BATTLEFIELD OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS

1. INTRODUCTION

######ARRANGE#################.......................... .................................................. ...

............................................... ....In order to carry out military operations, it is essential that
the combat, combat support and combat service support elements act by integrating
operational systems, which allow the commander to coordinate the timely and synchronized
use of his means, in time. and in space.
These systems are applied at the three levels of management and facilitate the integration,
coordination, preparation and execution of operations.
At the operational level, the SOCBs allow an adequate application of the execution
capacity, determining the most effective means to constitute the forces that must carry out
the operations and the support that ensures success, all in accordance with the mission.
At the tactical level, SOCBs are useful tools for planning and controlling operations,
offering a structured way to compare and examine the functions that will need to be
enhanced and performed. They will also serve, if time is available, to ensure that plans and
orders are coherent, complete and coordinated.

The operational battlefield systems are:

1. command and control system,
2. Intelligence system, NNNNNNNOO THE COLONEL ASKED US
3. maneuvering system,
4. anti-aircraft defense system,
5. Fire support system,… NOOOO THE COLONEL ASKED US FOR THIS
6.Mobility, counter-mobility and survival system,
7. combat service support system,
8. Electronic warfare.

THESE ARE THE SYSTEMS THAT THE COLONEL REQUESTED FROM US BUT I
ONLY FOUND THE ONE ABOVE THOSE THAT ARE MARKED WITH RED COLOR

1.maneuver system……… 3
2. mobility system, against mobility and survival………..6
3.survival system I DID NOT FIND INFORMATION
4. command and control system………………… 1
5. support and combat system… I DID NOT FIND INFORMATION
6. system of combat support services………… 7
7. Anti-air defense system………………. 4
2.- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 MANEUVER SYSTEM
3. Maneuver System
Maneuver, as an operational system, is the set of activities aimed at using forces on the
battlefield through the combination of movement and effective or potential fire, to reach an
advantageous position with respect to the enemy.
The maneuver creates favorable conditions for the achievement of tactical, operational and
strategic objectives. The main activities of this system are
movement, combat with the enemy and control of the terrain.
with the movement
The combat units that make the effort move and take positions with respect to the enemy,
to ensure or maintain a situational advantage that provides surprise, psychological effects,
mass action and moral dominance over him.
with combat

It is destroyed, or its direct fire is neutralized.

With control of the terrain
The enemy is deprived of its use, for this the land is physically occupied or controlled by
fire.
The skill of the controls will be manifested in the
correct selection, organization and coordination
of the activities of this system using:

-The combination of addresses for your

efforts.
-The dosage of combat power
in every effort.
-Control of movements and coordination of fires.
For each of the efforts it is essential to determine the place, direction, duration, intensity
and moment of its application in order to achieve perfect synchronization.

2.2 MOBILITY AND COUNTER-MOBILITY SYSTEM

2.3 SURVIVAL SYSTEM
2.4 COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM
1. Command and Control System

It is defined as the facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel

essential to the commander's ability to plan, direct, and control the operations of assigned
forces in accordance with assigned missions.
The Command:
It is the authority that the commander legally exercises in military service over
subordinates by virtue of his rank and position. Command includes authority and
responsibility.

The control:

It is the set of activities carried out or measures adopted by the commander or his staff, in
order to verify exact compliance with the provisions.
Through the
command and control system
It addresses all other systems. It also constitutes the link with the upper and lower
echelons. The importance of this system is such that having superiority in command and
control can provide vital advantageous conditions in operations.
In general, a command and control system is composed of:
-
General headquarters and command posts.
- Communication and information systems.
- Sensors and warning systems.
General headquarters and command posts.
They are the facilities where the command, the general staff and the security and support
elements necessary for the development of operations meet.
Communication and information systems.
In general terms, they are the set of elements intended to collect, transmit, present and store
information. They derive from the need to have a system that methodically and frequently
assesses the dynamic situation on the battlefield, and allows the commander to make
appropriate decisions and communicate them to his subordinates in a timely manner.
Sensors and warning systems.
They are equipment that allows information systems to be fed and contributes to providing
the commander with freedom of action (radars, surveillance systems, etc.).
2.5 COMBAT SUPPORT SYSTEM
2.6 COMBAT SUPPORT SERVICES SYSTEM
2.7 ANTI-AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM
4. Anti-aircraft Defense System
This operational system includes the set of means aimed at nullifying or reducing the
effectiveness of the attack of the aircraft and missiles of the hostile forces after they have
been airborne.
Its main tasks are:
-Locate and select targets;
-Select the most appropriate air defense system and execute the attack;
-Integrate all the air defense means of the Armed Forces, combining them in accordance
with the concept of the operation.
-Prevent the use of airspace by the enemy through fire or other measures that do not involve
a direct attack.

