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ZOO-3204 - A-06. Sampling Design

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21 views4 pages

ZOO-3204 - A-06. Sampling Design

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online3275
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Executing the Research Work P a g e | 6.

A-06. Sampling Design


A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given
population. It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would
adopt in selecting items for the sample. Sample design may as well lay down
the number of items to be included in the sample i.e., the size of the sample.
Sample design is determined before data are collected.

STEPS IN SAMPLE DESIGN


While developing a sampling design, the researcher must pay attention to the
following points:
1. Type of universe: The first step in developing any sample design is to
clearly define the set of objects, technically called the Universe, to be studied.
The universe can be finite or infinite. In finite universe the number of items is
certain, but in case of an infinite universe the number of items is infinite.
The population of a city, the number of workers in a factory and the like are
examples of finite universes, whereas the number of stars in the sky, listeners
of a specific radio programme, throwing of a dice etc. are examples of infinite
universes.
2. Sampling unit: A Sampling unit may be a geographical one such as state,
district, village, etc., or a construction unit such as house, flat, etc., or it may
be a social unit such as family, club, school, etc., or it may be an individual.
3. Source List: It is also known as ‘sampling frame’ from which sample is to
be drawn. It contains the names of all items of a universe. Such a list should
be comprehensive, correct, reliable and appropriate.
4. Size of Sample: This refers to the number of items to be selected from the
universe to constitute a sample. The size of sample should neither be
excessively large, nor too small. It should be optimum. An optimum sample
is one which fulfills the requirements of efficiency, representativeness,
reliability and flexibility. In case of larger variance usually a bigger sample is
needed. In deciding the sample size, the size of the population must be kept in
consideration. Costs also dictates the size of the sample.
Executing the Research Work P a g e | 6. 2

5. Parameters of interest: In determining the sample design, we must


consider the specific population parameters. For instance, we may be
interested in estimating the proportion of persons with some characteristic in
the population, or we may be interested in knowing some average or the other
measure concerning the population. There may also be important sub-groups
in the population about whom we would like to make estimates.
6. Budgetary Constraint: Cost considerations have a major impact upon
decisions relation the size and type of the sample.
7. Sampling Procedure: The researcher must decide the technique to be used
in selecting the items for the sample. There are several sample designs out of
which the researcher must choose one for his study. Obviously, it should have
a smaller sampling error.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SAMPLE DESIGN


The characteristics of a good sample design as under:
a) Sample design must result in a truly representative sample.
b) Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error.
c) Sample design must be viable in the context of funds available for the
research study.
d) Sample design must be such so that systematic bias can be controlled
in a better way.
e) Sample should be such that the results of the sample study can be
applied, in general, for the universe with a reasonable level of
confidence.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLE DESIGNS


There are different types of sample designs based on two factors
1) On the representation basis, the sample may be probability sampling
or it may be non-probability sampling.
a) Probability sampling is based on the concept of random
selection.
b) Non-probability sampling is ‘non-random’ sampling.
Executing the Research Work P a g e | 6. 3

2) On element selection basis, the sample may be either unrestricted or


restricted.
a) When each sample element is drawn individually from the
population at large, then the sample so drawn is known as
‘unrestricted sample’.
b) All other forms of sampling are covered under the term
‘restricted sampling’.

Non-probability Sampling:
Non-probability sampling is also known by different names such as deliberate
sampling, purposive sampling and judgement sampling. In this type of
sampling, items for the sample are selected deliberately by the researcher; his
choice concerning the items remains supreme. In other words, under non-
probability sampling the organizers of the inquiry purposively choose the
particular units of the universe for constituting a sample on the basis that the
small mass that they so select out of a huge one will be typical or
representative of the whole.
For instance, if economic conditions of people living in a state are to be
studied, a few towns and villages may be purposively selected for intensive
study on the principle that they can be representative of the entire state. Thus,
the judgement of the organizers of the study plays an important part in this
sampling design.
But if the investigators are impartial, the results obtained from an analysis of
deliberately selected sample may be tolerably reliable.
Executing the Research Work P a g e | 6. 4

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