I.

- WATER-SOIL-PLANT
RELATIONSHIP
1.- WATER – SOIL – PLANT
RELATIONSHIP
Figure N° 01 Water-Soil-Plant Relationship
The topic of Water-Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Relations (RASPA) has always been of great
importance in irrigation and drainage studies, however, in the field of water and
environmental resources and especially
hydrology, although not ignored , has always
been relegated to the background and has
generally resorted to simplistic Generalizations. PLANT
In general, reference to this topic has been • Type of crop

limited to its inclusion in the hydrological cycle • Development status

and water balances.

FLOOR
1WATER RELATIONSHIP - Amount
Quality
Chance
• Distribution After application
SUFI O-PLA NTA V IMPORTANCE: can be
Source: www.senasa.gob pe
viewed from multiple points of view

> For a water supply study, plants can be

 considered only as consumers of water and protectors against erosion and soils as
a storage system.
> On the other hand, for plant production it is necessary to know all the relationships .
> For the environmentalist, this knowledge must be greater since it is necessary to
consider the conservation of the environment in general and in that sense the aspects of
fauna and quality of life for human beings must be included.

Currently, the topics of “environmental impacts” and “sustainable development” have

become popular, which implies that in the planning of the development of natural
resources and especially plant production , it is necessary to take the topic in question
into account in order to Do not repeat past mistakes.
1WATER - SOIL - PLANT RELATIONSHIP
 1WATER - SOIL - PLANT RELATIONSHIP
Traditionally the analysis is performed by considering pairs of components
and then all are integrated, usually using simulation models.
Following the traditional approach, an analysis of the relationships will be
made: water-soil, soil-plant, water-plant, plant-atmosphere,
 1WATER - SOIL - PLANT RELATIONSHIP
Soil – Water Relationship

► Moisture retention capacity; It refers to the ability of soils to retain moisture.

► Infiltration; It refers to the passage of

water from the surface of the land to the
soil profile. It depends on the texture of the
soil, stratification of the soil, organic matter.
 1WATER - SOIL - PLANT RELATIONSHIP

Soil - Water Relationship

Precipitation

► Redistribution; It is the process by which ___—7—

water moves through soil. In this way, it floor area

Recharge
moves from places with higher moisture the napa Napa

content (potential) to others with lower "jzone edge of cap i larity_____________________TO

saturation zone,
potential. below the nappa

(Underground water)

perspiration

► Capillary rise; It is the movement of water irrigation

precipitation

from the water table due to the capillarity of

the soil. evaporation

runoff
Tup sub
wperfkial
fhujo
sub supertkt

" ascanslon
* capillary I deep W
percolation
 1WATER - SOIL - PLANT RELATIONSHIP

Soil - Water Relationship

► hydraulic conductivity; It can be defined as the water transmission

capacity of soils, this can be saturated or unsaturated.

► Soil drainage curves. indicates the way in which the soil loses
water due to gravity.
 1WATER - SOIL - PLANT RELATIONSHIP

Soil - Plant Relationship

The best known function of the soil is to provide support or

sustenance to the vegetation, the soil provides stability to the plants,
offers them nutrients and water. On the other hand, the soil can
contain salts and toxic substances that harm the growth of plants and
compacted strata that limit their development.

► Nutrient availability Water availability Salinity and Alkalinity.

Toxicity
►
Compaction

►
 1WATER - SOIL - PLANT RELATIONSHIP

Soil - Plant Relationship

The effect of soils on plants has been mentioned; In this section
some positive aspects of plants on soil will be mentioned.

► Effect of Plants on the Soil:

a) incorporation of organic matter,
b) erosion protection,
c) improvement of infiltration,
d) nitrogen fixation and
e) soil formation.
 1.- WATER RELATIONSHIP - SOIL -
PLANT
Plant - Atmosphere Relationships
► Evapotranspiration
► Growth
► Temperature
► Photosynthesis

Water - Plant Relationships

► Water and growth

► Water deficit
► Excess water
► Water quality
 1.- WATER RELATIONSHIP - SOIL -
PLANT
► Evapotranspiration

Soil - Atmosphere Relations

 PLANT

FLOOR:
Nutrients
Medium
Oxygen

Water table

+I Underground
Flow
 2.- CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS

The classification of agricultural soils is based on soil texture. The traditional

method of determining soil particle size is to separate the particles into three
convenient size ranges. These soil fractions or separation are sand, silt and
clay.

Mass percentage Volume fraction

Apparent wilting point Available Available
Soil texture Field Field
density Water wilting point water
capacity capacity
Capacity capacity
Sand 1.70 7.0 3.0 4.0 0.12 0.05 0.07
loamy sand 1.70 10.0 4.2 5.8 0.17 0.07 0.10
sandy loam 1.65 13.4 5.6 7.8 0.22 0.09 0.13
Fine candid 1.60 18.2 8.0 10.2 0.29 0.13 0.16
Loam 1.55 22.6 10.3 12.3 0.35 0.16 0.19
silt loam 1.50 26.S 12.9 13.9 0.40 0.19 0.21
Silty clay 1.45 27.6 14.5 13.1 0.40 0.21 0.19
Clay sand 1.50 26.0 14.8 11.2 0.39 0.22 0.17
loam clay 1.50 26.3 16.3 10.0 0.39 0.24 0.15
silty clay 1.40 27.9 18.8 9.1 0.39 0.26 0.13
Clay 1.35 28.8 20.8 8.0 0.39 0.28 0.11
Source:
USDA
 2.- CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS

The analytical procedure by which the particles of a soil sample are

separated is called mechanical or granulometric analysis and consists of
determining the distribution of particle sizes.

