∫ A ds=∫ t v (t) dt

xo -1 -o

x-Xo=J , t, V (t) dt

4 .- Known the acceleration as a function of time a(t)

When the acceleration as a function of time is known, we can determine the velocity by integration.
We must always start with the definition. dt = ^(t)
v t
And by integration we obtain ∫
, dv=∫ t a(t) dt
Also v- v o=Ja(t) dt

The position is determined by integrating the speed.

5 .- Known the acceleration as a function of the position a(x)

When the acceleration as a function of position is known, we must apply the chain rule
d.v.
PHYSIC
SI
Jvovdv=J*,a()dx

That is, 2.2 = I a(x)dx

Now we know the velocity as a function of position and we can find this as a function of time by
integrating the equation
dx
dt =v(x)

Which gives us ,,8= í^ dt

6 .- Known the acceleration as a function of the velocity a(v)
When it comes to this case, the speed can be determined as a function of time by integrating the equation
dv dt= a(v)
What it gives us
PHYSICS I.....................................................................................................................34
- - A r dr........................................................................................................................60
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB..........................................................................................................75
>F..................................................................................................................................................81
>F,.................................................................................................................................................81
d2z..................................................................................................................................81
dt2=m.............................................................................................................................81
p
= d2y..........................................................................................................................96
1+(1x)22.............................................................................................................................96
232 106....................................................................................................................................101
1 2 1 21 2.................................................................................................................124
m A v 2...........................................................................................................................124
) = m A..................................................................................................................................125
( vv A...................................................................................................................................125
)( v + v A........................................................................................................................125
m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2...............................................................................................................128

Once the speed as a function of time is known, we can integrate it to obtain the position as a function of
time.

Otherwise, the velocity as a function of position can be found by integrating the equation

dv dv dx dv dí = dXdt = v dX = a(v)
, v dv x
Which gives
f v o v a(v) = Jxo dx = x - x o

7 .- Known the constant acceleration (a)

When the acceleration is constant, the integrations are immediate

vv o = I adt = a(t — t o )
J
or 0
AND x — x o = f [v o + a(t — t o )]dt
OR
OR
1
= v o (t — t o ) + — a(t — t o ) ^

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PHYSIC
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-
Similarly, the integrated:
v v = 2a(x — x o )
PHYSIC
SI
In this case it will be very easy to solve the problems since it will not have to be integrated or derived.

PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 06
TOPIC: Kinematics
First part Determine the after what time is it going to
listen to the echo, if the car continued
1.- A mobile phone takes 80 s to go up a slope. moving.
How long will it take to go down, if the descent
a) 2 s b) 3s c) 4 sd) 5 s e) 6s
speed is 8/5 of the ascent?
6.- A train 150 m long travels
a) 12.8s b) 50s c) 28s
straight into a ½ kilometer tunnel
d) 64 s e) 25s long with a constant speed of 50 m/s. Calculate
2 .- A train 100 m long can travel 36 km in half the time in seconds that the train requires to
an hour. If it takes 20 s to completely traverse a completely cross the tunnel?
tunnel, calculate the length of the tunnel. a) 11s b) 12s c) 13s
d) 14s e) 15s
a) 100m b) 150 m c) 200 m
d) 250 m e) 300 m 7 .- A car that moves with MRUV triples its
speed at a certain moment in its trajectory,
3 .- Two vehicles leave at the same time and in
traveling 80 m in 10s. What is the acceleration of
the same direction with uniform speeds of 30
the car?
km/s and another at 200 feet/s. What distance
separates it after 10 s in meters? a) 0.6 m/s 2 b) 0.7 m/s 2 c) 0.8 m/s 2
a) 33 m b) 18m c) 20m d) 0.9 m/s 2 e) 1.8 m/s 2
d) 24 m e) NA 8 .- What space will a mobile traveling from
4 .- An iron rail is hit and the sound reaches an rest with MRUV travel in the first 10 seconds if
observer both through the rail and through the it is observed that after 4 s of having started its
air, with a difference of 7 s, the time it will take movement the speed is 12 m/s
for the sound to arrive through the rail is.
a) 150 m b) 140 m c) 160 m
Consider the speed of sound along the rail to be
240 m/s.

a) 23.8 s b) 20.5 s c) 25.4 s

d) 30 s e) 22s

5 .- A car travels directly towards a large

mountain with a speed of 60 m/s, when it is one
kilometer away from the mountain it honks its
horn.

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PHYSIC
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d) 170 m e) 180 m hidden behind a billboard. One second after the
car passes the advertisement, the patrol car
9.- A cyclist starting from rest travels 50 m in comes out of hiding to stop the car, which is
the first 5 seconds with MRUV Calculate what accelerating with a constant acceleration of 3.00
will be his speed 5s later? m/s 2 . How long does it take to catch up with the
a) 40 m/s b) 50 m/s c) 60 m/s car?
d) 70 m/s e) 80 m/s
t = 31 s
10.- A mobile moves with uniform speed at 23
m/s. Enter a descent that prints an MRUV with 16 .- You design an airport for small planes.
an acceleration of 0.25 m/s The type of airplane that could use this airport
2
and covers it in 33 s. Calculate the can accelerate at 2.00 m/s 2 and must reach a
length of the descent. speed, before taking off, of at least 27.8 m/s (100
km/h). a ) If the runway is 150 m long, can this
a) 895.125 mb) 599.40 mc) 247.0 d) 899.49 me)
airplane reach the minimum speed required to
924.0 m
take off? b ) If not, what minimum length should
11.- A car starts from rest and travels 50 m in 3 the track be?
s, with uniform acceleration, in what time will it
travel 100 m. v = 24.5 m/s, d = 193 m

a) 5.24 s b) 6.04 s c) 4.24 s A rock is released from rest in a well. a) The

d) 9.24 s e) 7.44 s splash sound is heard 2.40 s after the rock is
released from rest. How far below the top of the
12.- A truck starts from rest. Find its speed when well is the water surface? The speed of sound in
40 s have passed, knowing that in this time it has air (at room temperature) is 336 m/s.
traveled a space of 3200 m with constant
acceleration.
Second part
a) 40 m/s b) 80 m/s c)100 m/s
d) 120 m/s e) 160 m/s 17 .- A ball hanging from the end of an elastic
thread has an acceleration proportional to its
13.- A body with MRUV starts from rest with
position but of the opposite sign
acceleration of 2 m/s
2
until Oh)
=- 3y m/s 2
reaching a speed of 16 m/s; It maintains this
speed constant for 2 s and then decelerates and Determine the speed of the ball when y = 1 m if
stops in half a second. Calculate the total it is released from rest at y = - 2m
distance traveled.

a) 60 m b) 70 m c) 80 m
d) 90 m e) 100 m

14.- A plane travels 420 m on a runway before

taking off; It starts from rest, moves with
constant acceleration and is in the air in 16 s.
What is its speed in m/s when it takes off?

a) 23 m/s b) 45 m/s c) 60 m/s

d) 52.5 m/se) NA

15 . - A car traveling with a constant speed of

45.0 m/s passes where a motorcycle patrolman is

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 69

PHYSIC
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a function of time.
Determine the maximum speed of the ball if
it has a speed v = - 4m/s when x = 1m.

22 .- A cart is held between two springs

whose coils are very tight. In this case, the
acceleration is given by
32
a(x) = — x - 3x m/s

Determine the maximum position of the cart

if it has a speed v = 2 m/s when x = 1 m.

23 .- The acceleration of a spacecraft

18 .- A cart attached to a spring moves with
launched vertically is given (once the
an acceleration proportional to its position
engines have stopped) by
but of opposite sign
R2
to
2 -
a(x) = — 2x m/s 2 g, ,.2
(R
Determine the speed of the cart when x = 3 + h) 2
m if its speed was v = 5 m/s when x
Where g is the acceleration of gravity on the
Earth's surface (9.81 m/s 2 ), R is the radius
of the Earth (6370 km) and h is the height of
the spacecraft above the Earth's surface.
Determine the maximum height that it will
reach if the engines are stopped at a height h
= 32 km and its speed at that height is
19,300 km/h.
19 .- The ball in problem 1 passes through
point y = 1 m with positive speed when t s. 24.- The acceleration of a spacecraft
etermine position, speed and acceleration as launched vertically is given (once the
engines have stopped) by
2
.- carr oe pro lemma 2 passes through ), R is the
point xm with ve oc a pos bocuano radius of the earth (6370 km) and h is the
s. eeaa position, speed and acceleration height of the spacecraft above the earth's
of the cart as a function of time. surface. Determine the escape velocity
(necessary speed when the rockets turn off,
. or is suspended between two ah = 30 km, so that the maximum height
clastic tapes that are only stretched close to reached tends to infinity)
their elasticity limit.
.
that falls in the air has a
The
, acceleration
In this case, it is not true that 22
is given by av)
32 = 9.81 - 0.003 v 2 m/s
a(x) 2
—__3x - 5x 3 m/s 2
Where g is the acceleration of gravity at the
Earth's surface (9.81 m/s

.
Gil Aguilar
,g na 70
PHYSIC
SI
Where the speed is expressed in meters per
second and the positive direction is
downward. Determine the speed of the ball
as a function of height if it has a downward
velocity of 3 m/s when y = 0. Also
determine the speed of the ball.
26 .- A ball thrown upward vertically in the

air has an acceleration a(v) = 9.81 - 0.003 v 2

m/s2

Where the speed is expressed in meters per

second and the positive direction is upward.
Determine the speed of the ball as a function
of height if it has been thrown upward with
an initial speed of 30 m/s when y = 0.
Also determine the
maximum height that the ball reaches.

27 .- Air slows down objects that move

through it with a force that increases as the
square of the speed.

Because of this, the acceleration of a cyclist

going down a slope turns out to be

a(v) = 0.122 - 0.0007 v 2 m/s 2

Where the speed is expressed in meters per

seconds. Determine the speed of the cyclist
as a function of distance if the speed is zero
when x = 0. Also determine the maximum
speed that the cyclist reaches.

