PHY 520

Radiation Protection

PRESENTED BY:

1. MUHAMMAD NUQMAN BIN NAJIR@NAJIB

2. LUQMAN HAKIM BIN SAFIAN-THURI
3. MUHAMMAD HAKIMI BIN JAMIL
4. AKIF BIN MOHD NAZRIL
5. MOHAMMAD ADAM BIN ZAKARIA
Atomic Energy
Licensing Act 1984 (Act
304) and Regulations for
the Supervision of the
Use of Atomic Energy in
Malaysia
The Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304) provides the legal framework for the regulation and
control of atomic energy technology and its trade in Malaysia. Established under this Act, the Atomic
Energy Licensing Board (AELB) is responsible for ensuring the safe, secure, and peaceful use of
nuclear activities in the country.
Purpose of Act 304
1 Regulate Atomic 2 Establish Liability
Energy Standards
To provide for the regulation To establish standards on
and control of atomic energy liability for nuclear damage.
technology and its trade.

3 Manage Related Matters

To address matters connected with or related to the regulation of atomic
energy.
Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB)
Establishment Responsibilities Functions

The AELB was established under The AELB is responsible for The AELB's functions include
Section 3 of Act 304 to advise the ensuring the safety, security, and providing scientific and technical
Minister and Government of safeguarding of peaceful nuclear collaboration with other agencies,
Malaysia on matters related to activities in Malaysia. It also as well as advising the Minister
the enforcement of the Act. oversees the implementation of and Government on anything
international agreements, related to Act 304 and the
treaties, and conventions related enforcement of the Atomic
to nuclear/atomic energy. Energy Licensing Act 1984.
Radioactive Substance Act 1968 and Act
304
Radioactive Substance Act 1968 1
The first legislation to control the use of
ionizing radiation (medical and non-medical) in
Malaysia. The Director General of Health is the 2 Atomic Energy Licensing Act
Authority under this Act. 1984 (Act 304)
Repeals the Radioactive Substance Act 1968
and provides additional powers to control
Subsidiary Regulations 3 nuclear reactor operation, in addition to the
Act 304 is supported by several subsidiary powers given under the previous Act.
regulations, including the Radiation Protection
(Licensing) Regulations 1986, Radiation
Protection (Transport) Regulations 1989, and
others.
Scope of Act 304
Comprehensive Control Licensing Requirements
Act 304 aims to control any activity dealing with The Act requires a valid license issued by the
radioactive materials, nuclear materials, prescribed appropriate authority (AELB or Director General of
substances, or irradiating apparatus in both medical Health) for activities such as siting, constructing, or
and non-medical applications. operating a nuclear installation, as well as dealing in,
possessing, or disposing of any radioactive or nuclear
materials.

Medical and Non-Medical Prohibited Activities

The Act covers the use of ionizing radiation in both The Act prohibits the misuse of any radioactive
medical (diagnostic or therapeutic) and non-medical materials, nuclear materials, prescribed substances,
fields, ensuring the safe and responsible application or irradiating apparatus, ensuring their proper and
of these technologies. authorized use.
Licensing Under Act 304
Application
An applicant must make an application to the Atomic Energy
Licensing Board (AELB) to obtain a license under Act 304.

Issuance
The AELB may issue a license, which is valid for up to three years,
unless sooner cancelled or suspended.

Conditions
Licenses issued under Act 304 may be subject to conditions imposed
by the AELB, which can be added, varied, or revoked at any time.
Suspension and Cancellation of Licenses

Offenses Breach of Cessation of Public Interest

The AELB may cancel or
Conditions Operations The AELB may cancel or
suspend a license if the Licenses may be Licenses may be suspend a license if it is
licensee has committed cancelled or suspended cancelled or suspended in the public interest to
an offense under Act if the licensee has if the licensee ceases to do so.
304. breached any condition work or operate the
of the license. nuclear installation for
which the license was
issued.
Health and Safety Requirements

Licensee Responsibilities Worker Monitoring Radioactive Waste Disposal

Act 304 requires licensees to be Licensees must provide and require Radioactive waste cannot be
responsible for the protection of the workers to wear approved disposed of, accumulated, or
health and safety of workers by personnel-monitoring devices, keep transported without prior
complying with all regulations and records of their radiation exposure, authorization and must be done in
directives given by the appropriate and install workplace monitoring accordance with the conditions
authority, including conditions of devices to record the amount of imposed by the appropriate
exposure, dose limitation, and ionizing radiation present. authority.
medical examinations.
Offenses and Penalties
Offense Penalty

Obstruction of inspection, search, or investigation Imprisonment for up to 5 years or a fine of up to

RM5,000, or both

General offenses under Act 304 Imprisonment for up to 10 years or a fine of up to

RM100,000, or both
Radiation Protection Regulations
Dose Limits Responsibilities of Monitoring and
Licensees Surveillance
The Atomic Energy Licensing
(Basic Safety Radiation Licensees are responsible for The regulations require licensees
Protection) Regulations 2010 implementing a radiation to establish workplace
establish dose limits for workers protection program, providing monitoring programs and arrange
(20 mSv per year) and members workers with information and for personnel monitoring, as well
of the public (1 mSv per year), training, and ensuring that as ensure that workers undergo
with additional limits for specific exposure is kept As Low As regular medical surveillance.
body parts and special Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).
circumstances.
Occupational
Exposure
Regulations
Maintaining Worker Medical Records
Employer Responsibilities Protecting Worker Privacy
• The employer shall keep and maintain a medical
record for each worker up to the date as they remain • The employer must ensure the confidentiality and
security of worker medical records.
employed.
• Upon termination or retirement of a worker, the • Access should be limited to authorized personnel only.

employer must immediately transfer the medical • The records must be properly stored and maintained to

records to the appropriate authority. prevent loss or unauthorized access.