Soil particle size

Component name Diameter (mm)

very coarse sand 2.00-1 no

Gross sand 1.00-0.50

Medium sand 0.50-0 10
Bathtub sand 0.25-0.10
Yo
Yo
very fine sand 0,10-0.05 _____|
Table No. 2: Size of the parts! dream

Minus 5 out of
Limü
Clay 0.05-0.002
0.002
 2.- CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS

If we want to classify agricultural soils we

must know the percentage of the soil
granulometry, the percentage of sand,
clay and silt that each soil that we want to
classify contains , in order to then be able
to place it in the following Textural Triangle
according to USDA classification.
 2.- CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS

Example
Application
Classify a soil that contains 30%
clay, 30% silt, and 40% sand.

SOLUTION
It is a floor
CLAY LOAM
 3.- IRRIGATION WATER

Without water crops cannot grow. Too much water is not good for many crops either.
Apart from rice, there are only very few crops that like to grow "with their feet in the
water." The best known source of water for plant growth is rainwater.

Figure N ° 7 : Crop needs to grow

With respect to the need for irrigation water, a distinction can be made between
 3.- IRRIGATION WATER W

three climatic situations:

a) Humid climates: The amount of rain is sufficient to cover the water needs of
different crops. Excess water can cause problems for plant growth and therefore
drainage is required .
b) Subhumid and semi-arid climates: The amount of precipitation is important, but
it is often not enough to cover the water needs of crops. Dry season crop
production is only possible with irrigation , while rainy season crop production
may be possible but unreliable .
c) Semi-arid, arid and desert climates: Reliable crop production based on
precipitation is not possible; irrigation is therefore essential.
 3.- IRRIGATION WATER
Irrigation Water Need = Crop Water Need — Effective Precipitation
Effective Precipitation

Plants cannot use all the rainwater that falls

on the soil surface. Some of the rainwater
percolates below the root zone of plants
and some of the rainwater flows away over
the soil surface as runoff (some of the
precipitation is ineffective). The
remaining part is stored in the root zone
and can be used by plants. This remaining
part is the so-called effective
precipitation.
Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation
Palacios and Aceves in 1970, point out that
it is a term used to indicate the convenience
or limitation of the use of water for
irrigation purposes of agricultural crops, for
 3.- IRRIGATION WATER W

whose determination the chemical characteristics are generally taken as a basis.

Importance of the Study of Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation

The study of water quality is important since with it we can determine the chemical
components that are dissolved in the water and the effects that these have when
used in agriculture.

In the short term it influences production, quality and type of crop. In the long term,
certain waters can damage the soil until it is completely unusable for agriculture.
 3.-IRIGATION WATER \
Importance of the Study of Water Quality for Irrigation\Agriculture

Water quality is defined based on three main criteria: salinity in the restricted
sense, sodicity and toxicity.

V The quality of water for irrigation is determined by the quantity and type of
salts that constitute it.

V Irrigation water can create or correct saline or alkaline soils.

V The concentration of salts in irrigation water reduces the water available

for crops.
 3.- IRRIGATION WATER

The quality of the constituents of irrigation water is related to the

analysis and anticipation of four problems: salinity, permeability,
Chemical composition
toxicity (due to root and foliar absorption)

> Salinity:
High salinity in the soil makes it difficult for crops to absorb
water and reduces their yield (growth).

> Toxicity:
Toxicity problems are referred to the constituents (ions) of
toxicity:

By Chlorine (Cl)
For Sodium (Na)
 4.- EVAPORATION
Physical process by which water changes from a liquid to a gaseous
state, returning directly to the atmosphere in the form of vapor, from free water
surfaces such as oceans, lakes and rivers, swampy areas, soil and humid
vegetation.
 4.- EVAPORATION
Evaporative power of the atmosphere , which in turn is
FACTORS
influenced by: solar radiation, air humidity (the lower the
humidity, the greater the evaporation), the temperature (the
higher the temperature, the lower the air humidity and the
greater the evaporation), the wind . (favors evaporation),
atmospheric pressure and altitude (the lower the pressure, the
higher the altitude and the greater the evaporation)

Other factors of the evaporating surface: type of evaporating

surface (maximum evaporation would occur on a shallow free
water surface), and chemical composition of the water (the lower
the mineralization, the greater the evaporation.
 5.- PENMAN NOMOGRAM METHOD
To use the nomogram, the following information is required:

►
T = Average air temperature in °C Average relative humidity.
- Average wind speed, d at 2m. sapwood (—). sec
h = Relative duration of sunshine.
Duration of effective insolation measured by a heliograph).
► u2 Duration of the astronomical day (from sunrise to sunset).
= 0: Completely overcast sky.
► 1: Completely clear sky.
n
—
►=
Dn
►
=
D=
n
►—
=
d
 5.- PENMAN NOMOGRAM METHOD

► RA: Angot value. It is the amount of solar radiation, n calories per day on a
horizontal plane of 1 cm2, entering the outer limits of the atmosphere. It is a
function of geographical position and time of year ( table No. 3).
Table No. 3: RA values .in cai/cm day
LATITUDE
EITH
AND F M TO M J. J. TO Yes N d
SOUTH ER
0 885 915 925 900 850 820 830 870 905 910 890 875

1
Yo
10 965 960 915 840 710 730 795 875 935 955 960
20 1020 975 885 765 650 590 615 705 820 930 1000 1025
30 1050 965 830 665 525 460 480 595 750 900 1020 1065
40 1055 925 740 545 390 315 345 465 650 840 995 1080
50 1035 865 640 415 250 180 205 325 525 760 975 1075

► In the nomogram Eo is found as the sum of three terms:

E0=E1+E2+E3
 5.- PENMAN NOMOGRAM METHOD

In finding the value of Eo for the following data.