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 71

PHYSIC
SI

DIMANIC MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
William F. Riley Leroy D. Sturges

Engineering Mechanics DYNAMIC

Twelfth Edition. R. c. HIBBELE R 2010

Bibliography

Chapter 7 Compound Movement

Parabolic motion is a motion composed of

two types of motion: Vertical motion
(MRUV on the y axis) and horizontal
motion (MRU on the x axis).
7.1 First Case Trajectory of a body

Some equations:

Fig. 7.1 Mov. Parabolic 1st case

launched with initial velocity v 0 and an
angle θ above the horizontal with negligible
air resistance. The distance R is the
horizontal reach, and H is the height

PHYSICS I.............................................................
- - A r dr................................................................
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB..................................................
>F..........................................................................................
>F,.........................................................................................
d2z..........................................................................
dt2=m.....................................................................
p
= d2y..................................................................

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1+(1x)22.....................................................................
232 106..............................................................................
1 2 1 21 2...........................................................
m A v 2.....................................................................
) = m A............................................................................
( vv A.............................................................................
)( v + v A..................................................................
m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2.........................................................

Equations for the Y axis. (MRUV)

V
y = I go — gt

vy=v2,-2gh

h
= v„,t- 2 gt'

Equations for the X axis. (MRU) x = Vox - t

Let's determine the total time
The time it takes for a body to reach the
maximum range R is from its departure from
a reference level until it returns to that same
level, setting equation (7) equal to zero.
h
= V oy t- 1 g 12= ,0
Vosen a
1
t- 2 g t
2 =0

from where we get:

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2 v 0 sin a
(9)
tg

This time is when the body is at point C

and the time at point B will be half then: t

v 0 sin
to
(10)
g

Let's determine the Maximum Height H

Using eq.(7) and eq.(10):

22
H v 0 sin EC Maximum height
(11)
2g

Let's determine the Maximum Range R

Let's use the ce. (8), using the total time eq
(9)

' 2 v 0 sin a ) v 2 sin a

2
R= (12)
VoCOS a
.g) g

7.2 Second Case.- A body is launched

from a height H with initial velocity v 0
horizontally.
You must calculate x: The time it takes for the
body to reach point B is the same as it would take
to reach point C using equation (7)

h = Vo„t - 2 g t 2 => , the velocity in the y axis is

zero therefore:

(13)

Finally let's calculate x: from eq. (1) and eq

(13):
2 hours Fig. 7.2 Mov. Parab. 2nd
x = v ox t — x = v 0 (14) case

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7.3 General Curvilinear Movement.

Curvilinear motion is when a particle moves
along a curve.

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Position.- To determine the position of a

particle, a reference system must be
considered,
then plot the position vector, ^ = ^( t ) will
designate the position of the particle, like the
direction and position, this vector will
change as the particle moves along the
trajectory s. See Fig. 7.3

Displacement. - Displacement is given by

Fig. 7.3 the vector ∆^ , see figure 7.4, this represents
the
change in position of the particle,
determined by the position vectors ^ and ^ ′
while ∆ s is the trajectory.
If initially the particle is in the position
defined by ^ and when it moves along the
trajectory S, it changes its position denoted
by the vector ^ ′ then the displacement of the
particle or the new position will be ^ ′ = ^ +
∆^ then its displacement will be ∆^ = ^ ′ -^
Fig. 7.4

Speed.- During a certain time interval ∆ t

the average speed of the particle is.
v
pr om = ∆
t (15)

Instantaneous speed.- The instantaneous

speed is determined by taking equation (15)
to the limit, that is,
V = Jim (Ar) or what is the same by
deriving
∆t
→^ ∆tj^

And when the function

the displacement vectoris taken to the
∆^ that cutslimit,
the
curve at two points will now cut at a single
point, going from a secant to a tangent line
that represents the instantaneous velocity.

Acceleration.- To define acceleration we

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must start from the speed, if the speed of the

particle is V for a certain time then for
another time it will be . V 'see figure 7.6

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then the speed v' = V +∆

V in the
moment
t +∆
t

then the average acceleration of the particle

during the interval ∆ t is.
^ =V
“p r

Fig. 7.8
om . ∆
t
Where ∆ V = V ′ -
V and taking it to
the limit as in the previous case, being a
secant, see figure 7.7, it becomes a tangent
line, of course after taking it to the limit, but
we must keep in mind that this line
represents the tangential acceleration, since
when a particle describes a circular path, the
particle Fig. No. 7.8 experiences a tangential
acceleration that represents the speed as a
function of time and another acceleration
called normal directed towards the center of
radius of curvature and which represents the
change of direction of the particle as a
function of time, therefore the module of the
acceleration well is represented by figure 7.8
Fig. 7.8

Example 01.- At any instant ^ = (

8t ) pi.es , where t is in seconds, defines the
position
horizontal of the atmospheric balloon of
Figure 7.9 If the equation
of the t____. is ,. = x 2 ,_____.
__________ , . _
of the
trajectory
is

Fig. 7.9

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■ y = 10 , determine
the magnitude
and
direction of velocity and acceleration when
■t=2s.

Solution
Speed.- The component of the speed in the x
axis is

V
x d~ t ( 8t )=
8 ft / s
And the components of the velocity in the y
axis
2xi 2(16 )(
V=d 8
(x 2 ) gi
N ----- - -------------=25.6 pl- es/s
Vy= 10 10
and
dt 10
Then the speed module:

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Fig. 7.10

is determined by deriving the

Fig. 7.11
v = V8 2 + 25.6 2 =
26.8 pi.es/s
The direction is tangent to the path, figure
7.10

e v Vx
= tan- í ^ =tan-^- 8^ =7 28. 60
the
Acceleration.- I relationship between the
components of the acceleration and
respective speeds.
Example 02.- The track for this road event was designed so that the runners jump the slope at 30
o
, from a height of 1 m, during a race it was observed that the runner on the
figure 7.12 remained in the air for 1.5 s.
Determine the speed at which it was
exiting the ramp, the horizontal distance it
traveled before hitting the ground, and the
maximum height it reached. I don't even
consider the size of the motorcycle or the
racer.
Solution.

Vertical Movement

a
^ = A(v,) = 4(8) = o
d /2xk\ n. k 2x
2

2
a
y =t 7Tt\~Lo) = 2k+= 12.8ples/s
Therefore the acceleration module:
a = 7Ó 2 + 12.8 2 = 12.8 ft/s2
The direction is tangent to the trajectory,
figure N° 7.11

ea=tan-14=tan-1128=900
ax either
1 Fig.

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7.12
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB
12
-1 = 0+ VAsin30°(1. 5) - 2 (9. 81)(1. 52)
Solving for v A = 13.38 m/s

Horizontal Movement
Xg=xA+ VaxtAB = 0 + 13. 38 eos 30 0 (1.
5) = 17.4m

To calculate the height h let us consider AC

v2,= v2,-2g(c-ya)
0 = (13.
38c0s30
0)2
(
-2
9. 81)
[(h -1)-
0]

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h = 3. 28m

PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 07
TOPIC: Compound Movement
1 .- (12.76) The box slides down the slope
described by the equation
y = (0.05^ 2 ) m , where x is in meters. If
the x components of the velocity and
acceleration of the box are Vx = -3 m / s
and a x = -1.5 m/s 2 ,
respectively, when x = 5 m , determine the y v A = 6.49 m/st = 0.890 s
components of the velocity and acceleration 4.- (12.89) The ball is thrown from the roof of
of the box at this instant. the building. If it hits the ground at B in 3 s,
determine the initial velocity VA and the
angle of inclination 9 A at which it was
thrown. Also, determine the magnitude of the
speed of the ball when it hits the ground.

v y = 1.5 m/s, a y = 0.15 m/s 2

2 .- (12.80) The cart travels down the hill
described by [-1.5 ( 10 -3 ) ^ 2 + 15 ] feet. If it
has a constant speed of 75 ft/s, determine the
x and y components of its velocity and
acceleration when x =50 ft.
and
and v = (-1.5 (10-')^+15) ft

100 ft

a x = - 2.42 ft/s 2 v A = 30.71 ft/s, v B = 76.0 ft/s

a y = - 5 m/s 2
5 .- (12.94) It is observed that the time for the
3 .- (12.87) The skater leaves the ramp at A ball to hit the ground at B is 2.5 s. Determine
with an initial velocity VA at an angle of 3 the speed V A and the angle 9 A at which it was
00 . If it hits the ground at B, determine v A thrown.
and the time of flight.

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h =14.7 ft
the ball so that it reaches its maximum height
at C. Also, determine the distance d where the
boy must stand to make the throw.
eA = 30 0 , vA = 23.2 m/s

6 .- (12.95) If the motorcyclist leaves the

ramp at 110 ft/s, determine the height h that
ramp B must be so that the motorcycle lands
safely.

V A = 18.23
m/sd = 12.7 m
7 .- (12.98) The golf ball is hit at A with a 10 .- (12.108) Small packages moving on
speed V A = 40 m/s and directed at an angle the conveyor belt fall into the 1 m long
of 3 0 0 with the horizontal as shown. loading cart. If the conveyor is moving at a
Determine the distance d where the ball hits constant speed of v c =2 m /s, determine the
the slope at B. shortest and longest distance R where the
end A of the cart can be placed with respect
to the conveyor so that the packages enter
the cart.

d = 94.1 m

8.- (12.102) A golf ball is hit with a speed of

80 ft/s as shown. Determine the distance d
where you will land.

R = 1.19 m
R = 0.189 m

11 .- (12.110) It is observed that the skier

leaves the ramp at A at an angle 0 A = 25°
d = 166 ft, t = 3.568 s with the horizontal. If it hits the ground at
B , determine its initial speed V A and the
9 .- (12.106) The boy standing at A tries to time of flight t
AB.
throw a ball over the roof of a barn at an
angleeA = 40 0 . Determine the minimum
speed v A at which he must throw

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V A—19.4 m / s
—
tAB 4 . 54s
Bibliography

Mechanical Engineering DINAMICA

Twelfth Edition.
R. c. HIBBELE R 2010

Chapter 8 Dynamic

Introduction
In previous chapters, the movement of particles and rigid bodies has been studied without
considering the forces necessary to cause said movements. In this, the speed and acceleration of
a body were developed with time or with a change in position .

The movement experienced by a body that is subject to an unbalanced system of forces can be
established:
1 .- method of force, mass and acceleration
2 .- method of work and energy and
3 .- impulse and momentum method
The most useful method for solving the problem depends on the nature of the FORCE

8.1 Dynamics.- It is the part of mechanics that studies the causes of movement and the way in
which bodies influence the movement of others.

8.2 Some Concepts:

Inertia.- It is the state of rest or state of movement of a body.

Force (F).- It is everything that modifies the state of rest or movement of a body.

