ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II (Transformers and alternators)

Course No.of Total Marks Marks

Course title
code periods/week no. of for FA for SA
periods
EE-402 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
5 75 20 80
(Transformers and alternators)

No.of
S.no Unit Title CO’S Mapped
Periods
1 Single phase transformers 30 CO1
2 Three phase transformers and Auto 15 CO2
Transformers
3 Alternators 15 CO3
4 Parallel operation of Alternators 15 CO4
Total 75

Course Objectives:

1) To familiarize with the knowledge of Transformers andAlternators

Course 2) To understand the working of a three phasetransformers
Objectives 3) To illustrate the parallel operation of Transformers andAlternators

Course outcomes:

Analyze the working of single transformers, equivalent

CO1 EE-402.1
circuit parameters, efficiency and regulation.
Explain three phase transformers for their efficiency.
CO2 EE-402.2

EE-402.3 Analyze the construction and working principle of

Course CO3
Alternator.
outcomes
EE-402.4 Explain paralleling and synchronisation methods of
CO4
Alternators.
Learning outcomes:
Single phasetransformer
1.1 Define Transformer and Explain its working principle.
1.2 Classify the transformers basedon
(i) numberofphases (ii)construction(iii)function.
1.3 Explain the constructional details oftransformers with legible Sketch..
1.4 Distinguish between shell type and core typetransformers.
1.5 Derive the E.M.F equation of a single phasetransformer and solve problems.
1.6 Define ‘transformation’ratio.
1.7 Draw Vector diagram for a transformer working on noload.
1.8 Develop the vector diagram of a transformer on loadfor
(i) Unity powerfactor (ii) Lagging powerfactor (iii) Leading powerfactor
1.9 Draw the equivalent circuit of a transformer byapproximation.
1.10 Determine the equivalent circuit constants from no-load test and short circuit testdata
and solve problems

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1.11 Derive the approximate equation for regulation fortransformer at Unity, Lagging and
Leading Power factors and solve problems.
1.12 List the losses taking place in atransformer and Derive the condition for maximum
efficiency of atransformer.
1.13 State the reason for transformer rating inKVA.
1.14 Define all-day efficiency and solve problems for a load cycle.
1.15 Differentiate between distribution transformer and powertransformer.

Three Phase Transformers and Autotransformers

2.1 State the advantages of 3 phase transformer over single phasetransformer.

2.2 List the different types of three phase transformers by giving their
symbolic representation and voltagerelationships.
2.3 State theapplicationsof(i)star-star(ii)delta-star(iii)star-delta
(iv)delta- delta connected transformers.
2.4 State the need for parallel operation of Three phase transformers.
2.5 State the conditions for parallel operation of 3 phasetransformers.
2.6 List the specialtransformers.
2.7 State the advantages and disadvantages ofautotransformers
2.8 State the expression for saving of copper in autotransformer.
2.9 State the necessity of cooling of powertransformers.
2.10 Explain the methods of cooling of powertransformer.
2.11 Explain the function of each part in a power transformer
2.12 State the need for Tap changing in power transformer and explainthe`onload’and`off
loadtapchanging.
2.13 Explain the procedure for tap changing for on load and no load tapchanger.

Alternators

3.1 Explain the Principle of working ofAlternators.

3.2 Describe the Constructional details of Alternators with legiblesketch.
3.3 Classify the Alternators based on rotorconstruction.
3.4 Explain the working of the Alternator having (i) CylindricalRotor (ii) Salient PoleRotor
3.5 State the advantage of StationaryArmature.
3.6 State the effect of Chording and Distributionfactor
3.7 Derive expressions for Chording factor and Distributionfactor
3.8 Derive EMF equation of an alternator taking into account distribution factor and pitch factor
and solve problems
3.9 State the need for an exciter in anAlternator and list various types of exciters .
3.10 ExplainArmatureReactionofAlternatoratdifferentP.F’s.
3.11 State the reasons for voltage variations onLoad.
3.12 Define the term synchronousimpedance and state its effects on operation of an
alternator.
3.13 Define regulation of analternator
3.14 List the different methods of finding the regulation ofalternator.
3.15 Determination of regulation of Alternator by using synchronous impedance method.

