10MSP REVISION

POLYNOMIALS & VECTORS

POLYNOMIAL REVISION

1. Consider 𝑔(𝑥) = −3𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 7 and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 + 9

a. What is the degree of 𝑔(𝑥)?
b. What is the coefficient of 𝑥 2 in 𝑔(𝑥)?
c. What is the leading term of 𝑔(𝑥)?
d. Find 𝑔(3)
e. What is the degree of ℎ(𝑥)?
f. What is the coefficient of 𝑥 in ℎ(𝑥)?
g. What is the constant term of ℎ(𝑥)?
h. Find ℎ(−1)
i. Simplify ℎ(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)

2. If 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 7, find the value of 𝑎 which makes 𝑃(2) = 𝑃(−2)

3. For the following, find and simplify 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥):

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 6 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 7
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 8 − 𝑥 2

4. Use the null factor law to solve:

a. (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
b. (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4) = 0

5. Solve the following equations by factorising:

a. 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 = 0
b. 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 5 = 0
c. 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4 = 0

6. Using the discriminant, determine the number of real solutions for the following:
a. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
c. −𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 0

7. Use the quadratic formula to solve the following equations, leaving your answer in surd form if it does not simplify:
a. 8𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 = 0
c. 9𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 16 = 0
d. 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
e. 3𝑥 2 = 1 + 6𝑥
f. 2𝑥 2 = 3 − 4𝑥

8. For the following, use the remainder theorem to find the remainder when 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 3 is divided by
a. 𝑥 + 1
b. 𝑥 − 2

9. Confirm your answers to Q9 by using polynomial division.

10. Use factor theorem to decide which of the following are factors of 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 25𝑥 2 + 26𝑥 + 120
a. 𝑥 − 2
b. 𝑥 + 2
11. Use factor theorem to show that the first polynomial is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥), and hence, use polynomial division and
factorising to find all the factors of 𝑓(𝑥):
a. (𝑥 + 1), 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 15
b. (𝑥 + 2), 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10

12. For the cubic polynomials in Q12, determine the solutions for 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.

13. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 6:

a. Use the factor theorem and trial and error to find a linear factor
b. Use polynomial division to find the remaining factor
c. Hence, determine the solutions to 𝑓(𝑥)

14. Find the value of 𝑎 for which 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 𝑎.

15. If 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is divisible by both (𝑥 − 2) and (𝑥 + 4), determine 𝑎 and 𝑏.

16. Determine the sum and product of the roots of the following:
a. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0
b. 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4 = 0
c. 4 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0
d. 4 − 3𝑥 2 = 0

17. If 𝑥 = 1 is a root of 𝑏𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5
a. Find the value of 𝑏 using your understanding of factor theorem.
b. Find the value of 𝑏 using the sum and product formulas.

18. If one root of the equation 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 is three times the other, find the value of 𝑘.
ANSWERS TO POLYNOMIAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1.
a. 5 f. 0
b. −4 g. 9
c. −3𝑥 5 h. 16
d. 𝑔(3) = −731 i. 3𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 + 2
e. 4
2. 𝑎 = −1
3.
a. 6𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 c. 2𝑥 12 + 6𝑥 11 − 2𝑥 6 − 6𝑥 5
b. −27𝑥 13 + 45𝑥 11 − 6𝑥 9 + 10𝑥 7
4.
1
a. 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = −3 b. 𝑥 = − ,𝑥 = 4
2
5.
1 1 5 2
a. 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = b. 𝑥 = ,𝑥 = c. 𝑥 = (twice)
3 2 3 3
6.
a. 2 b. 0 c. 1
7.
3 3 −4±√8 −2±√2
a. 𝑥 = − ,𝑥 = d. 𝑥= =
4 2 4 2
−2±√24 6±4√3 3±2√3
b. 𝑥= = −1 ± √6 e. 𝑥= =
2 6 3
4
c. 𝑥= f. 𝑥=
−4±√40
=
−2±√10
3
4 2
8.
a. −13 b. 11
9.
𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +7𝑥−3 13
a. = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 10 − , so the remainder = −13
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +7𝑥−3 11
b. = 𝑥2 + 7 + , so the remainder = 11
𝑥+1 𝑥−2
10.
a. 𝑃(2) = 72, therefore (𝑥 − 2) not a factor
b. 𝑃(−2) = 0, therefore (𝑥 + 2) is a factor

11.
a. 2(−1)3 + 9(−1)2 − 8(−1) − 15 = 0, therefore (𝑥 + 1) is a factor. Using polynomial division, the other
factor is (2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 15) = (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5). As such, 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 15 = (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)
b. (−2)3 + 3(−2)2 + 7(−2) + 10 = 0, therefore (𝑥 + 2) is a factor. Using polynomial division, the other factor
is (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5). This quadratic cannot be factorised. Thus, 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5)
12.
3
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has three solutions: 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = , 𝑥 = −5
2
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has one solution: 𝑥 = −2
13.
a. 𝑓(−2) = 0, therefore (𝑥 + 2) is a factor. Alternatively, 𝑓(3) = 0, therefore (𝑥 − 3) is a factor

2𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −13𝑥−6 2𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −13𝑥−6
b. = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 Alternatively: = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2
𝑥+2 𝑥−3
2𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −13𝑥−6
Alternatively, if found both factors: (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 is a factor: = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
1
c. 𝑥 = −2,3, −
2

14. 𝑎 = −2
15. 𝑎 = −12, 𝑏 = 16
16.
a. 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 3, 𝛼 × 𝛽 = −5 c. 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −5, 𝛼 × 𝛽 = −4
1 4
b. 𝛼 + 𝛽 = , 𝛼 × 𝛽 = −2 d. 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 0, 𝛼 × 𝛽 = −
2 3
17.
a. 𝑏 = 2 b. 𝑏=2
18. 𝑘 = 12
BINOMIAL THEOREM REVISION

1. Use the binomial theorem to expand and simplify:

a. (𝑥 − 2)4

b. (3𝑥 + 5)6

c. (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)5

2. For the expression (2 + 𝑥)4 , determine the coefficient of the 𝑥 3 term.

3. For the expression (4𝑥 3 − 9)5 , determine the coefficient of the 𝑥 12 term.

4. For the expression (2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )6 , determine the coefficient of the 𝑥 9 term.

