SYLLABUS

BOTANY
(UNDER GRADUATE COURSE)

B. Sc. PART II
2022-23

Department of Botany
JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY JODHPUR
 B.Sc. Part – II
BOTANY 2023

Theory

Course Nomenclature Number Number of Maximum Minimum

of Papers Periods per marks marks
week

Paper I Taxonomy and 1 2 50

Embryology of
Angiosperms
54
Paper II Anatomy of 1 2 50
Angiosperms,
Economic
Botany and
Ethnobotany
Paper III Cell Biology, 1 2 50
Genetics, Plant
Breeding and
Evolution
PRACTICAL COURSE 6 75 27

Duration of examination of each theory papers 3 hours

Duration of examination of practicals 5 hours
 PAPER I: TAXONOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

Unit I: Diversity in plant form in annuals, biennials and perennials, Canopy architecture
in angiosperms: tree-origin, development, arrangement and diversity in size and
shape, Flower-modified shoot, structure and development of flower, Inflorescence-
types of Inflorescence.

Unit II: Angiosperms: Origin and evolution. Some examples of primitive angiosperms.
Angiosperm taxonomy; (Alpha-taxonomy, Omega-taxonomy, holotaxonomy)
Taxonomic literature. Botanical nomenclature; principles and rules; taxonomic
ranks, type concept, principle of priority. Classification of angiosperms; salient
features of the systems proposed by Bentham and Hooker and Engler and Prantl.

Unit III: Major contributions of cytology and molecular biology, phytochemistry and
taximetrics to taxonomy. Diversity of flowering plants as illustrated by members of
the families Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Capparidaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Rutaceae and Apiaceae.

Unit IV: Diversity of flowering plants as illustrated by members of the families

Asteraceae, Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Scrophulariaceae,
Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Musaceae and Poaceae.

Unit V: Embryology: Structure of anther and pistil. Development of the male and female
gametophytes; pollen-pistil interactions, self-incompatibility; Double fertilization;
Development of endosperm and embryo; Brief account of experimental embryology.
Basics of gene imprinting.

Suggested Laboratory Exercises

Field study of diversities found in leaf shapes, size, thickness and surface properties.
The following families are for detailed taxonomic studies:
(i) Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus, Delphinium
(ii) Papaveraceae: Papaver, Argemone
(iii) Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus, Saponaria
(iv) Capparidaceae: Capparis, Cleome
(v) Cucurbitaceae: Any cucurbit
(vi) Rutaceae: Citrus
(vii) Apiaceae: Coriandrum
(viii) Asteraceae: Helianthus,Sonchus
(ix) Acanthaceae: Adhathoda, Barleria
(x) Apocynaceae: Catharanthus, Thevetia, Nerium
(xi) Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis
(xii) Scrophulariaceae: Antirrhinum, Linaria
(xiii) Lamiaceae: Ocimum, Salvia
(xiv) Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pulchirrima, Ricinus
(xv) Musaceae: Musa
(xvi) Poaceae: Triticum
 Spots:

(i) Leaf: Simple and compound

(ii) Inflorescence: Cyathium, Verticillaster and Umbel
(iii) Fruits: Pepo, Caryopsis, Cremocarp and Hesperidium
(iv) Translator structure: Calotropis
(v) Study of placentation: Axile, Free-central, Parietal, Marginal and Basal [slides as
well as T.S. of ovary]
(vi) Structure of ovule: Orthotropus (slide), Anatropus (slide & in Calotropis, pea&
Dog flower), Campylotropus (slide & in Capparis, &Dianthus) and Amphitropus
(slide & in Ranunculus &Papaver)
(vii) Endosperm& embryo: Coconut and Ruminate in walnut &Sitafal. Embryo
developments (slides only)

Suggested Readings
Bhandari, M.M. Flora of Indian Desert.
Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. The Embryology of Angiosperms, 4th Revised and
enlarged edition, Vikas Publ., New Delhi, 2002.
Davis, P.H. and Heywood, V.H. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy, Oliver and Boyd,
London, 1963.
Fegerig K. and Vender Pifi The Principles of Pollination Ecology, Pergamon Press,
1979.
Gifford, E.M. and Foster, A.S. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, W.H.
Freemad and Company, New York, 1979.
Heywood, V.H. and Moore, D.M. (eds.) Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants,
W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1984.
Jeffrey, C. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
London, 1982.
Jones, S.D. Jr. and Suchsinger, A.E. Plant Systematic (2nd ed.) McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, 1986.
Maheshwari, J.K. Flora of Delhi, CSIR, New Delhi, 1963.
Redford, A.E.: Fundamentals of Plant Systematics, Harper and Row, New York, 1986.
Sharma, O.P. Taxonomy: Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Company Ltd., New Delhi 2000.
Singh, G. Plant Systematics – Theory and Practices, Oxford and IBH Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 1999.
Singh, V., Pandey, P.C. and Jain, D.K. Angiosperms, 2005, Rastogi Pub., Meerut.
 PAPER II: ANATOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS, ECONOMIC BOTANY AND
ETHNOBOTANY

Unit I: Anatomy of Angiosperms: Concept of stem cell in plants. Root system; Root
apical meristem; differentiation of primary and secondary tissues and their roles;
structural modification for storage, respiration, reproduction and for interaction with
microbes.