Mass.- It is the amount of matter in a body.

Weight.- It is the force that the earth exerts to attract the mass of a body.

8.3 Equivalences of some Force Units

Unit Equivalence Equivalence

1kp 9.8N 980,000 dynas

1N 0.102kp 10 5 dynas

1 dyna 0.102x10 -5kp 10 -5N

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Second law of Newton

“A particle on which an external force F acts is proportional to the speed with which the
linear momentum of the particle changes or acquires an acceleration a .
PHYSICS I.........................................................................................................34
- - A r dr............................................................................................................60
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB..............................................................................................75
>F......................................................................................................................................81
>F,.....................................................................................................................................81
d2z......................................................................................................................81
dt2=m.................................................................................................................81
p
= d2y..............................................................................................................96
1+(1x)22................................................................................................................96
232 106........................................................................................................................101
1 2 1 21 2.....................................................................................................124
m A v 2...............................................................................................................124
) = m A......................................................................................................................125
( vv A.......................................................................................................................125
)( v + v A...........................................................................................................125
m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2...................................................................................................128

Since mass is not an absolute but a relative quantity that varies with a speed close to the speed of
light, therefore for the purposes of classical mechanics the second term of (1) can be neglected,
then it remains:

d.v.
FR=m (2)
dt
d.v.
But, we know that = a , then (2) will look like:
dt
FR=ma (3)

8.4 Friction or Friction Force ( f )

Definition.- It is a tangential force that is present between two contact surfaces and that opposes
movement. It is calculated like this: f = u N.

Where:
u = friction coefficient (constant) and N = Normal.

Static Friction
It is the tangent force between two bodies in contact when both are at rest and which manifests

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itself when one is moving with respect to the other.

Free Body Diagram (FBD)

Making a diagram of a free body consists of completely isolating it from the environment that
surrounds it and representing on it all the forces that act on it and not the forces that this body
exerts on the environment.

Rules for doing the DCL

1°.- After isolating the body, represent the weight, P in the same direction and sense of the
acceleration of gravity, with the point of application in the geometric center of the body (it must
exactly be in the center of gravity).

2°.- Represent the compression forces: N and friction forces f . When a body is in motion, the
friction force is always in the opposite direction to the direction of speed and if the body is at
rest, the direction of f is opposite to where the body tends to move.

3°.- Represent the traction forces T.

Example
The following figures are some examples of doing the DCL of body A in motion.

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Fig. 8.1 8.2

Fig. 8.3 Fig. 8.4

In many kinetic problems it is convenient to express the acceleration of the particle as a function
of its position (x, y, z), we have the following cases:

>(Fi + Pyj + F,k) = m(ki + j + zk)

The scalar components of this equation are:

= ma d2x
> m
^^^ = m^c

F = ma
>Fy and
m
d2y
d^i = my'
=
d2z
> = ^ = ^^^m
= m m
!

>F,
In the case of rectilinear motion along the x axis, the equations for the particle will be:
F = ma = m
x x
d2x..
dt2=m

>F,=0
Z F '=°
There are four types of problems regarding rectilinear motion for the particle.

First case

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be constant, the seg e u s n c d o arl s ey an of e. Ne n wt o o s n per s o . emas e mov m in o rec neo in os
que
let force
be with an e, a
Newton's law 0 s
^̈=
r (4)
m
Integrating equation (4) twice with respect to time t we have.
Integrating equation (4) twice with respect to time t we have
^̇ = +
^t Cl
m
^=
1E,2 + c,e + c,
The constants C 1 and C 2 can be determined from the initial conditions of the problem
The constants Ci and 2 are
can be determined from the initial conditions of the problem
Since the force
is a function of time, in the problems of rectilinear motion in which the varying force is equal to
áti e en mp u o nc la n apl e icac e i m ón pdo e , e la n s o eg s up n ro da le e m y a d s e
N e ew m t o o v n m da. neo straight line in which p,
application of se^nn d PI. Newton's law gives

expressions of speed and 1, the whole position of these expressions appears for two constants of integration>1 C
a 1 v and eo C
ay
se d e et a er p mos in c an n a x p , a ert n ir d d c e 1 l a as se c s
e maaneens
question Ci and 2
which are determined from the initial conditions of the problem in
question.

T C e u r a cs n e d r o c l a
force is a function of position, in problems of rectilinear movement in which the force
varies depending on its position, the application of Newton's second law gives: in which the force
varies depending on its position, the application of Newton's second law gives *

We can give this* equation (6) a more useful form if we observe that
^= dx = dx dx . dx N=-=- -
—=X — dt dx dt dx
And this can be expressed
PHYSICS I.........................................................................................................34
- - A r dr............................................................................................................60
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB..............................................................................................75
>F......................................................................................................................................81
>F,.....................................................................................................................................81
d2z......................................................................................................................81
dt2=m.................................................................................................................81
p
= d2y...............................................................................................................96
1+(1x)22.................................................................................................................96
232 106........................................................................................................................101
1 2 1 21 2......................................................................................................124
m A v 2...............................................................................................................124
) = m A......................................................................................................................125
( vv A.......................................................................................................................125
)( v + v A............................................................................................................125
PHYSIC
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m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2...................................................................................................128

m
f u n a c n ion os d e ec x o
n
a o d z e c m a ás a c u o n n c oci n da ( l x a ), v s e e lo p c o ida r ds n ee e ig n r ta er gra a to
ecuac
ob n te ( ne ) r p l a a ra p o osic e i n ó en
r an e o c tio a e in
e f u n nd l time, integration constants C 1 and C 2 that are determined from the 1 i c
n e
nic iale s conditions of the problem an
e
d s isc e usi n ó e n g . rac n Ci y 2
that are determined from the initial conditions of the
problem under discussion.
In problems of rectilinear motion in which the force varies as a function of speed Even though
the force varies in one direction, the
application of Newton's second law would give.

qyp,

., g

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PHYSIC
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dt = F (^) (10)
When looking for a relationship between velocity and position, equation (9) gives
m xdi
d^=
F(^)
In both cases, integration constants C 1 and C 2 that are determined from the initial conditions of
the problem under discussion.

Example 01.- A projectile of mass 10 kg is fired vertically from the ground, with an initial speed
of 50 m/s, see figure 01. Determine the maximum height it will
reach if (a) atmospheric resistance is ignored and (b)
atmospheric resistance is measured as
FD = OO 1v 2
N , where v is the speed of the projectile at any instant, measured
in m/s.

Solution

a) In both cases the force acting on the projectile can be related

through the equation of motion.

∑ F z = ma2z
-98.1= 1^^ where ^ = -9. 81 m/s
Through kinematics.
v? =v
0 +2 az
2
Fig. 01
O =5O +2)-9.81)h ; H = 127m

Fig. 02
b) D.C. L Now the force is Fp = OO 1v2N tends to retard the upward movement see figure 03
∑ F, = ma z
-O.O1v 2 - 98. 1= 1Oa ; a = -(O. OO1v 2 +9. 81)
The acceleration is not constant, it depends on the speed, we can relate the acceleration to the
position using.
a dz = vdv
-(O.OO1v 2 +9.81) dz = vdv
EITHER
o.oo172 + 9.81=- vdv
5
OOI
n ( v2
+ 981
^)⌉

h = 114 m

Fig 03

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PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 08
TOPIC: Dynamics
First part suitcase is 20.0 N. Draw a free body diagram
of the suitcase. a) What angle does the strap
1 .- The systems shown in the figures are in make with the horizontal? b) What normal
equilibrium. If spring balances are calibrated force does the ground exert on the suitcase?
in newtons, what reading does it indicate in
each case? Ignore the masses of the pulleys
and ropes, and assume that the pulleys and
the inclined plane in part (d) are frictionless.

4 .- The board between two other boards in

figure P.4 weighs 95.5 N. If the coefficient
of friction between the boards is 0.663, what
must be the magnitude of the compression
forces?

2 .- An object of mass m 1 on a frictionless

horizontal table is connected to an object of
mass m 2 by means of a very light pulley P 1
and a light fixed pulley P 2 , as shown in the
figure, a) If a1 and a 2 are the accelerations
of m1 and m2 , respectively, what is the
relationship between these accelerations?
Express b) the tensions in the ropes and c)
the accelerations a1 and a2 in terms of g and
the masses m 1 and m 2 .

3 .- A woman in an airport pulls her 20.0 kg

suitcase with constant speed by pulling on a
strap at an angle ɵ above the horizontal
(figure P. 3). She pulls on the leash with a
force of 35.0 N. The friction force on the

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(assumed horizontal) that act on both sides
of the center board to prevent it from
sliding?

5 .- An inventive boy named Niels wants to

reach an apple hanging on an unclimbed
tree. Sitting in a chair attached to a rope 7 .- A block of mass m = 2.00 kg is released
passing over a frictionless pulley (Figure from rest at h = 0.500 m on the surface of a
P.5), Niels pulls on the loose end of the rope table, at the top of an inclined plane of ɵ =
with such force that the spring balance reads 30.0°, as shown in figure P.7. The
250 N. Niels' true weight is 320 N and the frictionless plane is fixed on a table of height
chair weighs 160 N. a) Draw free-body H = 2.00 m. a) Determine the acceleration of
diagrams for Niels and the chair considered the block as it slides along the plane. b)
as separate systems, and another diagram for What is the speed of the block when it leaves
Niels and the chair considered as a system. the plane? c) At what distance from the table
b) Show that the acceleration of the system will the block hit the ground? d) What time
is upward and find its magnitude. c) Find the interval elapses between the release of the
force that Niels exerts on the chair. block and its impact on the ground? e) Does
the mass of the block affect any of the above
calculations?

8 .- In figure P.8, the pulleys and ropes are

light, all surfaces are frictionless, and the
6 .- An object of mass M is held in place by
ropes do not stretch. a) How does the
an applied force F and a pulley system as
acceleration of block 1 compare to the
shown in figure P.6 Pulleys have no mass or
acceleration of block 2? Explain your
friction. Find a) the tension in each section
of rope, T 1 , T2 , T 3 , T4 and T5 and b) the
magnitude of F . Hint: Draw a free-body
diagram for each pulley.

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PHYSIC
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9 reasoning. b) The mass of block 2 is 1.30
kg. Find its acceleration dependent on the
mass m1 of block 1. c) Evaluate your answer
for m 1 = 0.550 kg. Tip: You may find it
easier to do part c) before part b). What
would happen...? d) What predicts the result
of part b) if m1 is much less than 1.30 kg?

