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IE Lec - 10

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13 views8 pages

IE Lec - 10

Uploaded by

sa9088150
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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In the name of Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful

Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST

Lecture 10

Diversion Head Works

1
Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST

Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST

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Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST
Causes of Failures of Weirs on Permeable Foundations
Due to Seepage or Sub-surface Flow
1. Piping or Undermining

2. Rupture of Floor by Uplift Pressure

Due to Surface Flow


1. By Suction due to Hydraulic Jump (i.e. Standing Wave)
2. By Scour on U/S and D/S of the Weir

Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST


Design of Impervious Floor
• Directly dependent on the possibilities of percolation in porous sub-soil
• Water from u/s percolates and creeps (or travel) slowly through the weir
base and sub-soil below it
• The head lost by creeping water is proportional to the distance it travels
(creep length) along the base of the weir profile
• The creep length must be made as long/big as possible so as to prevent
the piping action  can be achieved by providing deep vertical cut-offs or
sheet piles
• Rupture of Floor by Uplift Pressure

1. Bligh’s Creep Theory (1912)


2. Lane’s Weighted Theory (1932)
3. Khosla’s Theory (1936)

3
Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST
Bligh’s Creep Theory
Assumptions
1. Hydraulic slope or gradient is constant throughout the impervious
length of the apron i.e. impervious floor
2. Creep Length is the sum of horizontal & vertical creep
3. Stoppage of percolation by cut off (i.e. sheet pile) possible only if it
extends up to impermeable soil strata
Considerations
 For portion of floor upstream of barrier only nominal thickness
need to be provided since the weight of water will counterbalance
the uplift pressure
 A certain minimum length of impervious floor is always necessary
to the downstream of the barrier (thickness of downstream floor
for worst condition)

Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST


Bligh’s Creep Theory

4
Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST
Bligh’s Creep Theory

Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST


Bligh’s Creep Theory

5
Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST
Bligh’s Creep Theory (Example)

Note: Specific gravity of floor material is 2.24, and


Specific weight of water is 1 ton/m3
Solve it using Bligh’s Creep Theory

Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST


Bligh’s Creep Theory (Example)

6
Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST
Bligh’s Creep Theory (Example)

Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST


Bligh’s Creep Theory
Limitations
1. No distinction between horizontal & vertical creep
2. Hold good as long as horizontal distance between piles is greater
than twice their depth
3. Did not explain the idea of exit gradient - safety against
undermining cannot simply be obtained by considering a flat
average gradient but by keeping this gradient well below critical
4. No distinction between outer & inner faces of sheet piles or the
intermediate sheet piles, whereas from investigation it is clear that
the outer faces of the end sheet piles are much more effective than
inner ones
5. Loss of head does not take place in the same proportions as the
creep length. Also the uplift pressure distribution is not linear but
follows a sine curve
6. Does not specify the absolute necessity of providing sheet pile at
d/s, whereas it is essential to prevent undermining

7
Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST
Bligh’s Creep Theory vs Lane’s Weighed Creep Theory
Bligh recommended that in calculating creep length, the depth of
every cut-off be multiplied by a factor 2

 Bligh’s Creep Length is:


L = 2 d1 + L1 + 2 d2 + L2 + 2 d3
= (L2 + L1) + 2 (d1 + d2 + d3)
= b + 2 (d1 + d2 + d3)

Lane analyzed over 200 dams all over the world & proposed an
effective creep length is calculated by multiplying the vertical creep by
2 & adding it to 1/3 of the horizontal creep length
 Lane’s Creep Length is:
L = 2 d1 + 1/3 L1 + 2 d2 + 1/3 L2 + 2 d3
= 1/3 (L2 + L1) + 2 (d1 + d2 + d3)
= 1/3 b + 2 (d1 + d2 + d3)

Dr. Shakil Ahmad, NICE (SCEE) NUST


Khosla’s Theory
In 1926-27, some siphons on Upper Chenab canal, designed on Bligh's
theory, gave trouble. Actual pressure measurements made with the help
of pipes inserted in the floors of two of these siphons did not show any
relationship with the pressure calculated on the basis of Bligh's theory.
This led to the following provisional conclusions by Khosla:
1. The outer faces of the end sheet piles were much more effective than
the inner ones and the horizontal length of the floor.
2. The intermediate piles if smaller in length than the outer ones were
ineffective except for the local redistribution of pressure.
3. Undermining of the floor started from the tail end. If the hydraulic
gradient at exit was more than the critical gradient for the particular
soil, the particles would move with the flow of water, thus causing
progressive degradation of the sub-soil, resulting in cavities and
ultimate failure.
4. It was absolutely essential to have a reasonably deep vertical cutoff at
the downstream end to prevent undermining.

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