Module - 3

Linear Transformation
Introduction to Linear Transformations
Transformation:
Function T that maps a vector space V into a vector space W:

T : V mapping
W , V ,W : vector space

V: the domain of T
W: the codomain of T
Linear Transformation (L.T.):

LetV , W are two vector spaces

T : V  W： V to W linear transformation

(1) T (u  v)  T (u)  T ( v), u, v V

(2) T (cu)  cT (u), c  R

Notes:

(1) A linear transformation is said to be operation preserving.

T (u  v)  T (u)  T ( v) T (cu)  cT (u)

Addition Addition Scalar Scalar

in V in W multiplication multiplication
in V in W

(2) A linear transformation T : V  V from a vector space into

itself is called a linear operator.
Ex 1:
Verifying a linear transformation T from R2 into R2
T (v1 , v2 )  (v1  v2 , v1  2v2 )

Proof:

u  (u1 , u2 ), v  (v1 , v2 ) : vector in R 2 , c : any real number

(1)Vector addition :
u  v  (u1 , u2 )  (v1 , v2 )  (u1  v1 , u2  v2 )

T (u  v )  T (u1  v1 , u2  v2 )
 ((u1  v1 )  (u2  v2 ), (u1  v1 )  2(u2  v2 ))
 ((u1  u2 )  (v1  v2 ), (u1  2u2 )  (v1  2v2 ))
 (u1  u2 , u1  2u2 )  (v1  v2 , v1  2v2 )
 T (u)  T ( v )
2). Scalar Multiplication

cu = c(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) = (𝑐𝑢1, , 𝑐𝑢2 )

T (cu)  T (cu 1 , cu 2 )  (cu 1  cu 2 , cu 1  2cu 2 )
 c(u1  u 2 , u1  2u 2 )
 cT (u)

Therefore, T is a linear transformation.

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Ex 2: Check whether the functions are linear transformations are not

(a) f ( x)  sin x
sin( x1  x2 )  sin( x1 )  sin( x2 )  f ( x)  sin x is not
sin( 2  3 )  sin( 2 )  sin( 3 ) linear transformatio n
(b) f ( x)  x 2
 f ( x)  x 2 is not linear
( x1  x2 ) 2  x12  x22
transformatio n
(1  2) 2  12  2 2

(c ) f ( x )  x  1
f ( x1  x2 )  x1  x2  1
f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  ( x1  1)  ( x2  1)  x1  x2  2
f ( x1  x2 )  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  f ( x)  x  1 is not
================================== linear transformatio n
Image of v under T:

If v is in V and w is in W such that

T ( v)  w
Then w is called the image of v under T .

T
Range of T:
The set of all images of vectors in V.
R(T) = {w ∈ 𝑊 : T(v) = w for some v ∈ V}

Note: R(T) ⊆ W (Co-Domain)

Preimage of w:

The set of all v in V such that T(v) = w.

Ex 3: (A function from R2 into R2 )

T : R2  R2 v  (v1 , v2 )  R 2
T (v1 , v2 )  (v1  v2 , v1  2v2 )
(a) Find the image of v = (-1,2). (b) Find the preimage of w=(-1,11)
Sol:
(a) v  (1, 2)
 T ( v)  T (1, 2)  (1  2,  1  2(2))  (3, 3)
(b) T ( v)  w  (1, 11)
T (v1 , v2 )  (v1  v2 , v1  2v2 )  (1, 11)
 v1  v2  1
v1  2v2  11
 v1  3, v2  4 Thus {(3, 4)} is the preimage of w=(-1, 11).
Kernel or Null Space of a linear transformation 𝝓 or T:

Let  :V  W be a linear transformation

Then the set of all vectors v in V that satisfy  ( v)  0 is

called the kernel of T and is denoted by ker (ϕ).
ker( )  null space ( )  {v | ( v)  0, v  V }
Ex 4 : (The kernel of the zero and identity transformations)

(a) T(v)=0 (the zero transformation T : V  W )

ker(T )  V

(b) T(v)=v (the identity transformation T : V  V )

ker(T )  {0}
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Rank of a linear transformation T : V→W :

rank(T )  the dimension of the range of T

Nullity of a linear transformation T:V→W :

nullity(T )  the dimension of the kernel of T

Note:
Let T : R n  R m be the L.T. given by T (x)  Ax, then
rank(T )  rank( A)
nullity(T )  nullity( A)
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Remark(a):
Let V(F) be a finite dimensional vector space and
S={𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , 𝛼3 … . 𝛼𝑚 } be a linearly independent subset of V. Then
either S itself a basis of V (or) S can be extended to form a basis of
V.

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State and Prove the Rank – Nullity Theorem.

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Problem:
Determine the range and null space of the linear transformation and
verify the rank nullity theorem
T: ℝ3 → ℝ4 by T(x, y, z) = (x-y+z, y-z, x, 2x-5y+5z)
Solution:
Given that T:ℝ3 → ℝ4 by T(x, y, z)=(x-y+z, y-z, x, 2x-5y+5z)
Clearly Dim (ℝ3 ) =3
Let 𝛼 ∈ ℝ3 ⇒ 𝛼 = (x, y, z) ∈ ℝ3
Suppose 𝛼 ∈ N (T)
T (𝛼) = 0
T(x, y, z) = 0
(x-y+z, y-z, x, 2x-5y+5z ) = (0, 0, 0, 0)
x - y + z =0
y - z = 0,
x = 0,
2x - 5y + 5z = 0
∴ x = 0, y = z =k(say)
N (T) = {(x, y, z) = (0, y, y) = (0, k, k) = k (0, 1, 1)∈ ℝ3 , k is
arbitrary}
∴ every element of N(T) can be spanned by a singleton set
{(0, 1, 1)}
∴ Basis of N (T) = {(0, 1, 1)}
∴ Dim(N (T)) = Nullity (T) = 1
To find the rank of T
Standard basis of ℝ3 is S = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}
Now T (1, 0, 0) = ( 1 - 0 + 0 , 0 – 0 , 1, 2 - 0 + 0) = (1, 0,1, 2)
T (0, 1, 0) = ( 0 – 1 + 0, 1-0, 0 , 0-5+0) = (-1, 1,0,-5)
T (0, 0, 1) = (0 – 0 + 1, 0 - 1, 0 , 0-0+5) = (1, -1,0,5)

