Roman Culture: history, origin, characteristics, and more

Roman Culture is a great representation of Italian Culture in the different and great civilizations of Greek Culture,
developing and forming in this way all the factors that have contributed to the systems of cultures and art of the Romans
together. the entire Empire, which is located in southern Europe. Roman Culture stood out for being the first to establish all
its laws in writing.

History and Origin of Roman Culture:

The Roman Culture in the history that has happened in these areas is known as the urban identity and the history of the

states and organizations related to which it has been capital of the institutions in charge over time and era in which it has

been certain. It can be separated in prehistory, in the following ways: Ancient Rome, Medieval Rome, Modernized and

Contemporary Rome or they are also known as Ancient Rome, Pontifical Rome and Contemporary Italian Rome.

Throughout the most produced stages of the history of Roman Culture in political, economic, social and cultural definitions it

has been for the development of areas and regions. He was the leader of a large multi-religious state and institutes in charge

of a nation decreed on three continents. At the time of the majority development of the multi-religious state created by the

Roman Culture, it reached around 4 million square kilometers and about 80 million civilizations, between civilians and non-

civilians. Rome was, and continues to be, one of the most important cities in history.

As time has passed, it has been named the “Eternal City”. Roman Culture, according to Greece, has been the leader of

modernized cultures throughout the city. The previous history of Roman Culture, both in the Middle Ages and in subsequent

times, forms a character more of an institutional order that dictates that private property is attributed to a group of people

based on the place where they live and who have a special regime of alienation and exploitation and is almost always linked

to the history of the Pontificate, that of Italy and that of peoples, kingdoms and empires that tried (sometimes did) to

exercise dominion over the city.

With more than around 2000 years of history, the city has followed well the continuities that an urban entity can have: a

geographical and demographic development to the limit of the possible (Ancient Rome), the stagnation and decline until

almost disappearing (Middle Ages), and a new development (Modern and Contemporary Ages).
 Characteristics and location of Roman Culture:

Roman Culture has developed in the Apennine peninsula, which is located in southern Europe, near the Iberian and Balkan

peninsulas. The peninsula has a shape similar to a “boot” and is lined by the length of the Apennine Mountains.

Roman Culture did not really have great foundations until the 8th century BC. approximately C. and its origin from the point

of view of history must be related to the Etruscan culture, since the Etruscans were the ones who had its initial roots. The

characteristics of Roman civilization were found in the knowledge of all civilizations that have had a great impact on all the

factors of the development of our history and on the cultural legacies that they have left us to new generations and socially

through the years of expansion of the Empire of Roman Culture throughout Europe.
 Religion of Roman Culture:

The Roman religion and the Greeks were very similar, in terms of the formation of all the factors that formed a body of

beliefs and teachings. There were two types of cults: Those of the home, which served for broad union, and the public ones,

which maintained thoughts towards the country and respect for the State. In the era of multi-religious states, the cult of the

emperor would be added. In general terms, it was a tolerant religion towards all foreign religions, since the Romans

welcomed Greek, Egyptian, Phrygian gods, etc.

Furthermore, it was a religion that was derived from it, since the requests and offerings were made in the form of a pact with

the gods, to receive blessed favors that had been requested of the gods and if the believer understood that if the divinity did

not fulfill them, he would leave to offer worship.

The most basic religious technique in Ancient Roman Culture was the existence of sanctuaries that were held in homes,

where worship was offered to the gods of the home and family for protection (lares and penates gods). The spaces for public

worship of the gods can be said to have been created in different Roman departments. The religious rites of Roman Culture

were organized by the government of Rome. The worship of a religion other than that of the empire was prohibited and

condemned.

The Christians of the empire of Roman Culture, many of them were murdered and mistreated, that is why Christians worship

in caves or underground Roman galleries. Many Roman civilizations maintained a unique cult as if they were gods. This

technique began with the rule of Julius Caesar in Roman Culture . With its fundamental growth in approximately the 4th

century, Christianity became established as the primitive and safe religion of Roman Culture. The practice of polytheism was

progressively abandoned. The Roman Gods were the same as those of Greece, but with other names.

Gods of Roman Culture:

The Gods of the Roman Culture can be classified in different ways, however, below we will talk about some of those gods that

were fundamental for this Culture that have been maintained since historical times, some of their gods:
Bacchus: In Roman Culture or Dionysia in Greece, he is known for being the Roman god of wine and ecstasy. Son of the god

Zeus (Jupiter) and the human Semele. He is represented raising a glass of wine or carrying a bunch of grapes. Its origins are

not properly established and the Greeks themselves considered it to come from a distant country.

