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Technical Guide No. 6

Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives

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Contents

1. Introduction ........................................................... 5

2. Basics of the harmonics phenomena ............... 6

3. Harmonic distortion sources and effects ........ 8

4. Harmonic distortion calculation by using

DriveSize software ............................................... 9

4.1 Circuit diagram for the calculation example ......... 9

4.2 Input data for motor load ........................................ 9
4.3 Motor selection ....................................................... 10
4.4 Inverter selection .................................................... 10
4.5 Inverter supply unit data ......................................... 10
4.6 Network and Transformer data input ..................... 10
4.7 Calculated harmonic current and voltage ............. 11
4.8 Calculated harmonic currents in graphical form ... 11
4.9 Part of the printed report ........................................ 11

5. Standards for harmonic limits ........................... 12

5.1 EN61800-3 (IEC1800-3) Adjustable speed

electrical power drive systems .............................. 12
5.2 IEC1000-2-2,
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) .................... 13
5.3 IEC1000-2-4,
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) .................... 13
5.4 IEC1000-3-2,
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) .................... 13
5.5 IEC1000-3-4,
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) .................... 13
5.6 IEEE519, IEEE Recommended practices and
requirements for harmonic control in
electrical power systems ........................................ 14

6. Evaluating harmonics .......................................... 16

7. How to reduce harmonics by structural

modifications in the AC drive system .............. 17

7.1 Factors in the AC drive having an effect on

harmonics ................................................................ 17
7.2 Table: List of the different factors and their
effects ...................................................................... 18
7.3 Using 6-pulse diode rectifier .................................. 18
7.4 Using 12-pulse or 24-pulse diode rectifier ............ 19

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7.5 Using phase controlled thyristor rectifier ................ 19

7.6 Using IGBT bridge ................................................... 20
7.7 Using larger DC or AC inductor ............................. 21

8. Other methods for harmonics reduction ......... 24

8.1 Tuned single arm passive filter ............................... 24

8.2 Tuned multiple arm passive filter ........................... 24
8.3 External active filter ................................................ 25

9. Summary of harmonics attenuation ................. 26

9.1 6-pulse rectifier without inductor ........................... 26

9.2 6-pulse rectifier with inductor ................................ 26
9.3 12-pulse rectifier with polycon transformer .......... 26
9.4 12-pulse with double wound transformer ............. 26
9.5 24-pulse rectifier ..................................................... 26
9.6 Active IGBT rectifier ................................................ 27

10. Definitions .............................................................. 28

11. Index ....................................................................... 30

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Chapter 1 - Introduction

General This guide continues ABB's technical guide series, describ-

ing harmonic distortion, its sources and effects, and also
distortion calculation and evaluation. Special attention has
been given to the methods for reducing harmonics with AC
drives.

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Chapter 2 - Basics of the harmonics

phenomena

Harmonic currents and voltages are created by non-linear

loads connected on the power distribution system.
Harmonic distortion is a form of pollution in the electric plant
that can cause problems if the sum of the harmonic currents
increases above certain limits.

All power electronic converters used in different types of

electronic systems can increase harmonic disturbances by
injecting harmonic currents directly into the grid. Figure 2.1
shows how the current harmonics (ih) in the input current
(is) of a power electronic converter affect the supply voltage
(ut).

is(t) = i1(t) + Σ ih(t)

Converter
load
Rs Ls
u(t) Point of Common
Coupling (PCC)
Mains Transformer Other
loads

Figure 2.1 Plant with converter load, mains transformer and other
loads.

The line current of a 3-phase, 6-pulse rectifier can be cal-

culated from the direct output current by using the follow-
ing formula.

, where

the total RMS current and

direct current output from the rectifier.

(valid for ideal filtered DC current)

The fundamental current is then

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Basics of the harmonics phenomena

In a theoretical case where output current can be estimated

as clean DC current, the harmonic current frequencies of a
6-pulse three phase rectifier are n times the fundamental
frequency (50 or 60 Hz). The information given below is
valid in the case when the line inductance is insignificant
compared to the DC reactor inductance. The line current
is then rectangular with 120 ° blocks. The order numbers n
are calculated from the formula below:

where

The rms values of the harmonic components are:

and the harmonic components are as shown in Figure 2.2.

Harmonic-
Current (%)

Order of Harmonic Component

Figure 2.2 The harmonic content in a theoretical rectangular current

of a 6-pulse rectifier.

The principle of how the harmonic components are added

to the fundamental current is shown in Figure 2.3, where
only the 5th harmonic is shown.

1st
5th
1st+5th

Figure 2.3 The total current as the sum of the fundamental and 5th
harmonic.

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Chapter 3 - Harmonic distortion

sources and effects

Common non-linear loads include motor starters, variable

speed drives, computers and other electronic devices, elec-
tronic lighting, welding supplies and uninterrupted power
supplies.

