Chapter - 2

Fluid Flow Kinematics

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Fluid Kinematics/Dynamics???
 Fluid Kinematics is Study of fluid motion:
a branch of fluid mechanics that deals with
the motion of fluid without considering to
force and mass.
– i.e. more on geometry of fluid motion

 Fluid Dynamics is Study of fluid motion:

the scientific study of the forces acting on
liquids or gases and the resulting
movements of these fluids.
• We define field variables which are functions of space
( x,y,z ) and time (t)

• There are two ways to describe motion:

Lagrangian & Eulerian

descriptions
Lagrangian description: To follow the path of individual objects.

This method requires us to track the position and velocity of each

individual fluid particle and take to be a particle of fixed identity.

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• A more common method is Eulerian description of fluid
motion.

• In the Eulerian description of fluid flow, a finite volume called

a flow domain or control volume is defined, through which
fluid flows in and out.

• Instead of tracking individual fluid particles, we define field

variables, functions of space and time, within the control
volume.

• The field variable at a particular location at a particular time is

the value of the variable for whichever fluid particle happens to
occupy that location at that time.
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• For example, the pressure field, the velocity field and
acceleration field can be defined as a vector field variables.

In the Eulerian description, one

defines field variables, such as the
pressure field and the velocity
field, at any location and instant in
time.

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Example 4-1

A steady, incompressible, two-dimensional

velocity field is given by

Determine if there are any stagnation points in

this flow field and, if so, where?

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Acceleration field

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 Local & convective acceleration

Convective (advective)
Local acceleration
acceleration

A B

Local acc. : change in velocity w.r.t. time at certain position.

Convective acc. : change in velocity at different positions ( w.r.t.
position) at the same time. 10
Acceleration components

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Example 4-3

a  ax i  a y j ay a
  tan 1 ay
a a x2  a y2 ax 
ax 12
 flow description
 Flow classifications
1. According to viscous effects: Ideal or Real
2. According to change with time: Steady or Unsteady
3. According to change with position: Uniform or Non-uniform
4. According to change with position: 1, 2 or 3 – Dimensional
5. According to mixing: Laminar or Turbulent
6. According to rotation: Rotational or Irrotational
7. According to compressibility: Incompressible or
Compressible

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According to viscous effects
IDEAL REAL
U

No-slip condition
0
0

u
Velocity
gradient

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 viscous and inviscid regions

Viscous (Real) flow regions: Flows in which the frictional effects are
significant.
Inviscid (Ideal) flow regions: In many flows of practical interest, there
are regions (typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where viscous
forces are negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure forces.

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 Uniform and Non uniform Flow:
Y Y

x x

Uniform Flow means that the Non- uniform Flow means velocity
velocity is constant at certain time in changes at certain time in different
different positions (doesn’t depend positions ( depends on dimension x or y
on any dimension x or y or z( or z(

 
0 uniform
x 
 
0
x  Non-uniform
According to change with time
A flow is said to be STEADY if the flow properties at a certain
location do not change with time.

STEADY UNSTEADY

t1
t2
t3

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 Steady flow occurs when conditions of a point in a flow field
don’t change with respect to time ( v, p, H…..changes w.r.t. time

 
0
 t 
steady

 
0 unsteady
 t 
H=constant
H ≠ constant

V=constant
V ≠ constant

Steady Flow with respect to time

Unsteady Flow with respect to time
•Velocity is constant at certain
•Velocity changes at certain position
position w.r.t. time
w.r.t. time
 Steady Vs Unsteady flow
 Steady: When flow characteristics/ parameters
such as velocity, density, pressure, acceleration
etc. do not change with time, i.e. /t=0,
v/t=0, p/t=0
 Example: Constant discharge flowing
through canal

 Unsteady: When parameters change with time,

i.e. /t≠0, v/t≠0, p/t≠0
 Example: Flood wave passing through river
Flow past cylinder

STEADY UNSTEADY

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According to change with position
Term one, two or three dimensional flow refers to the number of
space coordinated required to describe a flow
y

1-D 2-D 3-D

x
z

Axisymmetric 21
According to change with position

(Uniform) 2-D 1-D

2-D 3-D
According to rotation
If the fluid particles rotate about their axes, the flow is said to be
ROTATIONAL.