Diana: In Roman Culture or Artemis in Greece, she was known for being the hunting goddess, armed with a bow. In addition

to maintaining her as the goddess of the Moon, known in this way as well. She was kept as the daughter of Jupiter and

Latona and younger sister of Phoebus. She always remained young and virgin, a concession from her father. That is why she

was considered a representative of chastity.

Feboo: In Roman Culture or Apollo in Greece, known as the descendant of Jupiter and brother of Diana, he was one of the

most respected gods in Roman Culture. Impulse, only his father was able to stop him. He is represented as a strong, young,

undressed man who could carry a kind of “tube”-shaped box with arrows or a lyre. He was popular for his oracle at Delphi.

Juno: In Roman Culture or Hera in Greece, she was the wife of Jupiter and was part of the Capitol Triad. Together with Jupiter

they concentrated the Roman pantheon. She is the mother of Marte, Vulcanizo and Lucia. She was the Roman goddess of

motherhood and women entrusted her protection.

Economy of Roman Culture:

The economic activities of the Roman Culture have been named with a wide extension in terms of their lands due to

human and Roman resources. It can be said that the economy has remained shaped by its agriculture and marketing factors.

Free agricultural trade changed the area of Italy, and by the 1st century BC. Approximately C., the large estates specialized in

the cultivation of vines, cereals and olives belonging to the large landowners had alienated the minimum farmers, who could

not match the price of the imported grain.

The union of Egypt, Sicilian and Carthage (currently Tunisia) provided supplies followed by cereals. Which in turn, olive oil and

wine were Italy's initial exports. And therefore the movement of two leaves was carried out, but agricultural productivity in

general was low: around 1 ton per hectare.

Agriculture was one of the systems that was very well established within Roman civilization, unlike what happened with

crafts. Rome, in its origin, had been an area of its mayoral and farmers, so its custom determined this system to be an almost

sacred profession. Even the Patricians devoted themselves to the cultivation of their lands and the raising of livestock: They

were owners of large estates whose maintenance and exploitation fell on the slave labor force who remained on these

estates throughout the year under the care of a foreman. who, in turn, was a trusted slave of the owner. These huge farms

produced all kinds of foods.

Gastronomy of Roman Culture:

The gastronomy of Roman Culture has changed over time, like around (more than a millennium) of its ancient population.

Their customs had great influences with Greek Culture, the political changes from monarchy to republic, and hence the

nation, and the great expansion of the latter, which gave various creative habits of representation, new techniques of Roman

cuisine in their areas. At the beginning, distinctions between social classes were not so important, but the distance between

them grew along with the empire.

Normally, breakfast was served in the morning, a small lunch at noon, and in the evening the initial meal of the day, dinner.

Thanks to the relationships with Greek habits and the increase in the import and consumption of foreign ingredients, the

Dinner rose to size and variety, and was eaten after noon. Ves-perna, a soft supper at dusk, was forgotten; a second

breakfast was planted at noon, the prándium.

Because it belonged better with the daily rhythm of manual duties, the lower class of society maintained the old routine of

entaculum, small lunch and late dinner, but the higher classes established themselves as follows:

Ientaculum:

It is originally composed of thin, round cakes made of farro (a cereal grain similar to wheat) with salt to taste; In the upper

classes there were also eggs, cheese and honey, as well as milk, it could be done depending on the creativity and taste of the

person doing it.

Prandium:

This dish was mastered as an exquisite lunch that was mostly leftovers from the previous day's dinner.
 Social Organization of Roman Culture:

The civilizations of Roman culture have been established by two social classes that maintained Roman citizenship: One, by

the social class formed by people who have noble titles established by the king or that are inherited from their ancestors and

a popular class that fought to get rights (commoners). As previously stated, the economy was based on the slave production

system, or where the majority of slaves were prisoners of war. There were slave markets where slaves were traded as if they

were simple commodities.

Civilizations that were part of social systems. The obligation of membership in that area is known as citizenship, and this

carries a list of duties and a list of rights. Among the most important rights, they stand out for their outstanding collaboration

in all the benefits of life together. In addition to the necessary political participation, after the right to vote, which is the

hallmark of the predominant representative democracies in the world.