10.- What horizontal force must be applied 2 .- (F13.3) A spring of stiffness k = 500
to the car shown in figure P.9 so that the N/m is mounted against the 10 kg block. If it
blocks remain fixed in relation to the cart? is subjected to the force of F = 500N.
Assume that all surfaces, wheels, and pulleys Determine its speed at s = 0.5 m. When s =
are frictionless. Note that the force exerted 0, the block is at rest and the spring is not
by the rope accelerates m 1 . compressed. The contact surface is smooth.

3 .- (F13.5) The stiffness of the spring is k =

200 N/m and it is not stretched when the 25
kg block is at A. Determine the acceleration
11 .- A van accelerates down a hill (figure of the block when s = 0.4m. The contact
P.10), and goes from rest to 30.0 m/s in 6.00 surface between the block and the plane is
s. During acceleration, a toy ( m = 0.100 kg) smooth.
hangs by a rope from the roof of the van.
The acceleration is such that the rope
remains perpendicular to the ceiling.
Determine a) the angle ɵ and b) the tension
in the rope.

Second part

1 .- (F13.1) The winch winds the cable with

a constant acceleration so that the 20 kg
package moves a distance s = 6 m in 3 s,
starting from rest. Determine the tension
developed in the cable. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the packaging and
the plane is μ s = 0.3.

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PHYSIC
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deceleration.
failure. If the mass of the trailer is 250 kg
and it travels 45 m before stopping,
determine the constant horizontal force F
created by rolling friction that causes the
trailer to stop.

4 .- (13.1) The cast piece has a mass of 3

Mg. Suspended in a vertical position and
initially at rest, it is given a lifting speed of
200 mm/s in 0.3 s by means of the hook of a
crane H. Determine the tension in cables AC
and AB during this interval if the 7 .- (13.20) The 10-lb block A moves to the
acceleration is constant. right at v A = 2 ft/s at the instant shown. If
the coefficient of kinetic friction is μ k = 0.2
between the surface and A, determine the
velocity of A when it has moved 4 feet.
Block B weighs 20 lb.

5 .- (13.2) The 160 Mg train travels at a 8 .- (13.14) The 3.5 Mg motor is

speed of 80 km/h when it begins to climb the suspended on a beam AB whose mass is not
slope. If the machine exerts a tractive force F taken into account and is lifted by a crane
of 1/20 of the weight of the train and the that gives it an acceleration of 4 m/s 2 when
rolling resistance F D is equal to 1/500 of the its speed is 2 m/s. Determine the force in
weight of the train, determine its chains CA and CB during lifting.

6.- (13.7) The wagon travels at 20 km/h when the trailer is coupled at A

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PHYSIC
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3.- (15.8) A block of mass 20 kg is pushed
up an inclined plane with a horizontal force
F of 200 N, as indicated in the figure. The
kinetic friction coefficient μk between the
inclined plane and the block is 0.10, if v = 0
and x = 0 when t = 0, determine

a. The acceleration of the block

b. The time it takes for the block to travel
15 m
c. The
speed of
the block when it has traveled 10 m.
Third part

1.- (15.1) A box of mass 100 kg rests on the floor

of a forklift. Determine the force that the box
exerts on the ground if the forklift

a. It starts upwards with an acceleration of 3 m/s

2
.
b. It starts downwards with an acceleration of 2
m/s 2 .

4.- (15.9) Blocks A and B weigh,

respectively, 150 N and 300 N and are
connected by a rope, as indicated in the
figure. The kinetic friction coefficients are
0.20 for block A and 0.15 for block B, if the
force F applied to the rope is 200 N,
determine

a. The acceleration of block B.

b. The speed of block A after 5 s.
2.- (15.2) Determine 5.- (15.10) A forklift contains three
the constant force F that is needed to packages, as indicated in the figure, the mass
accelerate a car (m = 1000 kg), on a flat of the forklift box is 750 kg and the masses
road, from rest to 20 m/s in 10 s of packages A, B and C are, respectively,
300 kg, 200 kg and 100 kg. During a short
period of time the forklift experiences an
acceleration

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PHYSIC
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up from 8 m/s2. During said
interval, determine

a. The tension of the forklift cable.

b. The force that the floor of the forklift
exerts on A.
c. The force that B exerts on C.

7.- (15.15) The inclined plane in the figure

has a length of 6 m and is used to lower
boxes from the street to the basement of a
warehouse. The kinetic friction coefficient μ
K between box and plane is 0.25. The kinetic

friction coefficient μ K between the box and

the basement floor is 0.40. If a box weighing
150 N is given an initial velocity of 3 m/s at
the top of the inclined plane, determine

a. The speed of the box when it leaves the

inclined plane.
b. The distance the box travels across the
basement floor after leaving the inclined
plane.

6.- (15.14) Two bodies, A (m A = 50 kg) and

B (m B = 25 kg) are joined by a cable as
indicated in the figure. Five seconds after
releasing the bodies from rest, body B has a
velocity of 10 m/s downward.

Determine 8.- (15.16) The cart represented in the figure

has a mass of 200 kg and is moving to the
a. The acceleration of body A.
right with a speed of 5 m/s. Determine
b. The tension of the cable.
c. The kinetic friction coefficient μk for a. The acceleration of the cart as it ascends
body A. the inclined plane.
b. The distance d that will ascend the
inclined plane until it comes to a stop.

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PHYSIC
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DC rest art . 2
in is
the positions
epresented in the figure. The coefficient of kinetic
displacement μ K between the block A and the
elements
■inclined is worth 0.15. The block
c B collides
nte of
let it go If the r block nta A 3 pe s s at 250 N of
Eterminating is worth 0.15. Block B collides
with the horizontal surface 3 s after
.
s The
t acceleration of the body
B
A weighs 250 N.
.
d The weight of the body B
are in allen in5. the5)
to movement. position )q
of body B
represented. e the
b. Body weight B
figure minar a
c. The tension of the speed and
the cable while the acceleration of the
blocks are in baby. The et B cwhen
motion. it is 0.3 m[percbelow
its (k=417 ion / initial.
á undeformed when
the blocks are in the
position represented.
Determine the
velocity and
acceleration of block
B when it is 0.3 m
below its initial
position.

u perpo . s determine deltcable that joins the

. The acceleration of bodies.
body A. 5 40 kg and d. The speed of body
30 kg, . r The tension n B after 5 s
and movement. itema

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 PHYSIC
isS released
I from rest. amount in q , that all
During the movement of it reaches the
of bodies, determine vertical position and
a. The acceleration the q time it will take
of body A. for end A to leave the
b. The tension of the horizontal plane. the
cable that joins the chain and the
bodies. horizontal plane is
c. The speed of body worth 0.20. If the
B after 5 s of chain is released
movement. starting from rest in
the position
represented, determine
its speed at the instant
when the entire chain
reaches the vertical
position and the time
it will take for end A
to leave the horizontal
plane.

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PHYSIC
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13.- (15.39) The ball represented in the figure has a mass of 0.15 kg. The natural length of the
spring (k = 1 kN/m) is 50 cm. If the ball is released from rest in the position represented and the
friction between the ball and tube is neglected, determine
A. The speed of the ball when it leaves the BIBLIOGRAPHY
tube.
B. The time it takes for the ball to leave the R. c. HIBBELLER Engineering
Twelfth DYNAMIC MECHANICS
tube.
2010 Edition

Chapter 9 Curvilinear Movement: Normal and Tangential

Components

9.1 Curvilinear Movement

Let's consider a particle that moves along the curve, see figure 9.1, and if we know the
trajectory, then it is convenient to describe its movement
taking into account the normal and tangential components t,
in such a way that they act perpendicular.

9.2 Movement in the plane

The particle that is initially in position s for a certain time t,
as it moves, describes small differential arcs ds, see figure
9.2, with radii of curvature p that changes depending on the
position of the particle but always directed towards the
center. of curvature. Fig. 9.1

Speed
As the particle moves following the trajectory, s as a
function of time s =f(t) the velocity V of the particle is
always tangent to the trajectory see figure 9.3 where.

ds

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PHYSIC
S I consider the velocity vectorically —
Let's
V = vu t
V=s
Acceleration
PHYSICS I.........................................................................................................34
- - A r dr............................................................................................................60
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB..............................................................................................75
>F......................................................................................................................................81
>F,.....................................................................................................................................81
d2z......................................................................................................................81
dt2=m.................................................................................................................81
p
= Fig. 9.3
d2y..............................................................................................................96
1+(1x)22................................................................................................................96
232 106........................................................................................................................101
1 2 1 21 2.....................................................................................................124
m A v 2...............................................................................................................124
) = m A......................................................................................................................125
( vv A.......................................................................................................................125
)( v + v A...........................................................................................................125
m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2...................................................................................................128

Where:
The vectors út and u t which form an infinitesimal arc.

du t = u t dd
u t = l is a unit vector
Getting
Fig. 9.5
du t = deun
T •_ A
Then u t = Oun
u n defines its direction, from equation (2) (4)

Then
*
. yes V
u
t P u
n u
p np nu

By substituting ec (4) into ec (1):

a = Vu t + V V u n = a t u t + a n u n
Finally
Tangential acceleration represents the change in the
at t =
V
magnitude of velocity as a function of time.

a t ds = VdV
Normal acceleration represents the change in the
direction of velocity and directed toward the center
of the radius of curvature. Fig. 9.6

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PHYSIC
S I can be seen in figure 9.6
This

The magnitude of the acceleration

^ = √^ 2 + a2
If the trajectory is expressed by a mathematical function . y = f (^) and the radius of curvature p
is not known so it is determined by equation (5)
r 2,3 /'2
[ 1 +( dy)
p = -—; d* (5)
P = d2y[ 2] (5)
a3

Example 01.- When the skier reaches point A along the parabolic path in figure 9.7, his speed is
6 m/s, which increases to 2 m/s 2 . Determine the direction of its velocity and the direction and
magnitude of its acceleration at this instant. When making the calculation, ignore the height of
the skier. See figure 9.7 Solution

