Spring 2012

Question No: 50 ( Marks: 5 )

Solve by using the Newton Raphson method up to one iteration
(Note: Accuracy up to four decimal places is required)

Answer:

Q: Evaluate the integral By Trapezoidal Rule, h=0.2

Answer:
X 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Y= (x+1) 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Using trapezoidal rule, taking h=0.2

 Q: Evaluate the integral By Simpson`s 3/8 rule. Take the

interval h=1.

Answer:
X 3 4 5
Y=(sin x+ cos x) 1.0509 1.0673 1.0833

Q: Using Milne’s method find y(0.1) dy/dx=x-y/x+y, Y(0)=1.

Answer:

Q: yʹ =2t+3y then find next two derivatives w.r.t t or y.

Answer:

w.r.t t 2nd dravative Y’’ = 2 3rd dravative Y’’’ = 0

w.r.t y. 2nd dravative Y’’ = 3 3rd dravative Y’’’ = 0

Q: Make backward difference table from;

X 0 3 4

Y 4 7 9

Q:Solve by Gauss-elimination method:

1 0 8/3 x 8

0 -1 1/3 y = 0

0 0 -1/3 z 1

Q: Find y by Euler’s method when x=1, dy/dx=1/x+y, y(0)=1, h=1

Answer:

Q: Evaluate the integral by Simpson’s 1/3 rule , taking interval

of .

Answer:
X 0

Y=(sin x+ 1) 1 1.7071
 2012 paper1:
Q.1. State the sufficient condition of convergence of the iterative solution to the
exact solution? 2m
Answer: page 72
A sufficient condition for convergence of the iterative solution to the exact solution is

i=1, 2...n When this condition (diagonal dominance) is true, Jacobi’s

method converges

Q.2. Evaluate the integral Using trapezoidal rule

Take h=1…..2m
Answer:
X 3 4 5

Y= 0.602 0.698 0.778

logx+1 0 9 1
Using trapezoidal rule, taking h=1

Q3. Write the formula for finding the value of k1 in the fourth order R-K Method.
2m
Answer: page 205
Q4. Write Adam-Moulton’s Predictor formula for finding the solution of a
differential equation. 2m
Answer: page 223

Q5. Obtain numerically the solution of y` = x2 +2x+y2, y (0) =1 Using Euler’s method
to find y at x=1, h=1 …. 3m
Answer:
Y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Y1 = 1+ (1) (1+1)
Y1 = 1+2=3
Q6. If f(2)=-2.6146 and f(3)=4.7610, then find the first approximation using the
Regula-Falsi method? 3m
Answer:

Q7. If in a solving a giving differential equations

……3m

Answer:
Q8. Find F(h), using Richardson’s extrapolation limit, while finding
…………..3m
Answer:

Q.9

take h=1………5m
Answer:
X 0 1 2 3
Y=(x2+x) 0 2 6 12
Q10. Construct a backward difference table from the following values of x and
y…..5m
x -1 0 1 2 3
Y=f(x) 10 2 10 62 80
Answer:
x Y=f(x) y
-1 10
0 2 -8
1 10 8 16
2 62 52 44 28
3 80 18 -34 -78 -106

Q11. From the following table of values, construct forward difference table…..5m
X 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
y 1.000 1.0247 1.0488 1.0724 1.0954
Answer:
x Y=f(x) y
1.00 1.000
1.05 1.0247 0.0247
1.10 1.0488 0.0241 0.0006
1.15 1.0724 0.0236 -0.0005 -0.0011
1.20 1.0954 0.023 -0.0006 -0.0001 0.0000

Q12. Use Runge-Kutta Method of order four to find the values of k1k2k3k4 for the
initial value problem
y/= ½(2x3 +y),y(1)=2 taking h=0.1…………….5m
Answer:
2012 Paper2
Q1. Obtain numerically the solution of y/=x+y2,y(0)=2 Using Euler`s method to find
y at x=1, h=1….2m
Answer:
Q2. If f(0)=3 and f(1)=9, then the next approximate value of the function using
secant method….2m
Answer:

Q3. Write a backward difference formula of D2f(x)….2m

Answer:

Q4. Write a formula for Simpson’s 1/3 rule……2m

Answer:

Q5.