In states: h=0.7, t°=20°, n/d=0.4, Ra=550, U2=5

APPLICATION
EXAMPLE
DATA:
► h=0.7
► t°=20°
► n/d=0.4
►Ra =550
► U2=5
 5.- PENMAN NOMOGRAM METHOD

APPLICATION
EXAMPLE
From the monogram we obtain:
E1 reads the first part of the monogram = -1.00 mm/di
E2 is read in the second part of the monogram = 2.30
mm/day
E3 is read in the third part of the monogram
= 1.80
Obtaining: E0 = 3.10 mm/day
In terms of heat it is expressed as follows: E'0 = 60 * E0
► E ' 0 : Heat required in cal/cm 2 * day
► E0: Evaporation in mm/day
So:
E'o = 60 * 3.1
E'Q = 186 cal/cm 2 * day
 II.- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
I .- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Figure N° 01 Water-Soil-Plant Relationship

The topic of Water-Soil-Plant-Atmosphere

Relations (RASPA) has always been of great
importance in irrigation and drainage studies,
however, in the field of water and
PLANT
environmental resources and especially • Type of crop
hydrology, although not ignored , has always • Development status

been relegated to the background and has

generally resorted to simplistic Generalizations. FLOOR
Amount

In general, reference to this topic has been • Distribution

Quality
Chance
After application
limited to its inclusion in the hydrological
Source: www.senasa.gob pe
cycle and water balances.
 II .- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Evaporation:

1.- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

It is the process by which liquid water is converted to water vapor

(vaporization) and removed from the evaporating surface (vapor removal).
Water evaporates from a variety of surfaces, such as lakes, rivers, roads, soils
and wet vegetation.

Perspiration:
Transpiration is the process by which water is carried from the roots to small
pores found on the underside of the leaves , where it is transformed into water
vapor and released into the atmosphere . It is estimated that around 10% of the
humidity in the atmosphere comes from plant transpiration.
 1EVAPOIRANSPIRATION POTENTIAL AND
ACTUAL

Evapotranspiration (ET)
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the combination of
two separate processes by which water is
lost through the soil surface through
evaporation and through crop transpiration .
► Evaporation and transpiration occur
simultaneously and there is no simple way
to distinguish between these two
processes.
 1EVAPOIRANSPIRATION POTENTIAL AND
ACTUAL
Potential Evapotranspiration (ETP)
Potential evapotranspiration is the maximum value of actual
evaporation when the water supply is unlimited.

Real Evapotranspiration (ETr)

In the ETr, in addition to the atmospheric conditions that influence the
ETP, the magnitude of the soil moisture reserves and the requirements of
the crops intervene.
 1EVAPOIRANSPIRATION POTENTIAL AND
ACTUAL
Evapotranspiration Units

It is normally expressed in millimeters (mm) per unit of time. This unit

expresses the amount of water lost from a cultivated area in units of water
height. The unit of time can be an hour, day, 10 days, month or even an
entire growing period or a year. Since one hectare has a surface area of
10,000 m 2 and 1 millimeter is equal to 0.001 m, a loss of 1 mm of water
corresponds to a loss of 10 m 3 of water per hectare.
That is, 1 mm. day 1 = 10 m3. ha 1 .day 1 .
- - -
 1EVAPOIRANSPIRATION POTENTIAL AND
ACTUAL
Variables That Affect Evapotranspiration
 2.- CALCULATION
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956)
METHODS

Hargreaves developed an empirical formula for the estimation of class A

tank evaporation in mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere . The
proposed equation is a function of temperature, relative humidity, and
the monthly sunlight coefficient.
Subsequently, based on said formula, he proposed a method for calculating
real monthly evapotranspiration :
ET R = KC 1 ^TF H Cw C j C A [ mm /month]
Where K is a coefficient that depends on the type of crop and its growth
stage .

Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956)

In terms of potential evapotranspiration (ETP), the previous equation is modified

and presented below:
^TP = C1DTFHC wc ¡ c A [ mm /month]
C 1 is a coefficient that depends on solar brightness . The sunlight coefficient (D)
is defined as D = 0.12P , where P is the theoretical percentage of hours of
sunshine with respect to the year , taking into account the number of days in the
month and the duration of daily sunshine. Its value depends on latitude. The
average monthly air temperature (P) is expressed in ºC and FH is the relative
 2.- CALCULATION
humidity coefficient which is calculated with the following expression:
METHODS
FH = 1.0-0.0 1Hn
Where Hn is the average monthly relative humidity at noon in percentage and is expressed as
follows:
Hn = 0.004 (HR^) 2 +[^.4 (H RM) 2 +1.0]
HRM is the monthly average relative humidity expressed as a percentage.
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956) \V

The wind coefficient Cw is calculated with the following Equation:

Cw = o. 75 + oo 255/ w 2
W 2 is the average monthly wind speed at a height of 2.0 m , expressed in km/day. To obtain
the wind speed at 2.0 m based on measurements made at different heights, Hellmann's
exponential law is used.
The solar brightness coefficient C depends on the Insolation (S) and is defined with the
following expression:
C, = ^. 478 + ^. 585
 2.- CALCULATION
The elevation coefficient C A depends
METHODS on the average elevation of the

Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956)

area
E in masl and is calculated with the following formula:
C = 0. 95 +1∗10 — 4E
When measurements of sunlight or wind speed are not available, it is
recommended to take the unit as the value of the respective correction
factors (Chiappe, 1998).
 2.- CALCULATION
Christiansen method (1966) METHODS

This is an empirical formula that takes into account solar radiation, wind speed, relative
humidity, temperature, insolation and elevation to estimate potential evapotranspiration in
mm/month. The equation has the following form:
ETP — 0.324RxtFwCHCtCsCe
Where R xt is the solar radiation which is expressed as:
R tt * Number of days of the month
R tt is the extraterrestrial radiation taken at the top of the atmosphere and expressed in
cal/cm 2 day. Its value is obtained from Table A.4.
Rxt—
 2.- CALCULATION
Christiansen method (1966) METHODS

The wind coefficient Cw is calculated according to the following expression:

. ,2
WW
—-0.078
W0 W0

“w” is the monthly average wind speed at 2.0 m above the ground, expressed in km/h and wo
= 6.7 km/h.