PHYSICS I.........................................................................................................34
- - A r dr............................................................................................................60
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB..............................................................................................75
>F......................................................................................................................................81
>F,.....................................................................................................................................81
d2z......................................................................................................................81
dt2=m.................................................................................................................81
10m
p
= d2y..............................................................................................................96
1+(1x)22................................................................................................................96
Fig.9.7
232 106........................................................................................................................101
1 2 1 21 2.....................................................................................................124
m A v 2...............................................................................................................124
) = m A......................................................................................................................125
( vv A.......................................................................................................................125
)( v + v A...........................................................................................................125
m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2...................................................................................................128

When ^ = i0 m

Therefore 0 = ta n - 11 = 45°
Therefore ' vA =6 m / s
Let's determine the acceleration

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 PHYSIC
SaA
I = vu i?) A n

So:
3
1+ (dy)22 \dx)
p
= d2y
dx2

31
1+(1x)22 Fig. 9.8
P= 1----- = 28. 29 m Substituting into eq. (1)
10
-x=10

6
aA = 2ut + 2828 U -n = {2ut + 1. 273unm/s2 See figure (8)
Then a = 22+1.2732 = 2. 37 m/s 2
2
d = tan-1----------=75.5°
‘ 1.273
Therefore 45° + 9 ° ° + 57 . 5° — 18°° = 12. 5 ° is the direction found.
PROPOSED PROBLEMS N° 09
TOPIC: Curvilinear Movement Comp. Normal and Tangential
YO.- (12.116) At point A the speed of 2 - (12.118) From rest the boat moves
car is 80 ft/s and the magnitude of the around the circular path. p = 50 m, at a speed
acceleration of a is 10 ft/s 2 and acts in the v = (0.2t2)m/s. where t is in seconds.
direction shown. Determine the radius of Determine the magnitudes of the speed and
curvature of the trajectory at point A and the acceleration of the boat at time t = 3s.
1
tangency component of the acceleration.

at t = 8.66 ft/s 2 . p= 1280 ft v = 1.80 m/s , a = 1.20 m/s 2

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PHYSIC
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3A .- (12.122)
with Theoftrain
a speed passes
30 m/s, through
which point
begins to 6 .- (12.128) The airplane flies along a
reduce at a constant rate of ^ t — -0.25 m / horizontal circular path AB in 60 s. If its
s 2
. Determine the magnitude of its speed at point A is 400 feet/s, which reduces
acceleration when it reaches point B where s at the rate of ^t — (-0.1 t)
A B = 412 m
p i es/s 2 , determine the
magnitude of its acceleration when it
reaches point B.

^ = 0.309 m/s 2
4 .- (12.123) If the car passes point A with a
speed of 25 m/s, after which its velocity is
defined as v — (25 - 0.15 s )m/s ,
determine the magnitude of its acceleration
when reaches point B, where s = 51.5 m.
^=6.49ft/s 2
7 .- (12.130) If the roller coaster starts from
rest at A and 2its speed increases by at = (6 -
0.06 s)m/s , determine the magnitude of
its acceleration as it passes through point B
where ^ B = 40 m .

^ = 2.75 m/s 2
5 .- (12.126) When the car passes through
point A, its speed is 25 m/s. If the brakes are
applied, its speed is reduced by at = (0.001
s-1)m/s . Determine the magnitude of its
acceleration shortly before it reaches point
C.

^ = 0.730 m/s 2

^ = 6.03 m/s 2
8 .- (12.145) The jet airplane flies at a
constant speed of 110 m/s along a curved
path. Determine the

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PHYSIC
SI
magnitude of its acceleration when it
reaches point A (y = 0).

a = w = 26.9 m/'s 2

Bibliog
raphy

DINA
MICA
Mechan
ical
Engine
ering
Twelfth
Edition.
R. c.
HIBBE
LE R
2010

Chapter 10 Equations of Mov:

Normal and Tangential Coordinates

10.1 Equations of Motion

When any particle describes a curved path,
this being known either through a
mathematical expression, then its movement
can be expressed in the tangential, normal Fig. 10.1
and binomial directions, observe Figure
10.1, the particle does not move in the
binomial coordinate (b), It is limited to
moving along the path in the plane.

Since the particle is exposed to forces, let's

., g Page 104
PHYSIC
SI
apply Newton's second law.

∑F = ma
That is, on the particle it experiences forces
in
direction of the normal (n) and tangential (t)
coordinates, then the resulting force will be:
∑ F t u t +∑
F
n ^ n +∑ F b ^ b = ma t + m an + 0
(10.1)

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PHYSIC
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This equation (10.1) is satisfied when:
∑ F t = mat
∑
Fn = man
∑ F b =^
Remember that:

Studying the equations of motion in normal,

tangential and binomial coordinates is of
great importance in engineering
applications, especially in civil engineering,
because for the construction of curves on
roads it is vital to determine the angle of
inclination that must be precisely in the
curve. and from this the speed that will have
to be indicated is determined, avoiding fatal
accidents and this will allow the tangential
force to be zero and increasing the normal
force that maintains it on the road.

Whenever we want to build a quality road

then we must obtain the corresponding
calculations.
Example 10.1.- Determine the inclination
angle 0 of the track so that the tires of the

The running patterns shown in Figure 10.2

do not rely on friction to prevent them from
sliding up or down the track. Assume that
the size of the cars is negligible than its
mass g ,q
is
m
and that move around the curve era o
p at a speed
constant v

Solution
Let's draw the body branch diagram

cars
Equations of Motion:
o os e es, os years:

., g Page 106
PHYSIC
SI

F, = ma n

go
N c s^n O = m— (10.3)

2Fb=0
Dividing eq. (10.3) and eq. (10.4):

N c cosO-mg = Q (10.4)

Fig. 10.3
„2 tan e = gp
0 = tan -1 (— )
gpJ

Example 10.2. - The design of the ski jump

ramp shown in Figure 10.4 requires
knowing the type of forces that will be
exerted on the skier and their approximate
path. If the jump in this case can be
represented approximately by the parabola
in Figure 10.4, determine the normal force
on the 150-lb skier at the moment she
reaches the end of the ramp, point A, where
her speed is 65 ft/s. Also, what is its
acceleration at this point?

Solution

Free body diagram see figure 10.5 Fig. 10.4

Since d = X, when x = 0 -d
=0
Equations of motion
^F n = ma n ; N A - 150 = 322(65)

(10.5)
150
2F=mat; 0= to you
(10.6)
32.2

The radius of curvature p of the path at

point A(0, -200 feet) y_12_200. dy_X ;
dy_1
200 'dx 100' dx 2 100

Fig. 10.5
Here

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PHYSIC
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1+(4%) I ./m213/2
p = i—d.— = -—°— = 100 feet , when substituting we obtain
232 106

N A = 347 Ib
Taking into account the kinematics equations:

From the eq. (10.6) =0

Therefore :
652 feet
= 42.2—= a A
v2 a n = p 100 s 2 TO

PROPOSED PROBLEMS N° 10
TOPIC: Equations of Mov: Normal and Tangential Coordinates

1.- (13.50) At the instant shown, the

50 kg projectile travels in the vertical plane at a speed of v
= 40 m/s . Determine the tangential component of its
acceleration and the radius of curvature p of its path at this
instant.

at = -4.905 m/s 2 ; p = 188 m

2.- (12.53) The mass of the sports car is
1700 kg and travels horizontally along

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PHYSIC
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of an inclined track 20 0 which is circular and maintains a constant speed of 9 m/s,
has a radius of curvature ρ = 100 m. If the
coefficient of static friction between the tires
and the track is u 5 = 0.2 , determine the determine the resultant friction force that all
maximum constant speed at which the car
can travel without sliding uphill. Ignore the the wheels of the car exert on the road at the
size of the car.
instant it reaches point A. Ignore the size of
the car.

V
max. 24.4 m / s
3 .- (12.69) Determine the maximum speed
at which the car with mass m can pass
through the upper point A of the vertically
curved road and remain in contact with the
road. If the car maintains this speed, what is
the normal reaction that the road exerts on
the car as it passes point B on the road.

Ff = 3.51 kN ; N = 6.73N
6 .- (13.75) Show that if the block at the
point of rest B is released from a smooth
trajectory of arbitrary shape, the speed it
reaches when it reaches point A is equal to
that reached when it falls freely a distance h;
that is,v = 2hg .

v= g^ ;N=2mg
4 .- (13.70) A 5 Mg airplane flies at a
constant speed of 350 km/h along a
horizontal circular path of radius ^=3000
acting on mthe . airplane
Determine
and the
the lift
bankforce L
angle.
Ignore the size of the plane.

T = 51.5 kN

5 .- (13.72) A 0.8 Mg car travels on the hill

that has the shape of a parabola. If the driver

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PHYSIC
SI
size of the slide and the height of the driver
in the calculation.

7 .- (13.76) A slide and its driver of total N = 1.02 kN

mass 90 kg slides downhill along a (smooth) 9 .- (13.80) The 1.8 Mg motorcycle travels
slope defined by the equation uphill at a constant speed of 80 km/h.
y = 0.08^ Determine the normal force that the surface
2
. At instant ^ = 10 exerts on its wheels when it reaches point A.
m , the speed of the slide is 5 m/s. At this
point, determine the rate of increase in speed Ignore its size.
that the slope exerts on the slide. Ignore the

10

.- (13.81) The 1.8 Mg car travels uphill at a

speed of 80 km/h. Determine the normal road
reaction on the car when it reaches point A.
Ignore its size.
at = 8.32
m /
s2;
N = 522
N
8.- (13.77) The skier starts from the rest point at
A (10 m, 0) and descends the smooth slope, which
can be approximately represented by a parabola.
If its mass is 52 kg, determine the normal force
that the subject exerts on the skier at the instant
she reaches point B. Ignore the height of the skier.
Suggestion use the result of problem 6.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

R. c. HIBBELLER Engineering
Twelfth DYNAMIC MECHANICS
2010 Edition

Chapter 11 Work Energy

11.1 Work of a Force

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PHYSIC
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When a force acts on a particle, it will move changing position along
the trajectory it describes, as time passes, that is, the applied force is performing
a job (W).