The units in charge of materializing this system belong to the Land Force, Naval Force and
Air Force; and will provide protection to certain points and areas, in accordance with the
priorities set by the command of each force, providing freedom of action when opposing
the enemy's air actions.
Although the military units belonging to the Land Force organically have anti-aircraft
defense units; for their use, these will become part of the
Sector Operations Commands (COS)
, so it is necessary that the commanders of
combat units, combat support and combat service support
Carry out the necessary coordination at each echelon to obtain adequate air defense support
during combat.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
INSTRUCTOR:
SHIP CAPTAIN DEMN
JOSE ADAN MARTINEZ AVILA

2. Intelligence System
It is the formal or informal system responsible for managing, obtaining, processing and
interpreting information related to the enemy, terrain and weather conditions and providing
reasoned judgments for decision-making in combat. It is not limited exclusively to
Intelligence units and can be formed. by organizations capable of fulfilling the
aforementioned tasks.
The set of activities related to intelligence are developed continuously, whether in peace or
in periods of crisis or war, and in them all types of resources are used such as: units in
contact with the enemy, patrols, intelligence units, officers Featured link links and others.
The commander directs and guides the effective operation of his intelligence system,
clearly stating its purpose and designating, without ambiguity, his priority intelligence
needs; In turn, the intelligence system must provide a clear, brief and timely product.

The intelligence system requires: centralized direction, coordination and integration of

efforts to obtain and process information, as well as simultaneous and timely dissemination
action at all levels of command.

5. Fire Support System

The fire support system includes the set of means aimed at the coordinated use of: target
acquisition, indirect fire weapons, artillery aircraft and other fire producers, which are in
support of operations. Its effectiveness requires planning that ensures the perfect
coordination of these means with the maneuver system.
The system includes the activities of: location and identification of high-value, critical or
other targets; allocation of the most effective means available; and materialization of the
attack and evaluation of achieved effects.
To obtain the maximum performance of this system, it is necessary to establish direct link
with the reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence means.
•
Mobility operations
They preserve the freedom of maneuver of friendly forces.
•
Counter mobility operations
They deny mobility to enemy forces.
•
survival operations
They protect friendly forces from the effects of enemy weapons systems.
6. The mobility, counter-mobility and survival system.

This operational system includes the set of means intended to favor the movement of one's
own forces, hinder that of the enemy, and maintain the capacity of one's own forces to
accomplish the mission.
Mobility operations,
They include work to open breaches, remove enemy obstacles, enable new routes, improve
existing ones and control traffic on them.
Counter mobility operations
, includes work on the selection and establishment of obstacles, destruction, etc. to increase
the difficulty that the terrain and weather conditions may pose to the enemy's movement,
managing to delay, channel or stop their advance by enhancing the effectiveness of their
own fires.
survival operations,
It includes the set of activities aimed ultimately at: increasing security; preserve combat
power by protecting personnel, weapons and material from the effects of own and enemy
actions. It is achieved with the construction of protection works, deception operations and
deactivation of own and enemy explosives. These actions favorably influence the
combatant's morale by limiting the number of own casualties.
The combat service support system is the support and services that are
They provide to sustain forces during war and other military operations.
Logistics support as an operational system is constituted by the set of means necessary to
sustain the capabilities of the forces engaged in operations, with the purpose of maintaining
the combat power required by the entrusted missions.
This system focuses its activities on providing, in a continuous, timely manner and in the
necessary quantity, everything required by the fighting forces.

The support is related to the logistical functions of: supply; maintenance; transport; and,
Health.

