SSC GK

SSC GK BATCH 2.0

Chemistry
Is Matter Around Us
Pure
Lecture :- 1
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 SSC GK
SSC GK BATCH 2.0
Chemistry
Atom and It’s Structure
Lecture :- 2
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 SSC GK
SSC GK BATCH 2.0
Chemistry
Metal and Non-metal
Lecture :- 3
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 SSC GK
SSC GK BATCH 2.0
Chemistry
Periodic Table
Lecture :- 4
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 C
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PERIODIC TABLE

R
A
RM
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 Early Attempts

Dobberneir’s Law of Triads

-

I
Gave Triads Theory in 1817
I
Increasing atomic mass ->Middle atomic mass will be average of 1st and 3rd element

C
SS
8)
O
R
A
RM

Newland Law of Octaves

-

- In 1865
-
The law states that: when elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic mass,
PA

the properties of every eighth element resemble the property of the starting element.
Newlands arranged the elements in horizontal rows, with each row having seven elements
Based on Musical notes
->
I 2 3 4 567
 Newlands published his concept on 1864, however recognised in 1865. The law was
only true for elements upto Calcium. It failed for the following reasons:

1. The law was only applicable up to Calcium

2. With the discovery of rare gases, it was the ninth element and not the eighth
having similar chemical properties

C
SS
Mendeleeve’s Periodic Table
-

- The periodic table was created in 1869 by Dimitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist and
inventor
~
He arranged the 63 known elements at the time in order of their increasing relative
atomic masses
He divided the table into eight groups and seven periods

:
R
The law states that the properties of elements are a periodic function of their
relative atomic masses
A
RM

69 7
.

-
44 -
72 -
-

X
PA

Eka Boron ->44 (Scandium)

Eka Silicon -> 72 (Germanium)
Eka Aluminium -68
 C
SS
1.
n

R
Defects in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
e

The position of hydrogen not fixed

A
2. The increasing order of atomic weight is not maintained
3. Some elements in the same group differ in their properties
4. Lanthanides and actinides were not included in the table
RM

Modern Periodic Table

-

I
It is given by Henry Moseley in 1913
W
He said: Chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic number
PA

The modern periodic table contains: 18 Groups and 7 Periods

 ↓ Valence shell increases

C
↑
&

SS
->
G - -

⑧
-

LM
⑧ -> 2

⑧
, 8 ,
1 -

R -O
A
Period
↓IdddIt
- -

↑ ↓
pd: 6 -
13
->

O
RM

pd: 7 ->

c
-
Group 3rd
Hydrogen
Y
H Group 1A
1st group: Alkali Metals
.
2nd group: Alkaline Earth Metals
PA

/
Lanthanides and Actinides are collectively called as

mu
Group 15: Pnictogen
Pnictogens Inner Transition Metals
- Elements in these
Group 16: Chlcogen
Chalcogens
groups are known as
I
Group 17: Halogens
 Atomic Mass Exceptions
↓
Z H 1
1-
↓ ↓
Even Odd Be - 9
n

C
mass - 2Z 2Z + 1

↑ 3 N -> 14

SS
3
.5.5
Ar-40
Cl
17
18

Diagonal Relationships

S
-

R
This relationship is prominent among the lighter members of the second and third
periods
A
I A diagonal relationship in the periodic table is when two elements that are diagonally
adjacent in the second and third periods have similar properties
Some examples of diagonal relationships include:
RM

I Boron and silicon are both semiconductors

·
Li and Mg
·
Be and Al
1 pd 2
-

I
Carbon and phosphorous
2pd 8
-

3 pd 8
-

-
Mendeleevium: 101
4 th 18
PA

I
Sea Borgium: 106
5th 18
-

6th 32
--

Trends in Periodic Table

-

-
Atomic Size: increases down the group
-

-
Electronegativity: decreases down the group
-

/
Metallic Character: increases down the group
- -
 W Horizontal rows: Periods

- Vertical columns: Groups

>
Largest atomic radii: Lithium

= C
Position of non-metals in periodic table: on the right side

Nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons decreases down the group: the

SS
-

outermost electrons are farther away from the nucleus

Group 3-12 are called Transition elements: d-block

Mass no. of the titanium: 47.78

Mass no. of potassium: 39

R
Z = 19 x 2 + 1
A
Atomic no. of lead: 82

Atomic no. of Francium: 87

RM

Atomic no. of Gallium: 31 ↑

Gallium and Caesium melting point is low
↓
Atomic no. of Carbon: 6
-
element of Group 13
I
Low melting point: 303 K
Atomic no of Hydrogen: 1
I
Widely used in doping semiconductors and
PA

producing solid-state devices such as

/
Atomic no of Chromium: 24 transistors
I
Liquifies just above room temperature
I Atomic no of Sulphur: 16