To obtain the wind speed at 2.0 m based on measurements made at different heights,
Hellmann's exponential law is used according to which the wind speed W z calculated at a
desired height “z” is expressed according to Equation.
wz = ^h(^) a

h
Christiansen method (1966)

Wz = ^ h (^) a

n
Where "z" is the distance from the ground in meters at which we want to calculate the wind
speed, h is the height of the wind speed measurement (m.), Wh is the wind speed measured
at the height “h” and K is an exponent based on the roughness of the surface and is taken as
1/7 for open terrain (Bañuelos, Ángeles, Serrano, & Muciño, 2008).

The relative humidity coefficient CH is defined by Eq.

I.- WATER-SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIP...........................................................................................................................................................................................................1
1.- WATER – SOIL – PLANT RELATIONSHIP..............................................................................................................................................................................................1
Soil – Water Relationship...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Soil - Water Relationship....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Soil - Water Relationship....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
► Effect of Plants on the Soil:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Plant - Atmosphere Relationships.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
2.- CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS...................................................................................................................................................................................12
Example Application............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
Effective Precipitation.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation..........................................................................................................................................................................................................18
 Importance of the Study of Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation..............................................................................................................................................................19
> Toxicity:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
FACTORS.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
5.- PENMAN NOMOGRAM METHOD.........................................................................................................................................................................................................25
APPLICATION EXAMPLE.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
APPLICATION EXAMPLE.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
II.- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.............................................................................................................................................................................31
I .- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.................................................................................................................................................................31
II .- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION........................................................................................................................................................................32
Potential Evapotranspiration (ETP)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
Real Evapotranspiration (ETr)..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
Evapotranspiration Units...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956)................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956) \ V....................................................................................................................................................................................................39
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956).............................................................................................................................................................................................................40
Christiansen method (1966)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
ETP — 0.324RxtFwCHCtCsCe............................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
Christiansen method (1966)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
Christiansen method (1966)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
Christiansen method (1966)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
Blaney and Críddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt, 1977).................................................................................................................................................................................48
Blaney and Criddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt.............................................................................................................................................................................................49
Blaney and Críddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt, 1977).................................................................................................................................................................................50
Application Exercise.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58

Christiansen method (1966)

I.- WATER-SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIP...........................................................................................................................................................................................................1
1.- WATER – SOIL – PLANT RELATIONSHIP..............................................................................................................................................................................................1
Soil – Water Relationship...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Soil - Water Relationship....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Soil - Water Relationship....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
► Effect of Plants on the Soil:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Plant - Atmosphere Relationships.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
2.- CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS...................................................................................................................................................................................12
Example Application............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
Effective Precipitation.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation..........................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Importance of the Study of Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation..............................................................................................................................................................19
> Toxicity:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
FACTORS.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
5.- PENMAN NOMOGRAM METHOD.........................................................................................................................................................................................................25
APPLICATION EXAMPLE.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
APPLICATION EXAMPLE.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
II.- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.............................................................................................................................................................................31
I .- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.................................................................................................................................................................31
II .- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION........................................................................................................................................................................32
Potential Evapotranspiration (ETP)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
Real Evapotranspiration (ETr)..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
Evapotranspiration Units...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956)................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956) \ V....................................................................................................................................................................................................39
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956).............................................................................................................................................................................................................40
Christiansen method (1966)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
ETP — 0.324RxtFwCHCtCsCe............................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
Christiansen method (1966)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
Christiansen method (1966)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
Christiansen method (1966)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
Blaney and Críddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt, 1977).................................................................................................................................................................................48
Blaney and Criddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt.............................................................................................................................................................................................49
Blaney and Críddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt, 1977).................................................................................................................................................................................50
Application Exercise.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58

sunshine month i
S= ,; (in decimals')
sunshine teonco month i
S o = 0.80
C e is the elevation coefficient and is defined with the following expression:
C e = 0.970 + 0.030 -
eo
Where “e” is the average elevation of the study area in masl and eo = 305 masl
 2.- CALCULATION
Blaney and Criddle method (Doorenbos
METHODS& Pruitt, 1977)

It allows you to calculate the daily potential evapotranspiration based on

measurements of The equation is presented below: temperature, relative
humidity, wind speed and sunshine.
ET = K*F
ET: total real evapotranspiration of the crop expressed as sheet (cm)
K: total adjustment coefficient that depends on the crop and the location of the
study zone.
n
r =2,
1
It is the sum of the “f” values of all months (from month 1 to month n of the
vegetative cycle of the crop in question).
Blaney and Críddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt, 1977)

To calculate the value of f, the following equation is used:

* P * ^uraciarn_mes ..............( EQUATION — 1)
T: is the monthly average temperature ( ° C)
T+17.81
P: is the percentage of light hours in the day in relation
21.8
to the annual total (%) (Table No. 4) Duration_month: it
is the division of the number of days considered in a month for the vegetative cycle of the
crop, divided by the total number of days that the month has (adim)

Number of days considered

-- .......(EQUATION — 2)
^uracian month =
Number of days of the month
———
Blaney and Criddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt

A modification to the Blanney-Criddle equation was made by

Phelan who introduced the use of a temperature coefficient to the procedure:

Kt = 0.031144 ∗ T + ^. 2396 ……( EQUATION -3)

• T = average monthly temperature in ºC

Once the value of “f” and “Kt” has been determined, the value of the reference
evapotranspiration (ETo) is calculated, since, until this step, only climatic aspects have
been considered.