The key to the effectiveness of this system is its proper coordination and integration with
the operation to be carried out.
This system integrates those activities that are aimed at the search, interception and
identification of electromagnetic radiation, as well as the location of emission sources.
Others act on the offensive action, equipment or enemy electronic systems that use the
 electromagnetic spectrum, either simply to reduce their effectiveness or to physically
damage them, and also to confuse, distract or deceive the enemy or the aforementioned
systems. Finally, other activities are carried out to protect one's own emissions despite the
use of electromagnetic energy by the enemy.
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1. That is, it is prepared and organized to carry out

the land and/or joint campaign, forming the
Operational Commands, depending on the type of
indirect or direct leadership, respectively,
exercised by the Joint Command. This
organization forms the Logistics Administrative
Command (COMAL), whose mission is to support
operations in the areas of personnel and
logistics. c. Army Operations (EJEOP) and Land
Operations Command (COT) The EJEOP is the
largest echelon of land combined arms that
constitutes part of the strategic level. It
corresponds to all the resources of the Mobilized
Army, with the exception of those units or
organizations assigned to other maneuver bodies
or jurisdictional commands of the Armed Forces
echelon and those that remain dependent on the
FT Mobilized Institution. The EJEOP Forces,
assigned to the theater of operations, include
combat elements, combat support, combat
service support and their command and control
means, which are combined into units in
accordance with the requirements of the mission
and the nature of the operation. This large unit
executes operations at the strategic or
operational level, when it is indirectly led by the
Joint Command. When leadership is direct, the
 EJEOP maintains its organization, but its units
become operational commands in conjunction
with units from the other branches of the Armed
Forces. The EJEOP is made up of a command
and list of troops, it contains the divisions as
operational units, however, it has a flexible
organization, which can vary according to each
imposed mission. The COT is made up of a
command and a staff that allows the Army to
plan, train and lead military units. 14
2. 31. d. Operational Command It is a large unit that
corresponds to the use of forces from more than
one institution, under centralized command in
the planning and conduct of operations by the
Joint Command of the Armed Forces, and
execution and control may be decentralized. The
operational command should not be understood
as the union of efforts in a series of individual
actions or operations, united by a common
purpose, but rather as the integrated and
synchronized application of all the available
capabilities of the Armed Forces, directed by a
single command. The synergy resulting from joint
work under the parameters of a common
doctrine enhances the combat capacity of the
force through the application of the concept of
unity of effort. Joint work provides commanders
with multidimensional capabilities (land, naval,
air), more effective than those generated by a
single defense institution, because they have a
broader vision of options in strategic, operational
and tactical scenarios. and. The Army Division
 (DE) The DE plans and coordinates the use of the
brigades that comprise it and, when necessary,
reinforces them with means or fire, either to
intervene in combat or to prolong the actions. It
is an operational or tactical unit, depending on
the level of leadership, that contains combat
elements, combat support and combat service
support necessary for operations. It is made up
of divisional troops and a variable number of
brigades that obey a list of troops. F. The
Brigade is a tactical and administrative unit
made up of battalions and/or groups and smaller
units that allow it to carry out operations.
Depending on the mission, it may be part of a
Division or an Operational Command. 15
3. 32. In addition, depending on the mission to be
accomplished, it can be reinforced with combat
elements, combat support and combat service
support. g. The Battalion and/or Group is a
tactical and administrative unit belonging to a
weapon or service under a single command
dependent on the Brigade, made up of
companies or similar minors that allow it to carry
out tactical operations. Depending on the
mission to be accomplished, it can be reinforced
with combat units and combat support. 6.
Classification of units according to their
specialization for combat To achieve the goals
pursued in war, specific means and previously
established procedures are required at all times,
the same ones that have evolved over time,
producing a greater specialization in the
 fulfillment of missions. For this reason, the Army
is organized, in appropriate proportion, with
combat units, combat support units and support
units for combat service; and is articulated,
according to the criteria of functionality and
operability, into units and organizations of
different types, in a flexible, harmonious and
multi-purpose manner, to meet their
responsibilities. The Army for war is organized,
basically, considering the following Units: a.
Combat units They constitute the means of
action with the capacity to combat,
differentiated by their characteristics of use and
by their mission to fulfill in combat. 1) Infantry It
is the weapon designed to collide with the
enemy through fire and movement, characterized
by its ability to act in all types of terrain and