…..3m

Answer:
X 3 4 5
Y=(log x+ x) 3.477 4.602 5.6989
1 0
 Q6. Write the two steps of solving the linear equations using Gaussian Elimination
method….3m
Answer:
In this method, the solution to the system of equations is obtained in two stages.
I) the given system of equations is reduced to an equivalent upper triangular form using
elementary transformations
ii) The upper triangular system is solved using back substitution procedure

Q.7

….3m

Answer:

Q.8

…..3m

Asnwer:
x 0 1 2 3
Y=(x2 + x) 0 2 6 12
Q.9

…..5m

Answer:
x 0 1 2 3
Y=(x + 1) 1 2 3 4

Q10. Find the dominant Eigen-value and the corresponding eigenvector of the
matrix

….5
m
Answer:
Q11. From the following table of values, construct backward difference table….5m
X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
F(x) 1.10517 1.22140 1.34986 1.49182
 Answer:
x F(x)
0.1 1.10517
0.2 1.22140 0.11623
0.3 1.34986 0.12846 0.01223
0.4 1.49182 0.14196 0.0135 0.0012
7

Q12. Evaluate the integral

….5m
Answer:
x 0 1 2 3 4
Y=(x2 + 1) 1 2 5 10 17

2 Marks Questions:
Q. Evaluate the integral

Using Simpson’s 1/3 rule. Where

Answer:
x 0 1 2 3 4
Y= cos 2x 0 0.999 0.9975 0.9945 0.9902
3
Q. Difference between Jacobi’s Method and Gauss Seidel Method.
Answer:
The Jacobi method is a method of solving a matrix equation on a matrix that has no
zeros along its main diagonal. Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate
value plugged in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a
stripped-down version of the Jacobi transformation method of matrix diagonalization.
The Gauss-Seidel Method
With the Jacobi method, the values of obtained in the th iteration remain unchanged until
the entire th iteration has been calculated. With the Gauss-Seidel method, we use the new
values as soon as they are known. For example, once we have computed from the first
equation, its value is then used in the second equation to obtain the new and so on.

Q. if , then find next two derivation in term of t and/or y.

Answer:
w.r.t t 2nd dravative t’’ = 1 3rd dravative t’’’ = 0
w.r.t y. 2nd dravative Y’’ = 2 3rd dravative Y’’’ = 0

3 Marks Questions:
Q. Evaluate the integral

Using Simpson’s 3/8 rule. Where

Answer:
 X

Y=sinx 1.0 0.7071 0.0

Q. Use Ruge-Kutta method of order four to find value of and

for initial value problem.

Answer:
Q. Find the residuals by relation method

With starting vector (0,0,0)

Answer:
Re-arrange the equation:
6x1-3x2+x3=11
X1-7x2+x3=10
2x1+x2-8x3=-15
Thus, we get
R1=11-6x1+3x2-x3=11-6(0) +3(0)-(0) =11
R2=10-x1+7x2-x3=10-(0) +7(0)-(0) =10
R3=-15-2x1-3x2+8x3=-15-2(0)-3(0)+8(0)=-15
The largest residual in magnitude is R3

Dx3=
Similarly, we find the new residuals of large magnitude and relax it to zero,
and so on.

5 Marks Questions:
Q. Evaluate the integral

Using Simpson’s 3/8 rule. Where

Answer:
x 0 1 2 3
Y=(x2 + 1) 1 2 5 10
 Q. Solve by Gauss Seidel iterative method to 3 decimal place up
to
Two iterations

Answer:
The system is diagonally dominant
 Q. Evaluate the integral

Using Simpson’s 1/3 rule. Where

Answer:
x 0 1 2 3 4
Y=(x2 + x+2) 2 4 8 14 22
Q. Find the 2nd derivative of f(x) at x=0.3 using three point equation
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
f(x) 0.125 0.352 0.652 0.756 0.812 0.924
Answer:

Final 2013:
Q. Find Newton`s forward difference table from the following data

X 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

F(x) 1 0.9048 0.8187 0.7408 0.6703

…5m

Answer:

X Y=f(x)

0.0 1

0.1 0.9048 -0.0952

 0.2 0.8187 -0.0861 0.091

0.3 0.7408 -0.0779 0.082 -0.009

0.4 0.6703 -0.0705 0.074 -0.008 0.001

Q5.

