UNIT - 3

Unit-03/Lecture-01
Difference operators

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 Unit-03/Lecture-01

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 Unit-03/Lecture-01

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 Unit-03/Lecture-02

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 Unit-03/Lecture-02

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 Unit-03/Lecture-02

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 Prove that  2  x Ee x RGPV,JUNE 2014 2
e x
 E 
 e . 2e x
 
Q. 2 Prove that (I)  2  x Ee x RGPV,JUNE 2011 7
ex  
 E 
e . 2e x
 
(II) ehD  1  

Q.3 Prove with the usual notations that RGPV,DEC 2010 7

1 1 1
(I)( E 2  E 2 )(1  ) 2  2  
(II) Express y  3x3  x 2  x  1 in factorial function and hence
show that 3 y  18

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 Unit-03/Lecture-03
Interpolation(Newton forward)
Consider the points xj, xj + h, xj + 2h, . . ., and recall that

where is any real number. Formally, one has (since )

which is Newton's forward difference formula. The linear and quadratic (forward) interpolation
formulae correspond to first and second order truncation, respectively. If we truncate at n-th
order, we obtain

which is the case if f is a polynomial of degree n.

example :- consider the difference table of f (x) = sin x for x = 0°( 10°)50°:

Since the fourth order differences are constant, we conclude that a quartic approximation is
appropriate. (The third-order differences are not quite constant within expected round-offs, and
we anticipate that a cubic approximation is not quite good enough.) In order to determine sin 5°
from the table, we use Newton's forward difference formula (to fourth order); thus, taking xj = 0,

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 Unit-03/Lecture-03

we find and

MISSING TERM METHOD:-

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 Unit-03/Lecture-03

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 Derive Newton’s forward interpolation formula. JUNE 2014 2

Q. 2 Define interpolation and write the Newton’s Forward and DEC 2014 2
Backward interpolation formula.
Q. 3 Find f(9) from the following table: JUNE 2011 7
X 5 7 11 13 17
F(x) 150 392 1452 2366 5202
Q. 4 Find the number of mem getting wages between Rs. 10 and RGPV DEC 7
Rs. 15 from the following data: 2013, JUNE
Wages in 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 2010
(Rs.)
Frequency 9 30 35 42

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 Unit-03/Lecture-04
Backward formula
1. Newton's backward difference formula

Formally, one has (since

which is Newton's backward difference formula. The linear and quadratic (backward)
interpolation formulae correspond to truncation at first and second order, respectively. The
approximation based on the fj-n, fj-n+1, . . . , fj-1, fj is

Newton-Gregory Backward Difference Interpolation polynomial:

If the data size is big then the divided difference table will be too long. Suppose the desired

intermediate value at which one needs to estimate the function falls towards the end or say (
in the second half of the data set then it may be better to start the estimation process from the last data 1
set point. For this we need to use backward-differences and backward difference table. 1
Let us first define backward differences and generate backward difference table, say for the data set .
1
)
First order backward difference is defined as:

Second order backward difference is defined as:

(11.2)
In general, the order backward difference is defined as
(11.3)

In this case the reference point is and therefore we can derive the Newton-Gregory backward
difference interpolation polynomial as:

(12)

Where
For constructing as given in it will be easier if we first generate backward-difference table.
The backward difference table for the data is given below:

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 Unit-03/Lecture-04

Example: Given the following data estimate using Newton-Gregory backward difference
interpolation polynomial:

i 0 1 2 3 4 5

0 1 2 3 4 5

1 2 4 8 16 32

Solution:
Here

Newton Backward Difference polynomial is given by

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 Unit-03/Lecture-04
Let us first generate backward difference table:

.1

=17.39135 (13.5)

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 Define interpolation and write the Newton’s Forward and RGPV DEC 2
Backward interpolation formula. 2014

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 Unit-03/Lecture-05
Central interpolation formula

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 Unit-03/Lecture-05

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 Unit-03/Lecture-05

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 The following table gives the normal weights of babies RGPV DEC 7
during the first 12 months of life 2014
Age in 0 2 5 8 10 12
months:
Weights 7 1 10 1 15 16 18 21
in lbs 2 4
Estimate the weight of the baby at the age of 7 months.
Q.2 What do you mean by interpolation? The following table gives RGPV JUNE 7
the amount of a chemical dissolved in water: 2013
Temperature 100 150 200 250 300 350
solubility 19.97 21.51 22.57 23.52 24.65 25.89
Using suitable interpolation estimate the amount dissolved at
220 .