circumstances. Your mission is to close with the
enemy to destroy or capture him. To do this, it
will use offensive and defensive procedures,
according to the assigned mission and 16
4. 33. the situation. All other weapons and services
must act to their benefit. a) Motorized infantry It
is equipped with organic means of transport on
wheels, which allow them to transport all their
personnel and material simultaneously. They can
operate effectively in a wide variety of terrain
and atmospheric conditions. b) Mechanized
Infantry It is equipped with personnel transport
vehicles and various support vehicles. The main
characteristics of these units are: Speed of
movement, availability of various types of
 support weapons, mobility and flexibility to form
combat units. Due to their mobility, flexibility,
firepower and protection, they are appropriate to
complement and integrate with armored units in
offensive actions. The last phase of combat is
normally carried out while disembarked, and in
the previous phases they take advantage of the
protection and fire support provided by their
vehicles. In the same way, they are suitable for
defensive combat in which mobility
predominates. 2) Armored Cavalry It is that
which is fundamentally equipped with tanks and
vehicles for various support. In military
operations, it constitutes the most powerful land
tool that the command has to achieve its
objectives, normally being the axis of decisive
operations through its main characteristics:
mobility, firepower, power against enemy fire
and the shock effect; factors that make them
especially suitable for offensive actions in long-
distance fire combat, due to the range of their
tense trajectory weapons; likewise, to exploit
success and distribute the adversary forces.
Also, they are appropriate for building a powerful
and rapid reserve in particular and transitory
circumstances, such as within the framework of
a mobile defense. 17
5. 34. Its greatest effectiveness is the achievement
of its objectives; It is obtained by integrating for
use with armored and mechanized infantry units,
self-propelled artillery and mechanized
engineers, under the concept of combat units. 3)
Army Aviation Due to its employment
characteristics, Army Aviation is capable of
fulfilling combat, combat support and combat
service support missions. These units are
equipped with a wide range of weapons, suitable
for carrying out actions aimed at neutralizing or
destroying adversary means, as part of the
maneuver; of a combined arms unit, or in support
of special operations units. It corresponds to a
land-based and non-airborne weapons system;
Likewise, they constitute an organ of maneuver,
in the development of actions, they are the
fastest means that the commander has to
achieve and maintain the initiative, taking
advantage of their speed of movement and
exploiting the surprise factor. Likewise, they
allow the command to quickly confront a major
adversary action, as well as to eventually
become fire platforms. Helicopters and airplanes
that correspond to combat support units and
service support for combat, for this purpose, use
medium or heavy type aircraft, with the capacity
to transport personnel and significant volumes of
cargo over considerable distances due to their
high autonomy. . They can participate in troop
and cargo transfer missions; assault by airborne
units; infiltration and extraction of special
operations units; air supply; search; rescue,
aeromedical evaluation. 4) Special Operations
Units Are those capable of planning and carrying
out direct or indirect military actions,
independently or integrated with other forces, in
 times of peace or war, in order to achieve
objectives with political repercussions. 18
6. 35. strategic, military, economic and
intelligence, which by their nature are not
susceptible to being obtained by other types of
force. They are specially organized, trained and
equipped to carry out their missions and are
normally comparatively smaller in magnitude
than the adversary they must face. b. Combat
support units 1) Fire support units a) Field
Artillery Units They are equipped with indirect
fire means and material, such as howitzers and
rocket launchers, to support and protect
maneuver units with their fire. combat in ground
actions. Likewise, they have target acquisition
elements capable of carrying out the process of
detecting, locating and identifying targets with
sufficient precision to allow the effective use of
weapons on them, providing precise and real-
time information on the origin of adversary fire. .
In order to ensure continuity of support, field
artillery units must have the same mobility as
supported units, be able to quickly change
position, day and night and in all types of
weather conditions, and apply and concentrate
fires in the places and times required. b) Anti-
aircraft Artillery Units They are responsible for
providing protection to the units they support
against adversary aerial means. For this purpose,
they integrate the air defense system of the
theater of operations. They protect Army units
and facilities, as well as vital points and areas of
 the national territory against aerial aggression.
To fulfill their mission they have an integrated
command and control system, with the ability to
detect the aerial threat and assign objectives to
firing units. 19
7. 36. c) Anti-tank Units These units are organized
and equipped with the necessary means to
provide protection and security against armored
elements. They provide the fire support
necessary to neutralize the use of armored and
mechanized adversaries to benefit the maneuver
of the supported unit. Its action is materialized
