Sample

Question in Pharmacotherapy (Pharmacokinetics)

Question one: Read each of the following statements and choose the most
appropriate answer:
1. One of the following is incorrect:
a- Bile excretion will increase the duration of action.
b- Kidney is the major organ of drugs excretion.
c- It is better to avoid drugs during the first month of pregnancy.
d- The main function of metabolism is to convert the drug to non- ionized form.
2. The rate of renal excretion of a drug is usually related to:
a- The volume of distribution of the drug.
b- Lipid solubility of the drug.
c- Tubular reabsorption.
d- Total plasma drug concentration.
3. What is the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation?
a- Elimination.
b- Bioavailability.
c- Metabolism.
d- Drug displacement.
e- Volume of distribution.

4. The main difference in distribution of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract from drugs
absorbed through the skin or from inhalation is:
a- The drug is distributed to more organs.
b- A greater amount of the drug that is absorbed will be distributed to distant parts of
the body.
c- The drug enters the systemic circulatory system after passing through the liver first.
d- None of the above.
5. Zero-order kinetics refers to:
a- The rates at which absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug occur are
directly proportional to its concentration in the body.
b- Processes by which a constant amount of drug is transported/ metabolized in unit time
irrespective of its concentration in the body.
c- The time in which the biological effect of a drug declines by one half. C
d- Presystemic elimination of the drug.

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6. Only one of the followings is false for parenteral administration:
a- It is subjected to first pass metabolism.
b- It requires sterilization.
c-It produces fast and rapid action.
d- Can be given to unconscious patient.
7. The addition of glucuronic acid to a drug:
a- Increases its water solubility.
b- Is an example of a phase I reaction.
c-Usually leads to activation of the drug.
d- Involves cytochrome P450.
8. Only one of the followings is true for a drug with a high binding to plasma protein:
a- Has a short duration of action.
b- Has a fast rate of metabolism.
c-Has a fast rate of distribution.
d- A small fraction of the drug is present free in the plasma.

9. Which of the following is NOT an action of the body on a drug?

a- Absorption
b- Distribution
c- Metabolism
d- Excretion
e- Side effects
10. The major factor that determines the speed of absorption of drugs from G.I.T is:
a- Protein binding.
b- Water solubility
c-Surface area.
d- Gastric acid secretion.

11. One of the following is incorrect:

a. Bile excretion will increase the duration of action.
b. Kidney is the major organ of drugs excretion.
c. It is better to avoid drugs during the first month of pregnancy.
d. The main function of metabolism is to convert the drug to non- ionized form.
12. For a drug to move from outside the body to a site of action requires that it:
a. Possesses hydrophilic properties.
b. Possesses hydrophobic properties
c. Passes through several cell membranes.
d. None of the above.

13. The main difference in distribution of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract from drugs
absorbed through the skin or from inhalation is:
a. The drug is distributed to more organs.
b. A greater amount of the drug that is absorbed will be distributed to distant parts of
a. the body.
c. The drug enters the systemic circulatory system after passing through the liver first.
d. None of the above.

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14. Zero-order kinetics refers to:
a. The rates at which absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug occur are
directly proportional to its concentration in the body.
b. Processes by which a constant amount of drug is transported/ metabolized in unit time
irrespective of its concentration in the body.
c. The time in which the biological effect of a drug declines by one half. C
d. Presystemic elimination of the drug.
15. Only one of the followings is false for parenteral administration:
a. It is subjected to first pass metabolism.
b. It requires sterilization.
c. It produces fast and rapid action.
d. Can be given to unconscious patient.
16. The addition of glucuronic acid to a drug:
a. Decreases its water solubility.
b. Is an example of a phase I reaction.
c. Usually leads to inactivation of the drug.
d. Involves cytochrome P450.
17. Only one of the followings is true for a drug with a high binding to plasma protein:
a. Has a short duration of action.
b. Has a fast rate of metabolism.
c. Has a fast rate of distribution.
d. A small fraction of the drug is present free in the plasma.
18. Which of the following is NOT an action of the body on a drug?
a. Absorption
b. Distribution
c. Metabolism
d. Excretion
e. Side effects
19. The major factor that determines the speed of absorption of drugs from G.I.T is:
a. Protein binding.
b. Water solubility
c. Surface area.
d. Gastric acid secretion.
20. The rate of renal excretion of a drug is usually related to:
a. The volume of distribution of the drug.
b. Lipid solubility of the drug.
c. Tubular reabsorption.
d. Total plasma drug concentration.
21. All of the following statements concerning Simple diffusion of drugs through lipid
membranes are true EXCEPT:
a- Ionized drug is lipid soluble.
b- It occurs along a concentration gradient.
c-It does not require cellular energy.
d- It does not require carrier.
22. What describes the action of the body on the drug?
a- Pharmacodynamics
b- Pharmacokinetics

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 c- Microbiology.
d- Physiology.
e- all of the above

23. Which of the following routes have the highest bioavailability?

a- Oral
b- Intramuscular
c- Intravenous.
d- Subcutaneous.
e- None of the above

24. What is the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation?
a. Elimination.
b. Bioavailability.
c. Metabolism.
d. Drug displacement.
e. Volume of distribution.
25. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using oral drugs
a- First pass effect.
b- Low bioavailability.
c- Overdoses overcome by antidote.
d- A and B.
e- B and C.
26. Physiological antagonism between two drugs means:
a- The agonist and antagonist act on the same receptors.
b- The agonist and antagonist act on the different receptors.
c- Both drugs act as agonist on the same receptors.
d- Both drugs act as agonist on the different receptors.