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 Unit-03/Lecture-06
Lagrange’s formula

The La-grange's Interpolation Formula is given as,

Example : Compute f(0.3) for the data

x 0 1 3 4 7
f 1 3 49 129 813
using Lagrange's interpolation formula (Analytic value is 1.831)

(x - x1) (x - x2)(x- x3)(x - x4) (x - x0)(x - x1) (x - x2)(x - x3)

f(x) = f0+ . . . + f4
(x0 - x1) (x0 - x2)(x0 - x3)(x0 - x4) (x4 - x0)(x4 - x1)(x4 - x2)(x4 - x3)

(0.3 - 1)(0.3 - 3)(0.3 - 4)(0.3 - 7) (0.3 - 0)(0.3 - 3)(0.3 - 4)(0.3 - 7)

= 1+ 3+
(-1) (-3)(-4)(-7) 1 x (-2)(-3)(-6)

(0.3 - 0)(0.3 - 1)(0.3 - 4)(0.3 - 7) (0.3 - 0)(0.3 - 1)(0.3 - 3)(0.3 - 7)

49 + 129 +
3 x 2 x (-1)(-4) 4 x 3 x 1 (-3)

(0.3 - 0)(0.3 - 1)(0.3 - 3)(0.3 - 4)

813
7x6x4x3
= 1.831

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 Unit-03/Lecture-06
3. Find f(2) for the data f(0) = 1, f(1) = 3 and f(3) = 55.

x 0 1 3
f 1 3 55

Solution :

(x - x1) (x - x2) (x - x0)(x - x1)

f(x) = f0+ . . . + f2
(x0 - x1) (x0 - x2) (x2 - x0)(x2 - x1)

(2 - 1)(2 - 3) (2 - 0)(2 - 3) (2 - 0)(2 - 1)

f(2) = 1+ 3+ 55
(0 - 1) (0 - 3) (1 - 0)(1 - 3) (3 - 0)(3 - 1)

f(2) = 21

4. Find f(3) for

x 0 1 2 4 5 6
f 1 14 15 5 6 19

(3 - 1)(3 - 2)(3 - 4)(3 - 5)(3 - 6) (3 - 0)(3 - 2)(3 - 4)(3 - 5)(3 - 6)

f(3) = 1+ 14+
(0 - 1)(0 - 2)(0 - 4)(0 - 5)(0 - 6) (1 - 0)(1 - 2)(1 - 4)(1 - 5)(1 - 6)

(3 - 0)(3 - 1)(3 - 4)(3 - 5)(3 - 6) (3 - 0)(3 - 1)(3 - 2)(3 - 5)(3 - 6)

15+ 5+
(2 - 0)(2 - 1)(2 - 4)(2 - 5)(2 - 6) (4 - 0)(4 - 1)(4 - 2)(4 - 5)(4 - 6)

(3 - 0)(3 - 1)(3 - 2)(3 - 4)(3 - 6) (3 - 0)(3 - 1)(3 - 2)(3 - 4)(3 - 5)

6+ 19
(5 - 0)(5 - 1)(5 - 2)(5 - 4)(5 - 6) (6 - 0)(6 - 1)(6 - 2)(6 - 4)(6 - 5)

f(3) = 10

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 Unit-03/Lecture-06
5. Find f(0.25) for
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
f 9.9833 4.9667 3.2836 2.4339 1.9177

By Lagrange's formula :

f(0.25) =

(.25 - .2)(.25 - .3)(.25 - .4)(.25 - .5) (.25 - .1)(.25 - .3)(.25 - .4)(.25 - .5)
9.9833+ 4.9667 +
(.1 - .2)(.1 - .3)(.1 - .4)(.1 - .5) (.2 - .1)(.2 - .3)(.2 - .4)(.2 - .5)

(.25 - .1)(.25 - .2)(.25 - .4)(.25 - .5) (.25 - .1)(.25 - .2)(.25 - .3)(.25 - .5)
3.2836+ 2.4339 +
(.3 - .1)(.3 - .2)(.3 - .4)(.3 - .5) (.4 - .1)(.4 - .2)(.4 - .3)(.4 - .5)

(.25 - .1)(.25 - .2)(.25 - .3)(.25 - .4)

1.9177
(.5 - .1)(.5 - .2)(.5 - .3)(.5 - .4)
f(0.25) = 3.912

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 Find the cubic polynomial ehich takes the following RGPV DEC 2
values: 2014
X 0 1 2 3

F(x) 1 2 1 10

Estimate the weight of the baby at the age of 7 months.

Q.2 Apply Lagrange’s formula to find f(15), if : RGPV DEC 2010 7
X 10 12 14 16 18 20
F(x) 2420 1942 1497 1109 790 540

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 Unit-03/Lecture-07
Divided difference formula
Newton Divided Difference Table:

It may also be noted for calculating the higher order divided differences we have used lower order divided
differences. In fact starting from the given zeroth order differences ; one can
systematically arrive at any of higher order divided differences. For clarity the entire calculation may be
depicted in the form of a table called

Newton Divided Difference Table.