ET o = f^Kt ……( EQUATION - 4 )

Subsequently, the values of the crop coefficients (Kc) are determined (Table No. 5 and No. 6) for
each of the months corresponding to the vegetative cycle and a first estimate of the potential
evapotranspiration (ETp') is calculated.
ET^p ′ =
ET 0*K c ……(EQUATION - 5 )
Blaney and Críddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt, 1977)

To finish the calculation, an adjustment coefficient is determined:

ETp'
K = —................. (EQUATION - 6)
f

211

From table No. 7, the value of a global crop coefficient (KG) is obtained and the final value of
evapotranspiration is calculated, with the following expression:
ETp = ETp' * Kg ............(EQUATION - 7)
K
Blaney and Críddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt, 1977)

In summary, to apply the Blanney – Criddle method, climatic data such

as average monthly temperature and percentages of daylight hours per
month are required (these are obtained from a table and are a function of the
latitude of the study area). In addition to the crop coefficients (Kc are
obtained from tables), it is required to know the crop development curve.
Finally, a global crop coefficient is required (KG is obtained from a table).
 Table No. 4: table of Percentage of Daylight or Heat Hours for each Det Month

% Development
Year in Relation to' Total NumberTain a Year (P)
or On Or ft u5 ft l NJ No ble
D Uh
or NORTH
00 00
or ft eit ft or
ft
EIT ft EIT ft
•
8 eit ft
lh EIT Us N°
he JANHE HEFEB HER SEAhe APR MAY JUN
5: JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
LATITUDE r
R R
r Cr
p p p 15
eithe 7.94 7.37p
po bo p og or
8.44 pi c 5 p 8.45 eit 8.98 8.80
op 9.03 3.83 8.27 3.26 7.75 7.88
bo 09 p so i— • A co
8 9ft 9or 7o 35 Corn
r
eithe eit ft or he
U1 oo $9
16
eithe
8 9 8 9 00 7.93 r 8.44 i c n 8.46 9.01 8.83
effi 9.07 8.85 8.27 8.24 7.72 7.83
• r
r
he cie
p
O g, 0o p' 17 eit 7.86
eit O EIYo eit 7.32 po 8.43 p
p ft
p ©
ft ei
•8.48
p 9.04 8.87
nts 9.11 8.87 8.27 8.22 7.69 7.80
F- or o eith he he he eithe o eit ft EI or th
18 4 ft ft r r 7.83 R TH r 7_30 Wheat to
he8.42 8.50 9.09 8.92 3.16 3.90 8.27 8_21 7 66 7.74
Uh
er to
ER 5ft r TH er
p ft det
p p or eit po © pbo p or eit p L © p © © ©
p p p 19
00 p 7.79 7.28 8.41 b b b 8.51 9.11 er
8.97 9.20 8.92 8.28 8.19 7.63 7.71
in EIT eit 0 he • - 00 ft 6- yo Cotton
or r • he
• R - ft o oq
HE or ft or he • 43 F mi
eit 2D 7.74 7.26 r
3.41
eit u
8.53 9.14 9.00
ne 9.23 3.95 8.29 8.17 7.59 7.66
he p r eit p p he
pi r o ft p p p po p bo r © I© © © i the
9 9 oo o eit Q, M - • ft • Sorghum
lh Q Ul
or 5 21 b oo ft 9or7.71 9 her
7.24
or he
eit
8.40
or 8.54 9.18 9.05
gro
wt
9.29 3.98 8.29 8.15 7.54 7.62
eit
p he r p p p 22 eit7.66p p 7.21
bo
eit p Or he3.40
r p•
EI p p 8.56 p 9.22 9.09
h 9.33 9.00 8.30 8.13 7.50 {
ui Q
or he p$ he ft
fait eTh TH
ft Yo
Safflower cur
23 8 9 00 8 r 7.6200 5 7.19
00 ft
or ft ft 3.40 u8.57 9.24 9.12 9.35 9.02 8.30 8.11 7.47 7.50
ft r ER ve
p p p p p p pL h
© p p p 24 po Q7.58 p p p p 8.60 of
in ft U- ft O po pg Uh 7.17 in in h p 3.40 p 9.30 9.20 9.41 9.05 8.31 8.09 7.43 7.46
i80

c ft 3 •D 09 S U-3
ft • - ft — ft
1—1
I—* Lh i—
i
Soy —i
ft i
so
25 7 53 7.13 3.39
p p p p 8.61 ft 9.32 9.22
me 9.43 9.08 8.30 8.OS 7.40 7.41
0.85
0.80

p in p p p p p p po po p po eit p an
0.47

p p
• in ft
00 ft 09
Q
26 2 0o ft oo - 7.49jo • jo
l L L 7.12 b- oo 3.40 Os ft
~ Ui Ui he8.64 ft
Rice
9.33 9.30
nu 9.49 9.10 8.31 8.06 7.36 7 35
r al
eithe o
r
27
or 1—1 7.43
1—1
—
— - — 7.09oo he
eiti—i 3.38
3
3 EI or8.65 9.40 9.32
cro 9.52 9.13 8.32 3.03 7.36 7.31
bo or eit or r TH ft ft Bean ps
N.J. 5 3 o 281ft
8 oq e F ft
7.40 ei 7.07
ft I o bo• 3.39 8ft E 8.68
O 9.46 9.38 9.58 9.16 8.32 3.02 7.22 7.27
he N eit 3 eit (K
eit Y
e 29 13-e Y th
he p
r p bo p 3.37
7.04 eit P © p ft he
8.70 Sesame
9.49 c)
9.43 9.61 9.19 8.32 8.00 7.24 7.20
0.80

he kj L kj M bo •
he ft
O 8 Us r
r o o 7.03 ft
$ N 5 r
ft •D w It 00 or J
3U
it
p
30
p p p
7.30eit
he
it
p p p p p
8.38 EI 8.72
p O p
or
or
9.53 9.49 9.67 9.22 8.34 7.99 7.19 7.14
p p ft ft
0.40

p r bo
• o ft eithe 31p ü 2 00 F- 007.25
ft ha t -
ft 2
7.00 ft eit
Os in ft TH ft 8.73
ft 8.36
ft Ui ft 9.57
Chickpea 9.54 9.72 9.24 8.33 7.95 7.15 7.09
r
he E
-
—
- —
or EI or O
i—i i—i
0.62