The effects of harmonics can be overheating of transform-

ers, cables, motors, generators and capacitors connected
to the same power supply with the devices generating the
harmonics. Electronic displays and lighting may flicker, cir-
cuit breakers can trip, computers may fail and metering can
give false readings.

If the cause of the above mentioned symptoms is not known,

then there is cause to investigate the harmonic distortion of
the electricity distribution at the plant. The effects are likely
to show up in the customer's plant before they show on the
utility system. This Technical Guide has been published to
help customers to understand the possible harmonic prob-
lems and make sure the harmonic distortion levels are not
excessive.

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Chapter 4 - Harmonic distortion calculation

by using DriveSize software

The harmonic currents cause a distortion of the line voltage.

In principle the voltage harmonics can be calculated at any
point of the network if the harmonic currents and the
corresponding source impedance are known. The circuit
diagrams in Figure 4.1. show the network supplying the
converter and the other essential parts of the installation.
ABB DriveSize software is used for the calculation example.

4.1 Circuit Supply

Sk = 150 MVA
diagram for U = 22 kV
the calculation Transformer:
Xk
S = 400 kVA
example U1 = 22 kV
U2 = 415 V S'k Xt
z = 4,5 %
Cable: X'k
Length = 60 m
R = 0,007 mΩ/m
I
Motor:
P = 100 kW
IN = 200 A

Figure 4.1. Network supplying a frequency converter in the middle

and its equivalent diagram on the right. The data for this example is
on the left.

4.2 Input data Motor load

for motor load Load type Const. torque/power

Overload type One overload

min base max

Speed [rpm] 0 1450 1500
Power [kW] 0 100 100
Overload [%] 100 100

Overload time [s] 60 every [s] 600

Figure 4.2. The most important motor load data for harmonics
calculation is the base power in kW.

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Harmonic distortion calculation by using DriveSize software

4.3 Motor Selected motor data

M2BA 315 SMC 6
selection Selection DriveSize
Voltage [V] 415
Connection D
Frequency [Hz] 50
Power [kW] 110
Poles 6
Speed [rpm] 992
Max mech. speed [rpm] 2300
Current [A] 197
Torque [Nm] 1060
T max/Tn 3,2
Power factor 0,82
Efficiency [%] 95,6
Insulation class F

Figure 4. 3. The software makes the motor selection for the defined
load. If required there is an option to select a different motor than
that selected by the DriveSize.

4.4 Inverter Selected inverter data

ACS607-0140-3
selection Selection User
Selection method Current (normal)
Voltage [V] 400
Drive power [kVA] 140
Pn [kW] 110
Normal Icont [A] 216
Normal Imax [A] 238
Phd [kW] 90
Heavyduty Icont [A] 178
Heavyduty Imax [A] 267
Pulse 6
Frame type R8
P&F 12Nsq [A] 260

4.4. The inverter selection is based on the previous motor selection

and here also the user has an option to select the inverter manually.

4.5 Inverter Supply unit data

supply unit data Pulse # 6

Lv [µH] 110
Cdc [mF] 4,95
Udc [V] 560
Idc [A] 191

Figure 4.5. The supply unit data is defined by DriveSize according to

the inverter type selected.

4.6 Network and Network and Transformer data

Primary voltage [V] 22000 Secondary voltage [V] 415
Transformer Frequency [Hz] 50
data input Network Sk [MVA] 150 unknow

Transformer Sn [kVA] 400

Transformer Pk [kW] 3,0
Transformer Zk [%] 3,8
Supply cable type Cable Busbar
Cable quantity 3 Impedance [µΩ] 70
Cable lenght [m] 60

Figure 4.6. The network and transformer data input is given here. For
standard ABB transformers the data is shown automatically.

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Harmonic distortion calculation by using DriveSize software

THD
4.7 Calculated Current Voltage n f [Hz] Current [A] In/I1 Voltage [V]
Result 47,1% 0,2% 1 50 2,8 100,0 % 21996,6
harmonic IEEE Calc 0,2%/ 0,2%/
5 250 1,2 41,2 % 32,9
7 350 0,6 19,5 % 21,7
IEEE Limit 15,0% 0,5%
current and Data
11
13
550
650
0,2
0,2
8,6 %
5,6 %
15,1
11,7
voltage Primary side 17
19
850
950
0,1
0,1
4,2 %
2,7 %
11,3
8,1
Secodary side 23 1150 0,1 2,3 % 8,2
25 1250 0,0 1,4 % 5,5
Show Mode
29 1450 0,0 1,2 % 5,3
Table 31 1550 0,0 0,8 % 3,7
Graph 35 1750 0,0 0,5 % 3,0
37 1850 0,0 0,6 % 3,3

Figure 4.7. The harmonics are calculated by making discrete Fourier

transformation to the simulated phase current of the incoming unit.
Different kinds of circuit models are used, one for SingleDrive with
AC inductors and one for diode and thyristor supply with DC
inductors.
There are also models for 6, 12 and 24 pulse connections.