Irrotational Rotational
According to rotation
Examples: Real Flow
According to rotation
Examples: Linear Translation with Rotational
or Irrotational Flow

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According to rotation
Examples : Flow over cylinder

Irrotational
Rotational
According to rotation
Examples: Rotational Translation
Free & Forced Vortex

Irrotational Rotational
 rotational flow

Irrotational flow
 According to mixing
Laminar & Turbulent Flows
 Laminar flow: The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by
smooth layers of fluid.
 Turbulent flow: The highly disordered fluid motion that typically
occurs at high velocities and is characterized by velocity
fluctuations.
 According to mixing
Laminar
In turbulent & Turbulent
flow fluid properties are continuouslyFlows
changing with time
and space (i.e. complicated 3-D unsteady flow). The time-average
values are usually used to describe flow properties.
Velocity or Pressure

Turbulent

Transition
Laminar
time
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow

In Laminar Flow: In Turbulent Flow:

•Fluid flows in separate layers •No separate layers

•No mass mixing between fluid layers •Continuous mass mixing

•Friction mainly between fluid layers •Friction mainly between fluid and pipe walls

•Reynolds’ Number (RN ) < 2000 •Reynolds’ Number (RN ) > 4000

•Vmax.= 2Vmean •Vmax.= 1.2 Vmean

Vmean Vmean
Vmax Vmax
 According to compressibility


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Compressibility of Fluids
dp
Bulk Modulus: K K 

d


 dp is the differential pressure needed

to create a change in volume V by dV.
 Ev has units of pressure = F/area
 For water at 15 C: K = 2.15 X 109 N/m2
 For perfect gasses:
 Isothermal process: PV = const.
P1V1 = P2V2

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 Streamline, Pathline,
Streakline and Timeline

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Streamline:
A curve that is everywhere tangent to the instantaneous local
velocity vector.

Streamlines cannot be directly observed experimentally except

in steady flow fields.
Streamline:

Streamlines never Streamlines can’t

intersect follow sharp corners
 In steady flow : the streamlines are fixed in
space for all time.

 In unsteady flow : the streamlines are

changing from instant to instant.
Streamline Equation:

STREAMLINE
EQUATION
Example 4-4


solution

 
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40
Stream Tube:
A streamtube consists of a bundle of
streamlines.
Fluid within a streamtube is constant ( mass in
= mass out ) and cannot cross the boundary of
the streamtube. ( no mass mixing )
In an incompressible flow field, a streamtube (a) decreases in
diameter as the flow accelerates or converges and (b) increases in
diameter as the flow decelerates or diverges.
 Pathline:
The actual path traveled by an individual fluid particle over a time
period.

A pathline is a Lagrangian concept in that we simply follow the path

of an individual fluid particle as it moves around in the flow field.
 A line traced by an individual fluid particle :
 For a steady flow the pathlines are identical with the
streamlines.
 Streakline:
The locus of fluid particles that have passed sequentially through a prescribed
point in the flow.
 A streakline consists of all fluid particles in a flow
that have previously passed through a common
point. Such a line can be produced by
continuously injecting marked fluid (smoke in air,
or dye in water) at a given location.

For steady flow :

The streamline,
the pathline, and
the streakline are
the same
Streakline:
Streaklines are the most common flow pattern
generated in a physical experiment.
Streamline, Pathline & Streakline

Steady Flow
Streamline = Pathline = Streakline
 For steady flow, streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines are
identical.

 For unsteady flow, they can be very different.

 Streamlines are an instantaneous picture of the flow field
 Pathlines and Streaklines are flow patterns that have a time
history associated with them.
 Streakline: instantaneous snapshot of a time-integrated
flow pattern.
 Pathline: time-exposed flow path of an individual particle.
 Timeline:
A set of adjacent fluid particles that were marked at the same (earlier)
instant in time. In that sense, the timeline draws the velocity profile of
the flow field.
 Types of Motion or Deformation
of Fluid Elements:
 In order to be able to solve the flow
phenomenon, a governing equation must be
set to relate the fluid motion with the external
forces exerted by the solid surfaces. Hence,
the fluid motion has to be described first.
 A fluid element can undergo one or more of
the following motions or deformations at a
time:
a) Linear translation
b) Rotation translation,
c) Linear deformation (extensional strain)
d) Angular deformation.
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 Types of Motion or Deformation
of Fluid Elements:
 It is preferable in fluid dynamics to describe
the motion and deformation of fluid
elements in terms of rates such as
a) velocity ( u,v,w ) (rate of translation),
b) angular velocity ( ) (rate of rotation),
c) linear strain rate (rate of linear strain),
and
d) shear strain rate (rate of shear strain).
 In order for these deformation rates to be
useful in the calculation of fluid flows, we
must express them in terms of velocity and
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derivatives of velocity.
Rate of translation
The rate of translation vector is described mathematically as the
velocity vector.