…..3m
Answer:
X 3 4 5
Y=(log x+ 2) 2.477 2.602 2.6989
1 0

Q5.
 …..2m

Answer:
X 0

Y=(cos x+ 2) 3 2.707 2
1

Q. if F (h) =256.2354 and =257.1379, then find using Richardson`s

extrapolation limit….2m
Answer:

7. if in solving given differential equation, 0.1, ,,, h=1, y3=2 then find the y4 by Adam–
moulton’s predictor formula .

Answer:
12. using Adam-moulton’s predictor formula find the predicted value of f(0.4) from
ordinary differential equation y’=1+2xy; y(0)=0; h=0.1
x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3

y 0 .1007 .2056 .3199

Answer:
Q. using Adam-moulton’s predictor formula find the predicted value of f(0.4) from
ordinary differential equation y’=1+xy; y(0)=0; h=0.1
x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3

y 0 .1007 .2056 .3199

Answer:
 Q.2. Evaluate the integral Using trapezoidal rule

Take h= …..2m
Answer:
X 0

Y= cosx 1 0.707
1

Using trapezoidal rule, taking h=

 Q. obtain numerically the solution of

Answer:
Here: y(0)=2, x=1, h=1

Q5.

…..2m
Answer:
X

Y=sinx 1 0.707 0
1

Q. Prove that
 Answer:

Q.2. Evaluate the integral Using trapezoidal rule

Take h=1…..2m
Answer:
X 0 1 2

Y= (x2-3x+4) 4 2 2

Using trapezoidal rule, taking h=1

Q12. Evaluate the integral

….5m

Answer:
x 0 1 2 3 4
Y=(x2 + 2) 2 3 6 11 18
 Q. Evaluate the integral Using Simpson’s 3/8 rule. Take h=1 (5)

Answer:
x 0 1 2 3
Y=x 0 1 2 3

Final 2014
1- Write three equations for the following system of linear equation for Gauss Seidal
Approximation Method (2)

83x+11y-4z=95
7x+52y++13z=104
3x+8y+29z=71

2- Evaluate the integral

Using trapezoidal rule.

Take h=1 (2)
Answer:
X 3 4 5
Y=(log x+2) 2.4771 2.6020 2.6989

3- Write a formula for finding the value of k2 in fourth order R-K mrthod?(2)

Answer:

4- If y’=t2-y, then find the next two derivatives in terms of t and or/y. (2)
Answer:

w.r.t t 2nd dravative t’’ = 2t 3rd dravative t’’’ = 2

w.r.t y. 2nd dravative Y’’ = 1 3rd dravative Y’’’ = 0

5- Define intermediate value property? (3)

Answer:
If f(x) is a real valued continuous function in the closed interval a≤ x≤ b if f(a) and f(b)
have opposite signs once; that is f(x)=0 has at least one root β such that a≤ b≤ β
Simply
If f(x) = 0 is a polynomial equation and if f(a) and f(b) are of different signs ,then f(x)=0
must have at least one real root between a and b.
Numerical methods for solving either algebraic or transcendental equation are classified
into two groups.

6- If in solving a given differential equation,

Then find y4 by Milne’s Predictor formula. (3)

Answer:
 7- Evaluate the integral

Using trapezoidal rule. Take h=1. (3)

Answer:
X 0 1 2 3 4
2
Y=x 0 1 4 9 16

8- Obtain numerically the solution of

Y’=x2+2x+y2, y(6)=1
Using Euler’s method to find y at x=1, h=1. (3)
Answer:
 9- Using predictor formula find the predicted value of y(0,4) from ordinary differential
equation

Y’=x+y; y(0)=1, h=0.1

With the help of the following table (5)
X 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Y 1 0.9097 0.8375 0.7816
Answer:
 10- Use the regula-falsi to solve the equation :

F(x)=ex-3x=0. (Note only 1 iteration is required upto 4 decimal places is required) (5)
Answer:

11- Evaluate the integral

Using Simpson’s 1/3 rule (5)

Answer:
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Y=x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
 12- Find y(1) for the following initial value problem y y’=x, y(0)=2

Using simple Euler’s method, taking h=1 (5)

Answer:

what is Simpson's 3/8th rule.