/ Sodium is located on: left side of periodic table

↓
very reactive metal hence kept in Kerosene oil
-
Atomic mass of Oxygen: 16

I
Valency of Boron: 3

W Leftmost group of periodic table: Alkali metals

C
Cobalt belongs to group 9

: Group that consists of elements that are non-reactive, monoatomic, and low boiling

SS
points

- Electrons that are there in the outermost shell of a group 16 element: 6

R
A
RM
PA
 SSC GK
SSC GK BATCH 2.0
Chemistry
Acid, Base and Salts
Lecture :- 5
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 C
ACID, BASES AND SALT

SS
R
A
RM
PA
 - What are Acids and Bases?

Acids: Sour substance, Corrosive in nature

Types:
-> Has source

C
1. Organic acids: from nature
2. Mineral acids: eg: HCl, H24
SO , HNO3
↓
Corrosive

SS
Bases: Bitter substances

R
A
-
RM

- -
6-8% acetic acid and
Used as Preservatives
,Banana remaining water
-

, Tomato
PA

~
Lacto term used for milk products
 Indicators: indicates if anything is an Acid/Base
-

-> Algae + Fungus

Litmus Paper: Lichen
->

)
I
Purple dye
natural indicator ↓
Neutral

C
Belongs to Thallophyta
Blue to Red in Acid
Red to Blue in Base

SS
Phenolphthalein
-

Acid: Colourless
! A
Base: Pink smell

-
Methyl Orange
Acid: Red
R
A
Base: Yellow

Yellow stain curry

RM

* Red Brown stain

↓
when washed
however changes
to yellow again
PA

Due to Soap when dried

(Base)

-> How do acids and bases react with metals?

M A S H ↓
X few bases when react with metal IProduce H2 gas
↓ ↓ ↓
Metal Acid Salt Hydrogen
->How do metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates react with acids?

↑ Metal carbonate + Acid -> Salt + H2O + CO2

Na CO23
· + HCl -> NaCl + H2O + CO2
Quick lime
-
Ca(OH)2 + CO2- CaCO3 + H2O - -

CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2

C
↓ ↓
↳ Limestone
Lime water
↓ White
ppt Chalk

SS
Turns lime water Marble
milky

-> How do acids and bases react with each other?

A + B -> S + H2-
O R
Neutralisation reaction

↓
A
Exothermic (Heat evolved)
RM

Antacids: to neutralise the acidity in our stomach

I
Milk of magnesia - Mg(OH)2
PA

- Reaction of metallic oxide with acids

I
Base + Acid -> Salt + Water

-> Reaction of non-metallic oxide with base

-
Acidic + Base ->Salt + Water
-> What happens to an acid or base in a water solution?

HCl H + Cl
+ -

/ - >

H2O -> H3
O Hydronium ion

NaOH Na + OH -Hydroxide ion

+

C
->

More H O -> Concentrated

I
-

37
Less H3O -> Less acidic

SS
/

Acid is added to water vice versa is not possible

-
Acid Why?
as Highly exothermic

I . . . . . .

R HO
A
Water
RM

I
Those bases which dissolve in water are called as Alkali -> Corrosive
/ All alkali are based
↳ butnotnot
but vicethe vice versa
versa
PA

1.6 H3O I
OH
-

Milk of Magnesia
↓ ↑ * -> Sodium
0 Hydroxide

pH Scale: Power of Hydrogen -> gives strength of Acid or Base

↓
pH in German means: Potenz
 Importance of pH in our daily life

M Our body works in a pH of: 7-7.8

↑
pH in our digestive system: 1.6
~
pH change as a cause of Tooth Decay: 5.5 ↓
-
Use of pH by plants for self defence
Acid Rain: 5.6H
:

C
Saliva pH: slightly acidic (6.4)
Uses it as self-defence
↑
Blood pH: slightly alkaline (7.4) -
Nettle leaves (Herbaceous plant) -> Formic acid ->Methanoic acid
. Dock Plant neutralises Nettle leaves sting (basic in nature)

SS
↓
Planets: thick clouds of H SO Venus Present in Ant sting
out
-

Oil of Vitriol

Salts R
A
pH of salts
Less than 7 -> Acidic salt
More than 7->Basic salt
RM

·
Strong
Acid + Base Salt
M4 A + B ->Salt + Water (Acidic)