Let us consider the force F applied to a particle, see

Figure 11.1, which causes it to change position
through the trajectory “s” denoted by the vector that
represents the displacement d ^ , and it also forms an
angle 0 , so the work done by the force F is the scalar
product of the vectors d^ and F being a scalar
quantity y, defined by:

W = F.dr = Fds cos d

(11.1)

11.2 Work of a Variable Force

If the force is expressed by a mathematical function F , as in the
case of Figure 11.2, this force causes the particle to change its
position from s1 to s2, the work done is determined by integration
as follows:
AW = 2 F. ds = ∫ss 2F eos9 ds
Jr. ii (11.2)

Fig. 11.1

Fig. 11.2

11.3 Work of a Constant Force

Let us consider a force F that forms an angle 0 with the horizontal, and is also constant and
causes the particle to move in a straight line, see figure 11.3, the net work done by this force
from position s1 to position s2 is:
AW = Feos e J, Yes ds = Feos 9 (S2 - si )
/s1

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PHYSIC
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Fig. 11.3

11.4 Work due to weight

The work due to the weight is considered to be the gravitational potential energy U. Let us
consider Figure 11.4, the potential
energy is determined as follows:

∆ U = - mg(y2 – y1) = - mg ∆
and (11.3)

Fig. 11.4 11.5 Potential Energy due to a

Spring ( U)
If a force acts on a spring, compressing or stretching it, then work is produced by said force that
is equivalent to the potential energy due to the restoring elastic force of the spring, see Figure
11.5 and is calculated as follows:
Position that the spring is
elongated, S = 0

(11.4)

Fig. 11.5

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PHYSIC
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Examples 11.1.- The 10 kg block
in figure 11.6 rests on the inclined
plane. If the spring is originally
elongated 0.5 m, determine the
total work done by all the forces
acting on the block when a
horizontal force P = 400 N pushes
it uphill s = 2 m

Solution.

Free-Body diagram. d. c. l
Fig. 11.6
1 .- Work due to force P

Work is determined by the dot product

W = p. r = Ps
W P = 400 cos 30 0 (2) N . m = 692. 8J
2 .- Work or potential energy due to the spring U

It is calculated using the equation: ∆ U = - (

2ks2 -
2ks?
130N
\2 130N
N, _2
1.
Us = -[2
(-—)( 2.5)2 -
2 ( —J (0. 5) ]=- 9 0J
2 N m 7 Z\ m 7
3 .- Work or gravitational energy due to weight W
Since the weight acts in the opposite direction to its vertical displacement, the work or potential
energy is negative.
Ug = -(98 . 1 sin 3 0 0 N )( 2 m )= -98 . 1J
W =50 5j

Total work

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 PHYSIC
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4 1.6 Principle of Conservation of Energy
“This is neither created nor destroyed, which is equivalent to saying that the total energy of a
system is conserved invariable”
Principle of Conservation of Energy, to explain this principle let us consider a spring and a block
of mass m that is connected to said spring, if a force is applied to the block of

Fig. 11.7
so that the spring stretches, then the force that makes the
block move, then work is caused due to the applied force,
if there were no friction between the contact surface
with the block see Fig. 11.7, then the spring would always
oscillate, so there will be an energy
total E which will be equal to the sum of the potential
energy U due to the spring and the kinetic energy
of the body of mass m with simple harmonic motion.

This total energy is represented by the parabola

Fig. 11.8
function see Fig. 11.8, the upper part represents the
kinetic energy of the moving mass and the lower part of the curve the potential energy of the
spring, therefore the total mechanical energy will be a constant that is conserved over time.

Let's see when the particle is in three positions:

First case: ^<^<^

The total energy will be. E — E^ + U = Constant

E= 1mv2 + 1k x 2 — Constant (11.6)
2 2 (11.5)
Second Case: ^ = ^ ;
v — 0; E k — 0; U is maximum
E—U—
1k to 2 (11.7)
Replacing eq. (11.7) Jan. (11.6)
1
■mv 2 + 1 ■k^ 2 = 1 ■kA 2
222

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PHYSIC
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Clearing v

v=±/ m /(A2-g2) ( .)
Third Case: X = 0; U 1= 0; Ek is maximum ,
Vmgx
1
—12
Es2 mVi á^.
( .)
Clearing:
Vm á^. = 2E
(11.10)

Equations (11.7) and (11.9) are the same:

2
*A =mo* á^.

Solving for maximum speed:

vm á^. = ^√
m
(11.11)

Finally, the principle of energy conservation can be written by the equation:

AW=A E + AU

Where:
AW: Net work done by force.
∆
E : Kinetic energy due to the movement of the particle.
AU: Potential energy due to the spring.

11.7. - Problems and Application Exercises

• Case 1
The block compresses the spring. What will be the speed of the block at the moment of the
collision, if there is a friction force?

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Solution

To solve this problem, let's consider the initial position for both the block and the spring, see
figure 1.
The initial stage is considered, locating the positions and the free body diagram is drawn.

Initial

In the second stage, see figure 2, the final position for the system is represented, again indicating
the parameters and the equation of the principle of energy conservation is written.

Case 2

A block is pushed against a spring compressing it and when released the block moves on the
horizontal surface without friction and then goes up the inclined plane, determine h

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PHYSIC
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Solution
The block travels with constant speed since there is no friction, to compress the spring see figure
No. 1.

Let's consider the initial stage as seen in figure 2, that is, the compressed spring.

Fig. 2

It is compressed

Starting from the initial position Fig. 2, the spring is stretched by moving the block with MRU,
from position A to position B. see figure 3.

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When the block reaches position B, from this point the block moves with MRU, traveling along
the horizontal, reaching the edge of the inclined plane, getting ready to go up the

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slope, its movement is now MRUV, until reaching the maximum height H, this is determined by
the mechanical energy equation. See figure 4.

Case 3
A block is pushed against a spring, compressing it. When released, the block moves a distance
“D”. What is the coefficient of friction U?

Solution
The block advances, compressing the spring, see figure 1

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PHYSIC
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When the spring is compressed, it stores potential energy, so that the block starts from rest until
it stops, its kinetic energy being zero, therefore in this case there will only be work due to
friction and potential energy due to the spring.

Let us consider the final position when the spring was fully stretched and the block stopped, its
final velocity being zero. See figure 3 and finally the equations for this case.

Case 4
A block compresses the spring and when released it moves on the horizontal surface without
friction, colliding at the lowest part as indicated in the figure. Calculate the value of the spring's
stiffness constant.

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Solution
Let's consider the position indicating the corresponding parameters, see figure 1. Block moves
with MRU

fig. 1

In this position the block compresses the spring and from that position it is initially considered,
see figure 2. At an instant the block starts from rest V ^ , accelerated but since there is no friction
this movement will be MRU. The equations consider only kinetic energy and potential energy
due to the spring.

In figure 3, the block advances with constant speed MRU, maintaining this speed during its
journey along the horizontal until it reaches the edge.

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In figure 4 it falls with compound motion, the time to replace is determined in the following
equation.

∆ E k = -&U

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PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 11
TOPIC: Work Energy and Principle of Conservation of Energy

First part
1.- (17.1) A truck weighing 37.5 kN is
traveling along a road at 100 km/h when the
driver suddenly sees a cow stopped in its
path 60 m in front of him. If the driver takes
0.4 s to press the brake and the coefficient of
friction between wheels and road is 0.5.

a. Can the collision be avoided without

swerving to the side?
b. In what position relative to the car would
the truck stop?
c. If the driver had to swerve to one side,
determine the speed the truck would travel as 4 .- (17.6) A bullet of mass 10 g has a
it passed the car. horizontal speed of 400 m/s when it hits a
wooden target 25 mm thick. Even when the
target stops her, she crosses it and falls into a
pond 50 m away. Determine the average
force that the target exerts on the bullet.

2 .- (17.3) A fully loaded Boeing 747 has a

takeoff weight of 3300 kN and its engines
develop a total thrust of 1000 kN. If air
resistance and friction between the tires and
the runway are neglected, determine how
long the runway must be for the takeoff
speed to be 225 km/h.
5 .- (17.8) A bullet of mass 10 g has a
horizontal speed of 400 m/s when it hits a
2.5 kg block of wood, embedding itself in it.
The block is initially at rest, the mass of the
stop B is negligible and the ground is
3 .- (17.5) An F15 aircraft, weighing 125 smooth. In the movement after the impact,
kN, is catapulted from the deck of an aircraft the maximum compression of the spring
carrier using a hydraulic ram. Determine the turns out to be 73 mm. Determine
average force exerted by the ram on the
airplane if it accelerates it from rest to 257 1 . The percentage of the initial kinetic
km/h in 90 m. energy of the bullet that is lost on impact b.
The speed of block and bullet at the instant
the block comes into contact with the stop.

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6 .- (17.18) A material point is attached to

an alinear spring (stiffener) for which the
relationship between force and deformation
is

F = 1200( 8 + 10 3 2 )

Where F is expressed in newtons and δ in 9 .- (17.28) The two blocks represented in

meters. Determine the work that the spring the previous figure are joined by an
does on the point when its elongation goes inextensible and weightless thread. They are
from δ = 150 mm to δ = 50 mm. released, starting from rest, with d = 500
mm. The masses of the blocks are mA = 6 kg
7 .- (17.26) A 5 kg block slides inside a
and mB = 4 kg and the spring is undeformed
cylindrical bucket, as indicated in the figure.
in the initial position. Determine the
The radius of the cylinder is 3 m. If the block
minimum value that the spring constant must
starts from rest when θ = 30 0 , determine its
have so that block B does not hit the ground
speed when θ = 90 0 .
in the subsequent movement.

10 .- (17.29) The blocks represented in the

figure are joined by an inextensible and
weightless thread. They are released, starting
from rest, when the spring is undeformed.
The static and dynamic friction coefficients
are 0.2 and 0.1, respectively. For the
8 .- (17.27) The two blocks represented in subsequent movement, determine
the figure are joined by an inextensible and
a. The maximum speed of the blocks and
weightless thread. They are released, starting
the elongation that, in that condition, the
from rest, with d = 45 cm. Their weights are
spring suffers.
WA = 25 N and WB = 50 N and the spring
b. The maximum drop of the block of 25 N.
( k = 333 N/m) is reported in the initial
position. Determine the speed of block B
when it reaches the ground.

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PHYSIC
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Second part determine its speed in position A and in
the position where b = 225 mm.
1 .- (17.44) A mass of 0.5 kg slides without 4 .- (17.52) A bag containing 1.5 kg of balls
friction along a vertical rod as indicated in is attached to the end of a thread 800 mm
the figure. The natural length of the spring is long, as indicated in the figure. The
l0 = 200 mm and the distance d = 300 mm. If maximum tension that the thread can resist is
the mass is released from rest when b = 0, Pmax. = 30 N. If the boy slowly removes the
determine the spring constant that makes bag from the shelf, determine the angle θ
bmax. = 400mm that the bag will rotate before the thread
breaks.