Answer: The general formula for Simpson’s 3/8th rule is
3h/8[f0+3(f1+f2)+2f3+(3f4+f5)+2f6+…+3(fn-2+fn-1)+fn] Now if we have
to calculate the integral by using this rule then we can simply proceed just
write first and last vale and distribute all the remaining values with prefix 3
and 2 Like you have f0,f1,f2,f3,f4 Then the integral can be calculated as
3h/8[f0+f4+3(f1+f2)+2f4] If we have values like f0,f1,f2,f3,f4,f5 Then
integral can be calculated as 3h/8[f0+3(f1+f2)+2f3+3f4+f5] Similarly
proceeding in this fashion we can calculate the integral in this fashion

Question: what is classic runge-kutta method

Answer: The fourth order Runge-Kutta method is known as the classic formula of
classic Runge-Kutta method. yn+1=yn+1/6(k1+2k2+2k3+k4) Where
k1=hf(xn,yn) k2=hf(xn+h/2+yn+k1/2) k3=hf(xn+h/2,yn+k’2/2)
k4=hf(xn+h,yn+k3)

Question: What is meant by TOL?

Answer: The TOL means the extent of accuracy which is needed for the solution. If
you need the accuracy to two places of decimal then the TOL will be 10-
2 .similarly the 10-3 means that the accuracy needed to three places of
decimal. Suppose you have the root from last iteration 0.8324516 and
 0.8324525 if we subtract both and consider absolute value of the difference
0.0000009 now it can be written as 0.09*10-5 so the TOL in this case is 10-
5.similarly if we have been provided that you have to for the TOL 10-2 you
will check in the same way. In the given equation you will solve the
equation by any method and will consider some specific TOL and try to go
to that TOL. Some time no TOL is provided and you are asked to perform to
some specific no of iterations.

Question: what is meant by uniqueness of LU method.

Answer: An invertible (whose inverse exists) matrix can have LU factorization if and
only if all its principal minors(the determinant of a smaller matrix in a
matrix) are non zero .The factorization is unique if we require that the
diagonal of L or U must have 1’s.the matrix has a unique LDU factorization
under these condition . If the matrix is singular (inverse does not exists) then
an LU factorization may still exist, a square matrix of rank (the rank of a
matrix in a field is the maximal no of rows or column) k has an LU
factorization if the first k principal minors are non zero. These are the
conditions for the uniqueness of the LU decomposition.

Question: how the valu of h is calculated from equally spaced data.

Answer: Consider the following data x y 1 1.6543 2 1.6984 3 2.4546 4 2.9732 5
3.2564 6 3.8765 Here for h=2-1=3-2=1 x y 0.1 1.6543 0.2 1.6984 0.3
2.4546 0.4 2.9732 0.5 3.2564 0.6 3.8765 Here for the calculation of h =0.2-
0.1=0.3-0.2=0.1 I think so that you may be able to understand .
what is the relation ship between p=0 and non zero p in interpolation.
Answer: fp=fo+pDfo+1/2(p2-p)D2fo+1/6(p3-3p2+2p)D3fo+1/24(p4-6p3+11p2-
6p)D4fo+… This is the interpolation formula For the derivative you will
have to take the derivative of this formula w.r.t p and you will get
f’p=1/h{Dfo+1/2(2p-1)D2fo+1/6(3p2-6p+2)D3fo+…} Now put here p=0
f’p=1/h{Dfo+1/2(0-1)D2fo+1/6(0-0+2)D3fo+…} So the formula becomes
f’p=1/h{Dfo+D2fo/2+D3fo/3+…} so this is the relation ship between non
zero and zero p no when you have to calculate p the you use formula p=x-
xo/h so this is the impact of x.

Question: What is chopping and Rounding off?

Answer: Chopping and rounding are two different techniques used to truncate the
terms needed according to your accuracy needs. In chopping you simply use
the mentioned number of digits after the decimal and discard all the
remaining terms. Explanation (1/3 - 3/11) + 3/20=(0.333333…-
0.27272727..)+0.15=(0.333-0.272)+0.15 This is the three digit chopping.