YO ft ft EI or i
po —
ei —
i—i
6
1—1
L•
i—i bo ft
© T eit ft b Barley
TH F Yo
Ui -It -It
her • O
• —k
• ■.
 Table N° 6: Crop coefficients to determine the growth curve of some perennial crops (Kc)
Month Cane Alfalfa Grass Vine Citrus
deciduous fruit trees Evergreen fruit trees
1 0.30 0.65 0.48 0.20 0.65 0.20 0.60
2 0.35 0.75 0.60 0.23 0.67 0.25 0.75
3 0.50 0.85 0.75 0.30 0.69 0.35 0.35
4 0.60 1.00 0.85 0.50 0.70 0.65 1.00
5 0.77 1.10 0.37 0.70 0.71 0.85 1.10
either 0.90 1.13 0.90 0.80 0.72 0.95 1.12
1 0.98 1.12 0.90 0.80 0.72 0.98 1.12
3 1.02 1.03 0_87 0_75 0.71 0.85 1.05
9 1.02 1.00 0.85 0_67 0.70 0.50 1.00
ID 0.98 0.90 0.80 0.50 0.63 0.30 0.35
11 0.90 0.80 0.65 0.35 0.67 0.20 0.75
12 0.78 0.65 0.60 0.25 0.65 0.20 0.60
 Table N° 7: Global coefficients (KG) of some crops
Vegetative growth period Global Coefficients
Sultiy or KG
humid region arid region
Avocado All year 0.5 0.55
Asonoli 3 to 4 months 0.8
Alfalfa between frosts 0.8 0.85
In winter 0.6
Cotton 6 to 7 months 0.6 0.65
Rice 3 to 5 months 1 12
Peanut 5 months 0.6 0.65
Cocoa All year 0.75 0.8
Coffee All year 0.75 0.75
Sweet potato 5 to 6 months 0.6
Sugar cane All year 0.75 0.9
Cartama 5 to 8 months 0.55 0.65

Small grain cereals 3 to 6 months 0.75 0.85

(Birdseed)
(Oatmeal)
(Barley)
(Hundred)
(Wheat)
Citrus 7 to 8 months 0.5 0.65
Chili 3 to 4 months 0.6
Asparagus 6 to 7 months 0.6
Strawberry All year 0.45 0.6
Bean 3 to 4 months 0.6 0.7
Stone and seed fruit trees between frosts 0.6 0.7
(deciduous)

Chickpea 4 to 5 months 0.6 0.7

Sunflower 4 months 0.5 0.65
Gladiola 3 to 4 months 0.6
Bean 4 to 5 months 0.6 0.7
Vegetables 2 to 4 months 0.6
Tomato 4 months 0.7
Lettuce and cabbage 3 months 0.7
Lentil 4 months 0.6 0.7
Linen 7 to 5 months 0.7 0.8
Corn 4 to 7 months 0.75 0.85
Mango All year 0.75 0.8
Melon 3 to 4 months 0.6
Walnut between frosts 0.7
Dad 3 to 5 months 0.65 0.75
Date Palm All year 0.65 0.3
Coconut palm All year 0.8 0.9
Papaya All year 0.6 0.8
Banana All year 0.8 1
grass pasture All year 0.75
clover pastures
Ladino All year 0.8 0.85

Beet 6 months 0.65 0.75

Watermelon 3 to 4 months 0.6
Sorghum 3 to 5 months 0.7
Soy 3 to 5 months 0.6 0.7
Tobacco 4 to 5 months 0.7 0.8
take it 4 to 5 months 0.7
Carrot 2 to 4 months 0.6
Month Duration T(°C) T+17. P(%) f (cm) kt ETo kc ETP' ETp
month 8
 To facilitate the calculation of evapotranspiration (ETp), it is proposed to integrate
Application Exercisein a calculation table such as the one shown below:
the information
Determine the potential evapotranspiration (ETp) for the corn crop planted in the Culiacán
area, with the following characteristics:
Crop: Corn; Location of the area: 24 ° 40' ; Sowing date: Nov 15
Harvest date: May 10

Temperature
Average Speed of
Month RH
precipitation Average potential Average (%)
Maximum Minimum wind (m/s)
(°C) (°C) (mm) evaporation (mm)
Jan 35.0 2.0 102 66.S 19

•S
Ui
Feb 35.5 -2.0 7 126 65.3 2.3
Sea 39.0 3.0 3 189 2.4

or,
5-
or
Apr 4L5 6.0 2 225 53.1 2.6
May. 41.0 9.0 1 267 55.3 3.1
Jun 42.5 13.0 24 266 59.3 3.5
Jul 42.5 13.0 165 223 65.2 3.2
Agg 40.5 19.0 200 181 70.1 2.7
Sep 41.5 1.3 130 157 72.9 2.2
Oct 41.5 11.0 53 156 66.5 1.9
üü R

Nov 3S.0 3.0 125 66.1 18

Die 37.0 2.0 31 97 66.9 1.7
To facilitate the calculation of evapotranspiration (ETp), the integration of
the information in a calculation table like the one shown below is
proposed:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Month Duration T(°C) T+17.8 P(%) f (cm) kt ETo Ke ETp ETp
month 21.8

Nov
Die
Jan
Feb
Sea
Apr
mav
Step No. 1.- The months covered by the vegetative cycle of the crop are determined,
considering the vegetative cycle as the time in days between the sowing date and
the harvest date. Mont Duration
h Month

In this case the months are from November to May (col. No. 1) Nov 0.53

Step No. 2.- The duration of each of the months included in the vegetative cycle is Die
1
Jan 1
determined, for this purpose equation (2) is used. Feb 1
Sea 1
Number of days considered — — Apr 1
^uration month = Number of days of the month May 0.32
———

. 16
Duration
The months month
of January, 0. March
(Nov) February, 53 and April are in the same condition as
December , so the value of 1 is taken for those
. 10
Duration month
(May) = months as well and they are noted in column No.
0.32
. 31 2.
Duration ÍOn month ^dec)
Step No. 3.- From the climatological table, the monthly average temperature value is taken for each
month. If the table has the maximum and minimum temperature, the average is calculated with the
equation:
Temper atur a_maxima + Temper atur a_minima