4.8 Calculated
harmonic 50

currents in 40

graphical form 30
[%]
20

10

0
350

550
650

950

1150
1250

1550

1750
1850
250

850

1450

Frequency [Hz]

Figure 4.8. The results of calculations can be shown in table form as

above or as a graph.

4.9 Part of the

printed report Network check
ACS607-0140-3

Network and Transformer data Supply unit data

Normal voltage [V] 22000 (primary side) Pulse # 6
Frequency [Hz] 50 Lv [µH] 110
Network Sk [MVA] 150 Cdc [mF] 4,95
Transformer Sn [kVA] 400 Udc [V] 560
Transformer Pk [kW] 3,0 Idc [A] 191
Transformer Zk [%] 3,8
Supply cable type Cable
Cable quantity 3
Cable lenght 60

Result IEEE 519 limits calc/limit

Cosfii 0,999 THD Current 47,1 % THD Current 0,2 %/15,0 %
Tot. power factor 0,90 THD Voltage 0,2 % THD Voltage 0,2 %/5,0 %
Unmax mot. 98 %

Figure 4.9. The input data and calculated results can be printed out
as a report, which is partly shown here.

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Chapter 5 - Standards for harmonic limits

The most common international and national standards

setting limits on harmonics are described below.
Figure 5.1 is shown as an example for harmonic distortion
limits.

5.1 Part 3: EMC product standard including specific

EN61800-3 test methods
The countries of the European Economic Area (EEA) have
(IEC1800-3)
agreed on common minimum regulatory requirements in
Adjustable order to ensure the free movement of products within the
speed EEA. The CE marking indicates that the product works in
electrical conformity with the directives that are valid for the product.
The directives state the principles that must be followed.
power drive Standards specify the requirements that must be met.
systems EN61800-3 is the EMC product standard of adjustable
speed electrical power drive systems (PDS). Meeting the
requirements of this standard, is the minimum condition
for free trade of power electronics converters inside the
EEA.

EN61800-3 states, that the manufacturer shall provide in

the documentation of the PDS, or on request, the current
harmonic level, under rated conditions, as a percentage
of the rated fundamental current on the power port. The
referenced values shall be calculated for each order at least
up to the 25th. The current THD (orders up to and including
40), and its high-frequency component PHD (orders from
14 to 40 inclusive) shall be evaluated. For these standard
calculations, the PDS shall be assumed to be connected
to a PC with Rsc = 250 and with initial voltage distortion
less than 1%. The internal impedance of the network shall
be assumed to be a pure reactance.

In a low voltage public supply network, the limits and

requirements of IEC1000-3-2 apply for equipment with rated
current ≤ 16 A. The use of the future IEC1000-3-4 is
recommended for equipment with rated current > 16 A.
If PDS is used in an industrial installation, a reasonable
economical approach, which considers the total installation,
shall be used. This approach is based on the agreed power,
which the supply can deliver at any time. The method for
calculating the harmonics of the total installation is agreed
and the limits for either the voltage distortion or the total
harmonic current emission are agreed on. The compatibility
limits given in IEC1000-2-4 may be used as the limits of
voltage distortion.

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Standards for harmonic limits

5.2 Part 2: Environment - Section 2: Compatibility levels

IEC1000-2-2, for low frequency conducted disturbances and
signalling in public low-voltage power supply
Electromagnetic systems
compatibility This standard sets the compatibility limits for low-frequency
(EMC) conducted disturbances and signalling in public low-volt-
age power supply systems. The disturbance phenomena
include harmonics, inter-harmonics, voltage fluctuations,
voltage dips and short interruptions voltage inbalance and
so on. Basically this standard sets the design criteria for the
equipment manufacturer, and amounts to the minimum im-
munity requirements of the equipment. IEC1000-2-2 is in line
with the limits set in EN50160 for the quality of the voltage
the utility owner must provide at the customer's supply-ter-
minals.

5.3 Part 2: Environment - Section 4: Compatibility levels

IEC1000-2-4, in industrial plants for low frequency conducted
disturbances
Electromagnetic IEC1000-2-4 is similar to IEC1000-2-2, but it gives compat-
compatibility ibility levels for industrial and non-public networks. It
(EMC) covers low-voltage networks as well as medium voltage
supplies excluding the networks for ships, aircraft, offshore
platforms and railways.

5.4 Part 3: Limits - Section 2: Limits for harmonic

IEC1000-3-2, current emissions (equipment current <16 A per
phase
Electromagnetic This standard deals with the harmonic current emission lim-
compatibility its of individual equipment connected to public networks.
(EMC) The date of implementation of this standard is January 1st
2001, but there is extensive work going on at the moment to
revise the standard before this date. The two main reasons
for the revision are the need for the standard to cover also
the voltage below 230 V and the difficulties and contradic-
tions in applying the categorisation of the equipment given
in the standard.