Among the obligations, the duty to respect the rights of others stands out, to contribute to basic goods to respect the

determined values that attribute the sense of justice and merits or conditions, and others that contribute to ensuring the

social situation and the peace. A civilization does not have the rights that a citizen has, it cannot vote or do anything.
 Political Organization of Roman Culture:
Among the political organization of the Roman Culture, the positions in conjunction with the organizations of what would be
the ancient Roman Culture were held in a position to perform certain functions related to the administration or political
guidance of the city. In the Republic of Roman Culture, the place of the king was statued by two magistrates who were
initially called praetors and later consuls. According to Roman tradition, the aristocracy, to avoid the abuses that the ancient
kings had incurred, established a series of measures limiting the power of the new officials.
 Government of Roman Culture:

The Government of the Ancient Roman Culture is a group of finances and institutes related to their political factors behind

which the ancient Romans keep control of the activities of political power, initially in their city and later in their empire. The

history of Roman culture in ancient times had 4 forms of government: Monarchy, Republic, Initiated and dominated. The

Roman monarchy extends through the stages established between the founding of the city, on April 21, 753 BC. C., and the

purpose of Tarquina the Proud, last and despotic monarch, in the year 509 BC. c.
 Roman Culture Clothing:

The Roman Culture used wool, a type of material most commonly used to make clothing, due to the quantity and ease of use

it maintains. Therefore, not only did they use this material, but depending on the power they acquired from the person at the

time or on the occasion, the clothing could be made of cotton, linen or silk. Well-to-do upper-class women are said to have

exclusively used silk for their chitons. It should be noted that the decorations, like every unique detail of the Romans, were

essential and exclusive as a fundamental feature of Roman Culture.

Their decorations made of pearls, any other type of jewelry or stones for women's clothing, were widely used to decorate

everything from brooches on tunics, to sandals, slippers or shoes. Different dyes were used to detail clothing. They acquired

purple (a dye that was not cheap at all) from mollusks and found them to be of excellent taste, and other dyes of plant origin

were also used to give a beautiful touch to clothing.

There is no evidence of a widely accepted or known use of underwear, garments, or whatever they were called, until before

the Republic. We could know that the workers used a required or a subliminal, to protect their genital areas, it was

characterized by being a rectangular garment of linen or wool that generally also covered the belly. Then later, two new types

of underwear emerged.

The furrowed one, which can look like a T-shirt, which was generally made of linen, and the camisia, which with its name has

not made it clear that it was very similar to a "shirt." We also observed that these garments from the Roman Culture could

have different shapes, we can find the country style among them, which was widely worn on days when it was quite hot. On

the other hand, we could find mamullare in women. Which consists of a leather strip that maintains the bust and can

resemble the current bra.

 Language or Language of Roman Culture:

The language of the Roman Culture or Language is one of the Italic branches that has linguistic descent from the European

Indian that was spoken in the Ancient Roman Culture and, later, through the Middle Ages and the Modern Age, until it finally

reached the Contemporary Age, since it was preserved as a language of science until approximately the 19th century. Its

name comes from the geographical region of the Italian or Apennine peninsula that has developed in Roman Culture, such

as Latium (in Latin, Latium).

 Greco-Roman Culture:

Mention can be made of the Trojan War in conjunction with the idol Aeneas who arrived from the coasts of Latium escaping,

in this way founding his citizenship. It is believed that in the year 743 BC. C. Which was founded by the archaeological

remains found, giving arguments from archaeologists that it was already founded around the 8th century.

Painting of Roman Culture:

Roman Culture greatly admired Greek painting as well as sculpture, and told artists who carried out Roman art and culture

activities for them to make copies of Greek works, especially if it was known as popular or famous. The Romans used to
decorate their walls with mural paintings or decorations more than the Greeks, and although they follow the customs of the

Greeks, they show a great variety of colors and movement in their paintings. The paintings, with independent figures, groups

or entire panels, were reproduced, adapted, spoiled or embellished according to the talent of the artists and the demands of

the client.

The follow-ups used in this painting must have been technique, tempera and fresco. However, it can be said that the Romans

developed paintings on wood, the most important known pictorial remains are of the mural type, frescoes protected with a

layer of wax that enlivened the colors. In Roman Egypt, an excellent collection of portraits on panel was discovered, made to

be placed on mummies. Likewise in Pompea, and frescoed, magnificent portraits were discovered such as those of the Baker

and his wife, or that of a girl, both in the Museum of Spolees.

Its genres, its tableware decorations, such as walls, the historical and mythological in the mural paintings. And yet, those that

have been discovered subsequently until the beginning, give more than anything a character of decorations and

representations that become really pictorial compositions and it is judged with reason that there were also others of

independent painting similar to the current panel or easel

They have been cultivated with the characters they have in terms of cultures and wall paintings, caricatures, portraits,

traditional paintings, architectural copies and extraordinary mixtures of natural elements that have constituted the genre

with the latter. which the artists of the Renaissance called grotesque, found in the ancient Baths of Titus and which served

the famous Raphael as a source of inspiration to decorate the Lodges of the Vatican Apostolic Palace. The painted portraits

must be mentioned.
 Architecture of Roman Culture:

The architecture of the Ancient Roman Culture is in a fairly high probability one of the most important manifestations of the

Roman population. Its features are highlighted by the marvelous structural constructions of the buildings and their solidity

that has allowed many of them to be preserved to the present day. The organizations of the Roman Empire standardized

construction techniques so that very similar constructions can be seen thousands of kilometers from each other.

