Primary Memory

Types of RAM and ROM

CONTENTS I NSIDE:
STATIC, DYN A MIC A N D N V - R AM
M A S K ED ROM, P ROM , E P ROM , E E P ROM
Primary Memory
▪Primary storage (or main memory or internal memory), often referred
to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU.
▪The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes
them as required.
▪Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the CPU via a
memory bus. It is actually two buses an address bus and a data bus.
▪The CPU firstly sends a number through an address bus, a number
called memory address, that indicates the desired location of data.
▪Then it reads or writes the data itself using the data bus.

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Primary Memory
▪It is the only memory that is directly accessible to CPU.
▪The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes
them as required.
▪Various "Primary storage devices" are:
▪ RAM
▪ ROM
▪ Cache Memory

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Primary Memory Types
RAM (Random access memory):
◦ SRAM (Static RAM) (flip-flop gates)
◦ DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
◦ NvRAM (Non-volatile RAM)

ROM (Read only memory)

◦ Masked ROM
◦ PROM (programmable)
◦ EPROM (erasable programmable)
◦ EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable)

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RAM(Random Access
Memory)
▪Random Access Memory allows stored data to be accessed directly by
CPU in any random order.
▪It is so called random access as data and instructions can read from or
written into RAM in random order. For e.g. to read data stored in memory
location 11111111, RAM doesn't need to scan all the memory locations
starting from 00000000 index.
▪It stores temporary data of currently running applications and play vital
role in computers operation.
▪It is a Volatile Memory i.e. the data vanishes/erased when the power
supply is cut off.
▪These are of 2 types:
▪ SRAM (Static RAM)
▪ DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

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DRAM (Dynamic random
access memory)
▪This is a Random Access Memory that stores each bit of data in a
separate capacitor.
▪The capacitor can be either charged or discharged; these two states
are taken to represent the two values of bit, that are 0 and 1.
▪Main characteristics of capacitors is that they leaks electric charge
gradually. This will result in turning back the 1 state gradually to 0
state i.e. data may get lost in long run.
▪Because of this, there is need of extra power supply for DRAMs using
extra circuit. Extra circuit is known as refresh circuit and process of
providing electricity is known as refreshing.

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SRAM (Static Random Access
Memory)
▪Static random-access memory (static RAM or SRAM) is a type of
semiconductor memory that uses bistable latching circuitry (flip-flop)
and transistors to store each bit.
▪Volatile in the conventional sense that data is eventually lost when
the memory is not powered.
▪It is faster than the DRAM as it uses a six transistor configuration.
▪In this the direction of current depicts the value 0 or 1.
▪It is expensive than DRAM
▪This memory need not to be refreshed frequently.

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Non-Volatile RAM

▪Only RAM that can retain data even after electricity is cut off.
▪In fact it is volatile RAM equipped with external power supply.
▪It takes power from system battery at the time when computer is
turned off.
▪Currently, the best-known forms of both NV-RAM and EEP-
ROM memory are flash memory.
▪Floating gate transistors are commonly used in this category of RAM.

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ROM(Read Only Memory)

▪The DATA stored in Read Only Memory cannot be modified easily i.e.
can be modified only slowly or with difficulty.
▪It is non-volatile memory i e it does not loose data when the power is
cut off.
▪Its various types are :
▪ Masked ROM
▪ PROM
▪ EPROM
▪ EEPROM

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ROM(Read Only Memory)

▪Mask ROM (MROM) is a type of read-only

memory (ROM) whose contents are programmed by
the integrated circuit manufacturer (rather than by
the user).
▪User cannot erase content and they are not allowed
to write new contents in masked ROM.
▪Also known commonly as manufacturer
programmed ROM.

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PROM (Programmable Read Only
Memory)
▪On Programmable Read Only Memory the Data can be written only once.
▪It is Manufactured as a blank memory and then the data is written on it , also
called as Burning the PROM.
▪One step up from the masked ROM is the PROM (programmable ROM), which
is purchased in an unprogrammed state.
▪If you look at the contents of an unprogrammed PROM, the data is made up
entirely of 1’s.
▪The process of writing your data to the PROM involves a special piece of
equipment called a PROM burner.
▪The device programmer writes data to the device one word at a time by
applying an electrical charge to the input pins of the chip. Once a PROM has
been programmed in this way, its contents can never be changed.
▪If the code or data stored in the PROM must be changed, the current device
must be discarded. As a result, PROMs are also known as one-time
programmable (OTP) devices.

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EPROM (Erasable Programmable read
Only Memory)

▪An EPROM (erasable-and-programmable ROM) is

programmed in exactly the same manner as a PROM.
However, EPROMs can be erased and reprogrammed
repeatedly.
▪To erase an EPROM, you simply expose the device to a strong
source of ultraviolet light. (A window in the top of the device
allows the light to reach the silicon.)
▪By doing this, you essentially reset the entire chip to its initial-
unprogrammed-state.
▪Though more expensive than PROMs, their ability to be
reprogrammed makes EPROMs an essential part of the
software development and testing process as well rather than
only for startup instructions.
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EEPROM (Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory)

▪EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an

electric charge.
▪Like other ROM it retains its memory even if the power is switched off.
▪Data is written or erased one byte at a time
▪EEPROMS are electrically-erasable-and-programmable. Internally, they
are similar to EPROMs, but the erase operation is accomplished
electrically, rather than by exposure to ultraviolet light.
▪Any byte within an EEPROM may be erased and rewritten. Once written,
the new data will remain in the device forever-or at least until it is
electrically erased.
▪The primary tradeoff for this improved functionality is higher cost, though
write cycles are also significantly longer than writes to a RAM. So you
wouldn't want to use an EEPROM for your main system memory.

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POKHREL, FACULTY - PRIME COLLEGE