2 .- (17.46) A mass of 0.5 kg slides along a

friction-free rod located in a vertical plane, 5 .- (17.55) A small box slides along a
as indicated in the figure. The natural length friction-free horizontal surface and reaches a
of the spring is l0 = 250 mm, the spring circular ramp, as indicated in the figure. If
constant is k = 600N/m and the distance d = the initial velocity of the box is v0 = 1.5 m/s
800 mm. If said mass is released from rest and r = 375 mm, determine the angle θ at
when b = 300 mm, determine its velocity in which the box will lose contact with the
positions A and B. ramp.

6 .- (17.56) A small box slides along a

friction-free horizontal surface and reaches a
3 .- (17.47) A weight of 2.5 N slides along a circular ramp, as indicated in the figure.
friction-free rod located in a vertical plane, From problem 5. If the radius of the ramp is
as indicated in the figure of problem 2. The r = 750 mm and the box loses contact with it
natural length of the spring is l0 = 150 mm, when θ = 25o, determine the initial velocity
the spring constant is k = 83 N/m and the vo of the box.
distance d = 450 mm. If the weight carries a
7 .- (17.58) A toy car
speed of 0.6 m/s to the right in position B, Go down a ramp and then continue along

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PHYSIC
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a vertical curl, as indicated in the figure. coefficient between package and ramp is μk
The mass of the stroller is m = 50 g and the = 0.40 and θ = 20o. If a package weighs 25
diameter of the vertical loop is d = 300 mm. N and carries a speed of 2.4 m/s at A ,
If the stroller is released from rest,
determine
determine:

a. The minimum height h from which the a. The speed of the package when it reaches
stroller must be released so that it travels the the ground.
entire loop. b. The distance d between the foot of the
b. The force that the stroller exerts on the ramp and the point where the package hits
track when it is at point B (a quarter of the the ground.
loop)

10.- (17.81) A block weighing 50 N is

attached to a spring of k = 800 N/m and
c. - (17.67) The pair of blocks represented
natural length lo = 45 cm, as indicated in the
in the figure is connected by an inextensible
figure. The static and kinetic friction
and weightless thread. The spring has a
coefficients between the block and the
constant k = 1200 N/m and a natural length
horizontal floor are 0.5 and 0.4, respectively.
lo = 30cm. The friction is
If the block has an initial velocity of 2.1 m/s
negligible. If the system is released from rest
when the spring is undeformed, determine
when x = 0, determine
the position x at which the block will stop
a. The speed of the blocks when x = 10 cm. and the force F s of the spring at this
b. The maximum displacement x that it will position in the case where
reach in the subsequent movement.
a. The initial movement goes to the left.
b. The initial movement goes to the right.

9.- (17.79) In a cargo warehouse, packages

descend a ramp and fall to the ground as 11.- (17.82) In a game of skills, players slide
indicated in the figure. The friction coins

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PHYSIC
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by a wooden surface, as indicated in the
figure. To win, the coin must stop between
lines C and D on the bottom surface. The
coefficient of friction between the 5 g coins
and the ground is 0.2, the edges are sharp
but smooth and the point from which the
player has to release the coin is 1 m from
edge B. Determine the field of initial
velocities corresponding to winning shots.
Third part

3.- (14.19).- Determine the height h of ramp

D that the 200 kg roller coaster car will
reach if it is launched at B with just enough
speed to reach the top of the loop at C
without losing contact with the rails. The
radius of curvature atProb. pc = 25 m.
C is14-19

1 .- (14.5) The 1.5 kg block slides along a

smooth plane and collides with a nonlinear
spring with a speed of V = 4m/s . The
spring is called “nonlinear” because its
resistance is
m2 Fs speed
. Determine the = ks2 of
, where k = 900
the block afterN/
it
compresses the spring s = 0.2 m.

compression of
the spring.
4 .- (14.21).- The
0.5 kg ball, whose
size does not
matter, is
launched up the
Prob. 14-5 smooth vertical
2 .- (14.7).- The circular ramp by
6-lb block is means of a spring
released from the plunger. This
rest point at A and keeps the spring
slides under the compressed 0.08
smooth parabolic m when s = 0.
surface. Determine how
Determine the far to pull and
maximum release so that the

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PHYSIC
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ball begins to lose
contact with the
ramp when 0 =
135 .

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6 .- (14.28)
Roller coasters are
designed so that
users do not
experience a
normal force of
5 .- (14.25) The
skier starts from more than 3.5
the rest point at A times their weight
and descends the against the car
ramp. If friction seat. Determine
and air resistance the minimum
can be omitted, radius of
determine its
curvature p of the
speed.
V ramp at its lowest
B when it reaches point if the speed
B. Also, is 5 ft/s at the crest
determine the of the drop. Ignore
distance s where it friction.
contacts the
ground at C if it
jumps when
moving
horizontally at B.
Ignore the height
of the skier. Its
mass is 70 kg.

Pr
ob
.
14
-
28

7 .- (14.29) The

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PHYSIC
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120 lb man acts as d=8pi es, ignore
friction and
a human assume that the
cannonball when man remains in a
fired from the rigid position
throughout the
cannon that is movement.
powered by the
spring shown. If
the maximum
acceleration you
can experience is
^ = 10
g=
322 p i es/s 2 ,
determine the
stiffness required
for the spring,
which is
compressed 2 feet
at the moment of
firing. With what
speed will it exit
P
the cannon, d=8p r
i es, when the o
cannon is fired? b.
When the spring is 1
compressed 4-
s=2pi es , then 2
9

BIBLI
OGRA
PHY

R. c.
HIBBE
LLER
Engine
ering
Twelfth
DYNA
MIC
MECH
ANICS
2010
Edition

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Chapter 12 Impulse Linear

Momentum of
Movement

“Con
serva
tion
of

Momentum”
The momentum of a system of particles is
constant when the impulsion of external

Fig. 12.1 Fig. 12.2

forces is zero.
12.1 Impulse.- It is the force that acts per
unit of time during a collision between two
bodies.
12.2 Quantity of Movement. -It is the
product of the mass and the velocity vector
during a collision of two bodies.
12.3 Collision - is the simultaneous
collision between two or more bodies during
a very short time. This collision can be
frontal if the direction and line of action of

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PHYSIC
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the velocity vector of both particles are
coincident (See Fig.12.1) or it can be
perpendicular as in Fig.12.2.
12.4 Coefficient of Restitution (e).- This
is the name given to the relationship
between the relative speed of the particles
after the collision and the relative speed
before the collision. It is called the
coefficient of restitution “e”.

_v A2 v B2
(12.1)
vA1 - vB1

Obviously, for an elastic collision e = 1 and

for an inelastic collision e = 0

12.5 Elastic Collision (e = 1)

An
elastic collision in an isolated system is
one in which kinetic energy (in addition to
momentum) is conserved. See Fig. 12.3

Fig. No.
12.3

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These collisions occur when the forces
between the colliding bodies are
conservative; if two steel balls collide, they
crush insignificantly near the point of
contact, but then rebound. Some of the
kinetic energy is temporarily stored as
elastic potential energy, but is eventually
converted to kinetic energy.
Let us examine an elastic collision between
two bodies A and B. Like the one in
Fig.12.3

Let us call v A 1 and v B1 the x components

of the velocities before the collision, and v

A 2 and

v B2 after the collision.

By conservation of kinetic energy we have.

1 2 1 2 1 21
2
2 m A v A1
+ 2 mgVBl = 2 m A v A2 + 2 m B v B2
(12.2)

and for the conservation of momentum gives

m
A v
A1 + mgVBi = m A V
A2 +mBv
B2

(12.3)

If we know the masses and the initial

velocities, we can solve the simultaneous

equations to obtain the final velocities v A2

and v B2 .

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This solution is complicated, so we will

Fig. No.
12.4special case in which
concentrate on the
body B is at rest before the collision. For
this purpose let us then consider the
following Fig. 12.4

Now the equations for the conservation of

kinetic energy and momentum become

1 2 1 21 2
2 =-mAvA 2mBv B
A + 2

(12.4)

m
A v
= mAVA + m B v B

(12.5)

Multiplying by 2 to equation (4) we will

have

2
mAv
2
=mAvA +m B v B

(12.6)
AAA D 5

Factor izing m A in eq (6):

2 2 2
mgv = m A v - m,v mA(v -v A

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)=
m A

( vv A

)( v

+ v A
)

mgv = m A ( vv A
) (v
+ vA
)
(12.7)

Now working with ec (5)

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 PHYSI
CS I m
A v = m,v, + mBvB (12.5)
TO AA D.D.
mBvB
= m,v - m,vA = m, (v - V
A)

mBvB = m (yy ) (12.8)

55A\A/
Dividing ec(7) and ec(8)

(
mv_ _ m*
vv, -(+A Where we are finally left
( TO
B.B. TO

V B =V+V A (12.9)

We substitute this into eq (8) to eliminate v B and then solve for v A :

mB (v + vA ) = m A (v – v A )

m-m
v
goes mAma
(12.10)
mAB

By , .
(9)

b
1
■m2mAmv (12.11)
AB

.
(e)
In this p collision the bodies adhere to each other as in Fig. 12.5

Fig. N 12.5

Lu conservation of momentum:

mAvA
+mBvB
=( m A
+mB
)v
Where can we solve for the common velocity v of the two particles?
m
AvA
V= m A A (12.12)
m +m
mAB

Gil g .

,Page 137
 PHYSIC
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12.7. - Impulse principle and linear momentum
In this section we will integrate the equation of motion with respect to time to obtain the
Principle of Impulse and Momentum of Motion.

∑ F = ma =
m d Integrating this equation will be
∑∫ 2 Fdt = m∫
,, dv or also ∑ ∫ 2 F dt = mv 2 — mv ^

This equation is known as the Principle of Impulse and Linear Momentum of Motion.
This equation provides a direct method of obtaining the final velocity of the particle after a
known period of time when the initial velocity is known and the forces acting on it are constant.

Linear Momentum of Movement

P = mv
Linear Impulse
^= ∫Fdt
If the force is expressed as a function of time, the integral is developed and if it is constant in
magnitude and direction, the resulting impulse is:
I=
f t2 F c dt = F c ( t 2 - t )
To solve problems, the principle equation of impulse and momentum will be written:
mv x + Fdt = mv 2
∑∫

t
This expresses.
The initial momentum plus the sum of all the Impulses applied to the particle is equal to the Final
Momentum of the particle.