The architecture of Rome has adopted the three Greek norms and the call of the ancient people, making modifications and

adding another form of capital that was meant by the architects of the Renaissance era with the name of compound order. In

this way, there are five orders. The structures of Roman Culture frequently adopted the superimposition of one architectural

order to a different one in the same building, with the simplest and most robust being below the most elegant and delicate,

as can be noted in the grandiose Roman Colosseum.

Sculpture of Roman Culture:

The sculpture of Roman Culture has developed in all regions of this country with relationships and influences, with its central

idea in the metropolis, between the 6th centuries BC. C. and V approximately. Its origin comes from Greek Culture,

fundamental through the legacy of sculpture by ancient people, and then directly, through contact with the nations of Magna

Graecia and Greece itself, during the Hellenistic period. Not even the Christianization of the empire could determine the

exclusion of references to classical pagan Roman sculpture, until approximately the 5th century.
 Music of Roman Culture:

Roman Culture has conquered that of Greece, but its culture was very fundamental, and although the two cultures

deepened, the contributions of Roman Culture did not reach Greek music. Of course, it has been able to evolve to the

Roman form , sometimes varying its style. Music was generally used in important festivals. They were of great value to

virtuoso or famous musicians, adding humorous and relaxed aspects to their performances. These musicians lived in a

bohemian way, always surrounded by parties.

Literature and writing of Roman Culture:

Latin is one of the best-known languages and its name comes from the Lazio region of Italy, as we have mentioned before,

where the Roman Culture was located, services from other languages such as Greek, Umbrian, Oscan and Etruscan were

made. , as well as other influences from some lexicons that have passed into the conformations of the Latin language such

as Pelasgian or Celtic; One must feel the loss of Cato's book Origins of Rome, which could have helped shape the

establishment on issues of the early composition of Latin.

Mathematics in Roman Culture:

It has been noted that the Roman Culture adopted many elements or factors from the Greek, mathematics being one of
them, also using mathematics for the usefulness of accounting.
and in this way they were able to create different mathematical factors for the science that studies the stars. After that,
evolutions occurred in the calculations and the systems have advanced more and more, until reaching modernization.

In this stage, Roman numerals have been used through the letters, each symbol will normally have the same value, no matter

the positions where they are found. In this Roman era He-ron of Alexandria stands out with the metric who was one of the
great inventors, although he is known above all as a mathematician, both in the field of geometry and in that of geodesy (a

branch of mathematics which is about the determination of the size and configuration of the Earth, and the locality of

specific areas of it). Herrón dealt with the problems of terrestrial measurements with much more success than anyone else

of his time.

Medicine of Roman Culture:

In the Republic of Roman Culture, if we talk about medicine, it is known that it had more “magic” than science. In its

improvements occurred were by barbers. Who were initial worthy doctors for which they belonged to the Roman Culture and

who were appreciated in the first years of the Roman nation.

It can be said that one of the best doctors was Claudius Galen between the years (129 and 199 AD. C), who belonged to the

Greek Culture, but began practicing medicine in Rome. He was initially established as a surgeon at a school for armed
combatants, where he was able to gain extensive experience healing wounds. He made outstanding discoveries following the

teachings of Hippocrates, the founder of ancient medicine, who demonstrated that blood flows in the arteries and not air as

had been believed until then.

Roman Culture Today:

Roman Culture has had great influences and important relationships today, with respect to social, cultural, economic,

architectural, artistic, dialect and religion. One of the most notable influences that Rome has obtained today has been

languages, such as the usefulness of Latin as the basis of different dialects. Before Rome colonized Spain, many languages

were spoken in this region, but since it was from the Hills, this language spread throughout the territory and little by little the

others disappeared until Latin was made official as a language.

 Myths of Roman Culture:

The mythology of Roman Culture is one of the most outstanding and fundamental in the entire history of humanity. With

strong ties to Greek mythology, the myths of Roman Culture have taken many of these stories and adapted them to their

own stories and beliefs. Epic legends, fantastic tales and mythological beings dominate the mythology of Roman Culture.

Venus is the goddess of the pantheon of Roman Culture, which is equivalent to Aphrodite in the pantheon of Greek Culture.

He was one of the most prominent and admired divinities on Olympus, and one of the most represented in artistic spaces.

The myths of the Roman Culture of the Greeks were very varied, they were of utmost importance in their times and after

evolution, the stories, legends, stories, myths, beliefs, habits, customs, traditions and other areas that had to be improved

were improved. do with your daily life, among the myths that we can mention, some of them would be the following: