This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

information in books and make it universally accessible.

https://books.google.com
Oradharitima Series

ORA MARITIMA
A LATIN STORY FOR BEGINNERS
ROF E.A.SONNENSCHEIN , D. LITT.
Gen
Dew

Re
Cassi imebautas s
Be

e
sa

t
r

Joel
I tamaties

Rachupine
n
n cia
ente bu li
sa Ga
Belgaum

w
1.Vectis
ORA MARITIMA
 CLASSICAL

000000000000000
IV
E
UN TY O
AT

F"
0000000000000
ST

000
000
LOWA.
000
0

LIE
AR

Class 4.78.6 .
Book S69
Acc . 20.8.9.2.3
 3 18 58 024 333 449
main Ora maritima / Sonnenschein, Edward
;
Adolf,
478.6 .869 /*c. 1

A FINE OF 3 CENTS PER DAY IS

CHARGED FOR OVERDUE BOOKS.
Date Due

14 Jan 33
9Aug'33
23 Aug'33
17 Mar 34
19 Oct 4
2 hr.to
6 Jan 59
7 Feb '59

7 Feb 59

11Jan 59

Library Bureau Cat. no. 1137

 *

*若
 WA

401

ROMANA
SPECULA
..,CUM
DUBRAS
AD
MARIAE
SANCTAE
BASILICA
.
FRONTISPIECE
ORA MARITIMA
A LATIN STORY FOR BEGINNERS

WITH GRAMMAR AND... EXERCISES

BY

E. A. SONNENSCHEIN , D.LITT. , Oxon .

PROFESSOR OF LATIN AND GREEK IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM

Natura non facit saltum

NINTH EDITION
EROSOR SCIENTIEL
(70TH pe THOUSAND)
ARBOR VITE ,

MOON

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH , TRUBNER & CO. , LIMD.

BROADWAY HOUSE, CARTER LANE , E.C.
1922
 .472.6
CD

FILIIS MEIS TRIBUS

D. D.

PATER ET PRAECEPTOR

The previous editions of this Book appeared in May, 1902 ;

November, 1902 ; November, 1903 ; August, 1903 ;
July, 1906 ; July, 1909 ; March, 1911 ; :
February , 1914.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY W. JOLLY AND SONS , LTD . , ABERDEEN

24. .24M
Sept

PREFACE
My apology for adding another to the formidable array of
elementary Latin manuals is that there is no book in existence
which satisfies the requirements which I have in mind as of most
importance for the fruitful study of the language by beginners.
What I desiderate is :
1. A continuous narrative from beginning to end, capable of
appealing in respect of its vocabulary and subject matter to the
minds and interests of young pupils, and free from all those
syntactical and stylistic difficulties which make even the easiest
of Latin authors something of a problem.
2. A work which shall hold the true balance between too
much and too little in the matter of systematic grammar. In
my opinion , existing manuals are disfigured by a disproportionate
amount of lifeless Accidence . The outcome of the traditional
ce system is that the pupil learns a multitude of Latin forms (Cases,,
Lantai

Tenses, Moods), but very little Latin . That is to say, he

Surphy
.84
IUWA

acquires a bowing acquaintance with all the forms of Nouns and

JUN
1924
24

Verbs-such as Ablatives in a, e, i, o, u, 3rd Persons in at, et,

it, and so forth — before he gets a real hold of the meaning or use
of any of these forms. But, as Goethe said in a different
connexion, " What one cannot use is a heavy burden " ; and my
experience leads me to think that a multitude of forms acts as an
encumbrance to the pupil at an early stage by distracting his
attention from the more vital matters of vocabulary, sentence
construction, and order of words. The real meaning of the
Ablative, for instance, can be just as well learned from the ist
Declension as from all the declensions taken together. And
further, to run over all the declensions without proper under
2013
vi. PREFACE

standing of their meanings and uses with and without Prepositions

is a real danger, as begetting all sorts of misconception and error
-so much so that the muddled pupil too often never learns the
syntax of the Cases at all. No doubt all the Declensions and
Conjugations must be learned before a Latin author is attacked.
But when a few of them have been brought within the pupil's
ken, he finds little difficulty in mastering the others in a rapid
and more mechanical fashion . In the present book I have dealt
directly with only three declensions of Nouns and Adjectives and
the Indicative Active of sum and of the first Conjugation
(incidentally introducing some of the forms of Pronouns, and
those forms of the Passive which are made up with the Verb
adjectives, as in English) ; but in connexion with this amount of
Accidence I have treated very carefully the most prominent uses
of the Cases with and without Prepositions , and the question of
the order of words, which I have reduced to a few simple rules.
It is my hope that teachers who trust themselves to my guidance
in this book will agree with me in thinking that the time spent
on such fundamental matters as these is not thrown away. The
pupil who has mastered this book ought to be able to read and
write the easiest kind of Latin with some degree of fluency and
without serious mistakes : in a word, Latin ought to have become
in some degree a living language to him.
Above all it is my hope that my little story may be read with
pleasure by those for whom it is meant. The picture which it
gives of the early Britons is intended to be historically correct, so
far as it goes ; and the talk about “ anchors ” and “ boats ” and
“ holidays "“ will perhaps be acceptable as a substitute for
"
“iustitia," " modestia, " " temperantia ," and the other abstract
ideas which hover like ghosts around the gate of Latin . I have

16. The pupil ordinarily approaches Latin and Greek through a cloud of
abstractions. "-A. SIDGWICK .
 PREFACE vii .

kept my Vocabulary strictly classical, in spite of the temptation

to introduce topics of purely modern interest, such as bicycles :
in the later sections of the book it is Caesarian. The number of
words in the vocabulary is relatively large ; but words are
necessary if anything worth saying is to be said, and a large
proportion of my words have a close resemblance to the English
words derived from them. Apart from this, the acquisition of a
working vocabulary is an essential part of any real mastery of a
language, and it is a task eminently within the powers of the
youthful mind .
In regard to the quasi -inductive study of grammar I have
expressed myself in an article contributed to Mr. Sadler's Special
Reports, extracts from which are given below. But I wish it to
be understood that there is nothing in this book to prevent its
being used by teachers who prefer the traditional method of
teaching the Grammar before the sections of the story and the
Exercises in which it is embodied. All the Grammar required is
given in the “ Preparations” (e.g. pp. 65 , 66, 67 , 69, etc. ). It
will be clear from these tables and from my “ Drill Exercises”
that I by no means undervalue the importance of systematic
training of the memory in the early stages of learning.
In the present (8th) edition the quantities of vowels are
indicated throughout the book in accordance with the principle
recommended by the Classical Association , viz. that long vowels
should be marked (a, e, i, o , u, y ), except in syllables which are
long by position, and that short vowels should be left unmarked.1
I have also made a few changes in terms of grammar, so as to
bring the book into complete touch with the recommendations
of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology.'
1 Recommendations of the Classical Association on the Teaching of Latin
and Greek ( John Murray, London, 1912), p. 2.
On the Terminology of Grammar, being the Report of the Joint Committee
on Grammatical Terminology (John Murray, 1911 ).
 viii. PREFACE

Most of the passages will be found too long for one lesson,
unless with older pupils. They must be split up, according to
circumstances .
It is possible that some teachers may prefer to use this book
not as a first book in the strict sense of the term , but rather after
say a year's work at some other book ; and I can well imagine
that it might be used to good purpose in this way, for instance as
a bridge to Caesar, whose invasions of Britain are narrated in
outline in my Chapters VIII .-XIV., or for practice in rapid
reading side by side with an author.
My best thanks are due to Lord Avebury for permission to
reproduce the photographs of Roman and British coins which
appear in this volume, especially of the coin of Antoninus Pius
with the figure of Britannia upon it—the prototype of our modern
penny.
E. A. S.
BIRMINGHAM
January, 1913.

The following passages have struck me since my Preface was

written as throwing light on the idea of this book.
“ The real question is not whether we shall go on teaching Latin,
but what we can do to teach it so as to make learners understand
that it is not a dead language at all.” — Sir F. POLLOCK, in the “ Pilot,”
Jan. 12th, 1901.
“We must convince our pupils of the reality of the study [ Latin ]
by introducing them at as early a period as possible to a real book ."
P. A. BARNETT in “ Common Sense in Education and Teaching,"
p. 210 .
Assimilate the system of teaching the classical languages to that
which I have shadowed forth for modern language teaching." -
Professor MAHAFFY, Address to Modern Language Association,
Dec., 1901 .
 CONTENTS
PAGE

NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN II

TEXT.
1. -ORA MARITIMA Ist Declension, with the
Present Indicative of
sum and of the Ist
Conjugation 23
II .-PATRUUS MEUS 2nd Declension in -us 26

III. - MONUMENTA ANTIQUA 2nd Declension in -um - 28

IV. -DELECTAMENTA PUERORUM 2nd Declension ; words

like puer 30
V.- MAGISTER NOSTER 2nd Declension ; words
like magister -

32
VI . -BRITANNIA ANTIQUA Mixed forms of ist and
2nd Declension, with
Past Imperfect Indic
ative of sum and of
the ist Conjugation
(Active Voice) 33
VII.-- VESTIGIA ROMANORUM The other Tenses of
the Indicative of
sum and of the
Ist Conjugation
(Active Voice) 38
X. CONTENTS
Page
VIII.- EXPEDITIO PRIMA C. IULII
CAESARIS 3rd Declension 43
ix .– PAX vioLATA 99 45
X.-CERTAMINA VARIA 46
XI.-NAVES ROMANAE 48
XII . -GENTIUM BRITANNICARUM
SOCIETAS .
50
XIII . - MARIA BRITANNICA O
99 51
XIV. -BRITANNIA PACATA Recapitulation
of 3rd Declension 51
XV.- ROBUR ET AES TRIPLEX Adjectives of 3rd
Declension 56
PREPARATIONS AND GRAMMAR 59
DRILL EXERCISES ON THE TEXT

Latin Drill, Conversations, etc. , with English

sentences for re - translation • I01

APPENDICES
1. How to translate the Latin Gerundive and Gerund - 138
II. How to translate the principal English Prepositions 141

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 145

 NEWER METHODS IN THE
TEACHING OF LATIN *

We are familiar with the watchwords of two opposed camps on

the subject of language -teaching. The old-fashioned view that
the “ declining of nouns and verbs,” to use Dr. Johnson's phrase,
is a necessary preliminary to the reading of any text is nowadays
met with the continental cry of “ Fort mit der Grammatik ! ”
But we are not really compelled to accept either of these harsh
alternatives, as the more moderate adherents of the new German
school are now fain to admit. Grammar has its proper place
in any systematised method of teaching a language ; but that
place is not at the beginning but rather at the end of each of the
steps into which a well-graduated course must be divided .
Speaking of the course as a whole, we may say that the learning
of grammar should proceed side by side with the reading of a
text. The old view, which is far from extinct at the present day,
though it is rarely carried out in all its rigour, was that the pupil
must learn the rules of the game before he attempts to play it.
The modern view is that just as in whist or hockey one learns
the rules by playing the game, so in the study of a language one
learns the grammar best by the reading of a simple text. But

#
* Extracted from an article contributed to Mr. Sadler's Special Reports.
 12 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN

it is necessary at once to draw a distinction, which marks the

difference between the earlier and the more developed form of
the new method . The mistake made by the first zealots of the
new school was that they plunged the pupil without pre
paration into the reading of what were called "“ easy passages," —
passages taken from any ordinary book, and easy perhaps as
compared with other passages which might have been selected,
but still bristling with a multitude of heterogeneous forms
and constructions. This was an “ inductive method ” with a
vengeance ; but it soon became evident that to expect a young
beginner to work his way through such a jungle to the light of 1

clear grammatical consciousness was to expect too much ; * and 1

even for the adult beginner the process is slow and laborious.
For what is the object of grammar unless to make the facts of a
language accessible and intelligible by presenting them in a i
simple arrangement ? Here as elsewhere science ought surely to
step in as an aid, not an obstacle, to understanding. What
the advocates of the new school failed to see was that
“ nature ” cannot dispense with “ art ” ; in other words that the
text which is to serve as the basis of an inductive study of the
language must be specially constructed so as to exhibit those
features on which the teacher desires to lay stress at a particular
stage of learning .
What is the ordinary English practice at the present day ?
On this point others are more competent to speak than I ; but
I imagine I am not far wrong in saying that the first step in
learning Latin is to spend a month or two in learning declensions
and conjugations by rote—not, let us hope, complete with
their irregularities and exceptions, but in outline. The pupil

* A distinguished representative of the Neuere Richtung admitted in

conversation with the present writer some years ago that the teaching of
"
French out of his own book was Hundesarbeit ” (horse-work ).
 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN 13

then proceeds to the reading and writing of easy sentences,

perhaps in such a book as “ Gradatim ” ; and after say a
year or more he will be reading easy selections from a Latin
author. All the while he recapitulates his grammar and ex
tends his grammatical horizon. This is, in any case, an
immense improvement on the older plan of learning the whole
of the old Eton Latin Grammar in its Latin dress without
understanding a word of what is meant by its " as in praesenti
and other mysteries. If wisely administered, this method may
also avoid the error of “ Henry's First Latin Book ," which
taught an intolerable deal of Accidence and Syntax to a half
pennyworth of text ; though, on the other hand, Henry's First
Latin Book was an attempt to accompany the learning of
grammar with the reading of easy sentences from the very
beginning, and in so far was better than the method we are con
sidering. For I must maintain, with all deference to the opinion
of others whose experience is wider than my own, that we are as
yet far from having drawn the full conclusions of the process of
reasoning on which we have entered. There should be no pre
liminary study of grammar apart from the reading of a text. The
declensions and conjugations, learned by rote apart from their appli
cations, cannot be properly assimilated or understood, and often
prove a source of error rather than enlightenment in subsequent
study. They have to be learned over and over again-always in
doses which are too large for digestion, and the pupil has mean
while been encouraged to form aa bad habit of mind. Half know
ledge in this case too often leads to the unedifying spectacle of the
Sixth Form boy or the University undergraduate who is still so
shaky in his accidence that he cannot pass his “ Smalls ” without a
special effort, though in some respects he may be a good scholar.
But still more serious is the effect of the false conceptions which are
inevitably implanted in the mind by this method of grammar with
out understanding. The pupil learns mensā, " by or with a table,"
14 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN

agricolă, " by or with a farmer ” —both of them impossible Latin for

the English in its natural sense ; mensae meaning strictly “ to a
table” is almost impossible in any elementary context. Yet the
pupil necessarily supposes that in some context or other they must
have those meanings ; it is often years before he discovers that he
has been the victim of a practical joke. Some boys never see the
fun to the bitter end ; in other words, they never learn the syntax
of the Cases at all. And where are the counterbalancing ad
vantages of this method ? The pupil is introduced at an early
stage to the reading of selections from Latin authors. But what
if the interest and stimulus of reading consecutive passages could
be secured without the sacrifice of clearness and grasp which is
involved in the method of preliminary grammar ? The advan
tages would seem in that case to be all on one side. Each new
grammatical feature of the language would be presented as it is
wanted, in an interesting context, and would be firmly grasped by
the mind ; at convenient points the knowledge acquired would be
summed up in a table (the declension of a noun or the forms of
a tense). The foundations of grammar would thus be securely
laid ; there would be no traps for the understanding, because each
new feature would be presented in concrete form , that is in a con
text which explained it. For example, instead of mensā , “ by or
with a table," etc., we should have in mensā, " on a table,” cum
agricolā , " with a farmer,” ab agricolă, “ by a farmer;" ad mensam ,
" to a table " or sometimes " by ( i.e. near) a table ; " ” agricolae dat,
but not mensae dat. After one declension had been caught in
this way, the others would not need so elaborate a treatment. But
"
still the old rule of " festina lente ” would warn the teacher not to
impose too great a burden on the young or even the adult beginner ;
it is no light task to learn simultaneously forms and their
meanings, vocabulary, and the fundamental facts of syntax. It
must be admitted that the method which I am advocating is aa slow
one at first ; but it is sure, and binds fast. The method of pre
 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN 15

liminary grammar might be called the railroad method . The

traveller by rail travels fast, but he sees little of the country
through which he is whirled. The longest way round is often the
shortest way home ; and my experience has been that the time
spent at the start without proceeding beyond the very elements of
grammar is time well spent. A fair vocabulary is acquired
without effort — in the course of reading ; for the learning of new
words, especially if they are chosen so as to present obvious
similarities to English words, is a task eminently within the
powers of the youthful mind ; and all words met with in an
interesting context arouse attention and impress themselves on the
mind of their own accord . All the while the pupil is forming his
feeling for the language and gradually becoming habituated
to ordinary ways of saying ordinary things. He gradually loses
that sense of strangeness which is the great barrier to anything like
mastery. * It is surprising how much can be said in Latin without
using more than a single declension of nouns and adjectives and
a single conjugation of verbs. † The habit of reading very easy
Latin, thus acquired at an early stage, will prove of the utmost
value when the pupil approaches the study of a Latin author.
Such a book as I have in mind should therefore do something to
bridge over the formidable chasm which at present separates the
reading of isolated sentences from the reading of an author.
All Latin authors as they stand, are far too difficult to
serve as a basis of study for beginners : and they are also, I
may add, not well adapted in respect of subject matter and

* One great advantage of this method , especially for learners who are
able to cover the ground at a fair rate of progress, is that it lends itself to
acquiring the “ art of reading Latin ” ( as distinct from the art of construing it),
to use Prof. W. G. Hale's phrasc — the art of rapid reading.
+ There are some 1,000 verbs of the first conjugation in Latin (including
compounds ).
16 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN

sentiment to appeal to the mind of the very young. Caesar may

no doubt be made interesting to a boy or girl of twelve by a skilful
teacher with the aid of maps and pictures. But, after all, the Gallic
War can never be what it was never meant to be, a child's book.
The ideal « Reader , ” which should be the centre of instruction
during the early stages of aa young pupil's course, should be really
interesting ; simple and straightforward in regard to its subject
matter, modern in setting, and as classical as may be in form — a
book which the pupil may regard with benevolent feelings, not
with mere " gloomy respect ," * as worth knowing for its own sake.
It should be well illustrated with pictures, diagrams, and maps,
provided always that the illustrations are to the point, and such as
are really felt to be needed to explain the text and make it live.
“ Modern in setting, ” for otherwise the book will not appeal to the
young mind ; yet there is much justification for the demand made
by many adherents of the newer school that the subject matter
of any school book dealing with a foreign language should be
closely associated with the history and the manners and customs
of the people who spoke or speak the language. Possibly the two
demands are not irreconcilable ; the subject matter may be
historical and national, but the point of view from which it is
regarded may be modern . For English pupils learning Latin the
reconciliation ought to present little difficulty; but nearly every
great nation of Europe has its points of contact with Rome, and
therefore its opportunities of constructing Latin Readers which are
national in more senses than one. On the modern side they may
be patriotic in tone, and inspired by that love of nature which
appeals so directly to the youthful mind ; on the ancient side they
may be historical and instructive in the narrower sense of the
term . And the illustrations should also have this two - fold
character ; they should include subjects both ancient and modern ,
售
* Lord Rosebery in his Rectorial Address at Glasgow, 1900.
 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN 17

it being always remembered in regard to the former that their

object is not to make the boy or girl an archæologist, but simply
to act as an aid to the imagination and enable it to realise what
ancient civilisation was like. A good modern fancy sketch may
often be more instructive from this point of view than a cut taken
from a dictionary of antiquities.
The method which I advocate is, therefore, on its linguistic
side, analogous in some respects to the so-called “ natural
"
method or to the method by which an adult, left to his own
resources, usually attempts to master a foreign tongue. He begins
by attacking some easy book or newspaper, with the help of a
dictionary, and he picks up the grammar as he goes along. The
method is in both cases heuretic, in so far as the learner does
not try to reconstruct the language out of the grammar, as a
palæontologist reconstructs an extinct animal from a study of a
few bones. But in the one case the learner works on a text
which presents all the variety and complexity of nature ; in the
other, on a text which has been simplified and systematised by
art, so as to lead directly to a clear view of certain fundamental
grammatical facts. Granted the premises, I conceive that there
will be no great difficulty in accepting the conclusion ; for there
can hardly be a better method of teaching a language than that
which combines the systematic order of the grammar with the
interest and life of the story -book . The crux of the situation is
to write such a school book ; and though it may be long before
an ideal book of the kind is produced, the problem ought not to
be impossible of solution, if once the necessity of a solution from
the teaching point of view is realised. On the one hand the
ideal book ought to have a sustained interest, and if possible to
form a continuous narrative from beginning to end ; otherwise
much of the effect is lost ; this adds materially to the difficulty
of writing . On the other hand there are various considerations
which lighten the task. The writer has before him an infinite
2
18 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN

variety of choice in regard to his subject matter ; and though his

grammatical order must be systematic, he is under no obligation
to confine himself absolutely to the narrowest possible
grammatical field at each step. For example adjectives * may be,
as they should be on other grounds, treated side by side with the
substantives which they resemble in form , and the easy forms of
possum ( e.g., pot-es, pot-est, pot- eram ) side by side with the
corresponding forms of sum. Here we have material for the
building of sentences. We may even go further and admit a
certain number of forms which anticipate future grammatical
lessons, provided they are not too numerous or of such aa character
as to confuse the grammatical impression which it is the purpose
in hand to produce. For example, forms like inquam , inquit
might be introduced, if necessary, long before the learning of the
defective verbs was reached ; they would, of course, be accom
panied by their translations and treated as isolated words without
any grammatical explanation. Tact in introducing only such forms
as are not liable to lead to false inferences is necessary ; and, of
course, the fewer such anticipations there are the better. A
certain latitude must also be conceded in regard to idiom and
style. While it is of importance that the pupil should come across
nothing which might react disadvantageously on his future com
position, it is mere pedantry to insist on any exalted standard of
literary excellence, The writer who works under the limitation
imposed by the conditions of the problem should not attempt
any high style of diction ; it is sufficient if his Latin is up to the
standard of such isolated sentences as usually form the mental
pabulum of the beginner, though it might well be somewhat
higher.
I would here anticipate a possible objection. Would not such
a book be too easy ? Would it provide a sufficient amount of

Including Possessive Adjectives and Participles (Verb -adjectives).

 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN 19

mental gymnastic to serve as a means of training the faculties of

reason and judgment ? That would depend altogether on the aim
which the writer set before himself. There is plenty of room
within the limits of the first declension and the first conjugation
for the training of the mind in habits of accurate thought and
expression ; for instance, the sentences may be made as difficult in
regard to order of words as you please. But I would urge that
they can hardly be made too easy at the beginning. It is some
times forgotten that mental training is not synonymous with the
inculcation of a mass of grammatical forms which only burden the
memory, and that the habit of reading with care and fluency is it
self a mental discipline of the highest value. What the teacher of
any language has to do is not to accustom his pupil to regard each
sentence as a nut to crack or a pitfall to beware of ; but rather to
"
induce him by the art of “ gentle persuasion ” to look upon the
foreign tongue as a friend to be approached on terms of easy
familiarity. Difficulties will accumulate fast enough, and I submit
with all deference that it is a mistake to convert the learning of
any foreign language into an obstacle race, by deliberately throw
ing difficulties into the path of the learner. Latin, at any rate, is
hard enough in itself. And a habit of thoughtlessness is surely
the last thing that will be encouraged by a method such as that
sketched above, by which learning is made aa matter of observation
from the first, and not of unintelligent memorizing.
It goes without saying that the grammar to be taught in such
a book should be limited to the necessary and normal. All that
is in any way superfluous to the beginner should be rigorously
excluded. But so soon as a general view of the whole field of
regular accidence and the bare outlines of syntax has been attained
by way of the Reader, the time has arrived for taking the pupil
over the same ground again, as presented in the systematic form
of the grammar. He is now in a position to understand what a
grammar really is—not a collection of arbitrary rules, but a
20 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN

catalogue raisonné of the usages of a language based upon

observation and simplified by science. Successive recapitulations
should take in more and more of what is abnormal, until a fairly
comprehensive view of the whole field is obtained. The sug
gestions of whatever new texts are read should, of course, be
utilised in preparing the mind for irregularities and exceptions ;
but it is no longer perilous to study the grammar apart. Each
course of grammar deepens the impression made by those which
precede it, and at the same time extends the pupil's mental
horizon, the successive courses being superimposed on one an
other like a number of concentric circles with ever widening
diameters.
I have said nothing about the writing of Latin, because it is
obvious at the present day that reading should be accompanied by
writing from the first, and, what is even more important, that the
sentences to be translated into Latin should be based on the
subject matter and vocabulary of the Reader. Learning a
language is largely an imitative process, and we must not expect
our beginners to make bricks without straw, any more than we
expect pupils at a more advanced age to compose in the style of
Cicero or Livy without giving them plenty of models to work
upon. It is more important to insist here on the importance of
training the organs of speech and hearing even in learning a
“ dead language " like Latin . For a dead language is still a
language, and cannot be properly grasped unless it has some
contact with living lip and living ear. Let the pupil then
become accustomed from the first to reading Latin aloud, and to
reading it with intelligence and expression. It is a habit which
does not come of itself ; but to teach it goes a long way towards
making the language live again, and acts as a most valuable
support to the memory. Let anyone try learning a little modern
Greek, and he will appreciate the difference between remember
ing the accents by ear and remembering them by the eye alone,
 208 )
NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN 21

So, too, in regard to forms and vocabulary. What we have to

familiarise our pupils with is not merely the look of the word
and the phrase and the sentence on paper, but still more, the
shape of them to the ear.
From the point of view of the University a reform in school
procedure, both on the literary and on the grammatical side,
would confer great and lasting benefits. * There must be many
University teachers who, like the present writer, feel dissatisfied
with the scrappy and haphazard knowledge of the classics
commonly presented by students reading for Pass degrees. But
the foundations must be laid during the long school course, as the
developed flower must be present in the germ. By not hurrying
over the initial stages, and by a wise guidance of the later steps,
the consummation of a worthy classical culture may be reached in
the end.

Christmas, 1900. E. A. SONNENSCHEIN.

a 9 9

* Professor Postgate ( Classical Review , February, 1901) demands di

' thorough revision of the modes and materials of classical and especially
elementary classical teaching," adding, “ Though we of the Universities have
a serious grievance against the schools in that they send us so many mistaught.
on elementary points, and , what is worse, emptied of all desire to learn , we
must not forget our own deficiencies .”
 NOTE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION .

The present issue of Ora Maritima carries out in all respects

the recommendations of the Classical Association and of the
Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology, as setforth in
the recent publications entitled " On the Teaching of Latin and
Greek ” and “ On the Terminology of Grammar” (Mr. John
Murray, Albemarle St., W.). To this end the marking of
quantities of vowels in accordance with the principle recom
mended by the Committee on the spelling and printing of
Latin texts has been extended to the exercises, and a few gram
matical terms have been amended . In all other respects the
book is unchanged. The text of the story (pp. 23-58) is identical
with that of the sixth and seventh editions, 1909-11 ,
I herewith express my cordial thanks to those teachers who
have encouraged me by their approval of my attempt to lend
vitality and interest to the early study of Latin , and who have
co:operated,with me: by: calling. my attention to misprints or
c

omnissiqns in particufar to Professor.Postgate, Mr. F. E. A.

Trayes, Mr. R. S. Haydon, and Miss A. F. E. Sanders. These
oversights not very many in number — have, I hope, all dis
appeared inthepresent edition .,
May I all the attention of teachers to the mistake, into
which pupils easily fall, of pronouncing the word ' Maritima '
like the French 'maritime with the accent on the syllable -ti-,
instead of Marítima ; )
 ORA MARITIMA
VEL
COMMENTARII DE VITA MEA AD
DUBRAS ANNO MDCCCXCIX

pe DNGRA

ORA MARITIMA INTER DUBRAS ET RUTUPIAS.

1. Ora maritima.

( First Declension of Nouns and Adjectives, together with the Present

Indicative of sum and of the First Conjugation .]

1. Quam bella est õra maritima ! Non procul

ab õrā maritimā est villa . In villā amita mea
nabitat ; et ego cum amitā meā nunc habito. Ante
iānuam villae est area. In āreā est castanea, ubi
24 ORA MARITIMA

luscinia interdum cantat. Sub umbră castaneae ancilla

interdum cēnam parat. Amo oram maritimam ; amo
villam bellam .
2. Fēriae nunc sunt . Interfēriās in villā
maritimā habito. Ō beātās fēriās ! In arēnā ārae
maritimae sunt ancorae et catēnae . Nam incolae
orae maritimae sunt nautae. Magna est audācia
nautārum : procellās non formidant. Nautās amo, ut
nautae mē amant. Cum nautis interdum in scaphis
nāvigo.
f

‫ودوم ما‬

HESHINDLER .

ANCORA ET CATENA-SCAPHA .

3. Ex fenestrīs villae undās spectās. Undās

caeruleās amo. Quam magnae sunt, quam perlūcidae !
 ORA MARÍTIMA 25

Post cēnam lūnam et stellās ex fenestrå meā specto .

Prope villam est silva, ubi cum amitā meā saepe
ambulo. Quantopere nos silva dēlectat ! O copiam
plantārum et herbārum ! ©Ô copiam bācārum ! No
Nõnn
sõlum nautae sed etiam agricolae circum habitant.
Casae agricolārum parvae sunt. Nautae casās albās
habitant. Amita mea casās agricolārum et nautārum
saepe visitat.

4. Victoria est rēgina mea. Magna est gloria

Victoriae. Rēgīnae, non solum in insulis Britannicīs
sed etiam in Indiā, in Canadā, in Austrāliā, in Africā,
2

ubi coloniae Britannicae sunt. Rēgīna est domina

multārum terrārum. Britannia est domina undārum .
In glòriā rēginae meae triumpho. Tē, Britannia,
amo : võs, insulae Britannicae, amo. Sed Britannia
non est patria mea. Ex Africa Meridiānā sum.

5. Lýdia quoque, consobrina mea, apud amitam

meam nunc habitat. Lýdia columbās cūrat : cūra
columbārum Lýdiae magnam laetitiam dat. Tū ,
Lýdia , cum apud magistram tuam es, linguae Franco
gallicae et linguae Anglicae operam dās ; sed ego
linguis antiquis Romae et Graeciae operam dē. Saepe
cum Lýdiā ad silvam vel ad oram maritimam ambulo .
Interdum cum nautā in scaphā nāvigāmus . Quant
opere nõs undae caeruleae dēlectant ! Lýdia casās
agricolārum cum amitā meā interdum vīsitat. Vos,
fīliae agricolārum , Lýdiam amātis, ut Lýdia vos amat .
Ubi inopia est, ibi amita mea inopiam levat.
26 ORA MARITIMA

II. Patruus meus.

( Second Declension : Nouns and Adjectives in us ]

6. Patruus meus quondam praefectus erat in
Āfrică Meridiānā. Nunc militiā vacat, et agello suo
operam dat. Agellus patrui mei non magnus est.
Circum villam est hortus. Mūrus horti non altus est .
Rīvus est prope hortum, unde aquam portāmus, cum
hortum irrigāmus . In horto magnus est numerus
rosārum et violārum. Rosae et violae tibi, mi patrue,
magnam laetitiam dant. Tū, Lýdia, cum patruð með
in horto saepe ambulās.
7. In angulo horti sunt ulmi. In ulmis corvi
nidificant. Corvos libenter specto, cum circum nīdās
suos volitant. Magnus est numerus corvorum in
horto patrui mei; multi mergi super oceanum volitant.
Võs, mergī, libenter specto, cum super oceanum
volitātis et praedam captātis. Oceanus mergis cibum
dat. Patruum meum hortus et agellus suus dēlectant ;
in agello sunt equi et vaccae et porci et gallī gallīnae
que. Lýdia gallos gallīnāsque cūrat. Non procul
ab agello est vicus, ubi rustici habitant. Nonnulli ex
rusticīs agellum cum equis et vaccis et porcis
cūrant.

8. Ex horto patrui mei scopulos albos õrae

maritimae spectāmus. Scopuli sunt altī. Et õra
Francogallica non procul abest. Noctü ex scopulis
pharõs õrae Francogallicae spectāmus, velut stellās
clārās in oceano. Quam bellus es, Oceane, cum lūna
 ORA MARITIMA 27

undās tuās illustrat !Quantopere mē dēlectat vos,

undae caeruleae, spectāre, cum tranquillae estis et
arēnam orae maritimae lavātis ! Quantopere më
dēlectātis cum turbulentae estis et sub scopulīs
spūmātis et murmurātis !

AMi
Home ulky

VILLA MARITIMA .

ULMI ET CORVI. MURUS. IANUA . Rivos. CASTANEA. MERI,

28 ORA MARITIMA

III. Monumenta antiqua.

[Nouns and Adjectives in um).
9. Agellus patrui mei in Cantio est, inter
Dubrās et Rutupiās situs. Dubrae et Rutupiae
oppida antiqua sunt. Multa sunt monumenta antiqua
in Britanniā, multa vestīgia Romānārum . Reliquiae
villārum, oppidorum , amphitheātrorum Romānõrum
hodiē exstant . Multae viae Romānae in Britannia
sunt. In Cantio est via Romāna inter Rutupiās et
Londinium. Solum Britannicum multos nummās
aureos, argenteos, aēneos et Britannorum et Romān
örum occultat. Rusticīs nummi saepe sunt causa lucrī,
US
PT
20

NUMMUS ROMANUS CUM FIGURA BRITANNIAR .

NUMMUS ROMANUS.
(C.IUL.CAESAR.) ( AUGUSTUS .)
 ORA MARITIMA 29

NUMMUS BRITANNICUS.

NUMMUS BRITANNICUS .

cum arant vel fundāmenta aedificiorum antiquorum

excavant . Nam nummos antiquos magno pretio
vēnumdant. Patruõ með magnus numerus est numm
õrum Romānōrum .

10. Inter fēriās commentārios meos dē vītā

meā scriptito. Dubrās saepe visitāmus ; nam oppidum
non procul abest. Super oppidum est castellum mag
num ; in castello est specula antiqua. Mūrī speculae
altī et lātī sunt. Quondam erat pharus Romānõrum.
Prope speculam est aedificium consecrātum. Iam
secundo saeculo post Christum nātum basilica Chris
tiāna erat .

11. Castellum in prõmunturió õrae maritimae

stat. Post castellum sunt clīvī grāminei et lātī. Ex
castello fretum Gallicum spectās. Ante oculos sunt
30 ORA MARITIMA

vēla alba multorum nāvigiorum ; nāvigia sunt Brit

annica, Francogallica, Germānica, Belgica. Nonnulla
ex nāvigiis Britannicīs “ castella ” nomināta sunt.
Littera Cin signo est. “ Castella " in Africam Meridi
ānam nāvigant, ubi patria mea est.

CasteLLUM AD DUBRAS SITUM.

IV . Delectamenta puerorum .
[Nouns and Adjectives like puer ).
12. In numero amicorum meorum sunt duo
puerī. Marcus, puer quattuordecim annorum, mihi
 ORA MARITIMA 31

praecipuus amicus est. Prope Dubrās nunc habitant,

sed ex Calēdoniā oriundi sunt. Nõbis puerīs fēriae
nunc sunt ; nam condiscipuli sumus. Inter fēriās
liberi sumus scholis. Amicī mei mē saepe visitant, et
ego amicos meos visito . Magna est inter nos amicitia.
Unā ambulāmus , ūnā in undis spūmiferis natāmus,
cum non nimis asperae sunt. Quantopere nos pueros
lūdi pilārum in arēnā dēlectant ! Ut iuvat castella
contrā undās spūmiferās aedificāre !
13. Nõbis pueris fēriae plēnae sunt gaudiorum
ā māne usque ad vesperum. Nonnumquam in scaphā
cum Petro nāvigāmus. Petrus est adulescentulus
vīginti annorum. Petri scapha non solum rēmis sed
etiam vēlīs apta est. Plērumque rēmigāmus, sed
nonnumquam vēla damus, cum ventus non nimis
asper est. Petrus scapham gubernat et vēlīs minis
trat. Nos pueri scapham bellam laudāmus et amāmus.
14. Non procul à Dubris est scopulus altus,
unde oceanum et nāvigia et õram maritimam spectās.
Locus in fābulā commemorātus est, ubi Leir, rēgulus
Britannorum antiquorum, fortūnam suam miseram
dēplorat, stultitiam suam culpat, filiās suās animi
ingrāti accūsat. o fortūnam asperam ! Ō filiās
impiās! Ō constantiam Cordēliae ! Scopulus ex
poētā nominātus est. Nam in fābulā est locus ubi
vir generosus, amīcus fidus rēgulī, dē scopulo sē
praecipitāre parat ; sed filius suus virum ex periculo
servat. Filium fidum laudo et amo. Nos pueri locum
saepe visitāmus.
32 ORA MARITIMA

NZSNINDUER

SCOPULUS ALIUS AD DUBRAS SITUS, EX POETA NOMINATUS.

V. Magister noster.
[Nouns and Adjectives like magister ].
15. Magister noster vir doctus est , sed lūdōrum
perītus. Nõbīs puerīs cārus est. Inter fēriās patruum
meum interdum visitat. Dextra magistrī nostri valida
est, et pueri pigri nec dextram nec magistrum amant.
“ Non amo tē, Sabidi, nec possum dicere quārē.
Hoc tantum possum dicere : non amo tē . "
Magistrum non amant quia libros Graecos et
Latīnās non amant. Nam discipuli scholae nostrae
linguis antiquis operam dant, atque scientiīs mathe
 ORA MARITIMA 33

maticis. Magistro nostro magna copia est librorum

pulchrorum. Schola nostra antiqua et clāra est : non
sõlum libris sed etiam lūdīs operam damus. Schola
nostra non in Cantio est . In vico nostro est lūdus
litterārius, crēber pueris et puellis, liberis agricolārum.
Sed ego cum Marco et Alexandro, amicīs meis, ad
Ventam Belgārum discipulus sum.

Vl. Britannia antiqua.

[Mixed forms of Nouns and Adjectives of the ist and 2nd Declensions,
together with the Past Imperfect Indicative of sum and of the
Ist Conjugation .]
16. Magister noster librorum historicorum
studiosus est ; dē patriā nostrā antiqua libenter narrat.
Proximo anno, dum apud nos erat, de vītā Britannorum
antiquorum saepe narrābat. Patruus meus et amita
mea libenter auscultābant ; ego quoque nonnumquam
aderam . Sic narrābat :
“ Fere tõta Britannia quondam silvis densīs crēbra
erat . Inter āram maritimam et fluvium Tamesam,
ubi nunc agrī frūgiferi sunt, silva erat Anderida, locus
vastus et incultus. Silvae plēnae erant ferārum
lupõrum, ursõrum , cervorum, aprõrum. Multa et varia
māteria erat in silvīs Britannicis : sed fāgus Britannis
antiquis non erat nōta, si Gaius Iūlius vēra affirmat.
))
Et pinus Scotica dēerat. "

17 . Solum, ubi līberum erat silvīs, frūgiferum

erat. Metallis quoque multis abundābat-plumbo albo
3
 milla

1.

KLS & TOO .

BRITANNI ANTIQUI
 ORA MARITIMA 35

et ferro, atque, ut Tacitus affirmat, auro argentoque,

Margarītās et ostreās dabat Oceanus : margarītae
parvae erant, sed ostreae magnae et praeclārae.
Caelum tum quoque crēbris pluviīs et nebulīs ātrīs
foedum erat ; sed pruinae asperae aberant. Natūra
oceani ' pigra ' erat, si testimonium Taciti vērum est :
nautae Romānī, inquit, in aquā pigrā vix poterant
rēmigāre. Sed vērumne est testimonium ? An ħātūra
nautārum Romānorum non satis impigra erat ? ”
18. “ Incolae antiqui insulae nostrae feri et
bellicosi erant. Hastis, sagittīs, essedis inter sē
pugnābant. Proelia Britannos antiquos dēlectābant.
Multi et diversi erant populī Britannorum. Multi

ex populīs erant Celtae. Celtīs antiquīs, sīcut Ger

mānīs, capilli flāvī, oculi caerulei, membra magna
et rõbusta erant. Sic Tacitus dē Calēdoniis narrat.
Incolae Cambriae meridiānae ' colorāti ' erant. Sed
Romānīs statūra parva, oculi et capillī nigri erant.
Ūniversi Britannī, ut Gāius Iūlius affirmat, membra
vitro colorābant, sicut nautae nostri hodiernī. Vesti
menta ex coriīs ferārum constābant. In casīs parvīs
circum silvās suās habitābant."

19. Hic amita mea “ Nonne in oppidis habit

"
ābant ? " inquit. Et ille “ Oppida aedificābant,” inquit
" sed, si Gaius Iūlius vēra affirmat, oppida Britann
õrum antiquorum loca firmāta erant, non loca ubi
habitābant. Sed Britannia meridiāna crēbra erat
incolīs et aedificiīs. Sīc narrat Caesar in libro quinto
Bellī Gallicī. Multī ūnā habitābant, ut puto .” “ Itaque
non plānē barbari erant,”" inquit amita mea . Et
36 ORA MARITIMA

ille : “ Incolae Cantii agri cultūrae operam dabant,

atque etiam mercātūrae. Nam Veneti ex Gallia in
Britanniam mercātūrae causā nāvigābant. Britanni
frumentum , armenta , aurum , argentum , ferrum , coria,
catulos vēnāticos, servos et captīvās exportābant ;
frēna, vitrea, gemmās, cētera importābant. Itaque
mediocriter hūmāni erant, nec multum dīversī ā Gallīs. "

J. 20 .

URNAE ET CATENAE BRITANNICAE .

1

LESSIA

' Heis
DRUIDAE BRITANNICI.
 TIMA
38 ORA MARI

20. “Multi mortuos cremābant, sicut Graeci et

Romānſ : exstant in Cantió sepulchra cum urnis
pulchrē ornātīs. Exstant etiam nummi Britannici ,
aurei, argentei, aēnei. Esseda quoque fabricābant :
nön plānē inhūmāni erant, sī rotās ferrātās essed
õrum et nummās aureos aēneõsque fabricare poterant.
Britannis antiquis magnus numerus gallorum gallīn
ārumque erat ; animī, non escae, causā cūrābant, ut
Gāius Iūlius affirmat. Sed incolae mediterrāneorum
et Calēdoniſ feri et barbari erant. Mortuos humābant.
Agri cultūrae operam non dabant ; non frūmento sed
ferīnā victitābant. Deorum fāna in lūcis sacris et silvis
ātrīs erant. Sacra cūrābant Druidae. Sacra erant
saeva : viros, fēminās, liberos pro victimīs sacrificābant.
Inter sē saepe pugnābant ; captīvās miserõs vēnum
dabant, vel cruciābant et trucīdābant : nonnumquam
simulācra magna, plēna victimis hūmānīs, cremābant.
Populorum inter sē discordiae victoriam Romānorum
parābant."
VII. Vestigia Romanorum .
[Future Indicative and Imperative of sum and of the ist Conjugation ).
21. Nūper, dum Marcus et Alexander mēcum
erant, patruo meo “ Quantopere mēdēlectābit” inquam
"locum visitāre ubi oppidum Romānum quondam
stābat. " Et Alexander “ Monstrā nobis," inquit
“ amābā tē, ruinās castelli Rutupīnī.” Tum patruus
meus “ Longa est via," inquit “ sed aliquando mon
strābā. Crās, si võbis grātum erit, ad locum ubi
proelium erat Britannorum cum Romānis ambul
 ORA MARITIMA 39

äbimus. Ambulābitisne nõbiscum , Marce et Alex

ander ? " " Ego vērā " inquit Marcus "tēcum libenter
ambulābā ” ; et Alexander “ Mihi quoque pergrātum
erit, si nõbīs sepulchra Britannorum et Romānõrum
"
monstrābis.” Sed patruus meus “ Festīnā lentē ”
inquit ; " nullae sunt ibi reliquiae sepulchrorum, et
viri doctī dē loco proeliī disputant. Sed quotă horā
parāti eritis ? " “ Quintā hārā ” inquiunt.
22. Postridiē caelum serēnum erat. Inter ientā
culum amita mea “ Quotā hārā ” inquit “ in viam
vās dabitis ? et quotā hārā cēnāre poteritis ? ” Et
patruus meus “' Quintā hörā Marcus et Alexander
Dubrīs adventābunt ; intrā duās hõrās ad locum
proelii ambulāre poterimus ; post ūnam horam red
ambulābimus ; itaque hörā decimā vel undecimā domi
erimus, ut spērā.” Tum ego “ Nõnne iēiūni erimus,"
inquam “ si nihil ante vesperum gustābimus ? "
“ Prandium vobiscum portāte ” inquit amita mea ;
" ego crustula et põma cūrābē .”

[ Perfect Indicative of sum and of the ist Conjugation .)

23. Quinta hora appropinquābat, et amicos
meos cupidē exspectabam . Ad sonum tintinnābuli
ad fenestram properāvī. Ecce, pueri ad jānuam
aderant . Cum intrāvērunt, üniversī exclāmāvimus
Eugē ! Opportūnē adventāvistis ! ” Tum Marcus
“ Num sēro adventāvimus ? " inquit ; " hõra fere tertia
fuit cum in viam nos dedimus ; sed via longa est,
et Alexander celeriter ambulāre non potest." Sed
2
Alexander “ Non sum fatīgātus ” inquit ; " sed quota
40 ORA MARITIMA

höra est ? . " Tum patruus meus “ Nöndum quinta

hora est ” inquit ; " parātīne estis ad ambulandum ? "
Et Alexander “ Nās vērā ! ” inquit. Tum amita mea
et Lýdia “ Bene ambulāte ! ” inquiunt, et in viam
nos dedimus.

C. IULIUS CAESAR,

24. Inter viam patruus meus multa nobis dē bello

Romānōrum cum Britannis narrāvit. Primo saeculo
ante Christum nātum Gāius Iūlius in Gallia bellābat,
et, postquam Nerviós cēterosque populos Galliae
Belgicae dēbellāvit, bellum contrā incolās insulae
propinquae parāvit. Itaque anno quinto et quinquā
gēsimo cõpiās suās in Britanniam transportāvit.
 ORA MARITIMA 40

Dē loco unde nāvigāvit et dē loco quo nāvigia

sua applicăvit, viri docti diū disputāvērunt. Sed
inter Dubrās et Rutupiās est locus ad nāvigia
applicanda idoneus. Dubrās non poterat applicāre ;
nam scopulī ibi alti erant, ut nunc sunt, et in scopulis
copiae armātae Britannõrum stābant. Itaque ad
alium locum nāvigāvit , ubi nulli scopuli fuērunt.
Sed Britanni quoque per Òram maritimam ad
locum properāvērunt, et ad pugnam sē parāvērunt.
Romānīs necesse erat nāvigia sua magna ad ancorās
dēligāre. Britannīs vada nota fuērunt; itaque in
aquam equitāvērunt et copiam pugnae dedērunt.

y uceliansen for

BRITANNI ROMANOS IN SCOPULIS EXSPECTANT.

 42 ORA MARITIMA

[ Pluperfect ( i.e. Past Perfect) Indicative of sum and of the ist

Conjugation .]
25. Sed iam ad locum adventāverāmus, et
patruus meus “ Spectāte pueri " inquit ; "hīc campus
apertus est ; scopulī dēsunt, et locus idoneus est ad
copiās explicandās. Illīc fortasse, ubi scaphās piscā
toriās spectātis, Gaius Iūlius nāvigia Romāna ad
ancorās dēligāverat. Hic Britanni copias suās col
locāverant, et equos in aquam incitāverant. Nonne
potestis tõtam pugnam animā spectāre ? Sed reliqua
narrābo. Dum Romāni undis sē dare dubitant,
aquilifer ' Ad aquilam võs congregāte,' inquit ' nisi
ignāvi estis. Ego certē officium meum praestābo.'
T
O
L
M
A
M
A
S
INS

Moon

- J.Zilliamson foil

AQUILIFER SE UNDIS DAT,

 ORA MARITIMA 43

Et cum aquilā undīs sē dedit. Iam ūniversi Romāni

ad aquiliferum sē congregāverant, et cum Britannīs
in undis impigrē pugnābant. Confūsa et aspera fuit
pugna. Primo laborābant Romānī ; sed tandem Brit
annos propulsāvērunt et terram occupāvērunt. Ante
vesperum Britanni sē fugae dederant. Numquam
anteā copiae Romānae in solo Britannico steterant.
Audācia aquiliferi laudanda erat."
( Future Perfect Indicative of sum and of the ist Conjugation. ]
26. Sed nos puerī prandium iam postulābāmus :
nam hora iam septima erat. Quam bella crustula
et põma tū , amita , dederās ! Quantopere nõs bācae
rubrae et nigrae dēlectāvērunt ! Tum patruus meus
“ Cum nos recreāverimus ," inquit “ domum proper
ābimus ; nam non ante undecimam horam advent
āverimus ; intereā amita tua, mi Antonī, nos exspect
āverit. Nõnne prandio satiāti estis ?” Tum ego " Nulla
in mē mora fuerit.” Et Alexander “Ego iam parātus
sum " inquit ; " sed quando tū, Marce, satiātus eris ?? ”"
Tum Marcus “ lēiūnus fui" inquit ; " nam per quinque
hörās nihil gustāveram . Sed cum mē altero pomo
recreāverē, parātus ero. Tū, Alexander, inter viam
crustulis operam dedisti ; nam puer parvus es. " Nos
cachinnāmus, et mox in viam nos damus.

VIII. Expeditio prima C. Iulii Caesaris.

[3rd Declension : nouns like Caesar, imperātor, sol, expedītio.]
27. Sed magnus erat calor sõlis et āeris, neque
poterāmus celeriter ambulāre. Paulo post nebulae
sõlem obscūrāvērunt, et imber magnus fuit. Mox
44 ORA MARITIMA

sõl õram maritimam splendore suo illustrāvit, et

iterum in viam nos dedimus. Imber calorem āeris
temperāverat ; et inter viam nos puerī patruum meum
multa dē C. Iūlio Caesare, imperātore magno Romān
orum , interrogāvimus. Cūr expeditionem suam in
Britanniam parāvit ? ” inquimus ; " cũr cõpiās suās in
insulam nostram transportāvit ? " Et patruus meus
“ C. Iūlius Caesar " inquit " proconsul erat Galliae, et
per trēs annos contrā nātiānēs bellicosās Gallorum
et Belgārum bellāverat ; nam anno duodēsexāgēsimo
ante Christum nātum Romāni Caesarem proconsulem
creāverant . Romānī autem Britannos in numero
Gallorum esse existimābant ; et rēvērā nonnullae ex
nātionibus Britanniae meridiānae ā Belgis oriundae
erant. Atque Britanni Gallis auxilia contrā Romānos
interdum subministrāverant ; sed Trinobantēs auxil
ium Romānōrum contrā Cassivellaunum, rēgulum
Cassõrum, implorāverant."
28 . “ Alia quoque causa belli fuerat avāritia et
exspectātio praedae. Cupidi erant Romānī insulam
nostram ignotam et remõtam visitandi et explorandi ;
nam, ut Tacitus affirmat, ignotum pro magnifico est.
Itaque anno quinto et quinquāgēsimo ante Christum
nātum C. Iūlius Caesar expeditionem suam prīmam
contrā Britannos comparāvit, et victoriam reportāvit,
ut narrāvī ; nam post ūnum proelium Britanni veniam
ā victoribus implorāvērunt. Sed expeditio non magna
fuerat ; neque Romānī ullam praedam ex Britannia
reportāverant, nisi paucos servos et captīvās. Anno
igitur proximo imperātor Romānus secundam et
 ORA MARITIMA 45

multo māiorem expeditionem in Britanniam parāvit.

Nam sescenta nāvigia onerāria in Galliā aedificāvit,
et quinque legionēs Romānās ūnā cum magnā multi
tūdine auxiliòrum Gallicorum in āram Belgicam con
)
gregāvit."

IX . Pax violata .
( 3rd Declension continued : nouns like pāx, aestãs, miles.)
29. “ Britanni pācem non violāverant, sed Rõ .
māni pācis non cupidi erant. Itaque aestāte anni
quarti et quinquāgēsimi ante Christum nātum dux
Romānus cum quinque legionibus militum Romān
õrum et magno numero equitum et auxiliorum Gallic
õrum iterum in Britanniam nāvigāvit. Tempestās
erat idònea, sed in mediā nāvigātione ventus non
iam fābat ; itaque militibus necesse erat nāvigia
rēmis incitāre. Impigrē rēmigāvērunt,, et postridiē
nāvigia ad oram Britannicam prosperē applicāvērunt.
Labor rēmigandi magnus erat, virtūs militum magn
opere laudanda. Britanni Rāmānās in scopulis õrae
maritimae exspectābant ; sed postquam multitūdinem
nāvigiorum et militum equitumque spectāvērunt, in
fugam sē dedērunt. Caesar nāvigia sua inter Dubrās
et Rutupiās applicāvit, ut puto, non procul ā loco quo
priore anno applicāverat. Inde contrā Britannās pro
perāvit. Intereā ūnam legionem cum trecentīs equit
ibus ad castra in statione reservābat : nam pericul
õsum erat nāvigia ad ancorās dēligāta dēfensoribus
. nūdāre.”
 TIMA
46 ORA MARI

KIKA

XIRRI
LATE

E
J.zo.Zou

CASTRA ROMANA .