Unit II: Shoot system: The shoot apical meristem and its histological organization;
vascularization of primary shoot in monocotyledons and dicotyledons; cambium and
its functions; formation of secondary xylem, a general account of wood structure in
relation to conduction of water and minerals; characteristics of growth rings,
sapwood and heart wood; secondary phloem-structure, function relationship;
Periderm.

Unit III: Abnormal secondary growth and Leaf: Abnormal secondary growth in stems
due to abnormal origin and activity of cambium. Leaf: Internal structure in relation
to photosynthesis and water loss; adaptations to water stress; senescence and
abscission.

Unit IV: Economic Botany, Food plants: Rice, wheat, maize, potato, sugarcane. Fibers:
Cotton and Jute. Vegetable oils: Groundnut, mustard and coconut, General account
of sources of firewood, timber and bamboos. Beverages: Tea and coffee; Rubber.

Unit V: Spices and Condiments: General account. Medicinal plants with special
reference to Rajasthan: Aloe, Asparagus, Commiphora, Boswellia, Pedalium,
Zyziphus, Haloxylon, Tribulus, Vitex, and Withania. Ethnobotany: Introduction,
Methods of Ethnobotanical studies, knowledge of aboriginals in Rajasthan.

Suggested Laboratory Exercises

Anatomy:

(i) Types of simple and complex tissues: (Sunflower/ Sonchus, Cucurbit stem)
(ii) Dicot stem: Sunflower, Cucurbit, Nyctanthes, Bignonia, Leptadenia, Salvadora,
Boerhavia and Achyranthes,Capparis.
(iii) Monocot stem:Maize/ TriticumandDracaena
(iv) Dicot root: Tinospora
(v) Monocot root: Maize
(vi) Dicot leaf:NeriumandFicus
(vii) Monocot leaf:Maize / any other grass

Spots:
(i) Slide of above any plant material for anatomical study
(ii) Different types of stomata and thickening in xylem vessels (slides/photographs)
(iii) Medicinal plants/Ethnobotany specimens:
Medicinal plants: Aloe, Asparagus, Commiphora, TribulusandWithania
Ethnobotany: Abrus, Leptadenia, Calotropisand Crotalaria

Suggested Readings
Cutter, E.G. Plant Anatomy: Experiment and Interpretation, Part II. Organs, Edward
Arnold, London, 1971.
Esau, K. Anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1977.
Fahn, A. Plant Anatomy. 2nd ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1974.
Kocchar, S.L. Economic Botany in Tropics. 2nd ed. Mac-millan India Ltd., New Delhi,
1998.
Mauseth, J.D. Plant Anatomy, The Benjamin/Cummings Publ. Company Inc., Menloc
Park, California, USA, 1988.
Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S. and Subramanyam, N.S. A Text book of Economic Botany,
Wiley Eastern Ltd., New York, 1989.
Sharma, O.P. Hill’s Economic Botany (Late Dr. A.F. Hill, Adapted by O.P. Sharma),
Tata McGraw Hill Co., Ltd., New Delhi, 1996.
Simposon, B.B. and Conner-Ororzaly, M. Economic Botany Plants in Our World,
McGraw Hill, New York, 1986.
 PAPER III: CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND
EVOLUTION

Unit I: History of cell biology: Concept of cell and cell theory. Cell cycle and its
regulation. Mitosis and meiosis. Structural and Molecular organization of cell.
Structure and function of cell wall; plasmodesmata, plasma membrane; Golgi
complex, plastid, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, vacuoles and
nucleus.

Unit II: Chromatin organization: Organization and structure of chromosomes. Concept of

nucleosomes, chromatin remodeling. Types of chromosomes and determination of
sex in plants. Chromosome alteration: Structural alteration; deletion, duplication,
translocation, inversion; Numerical variation: aneuploidy and polyploidy.
Molecular basis of mutation: Spontaneous and induced, brief account of DNA
damage and repair. Introduction to epigenetics.

Unit III: Nature of inheritance; Laws of Mendelian inheritance and its exceptions.
Crossing- over and linkage analysis. DNA the genetic material: Structure and
replication, brief account of DNA- protein interaction. Definition of a gene-modern
Concept of gene (Promoter, coding sequences, terminator). RNA polymerases and
general transcription. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and basics of
gene regulation in eukaryotes.

Unit IV: Origin of Agriculture, Centers of origin of crop plants and centers of Diversity.
Concepts of Centers and Non-center (Harlan Hypothesis) Principles of plant
breeding- Domestication, Introduction, Selection, Clonal propagation,
Hybridization, Mutation breeding; Breeding work done on wheat; Green revolution;
Assessment and Consequences; Biodiversity and Conservation of germplasm.