5.5 This standard has been published as a Type II Technical

IEC1000-3-4, report. Work is going on to convert it into a standard. It
gives the harmonic current emission limits for individual
Electromagnetic equipment having a rated current of more than 16 A up to
compatibility 75 A. It applies to public networks having nominal voltages
(EMC) from 230 V single phase to 600 V three phase.

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Standards for harmonic limits

The standard gives three different stages for connection

procedures of the equipment. Meeting the individual
harmonic limits of Stage 1 allows the connection of the
equipment at any point in the supply system. Stage 2 gives
individual harmonic current limits as well as THD and its
weighted high frequency counterpart PWHD. The limits are
classified and tabulated by the short circuit ratio. The third
stage of connection is based on an agreement between
the user and the supply authority, based on the agreed
active power of the consumer's installation. If the rated
current is above 75 A, Stage 3 applies in any case.

The structure of this standard is generally seen to be good,

but it may justly be questioned whether single and three-
phase equipment should have different limits in Stage 2. It
is very probable that the structure of the standard will
remain as it is, but the version having the status of actual
standard, will contain different limits for single and three-
phase equipment.

MAXIMUM LOAD
132 kV Net 12p 6p STAGE 2 LIMITS
(600 MVA Assumed) % I1
# 6.66 MW # 2.50 MW Min’m VOLTAGE
**
(5.0 MW) (5.0 MW) Rsce I5 I7 I11 I13 %THD
#
66 12 10 9 6 2.36
33 kV Net Typical Values
(400 MVA Assumed) # 4.40 MW # 1.65 MW 120 15 12 12 8 1.69
(3.3 MW) (3.3 MW)
175 20 14 12 8 1.25

11 kV Net 250 30 18 13 8 1.06

(100 MVA Assumed) # 1.11 MW # 415 kW 350 40 25 15 10 0.97

(830 kW) (830 kW)
450 50 35 20 15 1.02

400 kV Net >600 60 40 25 18 <=0.91

(26 MVA Assumed) # 760 kW # 108 kW
(215 kW) (215 kW) **Contribution to existing
THD level at selected
PCC PCC
Figure 5.1 Limits on Harmonics in the proposed EN61000-3-4.

5.6 IEEE519, The philosophy of developing harmonic limits in this recom-

IEEE mended practice is to limit the harmonic injection from indi-
vidual customers so that they will not cause unacceptable
Recommended voltage distortion levels for normal system characteristics
practices and and to limit overall harmonic distortion of the system voltage
requirements supplied by the utility. This standard is also recognised as
for harmonic American National Standard and it is widely used in the USA,
especially in the municipal public works market.
control in
electrical
power systems

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Standards for harmonic limits

The standard does not give limits for individual equipment,

but for individual customers. The customers are categorised
by the ratio of available short circuit current (Isc) to their
maximum demand load current (IL) at the point of common
coupling. The total demand load current is the sum of both
linear and non-linear loads. Within an industrial plant, the
PCC is clearly defined as the point between the non-linear
load and other loads.

The allowed individual harmonic currents and total

harmonic distortion are tabulated by the ratio of available
short circuit current to the total demand load current (Isc/
IL) at the point of common coupling. The limits are as a
percentage of IL for all odd and even harmonics from 2 to
infinity. Total harmonic distortion is called total demand
distortion and also it should be calculated up to infinity.
Many authors limit the calculation of both the individual
components and TDD to 50.

The table 10.3 of the standard is sometimes misinterpreted

to give limits for the harmonic emissions of a single appara-
tus by using Rsc of the equipment instead of Isc/IL of the
whole installation. The limits of the table should not be used
this way, since the ratio of the short circuit current to the
total demand load current of an installation should always
be used.

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Chapter 6 - Evaluating harmonics

The "Guide for Applying Harmonic Limits on Power Sys-

tems" P519A/D6 Jan 1999 introduces some general rules
for evaluating harmonic limits at an industrial facility. The
procedure is shown in the flowchart in Figure 6.1.
UTILITY CUSTOMER
Choose PCC

Calculate Short Circuit Estimate Weighted Disturbing

Capacity (SSC, ISC) Power (SDW) or % Non-linear
Load
Is Power
Yes
Factor Correction existing
or planned?
No

Yes Stage 1: No
Calculate Average Maximum
Is detailed Evaluation
Demand Load Current (IL)
necessary?

Calculate Short Circuit Ratio

(SCR=(ISC /IL)

Characterise Harmonic Levels

(Measurements, Analysis)
Stage 2:
No
Does Facility meet
Harmonic Limits?
Design Power Factor correction
and/or Harmonic Control
Equipment
Yes (include resonance concerns)

Verification Measurements
and Calculations (if necessary)

Figure 6.1 Evaluation of harmonic distortion.