38+3 35+2 39+3

T(nov)=—=20.5 ; T(jan) = —— = 18.5 ; T(sea) = —— = 21.0 2 2 2

, 3 37 + 2
T(dec) = —2—

The values of
Step No. 4.- The value of column No is calculated. 4 with the equation
that appears there:
21.8
20.5 + 17.8 19.5 + 17.8
218 =1.76 ; 218
21 + 17.8 23.8 + 17.8 25 + 17.8
218 =1.78 ;
218 =1.91 ;
218
Step No. 5.- The value of column No. 5 is 18.5 + 17.8 16.8 + 17.8
21.8 -
=1 67: = 1.58 T-17.S
determined, for this purpose table No. 4 21.8 p (%)
21.8
(indicated above) is used. With the location of
the area (24 ° 40' LN) the table is entered and the corresponding P 1_76 7.41
values are taken. As the exact data of 24 ° 40' does not appear in the = 1.96 1.71 7.43
table, an interpolation must be carried out between the data of 24 ° and 1.67 7.55
25 ° , to do this the 40' must be converted to degrees. 1 59 7.14
1.7S 8.39
1.91 3.61
40/60 = 0.667
1.96 9.31
 We interpolate in Table No. 4
Interpolated “P”
Table No. 4: Table Values:
of Percentage of Daylight or Sunshine Hours for each Month of the Year in Relation to the Total Number in a Year (P)

Grades
LATITUDE JAN FEB SEA APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
NORTH Jan
Latitude Feb Sea Apr mav Jun Jul A=o SEO Oct Nov Die
15
24 7.94
7.58 7.37
7.17 S.44
8.40 8.45
8.60 8.93
9.30 8.80
9.20 9.03 9.413.83 8.27
9.05 3.26
S.31 7.75
8.09 7.88
7.43 7.46
16
25 7.93
7.53 7.35
7.13 3.44
8.39 8.46
8.61 9.01
9.32 8.83
9.22 9.07 9.433.85 8.27
9.08 3.24
S.30 7.72
8.08 7.83
7.40 7.41
17 7.86 7.32 3.43 8.48 9.04 8.87 9.11 3.87 8.27 8.22 7.69 7.80
4060 = 0.667
1S 7.83 7.30 3.42 8.50 9.09 8.92 3.16 3.90 8.27 8.21 7.66 7.74
19 7.79 7.28 3.41 8.51 -0.02
9.11 -0.02 9.20 -0.023.92
8.97 8.28 8.19 7.63 7.71
20 0.05
7.74 0.04
7.26 0.01
3.41 -0.01
8.53 9.14 9.00 9.23 3.95 -0.03
8.29 0.01
3.17 0.01
7.59 0.03
7.66 0.05
21 7.71 7.24 3.40 8.54 9.18 9.05 9.29 3.98 8.29 8.15 7.54 7.62
22 7.66 7.21 3.40 8.56 -0.01
9.22 -0.01
9.09 9.33 -0.019.00 8.30 8.13 7.50 7.55
23 0.03
7.62 0.03
7.19 0.01
3.40 -0.01
8.57 9.24 9.12 9.35 9.02 -0.02
8.30 0.01
3.11 0.01
7.47 0.02
7.50 0.03

■—•
245 40’

•
24 7.58
7.55 7.17
7.14 3.40
8.39 8.60
8.61 9.30
9.31 9.20 9.41 9.429.05 8.31
9.07 3.09
8.3 7.43
8.08 7.46
7.41 7.43

'or
25 7.53 7.13 3.39 8.61 9.32 9.22 9.43 9.08 8.30 8.08 7.40 7.41
26 7.49 7.12 3.40 8.64 9.38 9.30 9.49 9.10 8.31 8.06 7.36 7.35
T-17.8
27 7.43 7.09 3.38 8.65 9.40 9.32 p9.52
(%) 9.13 8.32 8.03 7.36 7.31
21.8
28 7.40 7.07 8.39 8.63 9.46 9.38 9.58 9.16 8.32 8.02 7.22 7.27
29 7.35 7.04 8.37 8.70 9.49 1.76 7.41
9.43 9.61 9.19 8.32 3.00 7.24 7.20
30 7.30 7.03 8.38 8.72 9.53 1.71 7.43
9.49 9.67 9.22 8.34 7.99 7.19 7.14
31 7.25 7.00 3.36 8.73 9.57 1.67 7.55
9.54 9.72 9.24 8.33 7.95 7.15 7.09
1.59 7.14
1.78 8.39
1.91 8.61
1.96 9.31
f(nov) = 1.76 * 7.41 * 0 .53 = 6.91
f(dec) = 1.71 * 7.43 * 1 = 12.71
f(jan) = 1.67 * 7.55 * 1 = 12.61
f(feb) = 1.58 * 7.14 * 1 = 11.28 T +17.8
*P* Duration _ month
f(sea) = 1.78 * 8.39 * 1 = 14.93 21.8
f(apr) = 1.91 * 8.61 * 1 = 16.45
f(may) = 1.96 * 9.31 *0 .32 = 5.84
Step No. 6.- The value of “f” is calculated with equation No. 1 and the
results are recorded in column 6.
Sum of f = 80.73 cm

The sum of these values is also noted, since it will be dealt with later.
6.91
12.61
12.71
11.35
14.93
16.45
5.84
80.8
Step No. 7.- A correction for Temperature proposed by Phelan is calculated, for this purpose equation
No. 3. The results are recorded in column No. 7.