Question: When the forward and backward interpolation formulae are used?
Answer: In interpolation if we have at the start then we use the forward difference
formula and the formula to calculate p is x-x0/h. If the value of x lies at the
end then we use Newton’s backward formula and formula to calculate the
 value of p is x-xn/h. Now I come to your question as in this case the value
lies at the end so 6 will be used as the xn. This procedure has been followed
by the teacher in the lectures. But some authors also use another technique
that is if you calculate the value of p and that is negative then the origin is
shifted to that value for which the value of p becomes positive. And then
according to that origin the values of differences are used and you need not
follow this procedure.

Question: What is forward and backward difference operator and the construction of
their table.
Answer: For forward Dfr =fr+1 –fr Df0 = f1-f0 In terms of y Dyr+1=yr+1-yr D
stands for the forward difference operator For backward Dfr =fr –fr-1 Df1 =
f1-f0 In terms of y Dy1=y1-y0 Here D stands for backwards operator Now
the construction of the difference table is based on X Y 1st forward 2nd
forward 3rd forward x1 Y1 Y2-Y1=Dy0 x2 Y2 Y3-Y2=Dy1 x3 Y3 Y4-
Y3=Dy2 x4 Y4 Now consider the construction of table for the backward
table X Y 1st forward 2nd forward 3rd forward x1 Y1 Y2-Y1=Dy1 x2 Y2
Y3-Y2=Dy2 x3 Y3 Y4-Y3=Dy3 x4 Y4 Dear student this is the main
difference in the construction of the forward and backwards difference table
when you proceed for forward difference table you get in first difference the
value Dy0 but in the construction of backwards difference table in the first
difference you get Dy1 and in the second difference in the forward
difference table you get D2 y0 and in the backward difference table the first
value in the second difference is D2 y1. I think so you have made it clear.

Question: What is Jacobi’s method?

Answer: Jacobi’s Method It is an iterative method and in this method we first of all
check either the system is diagonally dominant and, if the system is
diagonally dominant then we will calculate the value of first variable from
first equation in the form of other variables and from the second equation
the value of second variable in the form of other variables and so on. We are
provided with the initial approximations and these approximations are used
in the first iteration to calculate first approximation of all the variables. The
approximations calculated in the first iteration are used in the second
iteration to calculate the second approximations and so on.
What is the condition that a root will lie in an interval.
Answer: Suppose that you have a function f(x) and an interval [a,b]and you calculate
both f(a)and f(b)if f(a)f(b)<0 then there must exist a root for this function in
this interval.In simple words f(a) and f(b)must have opposite signs.

Question: How the divided difference table is constructed?

Answer: x y First difference Second difference Third difference 1 0.2 y0 y1-y0/x1-
x0=sy0 sy1- sy0/x2-x0=s2y0 s2y0-s2y1/x3-x0=s3y0 s3y1-s3y0/x4x0 =s4y0
2 0.69 y1 y2-y1/x2-x1=sy1 sy2- sy1/x3-x1=s2y1 s2y2-s2y1/x4-x1=s3y1 3
0.985 y2 y3-y2/x3-x2=sy2 sy3- sy2/x4-x1=s2y2 4 1.2365 y3 y4-y3/x4-
 x3=sy3 5 2.3651 y4 This is the complete table showing the central
differences . Here s stands for difference

Question: What is Gauss-seidel Method

Answer: It is also an iterative method and in this we also check either the system is
diagonally dominant and, if so then we proceed on the same lines as in the
Jacobi’s method. The difference in both is when we calculate a value of any
variable that is instantly replaced by the previous value. If we have initial
values like x1=0,x2=0 and x3=0 in the case of three variables in the first
iteration we will use all the three values to calculate x1 but to calculate the
value of x2 we will use the recent value of x1 which is calculated in the first
iteration.

Question: What is partial and full pivoting?

Answer: Partial and full pivoting, In gauss elimination method when you have any of
diagonal element aii zero it means the solution does not exist to avoid this
we change the equation so that a non zero pivot is achieved .Now you have
an argument matrix in which he elements in the first column are 1,3,4
respectively here in case of partial pivoting we will replace first element
with the last element it is done by replacing the first equation with last
equation it is known as partial pivoting. In full pivoting we change rows and
columns but that is not implemented manually it is used in computers.

Question: How the initial vector is choose in power method?