1 0 1 2
Let A = −1 1 0 −5
1 −1 0 5

1 0 1 2
~ 0 1 1 −3 R 2 → R 2 + R1 ,R 3 → R 3 − R1
0 −1 −1 3
 1 0 1 2
~ 0 1 1 −3 R 3 → R 3 + R 2
0 0 0 0
Therefore rank of A is = 2 (number of non-zero row)
And basis of R (T) = {(1, 0, 1, 2), (0, 1, 1,-3)}
Rank (T) = 2
Therefore we know that the rank nullity theorem is, Dim (T) =
Rank (T) + Nullity (T)
Here Nullity (T) = 1, Rank (T) = 2 and Dim (ℝ3 ) = 3
Dim (T) = 3, Rank (T) + Nullity (T) = 3
Hence Dim (T) = Rank (T) + Nullity (T)
Therefore the given linear transformation is satisfied the Rank
nullity theorem.
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Invertibility:
Inverse linear transformation:

If T1 : R n  R n and T2 : R n  R n are L.T. s.t. for every v in R n

T2 (T1 ( v ))  v and T1 (T2 ( v ))  v

Then T2 is called the inverse of T1 and T1 is said to be invertible

Note:
If the transformation T is invertible, then the inverse is
unique and denoted by T–1 .
Remark: (Existence of an inverse transformation)

Let T : R n  R n be a L.T. with standard matrix A,

Then the following condition are equivalent .

(1) T is invertible.
(2) T is an isomorphism.
(3) A is invertible.
Note:
If T is invertible with standard matrix A, then the standard
matrix for T–1 is A–1 .
Ex 4: (Finding the inverse of a linear transformation)

The L.T. T： R 3  R 3 is defined by

T ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  (2 x1  3x2  x3 , 3x1  3x2  x3 , 2 x1  4 x2  x3 )

Show that T is invertible, and find its inverse.

Soln:
The standard matrix for T
2 3 1  2 x1  3x2  x3
A  3 3 1  3x1  3x2  x3
2 4 1  2 x1  4 x2  x3
 2 3 1 1 0 0
 A I 3    3 3 1 0 1 0
 
 2 4 1 0 0 1 
.
1 0 0  1 1 0
G 0 1 0  1 0
. J .E


1  I

 A1 
 0 0 1 6  2  3

Therefore T is invertible and the standard matrix for T 1 is A1

 1 1 0
A1   1 0 1
 
 6  2  3
 1 1 0   x1    x1  x2 
T 1 ( v)  A1 v   1 0 1   x2     x1  x3 
    
 6  2  3 3   1
x 6 x  2 x 2  3 x3
In other words,
T 1 ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  ( x1  x2 ,  x1  x3 , 6 x1  2 x2  3x3 )
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 Transition Matrices:
T :V  V ( a L.T.)
B  {v1 , v2 ,, vn } ( a basis of V )
B'  {w1 , w2 ,, wn } (a basis of V )
A  T (v1 )B , T (v2 )B ,, T (vn )B  ( matrix of T relative to B)
A'  T ( w1 )B ' , T ( w2 )B ' ,, T ( wn )B '  (matrix of T relative to B' )
P  w1 B , w2 B ,, wn B  ( transitio n matrix from B' to B )

P 1  v1 B ' , v2 B ' ,, vn B '  ( transitio n matrix from B to B' )

 v B  Pv B ' , v B '  P 1 v B

T ( v)B  AvB
T ( v)B '  A' vB '
The way to get from v B ' to T ( v)B ' :
P 1 AP[ v]B '  [T ( v)]B '  A'  P 1 AP
Ex : Finding a matrix for a linear transformation
Find the matrix A' for T： R 2  R 2
T ( x1 , x2 )  (2x1  2x2 ,  x1  3x2 )
reletive to the basis B'  {(1, 0), (1, 1)}
Sol:
(1). A'  T (1, 0)B ' T (1, 1)B ' 
3
T (1, 0)  (2,  1)  3(1, 0)  1(1, 1)  T (1, 0)B '   
 1
  2
T (1, 1)  (0, 2)  2(1, 0)  2(1, 1)  T (1, 1)B '   
2
 3  2
 A'  T (1, 0)B ' T (1, 1)B '   
 1 2 
(2).
standard matrix for T ( matrix of T relative to B  {(1, 0), (0, 1)})
 2  2
A  T (1, 0) T (0, 1)  
 1 3 
transition matrix from B' to B
1 1
P  (1, 0)B (1, 1)B    
0 1
transition matrix from B to B'
1 1  1
P  
 0 1 
matrix of T relative B'
1 1  1  2  2 1 1  3  2
A'  P AP         
0 1   1 3  0 1   1 2 
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