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Rate of rotation
Rate of rotation ( angular
velocity) is defined by the
average rotation rate of two
initially perpendicular lines
that interest at a point

1
 ( a   b )
2
1 v u
z  (  )
2 x y

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The rate of rotation can be expressed or equal to the angular velocity
vector(  ):

1  w v  1  u w  1  v u 
     i     j    k
2  y z  2  z x  2  x y 

Note:
1  w v 
x  
  
2  y z 


1  u w 
    
2  z x 
y

1  v u 
z    
2 x y 

Rate of rotation
 The three dimensional rotation vector:

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The flow is side to be rotational if :

x or  y or  z  0

The fluid elements are rotating in space (see Fig. 4-44 )

The flow is side to be irrotational if :

x  y  z  0

The fluid elements don’t rotating in space (see Fig. 4-44 )

rotational flow

Irrotational flow
 Linear Strain Rate is defined as the rate of increase in
length per unit length.
 In Cartesian coordinates
u v w
 xx  ,  yy  ,  zz 
x y z

 Volumetric Strain Rate or Volumetric Dilation Rate

in Cartesian coordinates
u v w
Volumetric dilation rate   
x y z

 Since the volume of a fluid element is constant for an

incompressible flow, the volumetric strain rate must
be zero.
 Shear Strain Rate at a point is defined as half of the
rate of decrease of the angle between two initially
perpendicular lines that intersect at a point.

 Shear strain rate can be expressed in Cartesian

coordinates as:
1 v u 1 u w 1 w v
 xy  (  ),  zx  (  ),  yz  (  )
2 x y 2 z x 2 y z


 Angular deformation rate (  )
. v u . u w . w v
z   , y   , x  
x y z x y z
9- Vorticity ( ξ ):
Vorticity is a measure of rotation of a fluid particale
Vorticity is twice the angular velocity of a fluid particle

 w v 
x 
 y  z 

 

u w 
y  
  
 z x 

 v u 
z  
 x  y 

 
z
vz or uz

v θ or u θ
θ
r
vr or ur
10- Circulation ( Г ):

The circulation ( Г ) is a measure of rotaion and is defined as the line

integral of the tangential component of the velocity taken around a
closed curve in the flow field.

+ θ

. cos θ

NOTE:
The flow is irrotational if ω=0, ξ=0, Г=0
 Y
For 2-D Cartesian Coordinates u
u  dy
y

v
v dy + v dx
x
dx
x
u

v u
  d  udx  (v 
x
dx)dy  (u 
y
dy)dx  vdy

v u
(  ) dxdy
x y
  z . area
Г = ξ . area
 For 2-D Polar Coordinates

v r v
vr  d v  dr
 dr r
+ (r+dr)dθ
rdθ r
v
dθ dr
r vr
v vr
  vr .dr  (v  dr)(r  dr)d  (vr  d )dr  v .rd
r 
v v v
  v .drd  rdrd  dr 2 d  r drd
r r 
 v v 1 vr
      
area r r r 

v v 1 vr
   
r r r 
 Note:

rdθ

dr
dr.dθ
r
rdθ

dθ dr

Area=rdθ.dr+1/2 dr.dr.dθ

Area =rdr.dθ
Example 4-6

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Solution

1 v u
z  (  )
2 x y
or
1
 z  (0  0)  0 68
2
Solution

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Solution
 Shear strain rate:
1 v u
 xy  (  )  0,
2 x y
1 u w
 zx  (  )  0,
2 z x
1 w v
 yz  (  )  0
2 y z
u v w
Volumetric dilation rate   
x y z
 0.8  0.8  0  0
so, the flow is incompressible
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Vorticity in cartesian coordinates

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Example


SOLUTION

The flow is a rotational flow

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Example: comparison of 2 circular
flows

FORCED VORTEX FREE VORTEX

v v 1 vr v v 1 vr

     
r r r 
r r r  k k
      0  2   2  2 00
r r
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Example: line sink

v v 1 v r
   
r r r 
  000  0
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The is irrotational fkow

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