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Parallel operation ofAlternators

4.1 Explain the necessity for parallel operation ofalternators

4.2 State the conditions forsynchronisation
4.3 Explain the procedure of synchronisation by using lamps and synchroscopemethods.
4.4 Explain the method for adjusting the loads shared by two alternators (or one
alternator withinfinite bus bar).
4.5 Explain the effect of change in input and excitation of an alternator connected to infinite
bus.
4.6 Problems on abovetopics.

CO-PO/PSO MATRIX

CO No PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
EE-402.1 3 3 1
EE-402.2 3 2 1 1 3
EE-402.3 3 3 1
EE-402.4 3 2 3 1
EE-402.5 3 2 3
Average 3 2 2 1 1 3 1

3-Strongly Mapped 2- Moderately Mapped 1- Slightly Mapped

Note:
The gaps in CO and PO mapping will be achieved by one or more appropriate activities from the
following:
(i) Assignments (ii) Tutorials (iii) Seminars (iv) Guest Lectures (v) Group Discussions (vi) Quizzes
(vii) Industrial Visits (viii) Tech Fests (ix) Mini Projects (x) Library Visits

HYPONATED COURSE CONTENT

Single PhaseTransformers
Introduction to Transformer, Classification of transformers, Construction of transformers,
Theory of an ideal transformer - emf equation derivation – Transformation ratio and turns ratio
and relation between them - Voltage ratio and current ratio – Transformer on no load - No load
current components and no load power factor -Transformer on load – Equivalent circuit of
transformer - Equivalent circuit constants by transformation, Short circuit test - Regulation of
transformer - definition and derivation of approximate equation for regulation based on vector
diagram for lagging ,leading and unity power factors - determination of regulation from S.C. Test
data , determination of losses in transformer from O.C. and S.C. tests data- efficiency, condition
for maximum efficiency – rating of transformer-All day efficiency definition - Calculation for a
given load cycle- problems.

Three- phase transformer & Autotransformer

Advantages of 3 phase transformer over single phase transformer. Descriptive treatment of
star-star, delta-delta, star-delta and delta-star, voltage current and phase relation for the above
groups- Need and conditions to be fulfilled for paralleling 3 phase transformer, open delta
working of 3 phase transformers, Auto-transformers –expression for copper saving –

249
 applications, Necessity of cooling - Methods of cooling – explain different parts and their
functions in a power transformer- Tap changing gear - no load and on load tap changing
procedure.

Alternators
Classification of alternators - Brief description of parts with sketches and function of each
part, construction, Assembly - Exciter and pilot exciter – Stationary armature type construction –
Advantages, Concentrated and distributed windings - short pitch and full pitch coils - Effect of
chording and distribution factors - EMF equation - Derivation – Problems, Cause for variation of
voltage on load - Resistance, leakage reactance - Armature reaction - Synchronous reactance and
synchronous impedance concepts - phasor diagram for unity, lagging and leading power factor
loads, Regulation - definition - derivation of relation between no load voltage and on load voltage
for different power factors – Different methods of finding regulation- Determination of regulation
of Alternator by using synchronous impedancemethod.

Parallel operation ofalternators

Necessity for parallel Operation - condition to be fulfilled for synchronisation,
Synchronisation by lamps & synchroscope methods - Load sharing –Effect of change in excitation
and input of an alternator connected to infinite bus-bar -Problems.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. B.L. Theraja,A.K.Theraja-A Textbook of Electrical Technology - Vol –II-S.Chand&Co.

2. M.G Say –ACmachines-Pitman publishers
3. D.P.Kothari, I.J.Nagrath – Electrical Machines-McGraw.Hill
4. P.S. Bhimbra-Electrical machinery– KhannaPublishers
5. M.V. Deshpande-Electrical machines –Wheeler publishers.
6. J.B.Gupta-Theory and performance of electrical machines-KATSON BOOKS
7. Audel-Electric motors-Rex Miller,Mark Richard Miller.

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 Blue print:

No. Weightage Marks wise Question wise

S.No. Unit Title CO’S
of allocated distribution of distribution of
perio mapped
weightage weightage
ds
Ap An Ap An
R U R U
Single phase
11 CO1
1 transformers 30 25 6 8 2 2 1

*
* *
Three phase
transformer
2 s and Auto 15 14 3 3 8 1 1 1 CO2
Transformer
s
3 Alternators 15 17 * 6 3 8 * 2 1 1 * CO3
Parallel
4 operationof 15 14 3 3 8 1 1 1 CO4
Alternators
70 1 18 20
Total 75 32 10* 6 5 4 1
0
*
R - Remember; U - Understanding; Ap - Application; An – Analysing

Note: Part C: Ten marks single analytical question may be given from chapters marked with *.