Answer: Choose the initial vector such that the largest element is unity. But no
problem with this you will precede with this vector as it is and will not
change it. In the given question the initial vector is provided so you have to
proceed with the given vector and will normalize this vector and
normalizing this vector you will keep in mind that the greatest value should
be unity. An eigenvector Vis said to be normalized if the coordinate of
largest magnitude is equal to unity Actually this condition is for the
normalization of the vectors when you have to normalize the vector you
keep in mind that the larget entery in the vector must be 1 and so you take
the largest element and divide the remaining values by the greatest value

What is meant by diagonally dominant system?

Answer: A system a1x+b1y+c1z=d1, a2x+b2y+c2z=d2, a3x+b3y+c3z=d3 is said to
be diagonally dominant if the following condition holds. |a1| => (greater or
equal) |b1|+|c1| |b2| => (greater or equal) |a2|+|c2| |c3| => (greater or equal) |
a3|+|b3|

Question: State the sufficient condition for the convergence of the system of equation
by iterative methods.
Answer: A sufficient condition for convergence of iterative solution to exact solution
is |a1| => (greater or equal) |b1|+|c1| |b2| => (greater or equal) |a2|+|c2| |c3|
 => (greater or equal) |a3|+|b3| For the system a1x+b1y+c1z=d1,
a2x+b2y+c2z=d2, a3x+b3y+c3z=d3 Similarly for the system with more
variables we can also construct the same condition

Question: The calculation for numerical analysis should be done in degree or radians.
Answer: All the calculation for numerical analysis should be done in radians not in
degrees set your calculator in radians mode and suppose the value of
pi=3.14.

Question: How we can identify that Newton forward or backwards interpolation

formula is to be used.
Answer: If the value at which we have to interpolate is in the start of the table then
we will use Newton’s forward interpolation formula if it is at the end of the
table then we will use the Newton’s backward interpolation formula.

Question: What is meant precision and accuracy?

Answer: Precision and accuracy are two terms which are used in numerical
calculations by precision we mean that how the values in different iterations
agree to each other or how close are the different values in successive
iterations. For example you have performed 3 different iterations and result
of all the iteration are 1.32514,1.32516,31.32518 these three values are very
precise as these values agree with each other . Accuracy means the closeness
to the actual value. Suppose that you have calculated an answer after some
iteration and the answer is 2.718245 and the actual answer is 2.718254 and
the answer calculated is very accurate but if this answer is 2.72125 then it is
not accurate.

What is meant by iterative methods?

Answer: The methods which need one or more iterations are known as iterative
methods like bisection method, Newton raphson method, and many other
methods.

Question: What is graphically meant by the root of the equation?

Answer: If the graph of a function f(x) =0 cuts the x-axis at a point a then a is known
as the root of the equation.

Question: Q. What is the difference between open and bracketing method?

Answer: In open methods we need only one initial approximation of the root that
may be any where lying and if it is not very close then we have to perform
more iteration and the example of open method is Newton raphson method.
In bracketing method we bracket the root and find that interval in which root
 lies means we need two initial approximations for the root finding.
Bisection method is an example of the bracketing method.

Question: Condition for the existence of solution of the system of equations.

Answer: If the |A| is not equal to zero then the system will have a unique solution if |
A|=0 then the system will have no solution

Question: Should the system be diagonally dominant for gauss elimination method?
Answer: The system of equation need not to be diagonally dominant for Gauss
elimination method and gauss Jordan method for both the direct method it is
not necessary for the system to be diagonally dominant .it should be
diagonally dominant for iterative methods like jacobie and gauss seidel
method.

What is a trance dental equation?

Answer: An equation is said to be a transcendental equation if it has trigonometric,
exponential and logarithmic function or combination of all these
functions.

Question: How the value of h is calculated in interpolation?

Answer: There are two types of data in the interpolation one is equally spaced and
other is unequally spaced in equally spaced data we need to calculate the
value of h that is calculated by subtracting any two consecutive values and
taking their absolute value.

Question: What is an algebraic equation?

Answer: An algebraic equation is an equation which is purely polynomial in any
variable. Supposed x2+3x+2=0, x4+3x2=0, y3+6y2=0 all are algebraic
equations as these are purely polynomial in x and y variable.