14
A + B - Salt + Water
Strong A + Strong B
(Basic)
Neutral salt
Strong A + Weak B Acidic salt
Weakstrong
A + Strong B Basic salt
PA

Common salt- raw material for chemicals

Rock salt -> NaCl
Table Salt -

Sodium Hydroxide
electrolysis
*
NaCl (aq) + H2O NaOH + Cl + H -> Chlor-alkali process
↓ 1
Brine cathode anode cathode
 Bleaching Powder
- used for making Bleaching
-
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2-> CaOCl2 powder
↓ ↓ ↓ Oxidising agent

Lime water Calcium Hypochlorite to make drinking water germ

free

C
Uses:
-

Chlorine: water purification

-
&
Cotton and linen: Textile industry and bleaching

SS
Paper factories: wood pulp bleaching

Baking Soda

-
NaCl + H22
O + CO + NH
3
->
R
NH4Cl + NaHCO3
↓
Baking Soda (common name)
A
-

-
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
Uses

--
1. Baking powder: Baking soda + edible acid (tartaric acid)
RM

2. Soda Acid fire extinguisher

3. Antacids
Heat/Water
-
NaHCO3 + H+-> CO24
PA

Washing Soda
A
-
·
2 NaHCO3 -> Na23
CO + H2O + CO2

-
Na25
CO + 10 H 2O -> Na 23
CO . 10 H2O
↓
Water of crystallisation
Uses of Washing Soda
-

1. To remove permanent hardness of water

2. Glass, soap and paper factories
3. To manufacture Sodium compounds ->Borax
->
4. As a Cleansing agent for domestic purpose Na2472
B O . 10 H O
↓
Used in Toothpaste/mouthwash

C
SS
Plaster of Paris
Gypsum: CaSO4. 2H O -> CaSO4. 1/2 H2O
2

.
↓
-

Plaster of Paris
373-273 -> 100 C

↑
Some more salts
-

-
Blue vitriol: CuSO4. 5H O
It
R
when heated: colourless
A
2

-
Green “ : FeSO4 .7H O
2

-
White “ : ZnSO4. 7H O
2

Epsom salt: MgSO↳ .7H O

RM

·
2

-
Potash Alum: KAl(SO42 ) .12H O
·
2

I Mohr’s salt: (NH42) Fe(SO) .6H O 2 2

↑ Sodium Benzoate: used as preservative in jam, tomato sauce

CH COOH
* 3
-
Ethanoic acid: Acetic acid
PA

W
Glauber salt: Na24
SO .10H O 2

-
Acid found in Spinach: Oxalic acid

-
Another folic acid: Pteroylglutamic acid

-
Citric acid: Oranges
&
Muriatic acid another name for Hydrochloric acid
↓
used in chlorides, fertilizers and dyes,
in electroplating and in the
photographic, textile and rubber
industries

C
M Bases used in window cleaner: Ammonium hydroxide

SS
↑ moist baking soda should be applied when ant bites

I
Litmus paper changes to blue color when put in soap water

I pH of water: 7

I
Double salt
-
R
Dolomite: formed from CaCO3+ MgCO3
A
I
Formula: CaMg(CO ) 32
RM
PA
 SSC GK
SSC GK BATCH 2.0
Chemistry
Carbon & It’s Compounds
Lecture :- 6
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 C
SS
CARBON AND IT’S COMPOUND

R
A
RM
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 Carbon
- -

↑ Atmosphere: 0.036%
+
↑
Earth crust: 0.02% -> C
I Atomic no: 6 -> 2, 4
↳ C4
4
-

+1
- e sharing
.

L
Alkali metals: Li, Na, K
1

C
I Halogen: 7
W+1 Covalent Bond

SS
Bonding in Carbon: The Covalent Bond
e

H*1
-
*H =-
O O O O =

-
Strength: weak
R
Nitrogen:
Low Melting Point/Boiling Point
N
: N
A
Allotropes of Carbon
Graphite: 1C 3C> -Slippery
RM

->

3Good conductor of electricity

I
Diamond: 1C -> 4C -Hardest substance known

-
Buckmister Fullerene: C 60
↓
PA

Arranged in football shape

Versatile Nature of Carbon

-

- Catenation: unique ability to form bonds with other carbon atom- Large molecule
↓
- -

C-C-C-C-C
Due to small size of C atom
/
ane: C-C single bond Saturated compounds
/
ene: C=C
- yne: C=C
-
> Unsaturated compounds