Syllabus for Unit Tests

Unit Test Learning Outcomes to be Covered

Unit Test - I From 1.1 to 2.8
Unit Test - II From 2.9 to 4.6

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 MODEL PAPER – FORMATIVE ASSESMENT-1
C-20-EE-402
BOARD DIPLOMA EXAMINATION, (C-20)
DEEE – FOURTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION
EE-402 : ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II (Transformers and Alternators)
Time: 90 Minutes Total Marks: 40
PART-A (1 x 4) + (4 x 3) = 16
Instructions:
i. Answer all five questions.
ii. First question carries four marks and remaining each question carries three marks.
iii. Answers should be brief and straight to the point and shall not exceed five simple
sentences

1. (a) For the step down Transformers The transformation ration is less than 1 : True / False.
(b) The condition for maximum efficiency of Transformer is_____________________.
(c) In the ___________ type transformer construction the winding surrounds the core.
(d) The rating of the Transformer is generally expressed in __________ (CO1, CO2)
2. Distinguish between shell-type and core-type transformers in any three aspects. (CO1)
3. Draw a neat vector diagram of a practical transformer working on No load. (CO1)
4. Differentiate between distribution and power transformer in any three aspects. (CO1)
5. State any three advantages of three phase Transformer over single phase transformer .(CO2)

PART-B 3 X 8 = 24
Instructions:
i. Answer all three questions.
ii. Each question carries eight marks.
iii. The answers should be comprehensive and the criteria for valuation are the content but
not the length of the answer.

6. (a) Derive the EMF equation of a single-phase transformer. (CO1)

(or)
(b) Draw the Vector diagram of a practical transformer on load for unity power factor and
lagging power factor. (CO1)

7. (a) A 230/460 V , single phase Transformer has a primary resistance 0.2 ohm and reactance
0.5 ohm. The corresponding values for the secondary are 0.75 ohm and 1.8 ohm
respectively. Find the secondary terminal voltage, when supplying 10 A at 0.8 p.f lag.
(CO1)
(or)

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 (b) A 5 kVA transformer has 35 W core loss and 40 W copper loss at full load. It operates at
rated kVA and 0.8p.f lagging for 6 hours, one-half ratedkVA and 0.5 pf lagging for 12 hours
and no-load for 6 hours. What is the all-day efficiency. (CO1)

8. (a) State the need for parallel operation of Three phase Transformers and also state the
conditions for parallel operation of three phase transformers. (CO2)
(or)
(b) State the expression for saving of copper in auto transformer and also write the
advantages and disadvantages of auto transformers. (CO2)

***

253
 MODEL PAPER – FORMATIVE ASSESMENT-2
C-20-EE-402
BOARD DIPLOMA EXAMINATION, (C-20)
DEEE – FOURTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION
EE-402 : ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II (Transformers and Alternators)
Time: 90 Minutes Total Marks: 40
PART-A (1 x 4) + (4 x 3) = 16
Instructions:
i. Answer all five questions.
ii. First question carries four marks and remaining each question carries three marks.
iii. Answers should be brief and straight to the point and shall not exceed five simple
sentences

1. (a) Alternator is also called as Synchronous Generator : True / False.

(b) Effect of armature reaction in an alternator at Z.P.F leading is _____________________.
(c) Synchronous Impedance method is the optimistic method: True / False.
(d) The formula used to calculate the frequency in terms of speed and poles is __________.
(CO3, CO4)
2. Define Chording factor and Distribution factor of a Synchronous generator. (CO3)
3. Define Voltage Regulation of an Alternator. (CO3)
4. State the conditions for synchronization of an alternator. (CO3)
5. State the necessity for parallel operation of alternators. (CO4)
PART-B 3 X 8 = 24
Instructions:
i. Answer all three questions.
ii. Each question carries eight marks.
iii. The answers should be comprehensive and the criteria for valuation are the content but
not the length of the answer.

