How do current and voltage behave in a series connection?

Trivial Questions
How do current and voltage behave in a parallel connection?
What is current? How is it measured?
What is voltage mismatch in a series connection?
What is voltage? How is it measured?
What is current mismatch in a series connection?
What is resistance? How is it measured?
What is voltage mismatch in a parallel connection?
What is Ohm’s law?
What is current mismatch in a parallel connection?
What is power in terms of other measurements?
What is the zenith angle and how is it denoted?
What are Newton’s Laws of Motion?
What is the elevation angle and how is it denoted?
What is force in terms of other measurements?
What is the latitude angle and how is it denoted?

Basic Questions What is torque in terms of other measurements?

What is the equation for adding resistances in series? How much torque can a linear force provide?

What is the equation for adding resistances in parallel? What types of energy does a motor convert between?

What is a voltmeter? How does it function? How do DC motors work?

What is an ammeter? How does it function? What is voltage proportional to in a DC motor?

What is an ohmmeter? How does it function?

Harder Questions
What are solar cells? How do they function?
When can the max current be supplied in a solar cell?
What is a diode? How do they function?
When can the max voltage be supplied in a solar cell?
What are the features of a very basic solar cell model?
What is linear momentum in terms of other measurements?
What factors does the power output of a solar cell depend on?
What is angular velocity in terms of other measurements?
What is static friction?
What is angular momentum in terms of other measurements?
What is kinetic friction?

What are three different types of friction? What are they?

What products are friction mainly dissipated as?

In what ways can dry friction behave towards motion?

At what angle does dry friction act to contact surfaces?

What factors are friction dependent on?

Normal Questions
How does Isc vary with respect to sunlight?

How does Voc vary with respect to sunlight?

What does the power output of a solar cell depend on?

At what point along the current-voltage graph will a solar

module operate?

What does the power output of a solar cell depend on?

How is power rating normally done?

What measurement does a series connection increase in solar

cells?

What measurement does a parallel connection increase in solar

cells?
 Halving Jph in a solar cell is expected to decrease both Voc and
Glossary Isc, leading to a decrease in maximum power output. Higher Jph
values lead to greater current generation and can contribute to
The incident light energy refers to the amount of sunlight or higher power output.
solar radiation that falls onto the surface of a solar cell. It is
essentially the energy input that the solar cell converts into
electrical energy.
What will be the current and voltage of my solar cell? It
The connected load refers to the electrical load or external depends on the effective resistance of the load.
circuit connected to the solar cell. It represents the resistance or
impedance through which the electrical current generated by The solar module will operate at the point where the load curve
the solar cell flows. intersects with the module curve.

The zenith angle, 𝜃z, is the angle between the sun and the
vertical. The load curve shows how the solar cell behaves under varying
The elevation angle, 𝛼, is the angular height of the sun in the external loads, while the module curve specifically depicts the
sky measured from the horizontal. overall performance of the photovoltaic module.

Dry friction: forces between contacting surfaces, e.g. between An increase in temperature can slightly increase the current but
a tire and the road. drastically decrease the voltage. An increase in temperature can
decrease the voltage of certain electrical components or
Fluid friction: due to viscous stresses in fluids, e.g. between a systems due to several reasons, including:
vehicle and the air.
Resistance Increase: Many materials used in electrical
Internal friction: due to inelastic deformation in solids, e.g. components, such as conductors and semiconductors, have a
when you crash into a vehicle. positive temperature coefficient of resistance, meaning their
resistance increases with temperature. When the resistance of a
Example Questions component increases, it can lead to a higher voltage drop
across that component for the same current flowing through it,
Ohm's law states that the potential drop across a resistor is effectively reducing the voltage available to the rest of the
equal to the product of the current flowing through the resistor circuit.
and the resistance of the resistor: V = IR

A circuit consists of a single voltage source and a single The expression represents a relationship between the angular
resistor. When 20V is fed through the circuit, a current of 10A speeds (rotational speeds) and the number of teeth of gears in a
is measured through the resistor. What is the measured current gear system.
if a voltage of 30V is fed through the circuit?
𝑁1𝜔1=𝑁2𝜔2
Short-Circuit Current (Isc): At the point where the voltage (V)
is zero, the solar cell operates under short-circuit conditions, 𝜔 denotes angular velocity.
meaning there is no external load connected across it. At this
point, the current (I) is at its maximum value, denoted as Isc.
The solar cell delivers its maximum current output when short- In a solar cell, a galvanometer serves as a measuring
circuited because there is no resistance to limit the current instrument used to detect and measure the flow of electric
flow. current. Its primary function is to indicate the presence and
Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc): At the point where the current (I) is direction of current within the circuit.
zero, the solar cell operates under open-circuit conditions, In a solar cell's current-voltage (IV) graph, sacrificing some
meaning no current flows through an external circuit. At this speed can be likened to sacrificing some voltage in exchange
point, the voltage (V) is at its maximum value, denoted as Voc. for an increase in current generation.
The solar cell generates its maximum voltage output when
open-circuited because there is no current flow to cause Charge flow out of a battery would increase if resistors were
voltage drop across the cell. added in parallel, since there are more pathways for current to
go.
Maximum Power Point (Pmax): The maximum power point
(Pmax) of the solar cell is the point on the I-V curve where the
product of current and voltage (P = I * V) is maximized. This Current Voltage
point typically lies between the short-circuit current (Isc) and Modules The current is limited Voltages are added
the open-circuit voltage (Voc). At Pmax, the solar cell operates in Series by the lowest current together
most efficiently in terms of power output. Modules Currents are added The voltage is limited
in together by the lowest voltage
Parallel
If you halve Jph, what is the change in Voc and Isc? What
happens to the maximum power?