• If the employer ceases operations, the medical records

must be transferred to the new employer taking over.

Continuous Record Keeping

The employer has an ongoing duty to keep worker medical records up-to-date. This includes documenting any
changes in a worker's health status, exposure incidents, and medical examinations or interventions.
Worker Responsibilities
Following Instructions Monitoring Exposure Pregnancy Notification

• Every worker must follow all • Workers must use the • Female workers who suspect
instructions, rules and approved personnel or confirm pregnancy must
procedures issued by the monitoring devices provided inform their employer or
licensee. by the licensee or employer to licensee as soon as
• This includes using all assess their radiation practicable.
facilities, devices and exposure. • This allows for appropriate
protective equipment provided • Any accidental exposures or protective measures to be
to limit exposure. malfunctions must be taken.
immediately reported.
Emergency Preparedness
1 Emergency Plan
The licensee must establish an emergency plan to respond to and correct any
reasonably foreseeable emergency situations involving radiation sources.

2 Plan Review
The licensee must review and update the emergency plan as determined by the
appropriate authority to ensure it remains effective.

3 Personnel Training
The licensee must provide training for all personnel involved in implementing the
emergency plan, so they are prepared to respond appropriately.
Intervention and Worker Protection

1 Intervention Triggers 2 Optimizing Interventions

The licensee or employer must carry out an The form, extent and duration of any protective
intervention when an emergency arises, actions or remedial measures taken during an
exposure limits are exceeded, or the appropriate intervention must be optimized to minimize
authority issues a directive. harm.

3 Exposure Limits 4 Volunteer Consent

Workers undertaking intervention must not be Workers who volunteer to exceed the 50 mSv
exposed in excess of the maximum dose limit of limit must be clearly and comprehensively
50 mSv, except in limited circumstances to save informed of the risks in advance.
a life or prevent serious injury.
Ceasing Operations
Decommissioning Approval Facility Handover
The licensee must obtain written approval from the If another employer takes over the facility, the
appropriate authority before ceasing to operate, former employer must transfer all medical records
decommissioning or abandoning any licensed of workers to the new employer.
facility involving radiation sources or radioactive
waste.

Ongoing Responsibilities Regulatory Oversight

Even after ceasing operations, the licensee retains The appropriate authority maintains oversight to
responsibility for the proper management and ensure decommissioning and facility closure is
disposal of any remaining radiation sources or carried out safely and in compliance with
radioactive waste. regulations.
Transporting Radioactive Materials

Packaging Carrier Prohibited Monitoring and

Requirements Responsibilities Practices Labeling
Radioactive materials Carriers must follow The transport of Packages must be
must be packaged specific requirements for radioactive materials by labeled and categorized
according to strict radiation levels, post is prohibited, and based on their transport
regulations to ensure placarding, isolation, and only authorized index and radiation
containment and limit emergency response packages and levels to ensure proper
exposure during procedures when consignments are handling and storage.
transport. transporting radioactive allowed.
materials.
Appeals and Disposal

Appealing Decisions Disposal Approval Reporting Disposal

Any person dissatisfied with a The licensee must obtain prior The licensee must send a
decision by the appropriate permission from the authority at complete return of possession
authority can appeal in writing to least 14 days before disposing to the authority at least 14 days
the Minister within 30 days. of radiation equipment, either by after the disposal is made, and
returning it to a licensed supplier provide confirmation from the
or using another AELB-approved disposal facility or supplier.
method.
Licensee and RPO Responsibilities
Licensee Responsibilities RPO Responsibilities

- Appoint a Responsible Person for the License - Establish and update the Radiation Protection
(RPFL) Program
- Ensure RPFL and RPO are the only ones to deal - Prepare emergency plans and report incidents
with AELB - Identify and analyze radiation hazards
- Ensure all activities follow Act 304 and regulations - Arrange worker medical surveillance
- Nominate workers to be recognized as RPOs
- Explain RPO responsibilities to the appointed RPO - Provide training and instructions for personnel
- Ensure all activities follow Act 304 and regulations - Classify and label work areas properly
- Implement monitoring programs for workers,
areas, environment
Radioactive Waste Management

Comprehensive Waste Management Reuse and Recycling

Regulations Officer Before declaring radioactive material
The Radioactive Waste Management The regulations require the as waste, the licensee must consider
Regulations 2011 cover all aspects appointment of a technically whether it can be reused or recycled,
of radioactive waste, from medical qualified and competent Radioactive to minimize the amount of waste
and industrial applications to any Waste Management Officer (RWMO) requiring disposal.
other sources specified by the to ensure the safe and secure
regulatory authority. handling of radioactive waste.
Conclusion
Radiation Risk Beneficial Application Ongoing Innovation
And Mitigation
Radiation exposure carries Radiation also has many Ongoing research aims to further
significant health risks, including beneficial applications in fields improve radiation detection,
increased cancer rates, genetic such as medicine, industry, and shielding, and treatment methods
damage, and other harmful research. Diagnostic imaging, to enhance safety and expand the
effects. Proper safety protocols, cancer treatment, and industrial beneficial uses of radiation
protective equipment, and processes rely on the controlled technology. With continued
responsible handling are use of radiation to provide innovation and responsible
essential to minimize exposure valuable societal benefits. practices, the advantages of
and mitigate these risks to radiation can be realized while
workers and the public. prioritizing health and safety.