I.- WATER-SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIP 1

1.- WATER – SOIL – PLANT RELATIONSHIP 1
Soil – Water Relationship 5
Soil - Water Relationship 6
Soil - Water Relationship 7
► Effect of Plants on the Soil: 9
Plant - Atmosphere Relationships 10
2.- CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS Kt = 0.031144 ∗ T + ^. 2396 12
Example Application 15
Effective Precipitation 18
Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation 18
Importance of the Study of Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation 19
> Toxicity: 21
FACTORS 23
5.- PENMAN NOMOGRAM METHOD 25
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 28
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 30
II.- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 31
I .- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 31
II .- POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 32
Potential Evapotranspiration (ETP) 35
Real Evapotranspiration (ETr) 35
Evapotranspiration Units 36
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956) 38
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956) \ V 39
 Step No. 8.- The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is calculated; it should be remembered that
this depends
Hargreaves method (Hargreaves 1956) 40
Christiansen method (1966) t 41
ETP — 0.324RxtFwCHCtCsCe h 41
Christiansen method (1966) 42
Christiansen method (1966) 43
Christiansen method (1966) 45
Blaney and Críddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt, 1977) 48
Blaney and Criddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt 49
Blaney and Críddle method (Doorenbos & Pruitt, 1977) 50
Application Exercise 58

solely from climatic factors. Equation No. is used.

(4). The results are recorded in column No. 8
of the calculation table.
ETO (Nov) = 6.91 x 0.88 = 6.08 ETO (DIC) = 12.71 x 0.85 = 10.80 ETO (Jan) = 12.61
x 0.82 = 10.34 ETO (FEB) = 11.35 x 0.76 = 8.63 ETO (MAR) = 14.93 x 0.89 =
13.29 ETo (Apr) = 16.45 x 0.98 = 16.12 ETo (May) = 5.84 x 1.02 = 5.96
Step No 9.- The crop coefficients (Kc) are obtained from table No. 5 and 6,
depending on whether it is an annual or perennial crop respectively. The crop development curve
is distributed among the number of months covered by the vegetative cycle of the crop, thus
obtaining a monthly average Kc, which is used for the first estimate of the

% Development Corn

EITHER 0.42
5 0.45
10 0.48
15 0.51
2D 0.60
25 0.65
30 0.70
35 0.80
40 0.90
*5 1 oo
50 1 .05
55 1 .07
B.O. 1.OS
65 1 .07
70 1 .05
75 1 .02
B.O. 1.OO
85 0.95
90 0.90
95 0.87
100 0.65
According to Table No. 5, the Kc values for corn are as follows:

Kc (nov) = (0.42+0.45+0.48)/3 = 0.45

Kc (dec) = (0.48+0.51+0.60+0.65)/4 = 0.56
Kc(ene) = (0.65+0.70+0.80+0.90+1.0)/5 = 0.81
Kc (feb) = (1.0+1.05+1.07+1.08)/4 = 1.05
Kc (sea) = (1.08+1.07+1.05+1.02)/4 = 1.06
Kc (apr) = (1.02+1.0+0.95+0.90)/4 = 0.97
Kc (may) = (0.90+0.87+0.85)/3 = 0.87

Step No. 10.- A first value of the

Potential evapotranspiration (ETp'), with equation No. (5), and the results are recorded in the column
No. 10.
ETp' (nov) = 6.08 x 0.45 = 2.74
ETp' (dec) = 10.8 x 0.56 = 6.05
ETp' (jan) = 10.34 x 0.81 = 8.38 ETp ′ =
ETp' (Feb) = 8.63 x 1.05 = 9.06 ET 0*K c
ETp' (mar) = 13.29 x 1.06 = 14.02
ETp' (apr) = 16.12 x 0.97 = 15.60
ETp' (may) = 5.96 x 0.87 = 5.21

Sum ETp' = 61.06 cm

Step No. 11.- An adjustment is made to the Evapotranspiration value calculated in the previous
step. The adjustment coefficient is obtained with the value of K' (equation No. 6) and a crop
coefficient (KG) that is obtained from Table No. 7.

To calculate the value of K', the sum of f, calculated in Step No. 6, and the sum of ETp' calculated
in Step No. 10, are used.
, ETp′
61.06
K = $Hr 80. 73 =^.76
In Table No. 7 the KG is obtained for the cultivation of corn, considering that the Culiacán area (20
° 40' LN) is located in an arid area.
Kk = ^. 85
KG
-0:85 _1.
K'so. 76 = 1Z
 With equation No. (7) the value of the adjusted evapotranspiration (ETp) is finally calculated.
= 2.74 x 1.12 = 3.06
6.05 x 1.12 = 6.77
= 8.38 x 1.12 = 9.37
9.06 x 1.12 = 10.13
ETp (Nov)= 14.02 x 1.12 = 15.68
ETp (Dec)= 15.60 x 1.12 = 17.45
ETp (Jan)= 5.21 x 1.12 = 5.83
ETp (Feb) ETp = ET^
ETp (Mar)
Sum of ETp = ' * —G
ETp (Apr)
68.29 cm
* 1
K f

ETp
(May)
It is thus concluded that the water need of corn cultivation for the Culiacán area and with a
vegetative cycle of approximately 6 months, is 68.29 cm. For practical purposes the value can
be considered 70 cm.
It is important to remember that this evapotranspiration (ETp) value is the one used for the
design of irrigation systems.
 Table N to 8: Summary of Cáicuio or Cáícuío Table of /a Eto for Corn
Month Duration T+17.8 p f (em) kt ETD kc ETp'
ETp (cm)
Month
T (°C) 21.8 (%) (cm) (cm)

Nov 0.53 20.5 1.76 7.41 6.91 0.88 either 0.45 2.74 3.06
Die 1 19.5 1.71 7.43 12.71 0.85 . 08 10.8 0.56 6.05 6.77
Jan 1 18.5 1.67 7•• 12.61 0.82 10.34 0.31 8.33 9.37
Feb 1 16.8 1.59 7.14 11.35 0.76 8.63 1.05 9.06 10.13
Sea 1 21.0 1.78 8.39 14.93 0.89 13.29 1.06 14.02 15.68
Apr 1 23.8 1.91 8.61 16.45 0.98 16.12 0.97 15.60 17.45
May 0.32 25.0 1.96 9.31 5.84 1.02 5.96 0.37 5.21 5.83
80.8 61.06 68.29