through the coordinated use of rockets and
missiles, combined with the technical work of
engineers in accordance with the maneuver idea
of the unit they comprise. 2) Technical and
Specialized Support Units a) Engineering It is
equipped with technical means to support the
maneuver of its own units and hinder that of the
adversary. It accompanies the troops in all
actions, mainly developing mobility,
countermobility, survival, general engineering
and geographical engineering operations. b)
Communications They are organized, equipped
and instructed to install, operate and maintain
the communications system, enabling through its
means the operation of the command and control
system of the units that make up the FT. The
technical means they have also give them the
capacity to form joint communications networks,
requiring detailed planning, as well as having
common procedures for the exploitation of the
 networks that are structured. c) Intelligence
With the capacity to search, obtain and process
information, transforming it into combat
intelligence regarding the adversary, terrain and
meteorological conditions. Provides security and
fulfills counterintelligence tasks through the
execution of special counterintelligence
operations and support through the execution of
operations 20
8. 37. special intelligence. c. Combat service
support units These are those prepared to
manage the necessary resources that the units
need to fulfill their mission. They apply the
special techniques that logistics and personnel
functions demand. 1) Quartermaster This
service's main mission is to provide a solution to
the supply of subsistence (food), clothing and
individual and unit equipment. 2) War material
This service is responsible for meeting the needs
related to the obtaining, replacement, recovery
of war material, supply of supplies, ammunition,
evacuation, maintenance of organic material,
saved, captured or deteriorated material, which
is are in the possession of the troops, to enable
the correct and timely use of the material. 3)
Transportation This service must satisfy the
needs related to the transportation of supplies,
personnel and means, for the benefit of other
services and combat and combat support units.
4) Health and Veterinary Medicine Trained to
carry out the treatment and physical and mental
recovery of personnel, as well as the evacuation
 of the wounded and sick. They are responsible
for the supply and maintenance of medical
supplies through their own channels. They
ensure environmental health in the jurisdiction,
also ensuring adequate compliance with those
measures to mitigate the environmental impact
caused by the troops and, if applicable,
veterinary care, forming units of this specialty in
those that have military livestock. . 21
9. 38.D. MILITARY OPERATIONS Are the set of
activities carried out by Army units,
independently or as part of a larger force, with
troops and organic means or under any of the
command relationships, coordinated in time and
space, in accordance with the established in a
directive, plan or order for the fulfillment of a
mission or task. When referring to military
operations, the campaign will include one or
several battles, which in turn will give rise to the
main operations that will be carried out through
successive or simultaneous combats, each of
which will be composed of confrontations of
different character and importance. variables,
whose purpose will be the achievement of an
objective, always related to the final strategic
objective. A campaign is understood to be a
series of main operations, related to each other,
to achieve a strategic objective in a given time
and space. A main operation is understood as
the coordinated action of important forces in a
phase of a campaign, to achieve operational
objectives. Battle is understood to be a series of
 combats at the tactical level related to each
other, to achieve a tactical objective. 1. Types of
Military Operations Military operations are
classified according to the purpose pursued and
the forces involved. to. According to the Purpose
They Pursue 1) Military War Operations These
are those that seek to defeat the adversary by
breaking their will to fight or destroying their
strength, through the application of a maneuver,
creating the conditions to impose one's own will.
. These operations are carried out at the
operational and tactical leadership levels. 22
10. 39. a) Operational Level The general purpose
of operational maneuvers is to create favorable
conditions so that the decision understood as
the breaking of the adversary's will to fight has
the greatest probability of success. b) Tactical
Level It is the set of activities carried out by
units to achieve tactical objectives acting at the
tactical level, coordinated in time and space. At
this level the following are developed:
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS - Offensive -
Defensive - Retrograde COMPLEMENTARY
OPERATIONS - Reconnaissance Security Relief
Tactical deception Security of the rear area
Liaison Transposition of water courses
Intelligence Electronic warfare Psychological
Operations (OPSIC) - Airmobile Operations
Riverside operations Jungle operations
Operations irregular Airborne operations
Operations in fortified areas Operations in urban
areas SPECIAL OPERATIONS 2) Military
 Operations Other than War These are military
operations carried out in coordination with
entities and organizations from other fields of
action and multinational partners, basically to
dissuade the adversary from escalating a
conflict that 23
11. 40. lead to hostilities; encourage peaceful
conflict resolution; promote peace; and support
civil authorities in the face of crises, both