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Chapter 7 - How to reduce

harmonics by structural
modifications in the AC drive system

Harmonics reduction can be done either by structural

modifications in the drive system or by using external
filtering. The structural modifications can be to strengthen
the supply, to use 12 or more pulse drive, to use a controlled
rectifier or to improve the internal filtering in the drive.

7.1 Factors in Figure 7.1 shows the factors in the AC drive system which
the AC drive have some influence on harmonics. The current harmonics
depend on the drive construction and the voltage
having an
harmonics are the current harmonics multiplied by the
effect on supply impedances.
harmonics
LINE

Short circuit power MVA

Rated Power and MVA

TRANSFORMER
Impedance %

Alternative

Type of Rectifier 6-p, 12-p, 24-p

DIODE, THYRISTOR; INVERTER:

AC DRIVE Reactor Inductance mH

Inverter Type of Inverter PWM;CSI

Rated Power and kW

Motor
Load %

LOAD

Figure 7.1 Drive system features affecting harmonics.

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How to reduce harmonics by structural modifications in the AC drive system

7.2 Table: The cause The effect

List of the The larger the motor… the higher the current harmonics
The higher the motor load… the higher the current harmonics
different The larger the DC or AC inductance… the lower the current harmonics
factors and The higher the number of pulses in
the rectifier… the lower the current harmonics
their effects The larger the transformer… the lower the voltage harmonics
The lower the transformer impedance… the lower the voltage harmonics
The higher the short circuit capacity
of supply… the lower the voltage harmonics

7.3 Using The connections for different rectifier solutions are shown
6-pulse diode in Figure 7.2. The most common rectifier circuit in 3-phase
AC drives is a 6-pulse diode bridge. It consists of six
rectifier uncontrollable rectifiers or diodes and an inductor, which
together with a DC-capacitor forms a low-pass filter for
smoothing the DC-current. The inductor can be on the DC-
or AC-side or it can be left totally out. The 6-pulse rectifier
is simple and cheap but it generates a high amount of low
order harmonics 5th, 7th, 11th especially with small smoothing
inductance.

The current form is shown in Figure 7.2. If the major part of

the load consists of converters with a 6-pulse rectifier, the
supply transformer needs to be oversized and meeting the
requirements in standards may be difficult. Often some
harmonics filtering is needed.

6-pulse rectifier 12-pulse rectifier 12-pulse rectifier 24-pulse rectifier

Current Waveform Current Waveform Current Waveform

Figure 7.2 Harmonics in line current with different rectifier

constructions.

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How to reduce harmonics by structural modifications in the AC drive system

7.4 Using The 12-pulse rectifier is formed by connecting two 6-pulse

12-pulse or 24- rectifiers in parallel to feed a common DC-bus. The input to
the rectifiers is provided with one three-winding transformer
pulse diode or two two-winding transformers. In both cases the trans-
rectifier former secondaries are in 30 o phase shift. The benefit with
this arrangement is that in the supply side some of the har-
monics are in opposite phase and thus eliminated. In theory
the harmonic component with the lowest frequency seen at
the primary of the transformer is the 11th.

The major drawbacks are special transformers and a higher

cost than with the 6-pulse rectifier.

The principle of the 24-pulse rectifier is also shown in Figure

7.2. It has two 12-pulse rectifiers in parallel with two three-
winding transformers having primary windings with 30 o
phase shift. The benefit is that practically all low frequency
harmonics are eliminated but the drawback is the high cost.
In the case of a high power single drive or large multidrive
installation a 24-pulse system may be the most economical
solution with lowest harmonic distortion.

In
6-pulse rectifier 12-pulse rectifier 24-pulse rectifier
I1

Harmonic order

Figure 7.3 Harmonic components with different rectifiers.

7.5 Using A phase controlled rectifier is accomplished by replacing

phase the diodes in a 6-pulse rectifier with thyristors. Since a thyristor
needs a triggering pulse for transition from nonconducting
controlled to conducting state, the phase angle at which the thyristor
thyristor starts to conduct can be delayed. By delaying the firing an-
rectifier gle over 90 o, the DC-bus voltage goes negative. This allows
regenerative flow of power from the DC-bus back to the
power supply.

Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives 19

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How to reduce harmonics by structural modifications in the AC drive system

Standard DC-bus and inverter configurations do not allow

polarity change of the DC-voltage and it is more common
to connect another thyristor bridge anti-parallel with the
first one to allow the current polarity reversal. In this
configuration the first bridge conducts in rectifying mode
and the other in regenerating mode.

The current waveforms of phase controlled rectifiers are

similar to those of the 6-pulse diode rectifier, but since they
draw power with an alternating displacement power factor,
the total power factor with partial load is quite poor. The
poor power factor causes high apparent current and the
absolute harmonic currents are higher than those with a
diode rectifier.