Again suppose that we are given the data set and that we are interested in finding the
order Newton Divided Difference interpolynomial. Let us first construct the Newton Divided Difference
Table. Wherein one can clearly see how the lower order differences are used in calculating the higher
order Divided Differences:

Example: Construct the Newton Divided Difference Table for generating Newton interpolation
polynomial with the following data set:
i 0 1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4

0 1 8 27 64

Solution:
Here . One can fit a fourth order Newton Divided Difference interpolation polynomial to the given
data. Let us generate Newton Divided Difference Table; as requested.

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 Unit-03/Lecture-07

Note: One may note that the given data corresponds to the cubic polynomial . To fit such a data
order polynomial is adequate. From the Newton Divided Difference table we notice that the fourth order
difference is zero. Further the divided differences in the table can be directly used for constructing the
Newton Divided Difference interpolation polynomial that would fit the data.

Exercise: Using Newton divided difference interpolation polynomial , construct polynomials of

degree two and three for the following data:

(1) f(8.1) = 16.94410, f(8.3)=17.56492 , f(8.6) = 18.50515, f(8.7) = 18.82091.

Also approximate f(8.4).

(2) f(0.6) = -0.17694460 , f(0.7) = 0.01375227 , f(0.8) = 0.22363362 , f(1.0) = 0.65809197.

Also approximate f(0.9).

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q. 1 Apply Newton’s divided difference formula to find RGPV JUNE 2014, 7
the value of f(9) from the following table: DEC 2013, JUNE
X 5 7 11 13 17 2010
F(x) 150 392 1452 2368 5202
Q. 2 Using Newton’s divided difference formula to find RGPV DEC 2010 7
the value of f(9) from the following table:
X 3 5 11 27 34
F(x) -13 23 899 17315 35606

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 Unit-03/Lecture-08
Numerical differentiation

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 Unit-03/Lecture-08

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 Unit-03/Lecture-8

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q. 1 dy RGPV JUNE 2014 7
Find at x=1.1 from the following table:
dx
X 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
y 0 0.128 0.544 1.296 2.432 4.000
Q. 2 dy RGPV JUNE 2011 7
Find at x=1.5 from the following table:
dx
X 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y 3.375 7.0 13.625 24.0 38.875 59.0

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 Unit-03/Lecture-9

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 Unit-03/Lecture-9

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 Unit-03/Lecture-9

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 Unit-03/Lecture-9

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

’
Q.1 Find f (x) and f’’(x) at x=6 given that RGPV,DEC. 7
X 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.52014
F(x) 9.69 12.9. 16.71 21.18 26.37 32.34 39.15
Q. 2 A sloder in a machine moves along a fixed straight rod. Its RGPV,DEC 2013 7
distance x cm. Along the rod is given below for various
values of the time t-second . find the velocity of the slider
and its acceleration when t=0.3 second.
t 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
x 30.13 31.62 32.87 33.64 33.95 33.81 33.24
Q. 3 A rod is rotating in a plane. the following table gives the RGPV JUNE 2010 7
angle Ө (radians) through which the rod has turned for
various values of the time t second:
t 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Ө 0.00 0.12 0.49 1.12 2.02 3.20 4.67
Calculate the angular velocity and acceleration of the rod
when t=0.6 second

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 Unit-03/Lecture-10
Numerical integration

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 Unit-03/Lecture-10

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 Unit-03/Lecture-10

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 Unit-03/Lecture-10

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 S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks
Q.1 6
dx RGPV,DEC 2014, 7
Evaluate 1 x
0
2
by using Weddle’s rule. Hence JUNE 2013

obtai the approxi ate value of Π.

Q. 2 0.6
1 RGPV,JUNE 2014 3
 e dx by Simpson
x 2
Evaluate the integral rule
0
3
Q. 3  RGPV,DEC. 2013 7
2
1
Calculate the value of 0 sin xdx by Simpson 3 rule
using II ordinates.
Q. 4  RGPV,JUNE 2011 7
2
Evaluate 
0
cos x dx

1
(i) Using Simpson rule
3
(ii) Using Weddle’s rule.
Q. 5 A river is 80 ft. Wide. the depth d in feet at a distance x RGPV,JUNE 2010 7
ft from one bank is given below by the following table:
X 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Y 0 4 7 9 12 15 14 8 3
Find approximately the area of the cross section.

Reference
Book Author

Higher Engg. Mathematics B.S.Grewal

Engg. Mathematics - III Dr. D.C.Agarwal
Engg. Mathematics - III H . K. DASS

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