nationally and internationally, in accordance
with the constitution, national laws and norms
established by international law. Normally, the
tasks that military forces can fulfill, within the
context, are the following: a) Arms control b)
Counterterrorism c) Humanitarian aid d) Military
support to civil authorities in disaster situations
e) Demonstration and force operations ) Search
and rescue operations g) Evacuation of non-
combatants h) Raids i) Security and control
operations at the end of an armed control j)
Peacekeeping or peace enforcement operations
As can be seen, this type of operations can
include combat actions with fire contact,
identical to a war situation, and operations
without fire contact, which can occur
simultaneously or successively. The interesting
thing to note is that in each of the situations
described above, a formal war situation has not
existed or has not been recognized. b. According
to the forces involved 1) Land Operations These
are those carried out by the land force and
comply with the provisions of the land doctrine,
 normally carried out at the operational and
tactical level. The land operation is the sum of
movements and actions of a force, intended to
create a favorable situation that allows
achieving a certain objective. 24
12. 41. 2) Joint operations These are operations
carried out by the CC.FF.AA, made up of forces
from two or more institutions, under a single
command, for a specific period, to achieve an
objective with strategic repercussions. They may
correspond to the maneuver of a joint theater of
operations, a joint special operation, a joint
amphibious operation, a joint airborne operation,
or a mixed one, with the purpose of conquering
an objective in hostile territory. 3) Combined
operations They obey the concept of using
military forces of different nationalities within
the context of an alliance or coalition in pursuit
of shared goals. These, in turn, can be joint if
they include forces from two or more
institutions. The effective execution of
international or combined operations is based on
mutual trust between the different countries that
comprise it, which, in turn, is based on the
following basic points: a) Interoperability of the
participating forces. b) Unequivocal commitment
to the mission received. c) Adequate
relationships between the higher commands of
the different states that make up the combined
force. d) Ability to use the common working
language effectively. e) Mutual respect for the
professional capacity, culture, history, religion,
 customs and values of the member armies. f)
Mutual knowledge of national doctrines,
capabilities and aspirations. g) Sufficient time
for a unified and clear approach to the operation
to be carried out 4) Intelligence operations
Includes the set of activities aimed at satisfying
the 25
13. 42. information needs of the commander
related to the terrain, adversary and weather
conditions, as well as special intelligence and
counterintelligence operations to identify and
contribute to neutralizing the threat to one's own
security and contribute to achieving the
objective. They have been developed
continuously since peacetime. 5) Information
Operations They are carried out in order to affect
the adversary information system and its
decision making and, simultaneously, protect the
use of one's own information system. They are
developed with the aim of affecting the
exploitation and protection of information, the
command and control systems that support them
and the communications and information
systems that process it, while supporting and
protecting their own capacity to obtain, process
and manage information. 2. Fundamentals of
Military Operations a. Principles of war The
principles of war are foundations or causes of
general validity for military conduct, which have
been applied by great captains and deduced and
analyzed by thinkers, scholars of war and
military authors over time, until they constitute
 principles because military history has shown
that their repeated and correct application has
normally led armies to victory. They allow
flexibility, therefore, their application requires
good judgment. They are not formulas that can
be applied in the same way in all cases. On each
occasion it is necessary to determine to what
extent they should or can be used. Its correct
application in war is fully valid both in the field
or area of operational and tactical leadership.
The principles for land warfare that best suit the
type of maneuver to be carried out are the
following: 26
14. 43. 1) Objective “Achieve an established
military objective that must be clearly defined,
decisive and achievable” The objective will be
clearly defined, when it is unequivocal. It can be
tangible or intangible, such as an area of terrain
or a battlefield operating system, the important
thing is that it is clearly identifiable. It will be
decisive when its achievement has an obvious
impact on achieving the objective of the higher
command. It will be achievable when the
command to which it is assigned receives the
resources, the necessary authority and the
freedom of action that allows its achievement.
Any operation that does not contribute to the
achievement of the assigned objective must be
expressly avoided. The purpose of military
operations will be to achieve the ultimate
strategic objective, either by destroying enemy
forces or breaking their will to fight. 2) Offensive
 “Take, maintain and exploit the initiative” The
principle of the offensive determines that
offensive action and maintaining the initiative
constitute the most effective and decisive way
to achieve a common objective. The offensive