In addition to these problems, phase-controlled converters

cause commutation notches in the utility voltage waveform.
The angular position of the notches varies along with the
firing angle.

Supply Current Voltage Voltage Current

type TDH (%) TDH (%) TDH (%) Waveform
RSC=20 RSC=100

6-pulse 30 10 2
rectifier

12-pulse 10 6 1.2
rectifier

IGBT Supply 4 8 1.8

Unit
Distortion is in % of RMS values

Figure 7.4 Distortion of different supply unit types. Values may vary
case by case.

7.6 Using IGBT Introducing a rectifier bridge, made of self commutated

bridge components, brings several benefits and opportunities
compared to phase commutated ones. Like a phase com-
mutated rectifier, this hardware allows both rectification and
regeneration, but it makes it possible to control the DC-
voltage level and displacement power factor separately
regardless of the power flow direction.

The main benefits are:

- Safe function in case of mains supply disappearance.
- High dynamics of the drive control even in the field
weakening range.

20 Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives

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How to reduce harmonics by structural modifications in the AC drive system

- Possibility to generate reactive power and even

compensate harmonic currents of parallel loads.
- Nearly sinusoidal supply current with low harmonic
content. Measured results for one drive is shown in
Figure 7.5. When comparing with Figure 7.3 we can see
a clear difference. IGBT has very low harmonics at lower
frequencies, but somewhat higher at higher frequencies.
- Voltage boost capability. In case of low supply voltage
the DC voltage can be boosted to keep motor voltage
higher than supply voltage.

The main drawback is the high cost coming from the IGBT
bridge and extra filtering needed.

Line Generating Unit In Line Generating Unit

I1

3~

Harmonic order

Figure 7.5 Harmonics in line current IGBT line generating unit.

7.7 Using a The harmonics of a voltage source AC drive can be signifi-

larger DC or cantly reduced by connecting a large enough inductor in its
AC input or DC bus. The trend has been to reduce the size
AC inductor of converter while the inductor size has been also reduced,
or in several cases it has been omitted totally. The effect of
this can be seen from the curve forms in Figure 7.6

Current without
Inductor

Current with
Inductor

Figure 7.6 The effect of the inductor on the line current.

Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives 21

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How to reduce harmonics by structural modifications in the AC drive system

The chart in Figure 7.7 shows the effect of the size of the
DC inductor on the harmonics. For the first 25 harmonic
components the theoretical THD minimum is 29%. That
value is practically reached when the inductance is 100 mH
divided by the motor kW or 1 mH for a 100 kW motor (415
V, 50 Hz). Practically sensible is about 25 mH divided by
motor kW, which gives a THD of about 45%. This is 0,25 mH
for a 100 kW motor.
Harmonic Current (pu)

5th
7th
11th
13th
415 V, 50 Hz
17th
19th
23rd
25th
THD

DC Inductance/mH = This Figure/Motor kW

Figure 7.7 Harmonic current as function of DC inductance.

The voltage distortion with certain current distortion

depends on the Short Circuit Ratio Rsc of the supply. The
higher the ratio, the lower the voltage distortion. This can
be seen in Figure 7.8.

Load 60 A, Transformer power 50-315 kVA, line fault level 150 MVA

No inductor, 6-pulse

Small inductor,
THD of Voltage (%)

6-pulse
Large inductor,
6-pulse
Large inductor,
12-pulse

Short Circuit Ratio

Figure 7.8 THD Voltage vs Type of AC drive and transformer size.

22 Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives

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How to reduce harmonics by structural modifications in the AC drive system

Figure 7.9 introduces a simple nomogram for estimation of

harmonic voltages. On the graph below right select first the
motor kilowatt, then the transformer kVA and then move
horizontally to the diagonal line where you move upwards
and stop at the curve valid for your application. Then turn
left to the y-axis and read the total harmonic voltage
distortion.
Input Data to Calculations:
Total Harminic Voltage Distortion Rated Motor for the Drive
No DC-Inductor, Constant Torque Load
6-pulse Voltage 415 V
Small DC-
Inductor, 6-pulse Drive Efficiency = 97%
STOP TURN LEFT Large DC- Supply Impedance = 10%
Inductor, 6-pulse of Transformer Impedance
Large DC-
Inductor, 12-
pulse Supply
Transformer
(kVA)

TURN LEFT

TURN UP

START

Motor kW

Example: 45 kW Motor is connected to ”a

200 kVA Transformer. ”THD = ca. 3% with a
“Large Inductor Drive” and ca. 11% with a
“No Inductor Drive”

Figure 7.9 Total harmonic distortion nomogram.

Results from laboratory tests with drive units from different

manufacturers are shown in Figure 7.10. Drive A with large
DC inductor has the lowest harmonic current distortion,
drives with no inductor installed have the highest distortion.

