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1715441695270-Radiation Protection

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16 views31 pages

1715441695270-Radiation Protection

Good topic you will lik it Its taking about radiation and pharmcy

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Radiation Protection

Regulatory Authority
The type of regulatory system adopted in a country
depends on:

• the size
• complexity
• safety applications of the regulated practices and
sources
• the regulatory traditions in the country

2
Use of the nuclear energy is regulated by law ;
• the peaceful use of atomic energy promotes the living conditions of humanity
in numerous fields of industry, agriculture, health care, and scientific research;

• however, that the improper application of atomic energy may harm the health
of humans and of fauna and flora, and damage the natural environment;

• to ensure that the risk caused by the use of


atomic energy is no greater than the
socially-accepted risks associated
with other activities and to ensure adherence
to safety requirements by appropriate national
regulations which are in agreement
with international regulations;
Goal of radiation protection
• to prevent the occurrence of serious radiation induced
acute and chronic deterministic effects (e.g., cataracts,
skin burns, acute radiation syndrome)

and

• to reduce the potential for stochastic effects (e.g.,


cancers, hereditary effects) in exposed persons to a
degree that is acceptable in relation to the benefits to
the individual and to society from the activities that
generate such exposures.
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10
Radiation protection requirements
3 principles:

• justification of a practice;

• optimization of protection and safety;

• dose limitation.
Justification of a practice
• No practice involving exposures to radiation
should be adopted unless it produces sufficient
benefit to the exposed individuals or to society
to offset the radiation detriment it causes.
• An activity resulting in the release of ionizing
radiation may only be licensed in the case that it
can be justified that the benefit to society
counterbalances the potential adverse
consequences of the radiation;
Optimization of protection
the protection and the safety shall be optimized:

• the magnitude of individual doses,


• the number of the persons exposed to
radiation
• the probability of the exposures should all be
kept as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA),
economic and social factors being taken into
account.
An example (Optimization of
Protection in Dental Radiology)
• To be able to apply the principle of radiation
protection to dental radiology system
including design and Quality Control (QC).

Facts

• Very frequent examination (about 25% of all the radiological


examinations)
• Organs at risk: parathyroid, thyroid, larynx, parotid glands
Optimization of Protection in Dental
Radiology
• Technical characteristics of intraoral, panoramic, and cephalometric
dental x-ray equipment are summarized, along with operating
characteristics
• Although doses are generally low, the high frequency of
examinations requires radiation protection and quality control in
dental radiology
• Some tests are detailed for quality control of dental equipment.
What Tests ?
– Processor QC– most critical
– Collimation
– Dose
– Exposure Time
– Half-Value Layer
– Kilovoltage (kVp)
How reduce the dose?
Patient dose? PD
Basic radiation protection strategies
• Time (short exposure time)
• Distance (operator)
• Shielding (lead)
Dose limitation
• Is aimed at ensuring that no individual is exposed to
radiation risks that are judged to be unacceptable
from these practices in any normal circumstances.

• The accumulated radiation doses arising from artificial


sources, except the radiation doses arising from
medical treatment, (shall not exceed the dose limits).

• Intervention levels relating to emergency radiation


doses (urgent protective measures: isolation,
evacuation, iodine prophylaxis)
Radiation protection dose limits with respect to
workers and public members
Students,
Workers in
trainees Members of the
Exposed workers emergency
(between 16-18 population
situation
y)
Effective dose 50, 100 and
(whole body) 20 mSv/y 6 mSv/y 1 mSv/y
250 mSv / case
Equivalent dose
Eye lenses 20 mSv/ y 15 mSv/y 15 mSv/y
Equivalent dose
skins 500 mSv /y 150 mSv/y 50 mSv/y

Pregnant or nursing mother employee can't be employed in radiation jobs.

In the SI system, a millisievert (mSv) is defined as "the average


accumulated background radiation dose to an individual for 1 year,
exclusive of radon" 1 mSv is the dose produced by exposure to 1
milligray (mG) of radiation
Radiation protection training
Acquisition of radiation protection knowledge shall be
ensured within the framework of training and upgrading
training (every five years);
subject to examination;
depending on the degree of the risk arising from the
characteristics of the work:
• basic level,
• extended level, work in industrial, medical, radiological
areas (handle the radiation source independently, or
who supervise such work positions);
• comprehensive level.
Order of radiation protection training

• Acquisition of radiation protection knowleadge shall


be ensured within the framework of training and
upgrading training (every five years)

• Subject to written and oral examination

20
Licensing procedure
What is need license, when we use to x-ray
equipment?
What are needs of the Authority?
• Radiation Protection Description
• Workplace Radiation Protection Rules
Radiation Protection Description
include:
• the organizational (dentistry) structure of the
workplace
• technological description of the activity,
• optimization criteria,
• Workplace layout (where is the equipment)
• Certification standards,
Radiation Protection Description
• the quality control program,
• operator dose
• number of employees
• the risk of accidents
• type of equipment and the type of Marketing
Authorisation (type quality certificate)
Marketing Authorisation
(type quality certificate)
• Any equipment used in the field of the application of
atomic energy may only be used if it has been
licensed as being suitable from radiation protection
point of view and has issued a Marketing
Authorisation.
– technical specifications
– how much the patient dose
– declaration of conformity
Workplace Radiation Protection Rules
include:
• a radiation protection officer name, contact information, job
title,
• the tasks of the heads of facility,
• technical description of the radiologically hazardous
activities,
• a description of the hazardous working area,
• the classification of the workers, the requirements related to
monitoring of the internal and external radiation doses of the
workers,
• the rights and obligations of workers working in radiation
hazardous workplaces,
• an emergency prevention and action plan.
Basic requirements of the workplace
radiation protection
radiation protection officer tasks of
Radiation protection officer and one deputy,
appointed by the employer in writing;
• Working with radiation in accordance with
applicable regulations,
• Informing the employees, the organization of
education and access to education records,
• organizing and keeping the register of medical
examination
• equipment out inspections and measurements,
method and frequency of implementation,
Monitoring radiation doses
• Workers of radiation hazardous workplaces shall
divided into two categories from the point of
view of the monitoring of their radiation doses.

• Workers classified in group "A" are those in the


case of which the possibility exists that their
annual effective dose might exceed the value of
6 mSv, or 3/10 of any of the organ dose limits.

• All other workers shall be classified in group "B".


Dosimetry of workers
• The personnel dosimetry monitoring of the radiation
doses originating from external sources is compulsory
in the case of workers classified in group “A”.
• A National Personal Dosimetry Service and Registry is
operated at the NRIRR.
• The external doses were evaluated by TLD is used.
• All data are recorded and
preserved when the dose at a single
reading exceeds 0.1 mSv.
• A thermoluminescent dosimeter, or TLD, is a
type of radiation dosimeter, consisting of a
piece of a thermoluminescent crystalline
material inside a radiolucent package. When a
thermoluminescent crystal is exposed to
ionizing radiation, it absorbs and traps some
of the energy of the radiation in its crystal
lattice.
Working areas classification and
monitoring
• Controlled area shall be defined as the
working area where the year due to the
activities of individual exposure may exceed
1 mSv effective dose.
– need to mark the entrance of the radiation hazard
symbol and inscription,
• Supervised area
Special radiation protection and safety rules
don't need regular conditions.
Thank you for your attention!

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