allows the commander to seize the initiative,
impose his will on the enemy, set the terms and
choose the place of combat, exploit weaknesses
and react to unstable situations and unforeseen
events. No matter the strategic, operational or
tactical level, the force that retains the initiative
through offensive action forces the enemy to
react instead of act. Offensive action is essential
to achieving a definitive decision and will
facilitate the maintenance of a high state of
mind and an aggressive spirit. Adopting a
defensive attitude should only be a temporary
condition until the necessary means are
available to resume 27
15. 44. offensive operations. An offensive spirit
must prevail in the conduct of all defensive
operations. Defense must be active, not passive.
This is because offensive action, no matter what
form it takes, is the means by which a force
seizes and maintains the initiative, achieves
results, and maintains freedom of action. 3) Mass
“Concentrate combat power at the decisive time
and place” Requires the application of superior
combat power to deliver a decisive blow to the
enemy's weak point, in order to destroy it or
place it in a position where it can be destroyed
subsequently. The initiative that accompanies
 the offensive action allows the time, place and
way in which it should be applied to be chosen.
Mass encompasses more than just the
concentration of combat units; in fact, it also
includes the best employment of all battlefield
operating systems. 4) Economy of forces “Use
the minimum combat power in non-decisive
places” It is the balanced distribution of the
available means, dedicating to each mission
those essential for its fulfillment, in order to
apply the maximum combat power to the
decisive place and moment. combat. It means
accepting calculated risks in non-vital areas,
since to concentrate superior combat power at
the right time and place, it is necessary to
reduce the forces that are being used elsewhere.
However, it is also necessary to have sufficient
forces to fulfill less important missions, which
requires a careful assessment of the situation,
particularly when secondary efforts contribute
significantly to the main effort. 28
16. 45. 5) Unity of command “Acting under the
order of a single commander” The use of all the
capabilities that a force can generate requires
unity of command. Unity of command means that
a single commander directs and coordinates the
actions of all forces toward a common objective.
The existence of a single commander represents
coordination between component elements,
centralizes decisions, identifies and
individualizes authority and responsibility. 6)
Surprise “Attack the enemy at a time, place and
 manner unexpected for him” Surprise consists of
placing the adversary in a situation for which he
was not prepared, prevented or warned, in such
a way that he does not have the opportunity to
react adequately. Difficult to apply at the
strategic level. It constitutes an important
complement to achieving the objective and
generates physical and psychological effects at
lower levels. Adequate and timely information,
mobility and asymmetry are contributors to the
application of this principle, the latter, at least
depending on human capital and technology. The
surprise can be total or partial. The first is that
exceptional situation, more common in the
tactical field; The second is that which, in
general, has been foreseen by the adversary, but
without knowing the details that would allow him
to confront it in an organized manner. 7) Security
“Establish and maintain protection measures”
Security, in contrast, consists of arranging one's
own means, in such a way as to avoid being
surprised by the adversary, adopting an
appropriate device and the necessary protection
measures. It implies certainty and should not
represent an excess of caution or risk, so timely
information about the adversary and its
capabilities acquires 29
17. 46. a significant importance. 8) Simplicity
“Prepare clear, precise and concise plans and
orders” The preparation and planning of
operations should tend to be as simple as the
achievement of the objective allows. This
 achieves adequate driving and execution for the
maneuver without more details than necessary.
Simplicity is associated with ease of
interpretation and execution, which is linked to
two central elements: comprehensive
understanding by subordinate commanders of
what is expected of them, and the coordination
and control aspects required. in the contents of
the missions taught. 9) Maneuver “Locate forces
to create or retain a favorable situation against
the enemy” It is the deployment that allows
combat power to be available at the right time
and place to achieve an objective. The efficient
application of this principle often facilitates
surprise by exploiting the enemy's weak points,
contributes significantly to maintaining the
initiative, exploiting success, preserving freedom
of action and reducing vulnerability. The object
of the maneuver is to concentrate or disperse
forces in such a way as to put the enemy at a
disadvantage, thus achieving results that would
otherwise be more costly in terms of troops and
means. The maneuver does not have a specific
framework or step, so that it can be applied at
all levels of conducting military operations. The
successful application of this principle requires
not only fire and movement, but also flexibility
and an adequate application of the principles of
mass and economy of force. 30
18. 47. b. Use of airspace Modern combat
requires fast, flexible and synchronized
maneuvers by the forces involved, in order to
obtain the best results in simultaneous
operations and at different depths. Rapid and