27. A 46-year-old man with AIDS is hospitalized for a fever of unknown origin. He is placed in a
combination of antibiotics including a Beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside. The rationale behind
the use of multiple antibiotics includes which of the following?
a- Nephrotoxicity.
b- Hepatotoxicity.
c- Potentiation.
d- Synergism.
28. The ability of a drug to induce foetal malformation when given to a pregnant mother is termed:
a- Idiosyncrasy.
b- Tachyphylaxis.
c- Hypersensitivity.
d- Teratogenicity.

29. Prevention of motion sickness for long period is achieved by Hyoscine given:
a- Transdermally.
b- Intravenously.
c- Orally.
d- Intramuscularly

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30. Drugs given orally:
a- Are subject to first pass effect.
b- Should be highly polar.
c- Are rapidly acting.
d- Do not irritate the gastric mucosa.
31. Which of the following is NOT correct about drugs clearance?
a- The excretion of basic drug is increased in alkaline urine.
b- The kidney is the main site of drug excretion.
c- The excretion of acidic drug is increased in alkaline urine.
d- Only the ionized fraction of the drug is excreted.
32. Conjugation of a drug with glucuronic acid:
a- Increases its water solubility.
b- Is an example of phase I biotransformation reaction.
c- Occurs in the same rate in adults and in the newborn.
d- Usually results in increased activity of the drug.

33. A drug given as 200 mg single dose intravenously results in plasma concentration of 40 mg/L. The
apparent volume of distribution is:
a. 1 L.
b. 5 L.
c. 10 L.
d. 20 L.
e. 2.5 L.
34. The major factor that determines the amount of drug reaching the site of action is:
a- Concentration of the free drug in plasma.
b- The degree of metabolism.
c- The degree of ionization.
d- The degree of excretion.

35. Conjugation reactions in the body generally result in a drug becoming:

a- More lipophilic.
b- More polar & less toxic.
c- Less polar.
d- More toxic.
36. One of the followings is untrue for oral administration:
a- It produces the slowest onset of action.
b- It requires sterilization.
c- Can not be given to unconscious patient.
d- It may be subjected to first pass metabolism.

37. A major advantage of the sublingual route of administration is

that the drug is:
a. Decreased by first pass metabolism.
b. Fast effect
c. Must be water soluble drugs to be absorbed.

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 d. Absorbed faster than when given intravenously.

38. Which of the followings is true regarding drugs metabolism?

a. Only the water soluble fraction of the drug is metabolized.
b. In most cases converts the drug to pharmacologically active metabolite.
c. The kidney is the main site of drug metabolism.
d. Only the lipid soluble fraction of the drug is metabolized.

39. All of the following statements concerning Simple diffusion of drugs through lipid membranes
are true EXCEPT:
a. It occurs along a concentration gradient.
b. It does not require cellular energy.
c. It does not require carrier.
d. Ionized drug is lipid soluble.

40. One of the followings is incorrect about drugs clearance:

a. The excretion of acidic drug is increased in alkaline urine.
b. The excretion of basic drug is decreased in alkaline urine.
c. The kidney is the main site of drug excretion.
d. Only the non-ionized fraction of the drug is excreted.

Question Two: indicate whether each statement is true or false

1. Alkalinization of urine enhances excretion of aspirin toxicity in urine.(T)

2. Local anaesthetic drugs when are given with vasoconstrictor agent will have short
duration of action.(F)
3. A drug given as 200 mg single dose intravenously, results in plasma concentration
of 10 mg/L. The apparent volume of distribution of this drug is 20 L.(T)
4. The most important sites for drug elimination are kidney and liver.(T)
5. When the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination is called steady
state.(T)
6. Phase I is step of metabolism makes a drug more hydrophilic and hence
augments elimination (T)
7.The longer the half-life of a drug is the faster rate of elimination.(F)
8.Drug bound to plasma protein is filtered at the glomerulus. (F)
9. Only free drugs can act on target sites and can be eliminated.(T)
10. Binding of drugs to albumin is irreversible.(F)

11. Alkalinization of urine enhances excretion of aspirin toxicity in urine.(T)

12. Local anaesthetic drugs when are given with vasoconstrictor agent will have long
duration of action.(T)

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13. A drug given as 200 mg single dose intravenously, results in plasma concentration of 10 mg/L. The
apparent volume of distribution of this drug is 2 L. (F)
14. The most important sites for drug elimination are kidney and liver.(T)
15. Passive diffusion is a major method of drug passage through different biological
membranes. (T)
16. If a drug is given by intravenous administration you can predict that its bioavailability will be one.(T)
17. Alkalinization of urine enhances excretion of aspirin poisoning in urine.(T)
18. A major source of phase II reactions is the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system located in the liver
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
19. Most drugs taken orally are absorbed from the stomach & intestine.(T)
20. If the drug is eliminated by the kidneys at high rate means that the drug is mostly nonionized form(F).
21. The most rapid elimination of drugs are those with high glomerular filtration rate and actively secreted
but are not passively reabsorbed. (T)
22. Clearance describes the elimination of a drug from the plasma per unit time. (T)
23. Degree of binding to plasma can affect the half life. (T)
24. Phase II metabolism is usually inactivated. (T)
25. Parenteral administration of drug is not subjected to first pass metabolism.(T)
26. Compared to unionized drug, ionized drug is able to cross the placenta. (F)
27. In zero-order kinetics, rate of drug elimination is constant. (T)
28. Carrier-mediated transport that occurs against a concentration gradient and requires energy is termed
active diffusion. (T)
29. Clearance describes the elimination of a drug from the plasma per unit time. (t)
30. The longer the half life is the faster rate of elimination. (F)