Alkane: Cn H2n
· +
2
I
Hydrocarbon-> C-H
I
Alkene: C Hzu
n

W
Alkyne: CnH2n -2

C
SS
Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

H I -H
H- ~H
H C-C H -
C=C
H-H
-

H - H
↓ ↓
ene
ane
↓
C H2n
n 1
R H-C=C-H
↳ yne
A
+
RM

Nomenclature
1C: Meth

:
2C: Eth I 23

3C: Prop Root: CH-CH-CH

3 2 3

4C: But
↳ continuation of Parent chain
↑

/
5C: Pent
PA

6C: Hexa
7C: Hepta
/ 8C: Octa
Chains, Branches, and Rings
Molecular formula same
-

-C
-
C-C-C-C C-C
-
-
C
Structure - Different

C-CI

C
-
C C -> cyclical -> C
n Hzu
↳ ~
C-C

SS
Isomers: compounds with identical molecular formula but different structural formula
-

-Difference in CH atoms

·
2
Homologous Series
Homogenous Series CH3OH, CH32
>
, CH OH, CH3CH CH OH
- 2 I

↓
H -1 H H

H
- , i
H H
R
H C-C-C H Same chemical properties
A
RM
PA
 Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
-

v
CH4: Methane
-

v
CH Cl: Chloro Methane
:

C
3
~
2 ·
CH3CH Cl: Chloroethane
Propane
z
CH3OH: Methanol
I

CH3CH OH: ·Propanol

Ethanol

SS
W -

2
W
CH3COOH: Ethanoic acid
-

W
HCOOH: Methanoic acid
-

~
> - -

R -
-
A
↑
Primary: CH32
- -
CH OH, CH5CHiCH2CHIOH
RM

·
Secondary: CH CH2CH CH2CH
;
-

OH

CH
-
- !?
Tertiary: CH3CH CH CH:CHs
OH
PA

Aromatic Compounds
-
I kI - Benzene -
Erich Huckel gave formula: 4n+2ne- C-C
->
↓ C=C
->

C=C 2π
-

For aromatic compounds

-
 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
-

1. Combustion:
-

CH32
CH OH + O2- CO2+ H O + Heat and light
2

↓
Exothermic
-
Saturated: burns with clear blue flame

C
-
Unsaturated: burns with yellow sooty flame
I
LPG: Propane + Butane
CNG: Methane

SS
-

2. Oxidation
-

Alkaline KMNO4
CH CH OH -> CH3COOH
KT Cr O
31 22
H
Ethanol Ethanoic acid

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: HI
R
3. Addition Reaction -> Hydrogenation
A
-

H-H
R -- R H 11

C=C
2
- R-C-C-R
R- R Ni/Pd II

R-R
RM

↓ -Unhealthy
↓
Vegetable oil saturated
healthier
↓ ↓Animal fats
unsaturated fatty acids

4. Substitution Reaction
PA

- Saturated Hydrocarbons ->are unreactive and inert

CHn2
+ Cl - CH3Cl + HCl [sunlight]

H
I
↳ further continued, then forms CHCl Chloroform
-

H-C-H ⑬
2

1 I
H Cl
 Some important Carbon Compounds- Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid

I
Ethanol ->Good solvent; used in Cough syrup
I Can be made from Sugarcane juice -> Molasses Fermentation
-> Ethanol
Tincture of Iodine
Conc. H SO4
CH CH OH -
32 CH2=CH2
2

443k
↓
H H Ethene

C
I I
H-C-C OH -

- W
H H

SS
Properties of Ethanol

Reactions of Sodium
W 2CH32
-CH OH + 2Na - >
CH32
CH ONa + H2

Properties of Ethanoic Acid

R in Vinegar: 5-8%
A
↓
↓ -
Commonly known as Acetic acid
Also known as Glacial Acetic Acid as Melting Point is 290 K
RM

↓
Freezes during winters

Reactions of Ethanoic Acid

PA

1. Esterification Reaction
I
Acid + Alcohol reaction COOR group -> Ester
Me
*
CH25- ean
COOH + OHCH CH +H O
CH>COOCH2CH 32
 2. Reaction with a base
CHs
· COOC H + NaOH CH3COONa
W > CH+ COONa
C22
H OH+ C H OH
↓
Saponification rkn
↓
For making soaps
I

C
Sodium salts of long
chain of carboxylic acids

SS
Detergent: Sodium
- salt of long chain Sulphonic acid

3. Reaction with Carbonates and Hydrocarbonates

2CH3COOH + Na23
CO -> 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
I

R
Alkylebenzene widely used in production of phenol: Cumene
A
&

-
Strong reducing agent used to reduce aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acid chlorides,
carboxylic acids and even carboxylate salts to alcohols: Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4)
RM

-
Two double carbon- carbon bonds are known as dienes

-
Isopentane also called 2-methylbutane and is branched structure with formula C5H12
↓
CH
PA

13
CH-CH-CH-CH
3 2 23

Nitromethane formula: CH NO

!
H
O
H-C-N
E
O
.