deep maneuvers, fire support, air-ground and air
assault operations, special operations and
electronic warfare will be conducted in this
environment, using the airspace above the
battlefield. This new reality of the operational
environment requires effective and efficient
coordination of the use of airspace, either to
synchronize operations or to prevent own forces
from being decommissioned. c. Combat power is
the combat capacity available to a given force,
resulting from the combination of the physical
means at the disposal of a commander and the
value of the troops. These determine: the
maneuverability of the units; firepower; and
security. 1) The capacity for maneuver allows
the force to achieve an advantageous situation
in relation to the enemy, increasing the
possibility of applying its fires, achieving
surprise, executing decisive efforts and
achieving moral and psychological dominance. 2)
Firepower is the volume of fire provided by units
or weapon systems. The maximum effects of this
factor are achieved with the full integration of
available fires, as well as reinforcement fires. 3)
Security allows commanders to preserve the
capabilities of their units to have them available
at decisive times and places. The success of the
operations will be achieved by applying
maximum combat power, at the right place and
time, giving no opportunity for the enemy to act
 in a coordinated and effective manner against its
own forces. 31
19. 48. d. Decision factors 1) Mission It is the
clear and concise expression of the tasks that a
unit must accomplish; It is prescribed by the
upper echelon and contains the main aspects
that will guide the actions of the considered
echelon, in the context of the maneuver
conceived to achieve the objective. After
receiving a mission, the commander and his staff
are able to begin the development of the military
decision-making process (PMTD). 2) Enemy The
study of the enemy, based on a situation
presented, must be aimed at establishing the
peculiarities and weaknesses that can influence
at a given moment, favorably or unfavorably, its
combat efficiency. These peculiarities and
weaknesses are obtained through an integrated
analysis of the situation in the operation under
study, through the battlefield intelligence
process (PICB) and the previous knowledge we
have of it, in data banks, references. to its
employment doctrine, organizational structure,
way of acting in different environmental
conditions, personality of its main commanders,
resources available, among others. The
identification of the enemy's peculiarities and
weaknesses will serve as a basis for determining
the most probable and most dangerous course of
action. The enemy's vulnerabilities result from
its weaknesses, which can be exploited by the
echelon considered, superior and subordinate. 3)
 Terrain and meteorological conditions The study
of the terrain and meteorological conditions is
conditioned to the considered step and lower. It
is carried out through detailed analysis of the
observation conditions and firing ranges, cover
and concealment, obstacles, major accidents,
avenues of approach and local meteorological
conditions, executed at 32
20. 49. through the PICB At the highest levels,
the geostrategic study of the area of operations
is carried out, since peacetime, and is kept
updated. 4) Time The time factor must always be
present in the analysis of the situation and must
be considered for decision making. The
incorporation of increasingly modern means in
combat has improved mobility, speed and
obtaining information, enhancing the importance
of opportunity. It is not enough to simply plan the
triggering of operations well, but they must
occur in a timely manner. In defense, time is a
fundamental factor in activities such as:
occupation of the position, organization of the
terrain, installation of obstacles, establishment
of annihilation areas, fire planning, staggering of
the area in defense in depth and others. In order
to take advantage of the minimum time
necessary for such actions, the higher echelons
use covering forces. In the attack, the time
factor becomes essential so that the planned
action is carried out before the enemy reinforces
or properly organizes its attack. In both cases, it
must be taken into account that the period for
 planning and distributing the orders of each
echelon must also allow the subordinate echelon
the time necessary for the planning and
distribution of its orders, and for carrying out the
reconnaissance for execution. of the operation.
Furthermore, correct time management is
essential to achieve synchronization of actions
at decisive moments, to obtain the maximum
benefit from the means used in combat. For this
reason, during the analysis of the courses of
action (in the war game), the general staff must
try to synchronize all actions starting from the
time and place in which they want to achieve a
certain effect, 33
21. 50. calculating the deadlines retroactively,
starting from that event. Finally, commanders at
all echelons will obtain the maximum benefit
from time, accelerating their command work and
decision making, conducting coordinated
attacks, taking advantage of the success of their
own actions, executing more actions in less
time, putting the enemy in a situation such that
it cannot act or react. 5) Available means All
combat elements, combat support and combat
service support with their material and
equipment, constitute the available means for
combat. In an operation, material and personal
means are used, ranging from the use of
weapons, sufficiently trained troops and
instruments of the most advanced technology, to
propaganda. The sel