A= Large DC-Inductance
B, C = Small DC-Inductance
D, E = Without DC-Inductance

Figure 7.10. Harmonic current with different DC-Inductances.

Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives 23

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Chapter 8 - Other methods for

harmonics reduction

Filtering is a method to reduce harmonics in an industrial

plant when the harmonic distortion has been gradually
increased or as a total solution in a new plant. There are
two basic methods: passive and active filters.

8.1 Tuned single The principle of a tuned arm passive filter is shown in Figure
arm passive 8.1. A tuned arm passive filter should be applied at the sin-
gle lowest harmonic component where there is significant
filter harmonic generation in the system. For systems that mostly
supply an industrial load this would probably be the fifth
harmonic. Above the tuned frequency the harmonics are
absorbed but below that frequency they may be amplified.

Detuned - Single tuning frequency

Above tuned frequency harmonics absorbed
Below tuned frequency harmonics may be amplified
Harmonic reduction limited by possible over compensation
at the supply frequency and network itself
Figure 8.1 Tuned single arm passive filter.

This kind of filter consists of an inductor in series with a

capacitor bank and the best location for the passive filter
is close to the harmonic generating loads. This solution is
not normally used for new installations.

8.2 Tuned The principle of this filter is shown in Figure 8.2. This filter
multiple arm has several arms tuned to two or more of the harmonic
components which should be the lowest significant harmonic
passive filter frequencies in the system. The multiple filter has better har-
monic absorption than the one arm system.

Capacitive below tuned frequency/Inductive above

Better harmonic absorption
Design consideration to amplification harmonics by filter
Limited by KVAr and network
Figure 8.2 Tuned multiple arm passive filter.
24 Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives
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Other methods for harmonics reduction

The multiple arm passive filters are often used for large DC
drive installations where a dedicated transformer is supply-
ing the whole installation.

8.3 External A passive tuned filter introduces new resonances that can
active filter cause additional harmonic problems. New power electron-
ics technologies are resulting in products that can control
harmonic distortion with active control. These active filters,
see Figure 8.3, provide compensation for harmonic compo-
nents on the utility system based on existing harmonic gen-
eration at any given moment in time.

Fundamental only idistortion

Supply
Load

icompensation

Active
Filter

Current waveforms

Figure 8.3 External active filter principle diagram.

The active filter compensates the harmonics generated by

nonlinear loads by generating the same harmonic compo-
nents in opposite phase as shown in Figure 8.4. External
active filters are most suited to multiple small drives. They
are relatively expensive compared to other methods.
Waveforms

Clean Load Active filter

feeder current current
current
Harmonics

Figure 8.4 External active filter waveforms and harmonics.

Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives 25

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Chapter 9 - Summary of harmonics

attenuation

There are many options to attenuate harmonics either inside

the drive system or externally. They all have advantages and
disadvantages and all of them show cost implications. The
best solution will depend on the total loading, the supply to
the site and the standing distortion.
In the following tables different internal actions are compared
to the basic system without inductor. The harmonic content
is given with 100% load. The costs are valid for small drives.
For multidrive the 12-pulse solution is quite a lot cheaper.

9.1 6-pulse Manufacturing cost 100%

rectifier Typical harmonic current components.
without Fundamental 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th
inductor 100% 63% 54% 10% 6,1% 6,7% 4,8%

9.2 6-pulse Manufacturing cost 120%. AC or DC choke added

rectifier with Typical harmonic current components.
inductor Fundamental 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th
100% 30% 12% 8,9% 5,6% 4,4% 4,1%

9.3 12-pulse Manufacturing cost 200%

rectifier with Typical harmonic current components.
polycon Fundamental 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th
transformer 100% 11% 5,8% 6,2% 4,7% 1,7% 1,4%

9.4 12-pulse Manufacturing cost 210%

with double Typical harmonic current components.
wound Fundamental 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th
transformer 100% 3,6% 2,6% 7,5% 5,2% 1,2% 1,3%

9.5 24-pulse Manufacturing cost 250%

rectifier Typical harmonic current components.
with 2 Fundamental 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th
3-winding 100% 4,0% 2,7% 1,0% 0,7% 1,4% 1,4%
transformers

26 Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives

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Summary of harmonics attenuation

9.6 Active IGBT Manufacturing cost 250%. Not significant if electrical braking
rectifier is anyway needed.
Typical harmonic current components.

Fundamental 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th

100% 2,6% 3,4% 3,0% 0,1% 2,1% 2,2%

Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives 27

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Chapter 10 - Definitions
S: Apparent power

P: Active power

Q: Reactive power

Rsc: Short circuit ratio is defined as the short circuit

power of the supply at PCC to the nominal
apparent power of the equipment under
consideration.
Rsc = Ss / Sn.

ω1: Angular frequency of fundamental component

ω1 = 2*π*f1, where f1 is fundamental frequency
(eg. 50Hz or 60Hz).

n: Integer n = 2, 3, ... ∞. Harmonic frequencies are

defined as wn = n*ω1.