H
I
Sedimentation not used to purify organic compounds
I
Alkanes were earlier known as Paraffin

- Paradichlorobenzane
Be is used as fumigant insecticide to contra cloth moths and chemical
formula is: C642
H Cl

I Root is used to represent the no. of carbon atoms in the parent chain

C
↑ Examples of monosaccharides: Fructose (fruit sugar) and Glucose
I
Simplest form of Sugar

SS
-
Cereals: Maltose

-
Largest compound of natural gas: Methane (seen in Paddy field, they are Marsh gas)
↓
Also seen in where there are Termite

I Butane gas: C"10

H
R
A
! Alkane: C H
n 2n +
2

=2x4+2
RM

-
Three carbon molecules broken down from six-carbon molecules of glucose during the first
step in the process of nutrition in all organisms is called: Pyruvate
Cytoplasm
Glucose ->Pyruvate

- Dicholorodifluromethane: CCl22
F
PA
 SSC GK
SSC GK BATCH 2.0
Chemistry
Chemical Reactions
Lecture :- 7
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 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Dazzling white flame

white ppt.

Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide

Mg O MgO
Product
Reactants to balance oxygen

According to the LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS, in a chemical equation,

mass remains constant.

In a chemical reaction, bonds break and re-generate but the number of

atoms remains the same.

Example : to balance hydrogen

Fe + HO Fe O + H

to balance oxygen

to balance iron
 Types of chemical reactions

1. Combination Reactions

Compound Compound
New Compound

Two reactants combine to form a single product.

CaO + HO Ca (OH)
(quick lime) (slaked lime)

Vigorous reaction and heat evolves

Exothermic Reaction

applied on walls
Ca (OH) + CO CaCO
whitewashing
walls
(lime water) shiny finish
(Milky)
Marble

Outer part of egg CaCO Limestone

Chalk

CH + 2O CO + 2H O
exothermic
methane
evaporates
C + O CO (Burning of coal)
exothermic
 All combination reactions are not exothermic in nature.

Respiration is an exothermic reaction :-

CH O + 6O CO + 6H O + energy

Decomposition of waste is exothermic reaction.

2. Decomposition Reactions

A B A B

Reactant Product

Energy usually consumed in this reaction- ENDOTHERMIC

Eg. Pb(NO ) PbO + NO + O

heat

brown fumes evolve

thermal decomposition

Eg. Cu(NO ) CuO + NO

(blue) (black) (brown)

light
Eg. 2AgCl 2Ag + Cl
photochemical
light decomposition
2AgBr 2Ag + Br

used in black and white photography

Eg. FeSO . 7H O FeSO Fe O + SO + SO
(green)

Eg. CaCO CaO + CO

quick lime

used in cement industry

3. Displacement Reactions

Vicky Selmon-Katrina Vicky-Katrina + Selmon

Selmon displaced by Vicky

Eg. Fe + CuSO FeSO + Cu

Iron is more reactive than Copper

Cu + FeSO NO REACTION (Not feasible)

copper cannot displace iron as it is less reactive than iron.

4. Double Displacement Reaction

AB CD AD CB
 Na SO + BaCl BaSO + 2NaCl

exchange
of ions

5. Oxidation and Reduction Removal

of oxygen

addition
of oxygen

2Cu + O 2CuO (Oxidation)

copper oxidises

hydrogen oxidises
(Addition of oxygen)

CuO + H Cu + HO REDOX REACTION

copper reduces
(Removal of oxygen) both oxidation and
reduction takes place
simultaneously
 oxidation

ZnO + C Zn + CO REDOX REACTION

reduction

Day-to-Day Life Examples

1. Corrosion (Oxidation) :

in air
Fe Fe O
Rusting
iron oxide
(Reddish brown)

Cu CuCO
copper carbonate
(Green)

Ag Ag S
silver sulphide
(Black)

2. Rancidity :

When fats gain oxygen, it oxidises and thus causes rancid smell.

O NO gas

To prevent
oxidisation of
fats
Chips
Laws of Gases

1. Boyle’s Law (1662)

P 1 (At constant temp.)

V

PV = PV

2. Charle’s Law (1780)

V T (At constant pressure)

inflated balloon
balloon

3. Gay Lussac’s Law (Law of combining volume of gases)

P T (At constant volume)

(Blast)
Deo Deo
4. Dalton’s Law (Law of partial pressure)

Total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of partial pressure

of each gas.

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