6. (a) A 3-phase , 16 pole alternator has a star connected winding with 144 slots and 10
conductors per slots. The flux per pole is 30 m wb sinusoidally distributed. Find the phase
and line voltages if the speed is 375 rpm. (CO3)
(or)
(b) Explain armature reaction of Alternator at different power factors. (CO3)

7. (a) Explain the procedure of synchronization of alternators using Dark lamp and
Bright lamp method (CO4)
(or)
(b) Two 25 MVA, 3-phase alternators operate in parallel to supply a load of
35 MVA at 0·8 p.f. lagging. If the output of one machine is 25 MVA at 0·9 p.f.
lagging, find the output and p.f. of the other machine. (CO4)

8. (a) State the need for parallel operation of three phase alternators and also state the conditions
for parallel operation of three phase alternators. (CO4)
(or)
(b) Derive expressions for Chording factor and Distributionfactor of an alternator. (CO3)

***

254
 MODEL PAPER – SUMMATIVE EXAMINATION
C-20-EE-402
BOARD DIPLOMA EXAMINATION, (C-20)
DEEE – FOURTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION
EE-402 : ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II (Transformers and Alternators)
Time: 3 hours Total Marks: 80

PART-A 10 X 3 = 30
Instructions:
i. Answer all questions.
ii. Each question carries three marks.
iii. Answers should be brief and straight to the point and shall not exceed five simple
sentences

1. Distinguish between shell-type and core-type transformers in any three aspects. (CO1)
2. Draw a neat vector diagram of a practical transformer working on No load. (CO1)
3. Differentiate between distribution and power transformer in any three aspects. (CO1)
4. State any three advantages of three phase Transformer over single phase Transformer.(CO2)
5. State the conditions for parallel operation of 3-phase transformer. (CO2)
6. State the need of an exciter in an alternator (CO3)
7. Define Chording factor and Distribution factor of a Synchronous generator. (CO3)
8. Define Voltage Regulation of an Alternator. (CO3)
9. State the conditions for synchronization of an alternator. (CO3)
10. State the necessity for parallel operation of alternators. (CO4)

PART-B 5 X 8 = 40
Instructions:
i. Answer all five questions.
ii. Each question carries eight marks.
iii. The answers should be comprehensive and the criteria for valuation are the content but
not the length of the answer.

11. (a) Derive the EMF equation of a single-phase transformer. (CO1)

(or)
(b) Draw the Vector diagram of a practical transformer on load for unity power factor and
lagging power factor. (CO1)

12 (a) A 230/460 V , single phase Transformer has a primary resistance 0.2 ohmand reactance
0.5 ohm. The corresponding values for the secondary are 0.75 ohm and 1.8 ohm
respectively. Find the secondary terminal voltage, when supplying 10 A at 0.8 p.f lag.(CO1)
(or)
(b) A 5 kVA transformer has 35 W core loss and 40 W copper loss at full load. It operates at
rated kVA and 0.8p.f lagging for 6 hours, one-half rated kVA and 0.5 pf lagging for 12
hours and no-load for 6 hours. What is the all-day efficiency? (CO1)

255
13. (a) Draw a legible sketch of Power transformer and explain the function of each part .(CO2)
(or)
(b) Explain any two methods of cooling of power transformers (CO2)

14. (a) A 3-phase , 16 pole alternator has a star connected winding with 144 slots and 10
conductors per slots. The flux per pole is 30 m wb sinusoidally distributed. Find the phase
and line voltages if the speed is 375 rpm. (CO3)
(or)
(b) Explain armature reaction of Alternator at different power factors. (CO3)

15. (a) Explain the procedure of synchronization of alternators using Dark lamp and
Bright lamp method(CO4)
(or)
(b)Two 25 MVA, 3-phase alternators operate in parallel to supply a load of35 MVA at 0·8 p.f.
lagging. If the output of one machine is 25 MVA at 0·9 p.f. lagging, find the output and p.f.
of the other machine. (CO4)

PART-C 1 x 10 = 10
Instructions:
i. This question carries ten marks.
ii. The answers should be comprehensive and the criteria for valuation are the content but
not the length of the answer.

16. What is the effect of power factor on voltage regulation of transformer when the load is (a)
resistive (b) inductive (c) capacitive. (CO1)

***

256