In: RMS-value of n:th harmonic component of line

current.

Zn: Impedance at frequency n*ω1.

%Un: Harmonic voltage component as a percentage of

fundamental (line) voltage.

THD: Total Harmonic Distortion in the input current is

defined as:

where I1 is the rms value of the fundamental frequency

current. The THD in voltage may be calculated in a similar
way. Here is an example for the 25 lowest harmonic
components with the theoretical values:

PWHD: Partial weighted harmonic distortion is defined as:

28 Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives

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Definitions

PCC: Point of Common Coupling is defined in this text

as such a point of utility supply which may be
common to the equipment in question and other
equipment. There are several definitions of PCC in
different standards and even more interpretations
of these definitions in literature. The definition
chosen here is seen as technically most sound.

PF: Power Factor defined as PF = P/S (power / volt-

ampere) = I1 / Is * DPF (With sinusoidal current PF
equals to DPF).

DPF: Displacement Power Factor defined as cosφ1,

where φ1 is the phase angle between the
fundamental frequency current drawn by the
equipment and the supply voltage fundamental
frequency component.

Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives 29

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Chapter 11 - Index

3-winding 26 EMC product standard 12

5th harmonic 7 European Economic Area 12
6-pulse rectifier 7, 18, 19, 20 evaluating of harmonic 16
6-pulse three phase rectifier 7 external filtering 17
12-pulse rectifier 18, 19, 20
24-pulse rectifier 18, 19 F
filtering 17, 18, 21, 24
A frequency 9, 12, 13, 14, 19, 24,
ABB 6, 10 28, 29
AC inductor 21 fundamental frequency 7, 28,
active filter 5, 24, 25 29
active power 14, 28
American National Standard 14 H
anti-parallel 20 harmonic component 7, 19, 22,
apparent power 28 24, 25, 28
attenuation 5, 26 harmonic currents 6, 7, 9, 11,
12, 13, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27
C harmonic distortion 6, 8, 9, 12,
calculation 5, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 14, 15, 16, 19, 23, 25, 28
23 harmonic limit 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
CE marking 12 harmonics reduction 17, 24, 25
circuit breaker 8 harmonic voltage 23, 28
common DC-bus 19 harmonics phenomena 6, 7
commutation notch 20
compatibility limit 12, 13 I
computer 8 IGBT bridge 20, 21
consumer's installation 14 inductance 17, 18, 22, 23
converter 6, 9, 12, 18, 20, 21 inductor 5, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26
converter load 6 industrial installation 12
installation 9, 12, 14, 15, 19, 24,
D 25
DC-capacitor 18 inverter selection 10
DC-current 18 inverter supply unit data 10
displacement power factor 20,
29 L
distortion calculation 5, 6 laboratory test 23
distortion nomogram 23 line current 6, 18, 21
DriveSize 9, 10, 11 low-pass filter 18

E M
effect 5, 6, 8, 17, 18, 21, 22 mains transformer 6
electromagnetic compatibility manufacturing cost 26, 27
(EMC) 22 metering 8
electronic device 8 motor load 9
electronic display 8 motor selection 10
electronic lighting 8 motor starter 8
multiple arm passive filter 5,
24, 25

30 Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives

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Index

N T
network 10 TDD 15
non-linear load 6, 8, 15, 16 THD 12, 14, 22, 23, 28
three-winding transformer 19
O thyristor 17, 19, 20
overheating 8 total demand distortion 15
total harmonic distortion 10,
P 15, 23, 28
passive filter 24, 25 transformer 9, 10
phase commutated rectifier 20 tuned arm passive filter 24
PHD 12 two-winding transformer 19
point of common coupling 15,
29 U
power distribution 6 uninterrupted power supply 8
power drive system 12
power factor 16, 20, 29 V
power port 12 variable speed drives 8
public supply 12 voltage 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17,
PWHD 14, 28 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
voltage boost 21
R
reactive power 21, 28 W
rectifier 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 19, 20, welding supply 8
26, 27
rectifying mode 20
rectangular current 7
regenerating mode 20
report 11

S
short circuit power 14, 16, 17,
28
short circuit ratio 22, 28
source 6, 8, 9, 21
source impedance 4, 9
standard 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20,
29
structural modification 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23
supply authority 14
supply cable 18
supply transformer 18
supply voltage 6, 21, 29

Technical Guide No.6 - Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives 31

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Specifications subject to change without notice.

Copyright © ABB Automation Group Ltd, 2000 3BFE 64292714 R0225
EN 31.10.2000

ABB Industry Oy
Drives
P. O. Box 184
FIN - 00381 Helsinki
Finland
Telephone +358 10 222 000
Telefax +358 10 222 2681
Internet http://www.abb.com/motors&drives

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