5. For the expression (6𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 −3 )4 , determine the coefficient of the 𝑥 −5 term.

ANSWERS TO BINOMIAL THEOREM REVISION

1.
a. 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 16
b. 729𝑥 6 + 7290𝑥 5 + 30,375𝑥 4 + 67,500𝑥 3 + 84,375𝑥 2 + 56,250𝑥 + 15,625
c. 𝑥 10 + 20𝑥 9 + 160𝑥 8 + 640𝑥 7 + 1280𝑥 6 + 1024𝑥 5
2. 8
3. −11,520
4. 160
5. −3000
VECTOR REVISION

1. Sketch a diagram of the following situations:

a. A plane travels 500km south and then 300km east.
b. A person drives 25km north-west and then 7km east.
c. A person cycles 3km west and then 2km south-east

2. Sketch the following vectors on the Cartesian plane:

a. 𝒖 = 2𝒊 + 3𝒋
b. 𝒗 = −𝒊 − 4𝒋
c. 𝒘 = 3𝒊 − 5𝒋
d. 𝒛 = −5𝒊 + 𝒋

3. For the vectors in Q2, state the value of the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components.

4. The vector 𝒗 is defined by going from A to B. If 𝒗 = 𝑎𝒊 + 𝑏𝒋, determine the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 for the following:
a. A (1,1) to B (3, 5)
b. A (−7, −3) to B (−8, −8)
c. A (5, − 5) to B (2, −2)
5. If vector 𝒂 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 and vector 𝒃 = −𝒊 + 3𝒋, use a diagram to find:
a. 𝒂 + 𝒃
b. 𝒂 − 𝒃
c. 2𝒂 − 3𝒃
d. −4𝒂 + 𝒃

6. Using your diagram, what are the answers to Q5 in component form?

7. Convert the following vectors to component form:

a. (2, 30°)
b. (5, 135°)
c. (3, −113°)
d. (8, 340°)

8. For the following vectors

i. Find the magnitude (length) of the vector.
ii. Find the angle the vector makes with the positive 𝑥-axis.
iii. Hence, determine the polar form of the vector.
a. 𝒖 = 3𝒊 + 2𝒋
b. 𝒗 = −𝒊 − 4𝒋
c. 𝒘 = 3𝒊 − 5𝒋
d. 𝒛 = −5𝒊 + 𝒋

9. If 𝑣 = −5𝒊 + 2𝒋 and 𝑤 = 3𝒊 − 4𝒋, find the following (do not draw a diagram):
a. 𝒗 + 𝒘
b. 𝒗 − 𝒘
c. 5𝒗 − 2𝒘
d. 3𝒗 + 4𝒘
e. 7𝒘 − 6𝒗
ANSWERS TO VECTOR REVISION QUESTIONS
1.
a. b. c.
7
3

500 2
25

300
2.

𝒗 𝒘

3.
a. 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 3
b. 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −4
c. 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −5
d. 𝑥 = −5, 𝑦 = 1
4.

a. 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 4
b. 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −5
c. 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 2
𝒂

𝒃
5.

−𝟒𝒂 + 𝒃

𝒂+𝒃

𝒂−𝒃

𝟐𝒂 − 𝟑𝒃

6.
a. 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 2𝒊 + 𝒋 c. 2𝒂 − 3𝒃 = 9𝒊 − 13𝒋
b. 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 4𝒊 − 5𝒋 d. −4𝒂 + 𝒃 = −13𝒊 + 11𝒋

7.
a. √3𝒊 + 𝒋 c. −1.17𝒊 − 2.76𝒋
5 5 5√2 5√2 d. 7.52𝒊 − 2.74𝒋
b. − 𝒊+ 𝒋=− 𝒊+ 𝒋
√2 √2 2 2
8.
a. c.
i. Magnitude = √13 ≈ 3.61, i. Magnitude = √34 ≈ 5.83,
ii. 𝜃 = 33.69°, ii. 𝜃 = −59.03° 𝑜𝑟 300.96°,
iii. Polar Form = iii. Polar Form = (√17, −59.03°) or
(√13, 33.69) 𝑜𝑟 (3.61,33.69°) (√17, 300.96°) or (5.83, −59.03°) or
b. (5.83,300.96°)
i. Magnitude = √17 ≈ 4.12, d.
ii. 𝜃 = −104.04° 𝑜𝑟 255.96°, i. Magnitude = √26 ≈ 5.1,
iii. Polar Form = (√17, 255.96°) ii. 𝜃 = 168.69,
or (√17, −104.04°) or iii. Polar Form = (√26, 168.69) or
(4.12,255.96°) or (4.12, −104.04°) (5.1,168.69°)
9.
a. −2𝒊 − 2𝒋 d. −3𝒊 − 10𝒋
b. −7𝒊 + 6𝒋 e. 51𝒊 − 40𝒋
c. −31𝒊 + 18𝒋