Question: What is Descartes rule of signs?

Answer: The number of positive roots of an algebraic equation f(x) =0 can not
exceed the no of changes in signs. Similarly the no of negative roots of
negative roots of and algebraic equation can not exceed the no of changes in
sign of equation f (-x) =0.

Question: What are direct methods?

Answer: The numerical methods which need no information about the initial
approximation are known as direct methods like Graffee’s root squaring
method.
What is direct methods of solving equations?
Answe Those methods which do not require any information about the initial
r: approximation of root to start the solution are known as direct methods. The
examples of direct methods are Graefee root squaring method, Gauss
elimination method and Gauss Jordan method.All these methods do not
require any type of initial approximation.

Question: What is Iterative method of solving equations?

Answer: These methods require an initial approximation to start. Bisection method,
Newton raphson method, secant method, jacobi method are all examples of
iterative methods

Question: If an equation is a transcendental, then in which mode the calculations

should be done?
Answer: All the calculations in the transcendental equations should be done in the
radian mode.

Question: What is the convergence criterion in method of iteration?

Answer: If be a root of f(x) =0 which is equivalent to I be any interval containing the
point x= and will converge to the root provided that the initial
approximation is chosen in I

Question: When we stop doing iterations when Toll is given?

Answer: Here if TOL is given then we can simply find the value of TOL by
subtracting both the consecutive roots and write it in the exponential
notation if the required TOL is obtained then we stop.

What is inherent error and give its example.

Answer: It is that quantity of error which is present in the statement of the problem
itself, before finding its solution. It arises due to the simplified assumptions
made in the mathematical modeling of a problem. It can also arise when the
data is obtained from certain physical measurements of the parameters of
the problem. e.g. if writing 8375 instead of 8379 in a statement lies in the
category of inherent error.

Question: What is local round-off error?

Answer: At the end of computation of a particular problem, the final results in the
computer, which is obviously in binary form, should be converted into
decimal form-a form understandable to the user-before their print out.
Therefore, an additional error is committed at this stage too. This error is
 called local round-off error.

Question: What is meant by local truncation error?

Answer: Retaining the first few terms of the series up to some fixed terms and
truncating the remaining terms arise to local truncation error.

Question: What is transcendental equation and give two examples.

Answer: An equation is said to be transcendental equation if it has logarithmic,
trigonometric and exponential function or combination of all these three.
For example it is a transcendental equation as it has an exponential function
These all are the examples of transcendental equation.

Question: What is meant by intermediate value property?

Answer: If f(x) is a real valued continuous function in the closed interval if f(a) and
f(b) have opposite signs once; that is f(x)=0 has at least one root such that
Simply If f(x)=0 is a polynomial equation and if f(a) and f(b) are of different
signs ,then f(x)=0 must have at least one real root between a and b.

What is the order of global error in Simpson’s 3/8 rule?

Answer: The global error in Simpson’s 3/8 rule is of the order of 0(h4).

Question: Which equation models the rate of change of any quantity with respect to
another?
Answer: An ordinary differential equation models the rate of change of any quantity
with respect to another.

Question: By employing which formula, Adam-Moulton P-C method is derived?

Answer: Adam-Moulton P-C method is derived by employing Newton’s backward
difference interpolation formula.

Question: What are the commonly used number systems in computers?

Answer: Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal

Question: If a system has the base M, then how many different symbols are needed to
represent an arbitrary number? Also name those symbols.
Answer: M 0, 1, 2, 3, … , M-1

Is the order of global error in Simpson’s 1/3 rule equal to the order of
global error in Simpson’s 3/8 rule?
Answer: Yes. The order of global error in Simpson’s 1/3 rule equal to the order of
global error in Simpson’s 3/8 rule.
Question: What is the order of global error in Trapezoidal rule?
Answer: The global error in Trapezoidal rule is of the order of 0(h2).

Question: What is the formula for finding the width of the interval?
Answer: Width of the interval, h, is found by the formula h=(b-a)/n

Question: What type of region does the double integration give?

Answer: Double integration gives the area of the rectangular region.

Question: Compare the accuracy of Romberg’s integration method to trapezoidal and

Simpson’s rule.
Answer: Romberg’s integration method is more accurate to trapezoidal and
Simpson’s rule