Example 12.1.- The 100 kg stone shown in the figure is originally at rest on the smooth
horizontal surface. If a towing force of 200 N, acting at an
angle of 45 0 , is applied to the stone for 10 s, determine the
final velocity and the normal force that the surface exerts on the
stone during this interval.

Solution
Principle of Impulse and Momentum of Movement
mv x 1 +2 t2 F x dt = mv
•1
0 + 2 00Ncos45 0 (10s )=(100 kg ) v 2
v2 = 14. 1m/s

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'
m y1+2,Fydt=mvy2
0
+ Nc(10s) - 981^(10 s) + 200N sin450(10 s)=o
Nc = 840 N
Example 12.2.- In the 50 Ib packaging, a force of variable
magnitude acts P = (20 t)lb, where t is in seconds. Determine
the speed of the packaging 2s after P is applied. The initial
velocity is v1 = 3 ft/s
down the plane and the
coefficient of kinetic
friction between the
packaging and the plane

is uk = 0. 3

Solution.

Principle of Impulse and Momentum of Movement.

mv + X í! F x dt = mvx2
•1

N c - 50 cos30°lb = 0
When solving:

Nc = 43. 30 lb v 2 = 44.
2ft/s

______50______ (3^+1 20tdt - 0. 3N c (2s) + (50lb)sin30 0 (2s) = — 5010 v2 32.2 pi es/s \ s /

j_____ /s
32.2ft

4. 658 + 40-0. 6Nc + 50 = 1. 553 V2

The eq. Balance can be applied on the Y axis

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PHYSIC
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PROPOSED PROBLEMS Nº 12
TOPIC: Impulse Linear Momentum of Movement
First part
1. A sphere A of 1 kg. of mass starts from
rest, from a height of 10 m, then a perfectly
elastic collision occurs with sphere B of 2 Kg.
of mass, the assembly moves and compresses
the spring. If the elastic constant of the spring
is 300 N/m. Calculate.

a) The speed of A moments before the

collision
b) The speed of the system after the collision
c) The compression length of the spring (x).

4. A 20 gr bullet is fired. in a horizontal

direction towards block A, and is introduced
into block B. The bullet communicates speeds
of 5m/s and 4m/s respectively to blocks A and
B. Calculate:
a) 2 m/s; 4m/s; 4mb) 1m/s; 5m/s; 6m c) 3 m/s; a) The initial velocity v 0 of the bullet.
6m/s; 5 md) 9 m/s; 8m/s; 2m e) NA b) The speed of the bullet in the space
between both blocks.

2. In the figure shown, block A is thrown

horizontally and collides with a sphere B that
is at rest. After the collision, the sphere rises
to a height of 20 cm. Calculate the energy
before and after the collision?

a) 854 m/s; 604 m/sb) 850 m/s; 800m/s

c) 660m/s; 229 m/sd) 544 m/s; 504 m/s
e) NA

5. Block A in the figure is 1 kg. and block B

a) 16 J; 11 J b) 26 J; 10 J c) 40 J; 14J of 2 kg. The blocks are forced to approach
d) 28 J; 17 J e) NA each other by compressing the spring of
constant k located between them. The system
is abandoned starting from rest on a smooth
3. A bullet of mass m is fired at a block of horizontal surface. The spring is not attached
mass M as shown in the figure. After the to either block; It detaches and falls to the
collision, the center of mass of the assembly surface once extended. Block B acquires a
(m + M) moves to a height h. Find the speed
of the bullet as a function of m, M and H.

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PHYSIC
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6. speed of 0.5 m/s. How much elastic collision.
potential energy is stored in the compressed b) The maximum tension supported by the
spring? thread from which B hangs.
c) The maximum height to which B will be
raised.

a) 0.75 J b) 0.50 J c) 0.40 J

d) 0.30 J e) NA

7. In the figure shown, the track is smooth,

the masses (m and M) are initially at rest, and
a) 2.5 m/s; 4N; 0.31mb) 1.5m/s; 5N; 0.22 mc)
the collision is elastic. If M > m Calculate: 5.5 m/s; 6N; 0.44 md) 6.8 m/s; 9N; 0.65 me)
NA
a) The height reached by the block of mass
“M”, after the collision
8. A shot is fired against a 5 kg block; the 20
b) The height reached by the block of mass gr bullet. It has a speed of 600 m/s. Knowing
“m” after the collision. that the coefficient of friction between the
block and the support surface is 0.30.
Calculate:

a) block displacement
b) The percentage of kinetic energy loss due
to friction between the block and the surface.

4m 2 -H; h _( mM ^ M (m+ M ) H ;
hm
"l m + M ।

m 2 _g. h _( mm 1
M
(m+M)H;hm a) 0.97 m; 0.4% b) 0.68 m; 0.6%
"l m +M ) c) 0.87 m; 0.9% d) 0.26 m; 0.8%
, " 2m 2 e) NA
H ; h _( mm
1
)hM
"( m + M ) H ; h m m
9. A ballistic pendulum is shown to measure
"l +M
the speed of a bullet. The bullet, with mass m,
- 4m ui _( mm 1 is fired at a block of wood of mass M that is
M
( m + M ) H ;h m
"2lm+M) hanging like a pendulum, and has a
e) NA completely inelastic collision with it. After
impact, the block oscillates up to a maximum
7. Block A is released in the position shown,
height “y”. Given the values of y, m and M.
and slides without friction until it collides
What initial speed v 0 does the bullet have?
with ball B. Knowing that

e= 0.90 (Coefficient of restitution)

Calculate:

a) The velocity of B immediately after the

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PHYSIC
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m + Mm + M
to) --------At 2gy b) gy
mm

PHYSICS I...............................34
- - A r dr..................................60
YB=YA+VAytAB+2gÁB....................75
>F............................................................81
>F,...........................................................81
d2z............................................81
dt2=m........................................81
p
= d2y.....................................96
1+(1x)22.......................................96
232 106..............................................101
1 2 1 21 2............................124
m A v 2.....................................124
) = m A............................................125
( vv A.............................................125
)( v + v A..................................125
m ' y1+2,Fydt=mvy2.........................128

e) NA 10. A 10.0 g bullet is embedded in a

0.990 kg block. that rests on a horizontal
frictionless surface attached to a spiral spring.
The impact compresses the spring 15.0 cm.
The calibration of the spring indicates that a
force of 2.00 N is required to compress it
0.250 cm. Calculate:
2mv t mv b) mv
a) The speed of the block just after impact. t
to) c)
b) What speed did the bullet initially have? 2t
2mv
d) 5t e) NA

weighs
12. A bullet 0.01 lb. HEshoot
horizontally against a block of wood
of 4 lb., which is at rest on a horizontal
a) 2.5 m/s; 4m/s b) 1.5 m/s; 2m/s surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction
c) 5.5 m/s; 4m/s d) 6.8 m/s; 9m/s
between the block and the surface is 0.20. The
e) NA 11. A ball of mass m and speed v hits a
perpendicular wall and rebounds without bullet fits into the block and moves 6 feet.
decreasing its speed. If the time that the Find the speed of the bullet?
collision lasts is t. What is the force exerted
by the ball on the wall?

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PHYSIC
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a) 3,510 ft/sb) 3,620 ft/sc) 8,522 ft/sd) 7,518

ft/s) NA

Second part
1 .- (15.2) The 12 Mg “jump jet” is capable
of taking off vertically from the deck of a
ship. If your turbojets exert a constant vertical
force of 150 kN on the airplane, determine its
speed and how much it rises at t = 6 s, from
rest. Ignore fuel loss during takeoff.

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PHYSIC
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2 .- (15.4) The 28 Mg grader is originally at
rest. Determine its speed when t = 4 s if the
horizontal traction F varies with time as
shown in the graph.

5 .- (15.10) The 20-lb cabinet is subjected to

the force F = (3 + 2 t ) Ib , where t is in
seconds. If the cabinet initially moves down
3 .- (15.8) The 1.5 Mg four-wheel drive jeep the plane with a speed of 6 ft/s, determine
is used to push two identical packages, each how long it takes for the force to stop the
of 500 kg mass. If the coefficient of static cabinet. F always acts parallel to the plane.
friction
between the tires and the ground is. uS = 0.6,
determine the maximum possible speed that
the jeep can reach in 5 s, without the tires
skidding. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the packaging and the ground is ^ k
= 0.3

4.- (15.9) The ship has a mass of 130 Gg. If combustion of a nuclear reactor weighs 600
it is originally at rest, determine its speed lb. Suspended in the vertical position of H
when, t = 10 s. The horizontal thrust and initially at rest, it is imparted an upward
provided by its propeller varies with time as velocity of 5 ft/s in 0.3 s. Determine the
shown in the graph. Ignore the effect of average tension in cables AB and AC during
water resistance. this interval.
.-( .) assembly eee element e

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7.- (15.31) The motor and cable combination shown in the figure lifts the 50 kg block up the
inclined plane. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the surface is, uk = 0.4
If the block initially moves up the plane at Vo = 2 m / s and at this instant t =0 the mtor
develops a tension in the rope of T = (300 + 120 √t) N , where is in seconds, determine the
speed of the block when t =2 s .

BIBLIOGRAPH
Y

R. c. HIBBELLER Engineering
Twelfth DYNAMIC MECHANICS
2010 Edition

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 145

PHYSIC
SI
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ENGINEERING , First edition, Page. 975 – 1105, Prentice Hall, Mexico.

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EDITEC SA deC.V. Mexico DF

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10 .- R. c. HIBBELER 2010 Mechanical Engineering DYNAMICS Twelfth Edition.

11 - Sears F. Zemansky M. Young H. Freedman R., 1996 UNIVERSITY PHYSICS , Ninth

edition, Page. 710 – 815, Pearson education, Mexico.

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INTERNET BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://www.google.com.pe/search?
q=fuerza+nuclear&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=isch&tbo=u&
source=univ&sa=X&ei=Mi73VMqSEqzdsATQyYKgBg&sqi=2&ved=0CCgQsAQ&dpr=1

2. http://www.miguelcanto.eu/documentos/FISICANUCLEAR.pdf

3. http://www.miguelcanto.eu/documentos/FISICANUCLEAR.pdf

4. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza_magn%C3%A9tica

R. C, Gil Aguilar Page 146