Unit V: Theories of Evolution: Catastrophism, The Lamark’s theory, Darwin’s theory,

Evidences of organic evolution, mechanism of evolution. Origin of basic
biomolecules evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. and Origin of species.
Population genetics: Allele and genotype frequency, Hardy- Weinberg principles.

Suggested Laboratory Exercises

Cytogenetics/Genetics/Plant breeding/ Evolution:

1. Slide preparation of Allium root tips (mitosis) / Allium flower bud (meiosis)

Spots:
(i) Slides/Models/Photographs/Drawings: Cell structure and cell organelles:
Molecular organization of Plasmodesmata&plasmalemma, Chloroplast,
Mitochondria, Nucleus Nuclear pore complex, Peroxisome, Chromosomes (Types
and Solenoid Model), DNA- Physical & Chemical properties
(ii) Chart showing pure line and mass selection
(iii) With the help of seed samples explain the principles involved in the following
ratio: 3:1, 1:2:1, 1:1, 9:3:3:1, 9:7 and 12:3:1
(iv) Hardy-Weinberg’s Principle
(v) Photographs with names, “Scientific Contribution of Darwin, Lamarck, de-
VriesVavilov, J.R. Harlan
(vi) Chromosomal Abbreviation (Numerical & Structural)
Suggested Readings
Alberts, B., Bray, D. Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, I.D. Molecular Biology
of cell. Garland publishing Co., New York, USA
Chaudhary, H.K. Elementary principles of plant Breeding, Oxford & IBH Publishing
New Delhi.
Gupta, P.K. A Textbook of cell and Molecular Biology, Rastogi Publications,
Meerut,1999
Gupta, P.K. Cytology, Genetics, Evolution and plant Breeding, Rastogi, Publication,
Meerut,2000.
Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Darnell, J.
Molecular Cell Biology, W.H. Freeman & Co. New York, USA
Miglani, G.S. Advanced Genetics ,Narosa publishing Co., Inc., USA
Russel, P.J. Genetics. The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Co., Inc., USA
Shukla, R.S. and Chandel, P.S. Cytogenetics, Evolution and Plant Breeding,
S.Chand&Co.Ltd., New Delhi
Singh B.D. Textbook of plant Breeding. Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana,1999
Sinha, U. and Sinha, S. Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Evolution, Vikas Publishing
House, New Delhi, 1997
Sunstand, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA20
 Practical Examination Scheme
B.Sc. Part – II (Botany)

Time: 5 hours Max. Marks: 75

Min. Pass Marks: 27
Regular Ex–Student
Q.1 (a) Describe the given flower in botanical terminology language with 08 09
floral diagram and floral formula, mentioning special features of
identification. Cut a T.S. of anther/ovary/ovule of the same flowerand
describe the arrangement of anther and ovule from taxonomical point of
view.
(ए) जदए गए पष्ु प को वनस्पजत शब्दावली िाषा में पष्ु प आिे ि औि पष्ु प सत्रू के साथ वणमन
किें , जवशेष जवशेषताओ िं का उल्लेि किते हुए पहिान किें । जदए गए पष्ु प के
पिागकोष/अडिं ाशय/ बीिािंड का एक अनप्रु स्थ काट काटें तथा वजगमकी की दृजि से पिागकोश
औि बीिािंड की व्यवस्था का वणमन कीजिए ।
(b) Prepare a temporary slide of given material 03 04
(gynoecium/androecium/embryo). Draw a labeled diagram and comment
according to embryological point of view.
(बी) दी गई सामग्री (िायािंग/ पक
िंु े सि/भ्रणू ) की एक अस्थायी स्लाइड तैयाि किें । एक
नामािंजकत जित्र बनाइए औि भ्रौजणकी दृजिकोण के अनसु ाि जटप्पणी कीजिए।
Q.2 Cut a T.S./V.S. of given stem/root/leaf and make a double- 11 13
stained slide of the same. Draw labeled diagrams (outline &
cellular) and identify with special features.
जदए गए तना/िड़/पत्ती का अनप्रु स्थ/उदग्र काट काटें औि उसकी जि-अजिििंिीत स्लाइड
तैयाि किें । नामािंजकत जित्र (आिे िीय औि कोजशकीय) बनाएिं औि जवशेष जवशेषताओ िं के
साथ पहिानें।
Q.3 Prepare a suitable smear of the given material 11 13
to observe mitosis/meiosis. Draw labeled diagrams of any two visible
stages. Submit the slide for evaluation.
समसत्रू ी जविािन/अर्मसत्रू ीजविािन के जनिीक्षण हेतु दी गई सामग्री का एक उपयक्त ु स्मीयि
तैयाि किें । जकन्हीं दो दृश्य अवस्थाओ िं के नामािंजकत जित्र बनाइए । मल्ू यािंकन के जलए स्लाइड
िमा किें ।
Q.4 Spots (Three from each paper) प्रादशम (प्रत्येक पेपि से तीन) 27 27

1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5
Q.5 Viva voce / मौजिक परिक्षा 06 09

Q.6 Practical records / प्रायोजगक अजिलेि 09 00

Total / कुल 75 75

12