X. Certamina varia .
[3rd Declension continued : nouns like flūmen, tempus.]

30 . “ Britanni certāmen vītāvērunt, et in silvis

sē occultāvērunt, ubi locus erat prope Alūmen, ēgregiē
et nātūrā et opere firmātus. Itaque ‘' oppidum ' Brit
annicum erat. Dē nomine Aūminis nihil constat .
Oppidum iam ante domestici belli causā praepar
āverant, et crēbrīs arboribus vallīsque firmāverant.
Multa et varia certāmina fuērunt : Britanni ex
silvīs cum equitibus essedīsque suis contrā Romānās
provolābant ; Romānīs periculosum erat intrā mūnīt
iānēs Britannorum intrare. Sed post aliquantum
 ORA MARITIMA 47

temporis milites septimae legionis aggere et testudine

locum oppugnāvērunt. Tandem Britannos ex silvis
propulsāvērunt. Pauca erant vulnera Romānõrum :
nam Romāni Britannos pondere armorum et scientia
pugnandi multum superābant ; magnitūdine et robore
corporis Britanni Romānös superābant. Sed Romāni
quoque hominēs rõbusto corpore erant. "

???

gir
3. USillainson for

ESSEDUM BRITANNICUM .

31. “ Victoria Caesarī non multum prófuit : nam

Britannis fugātīs instāre non poterat, quia nātūram locī
ignorābat. Praeterea praefectus castrorum, nomine
Quintus Atrius, magnum incommodum nuntiāverat :
tempestās nāvigia in lītore afflictāverat. Tempus
periculosum erat ; nam Caesarī necesse erat a flūmine
48 ORA MARITIMA

ad lītus maritimum properāre, et legionēs suās

ab insectātione Britannorum revocāre . Multa ex
nāvigiis in vadis afflictāta erant ; cētera novīs
armīs ornanda erant . Opus magni laboris erat , et
aliquantum temporis postulābat . Sed nautārum atque
militum virtūs magno opere laudanda erat. Non
sõlum per diurna sed etiam per nocturna tempora
labörāvērunt . Intereā Caesar nova nāvigia in Galliā
aedificat : sine nāvigiis non poterat copias suās in
Galliam reportāre ; ūno tempore necesse erat et nāvigia
"
reparāre et contrā Britannos bellare . "

XI. Naves Romanae.

(3rd Declension continued : nouns like nāvis .]

32. “ Duo erant generanāvium in classe Romānā ;

ūnum erat genus nāvium longārum , alterum nāvium
onerāriārum. Nāvēs longae ad pugnam aptae erant,
nāvēs ad
onerāriae onera atque multitūdinem
hominum et equorum transportanda. Tota classis
Caesaris octingentārum erat nāvium ; nam sescentās
nāvēs onerāriās per hiemem in Galliā aedificāverat,
ut narrāvī. Inter cēterās , ducentās numero, nonnullae
nāvēs longae erant. Sed nāvibus longis rēvērā non
opus erat Caesari ; nam Britannis antiquis nulla erat
classis ; neque nāvēs onerāriās aedificābant.” Tum
2
ego “ Britannia nondum domina undārum erat
inquam ; “ sed quomodo frūmentum exportāre
poterant, si nullās nāvēs aedificābant ? ” “ Venet
õrum nāvēs ” inquit patruus meus " frūmentum
Britannicum in Galliam portābant, et ex Gallia
 ORA MARITIMA 49

gemmās, vitrea, cētera in Britanniam. Nam Veneti,

nātio maritima, in ārā Gallicā habitābant. Hostēs
fuerant Romānõrum , et magnam classem com
>
parāverant. "
33. Tum Marcus “ Num nātiönēs barbarae ”
inquit “ nāvēs longās ornāre poterant ? ” Et patruus
meus Formam nāvium Gallicărum Caesar in tertio
libro Belli Gallici commemorat . Puppēs altae erant;
ad magnitudinem tempestātum accommodatae ;
carinae plānae. Veneti nāvēs tõtās ex rõbore
fabricābant ; ad ancorās catēnīs ferreis, non fūnibus,
dēligābant . Pellēs prā vēlīs erant, sīve propter līni
inopiam , sīve quia in pellibus plūs firmitūdinis quam
in vēlīs līneīs erat. Nāvēs longae Romānōrum non
tam altae erant quam Venetorum , sed rostris ferreis
et interdum turribus armātae erant ; itaque victoriam
a Venetīs reportāverant.” Tum Alexander “ Num
nāvēs Romānae laminīs ferreis armātae erant ? ” inquit.
Sed Marcus : “ Quid opus erat lāminīs ferreis, si
tormenta hodierna antiquis dēerant ? "

4
50 ORA MARITIMA

XII. Gentium Britannicarum Societas.

[ 3rd Declension continued : nouns like gens, pars ].
34. Tum patruus meus reliqua de expedītione
Caesaris narravit. “ Dum mīlitēs nautaeque Romāni
classem novis armis ornant, Caesar ad reliquās copiās
properat. Intereā hostēs summum imperium
Cassivellaunā mandāverant. Cassivellaunus non erat
rēx ūniversārum gentium Britannicārum, sed dux
vel princeps gentis Cassõrum. Anno tamen quarto
et quinquāgēsimo ante Christum nātum magna pars
gentium Britanniae meridiānae sē sub Cassivellaunā
contrā Romānos consociāverant . Flūmen Tamesa
fīnēs Cassivellauni ā finibus gentium maritimārum
sēparābat ; ab oriente erant finēs Trinobantium ; ab
occidente Britanni mediterrānei . Superiore tempore
bella continua fuerant inter Cassivellaunum et reliquās
gentēs ; atque Trinobantēs auxilium Romānõrum
contrā Cassivellaunum implārāverant , quia rēgem
suum trucīdāverat . Numerus hostium magnus erat ;
nam, ut Caesar affirmat, infinīta multitūdo hominum
erat in parte meridiānā Britanniae."

35. “ Caesar formam et incolās Britanniae in

capite duodecimo et tertio decimo librī quinti com
memorat. Incolae partis interioris Celtae et barbarī
erant ; incolae maritimae partis ex Belgio praedae
causā immigrāverant , sīcut priore aetāte trans flūmen
Rhēnum in Belgium migrāverant. Et nonnulla
nomina gentium maritimārum , unde nomina urbium
hodiernārum dērīvāta sunt, Belgica vel Gallica sunt.
 ORA MARITIMA 51

Belgae autem à Germānis oriundi erant, ut Caesar in

capite quarto libri secundi dēmonstrat. Itaque pars
Britannorum antiquorum Germānicā orīgine erant.
Formam insulae esse triquetram dēclārat. Sed
ūnum latus ad Galliam spectāre existimat, alterum ad
Hispāniam atque occidentem , tertium ad septentrionēs.
Itaque de lateribus et angulīs laterum errābat.
Hiberniam ab occidente parte Britanniae esse rectē
iūdicat, insulam Mõnam inter Britanniam et
Hiberniam esse ."
XIII. Maria Britannica .
[ 3rd Declension continued : nouns like mare ).
36. “ Lateris primi longitūdinem circiter quin
genta mīlia esse iūdicat, secundi septingenta, tertiī
octingenta. Itaque dē magnitūdine insulae non
multum errābat. Flūmen Tamesam ā mari circiter
octogintā mīlia distāre iūdicat." Hic nos pueri
"
Errābat igitur ” inquimus ; " nam inter Londinium et
"
mare non sunt octogintā mīlia. " Sed patruus meus
“ Rectē iūdicābat " inquit; " nam pars maris ubi Caesaris
castra erant circiter octogintā mīlia Romāna ā
Londinio distat. Tria maria insulam nostram
circumdant ; inter Britanniam et Galliam est mare
Britannicum vel fretum Gallicum ; ab occidente mare
Hibernicum ; ab oriente mare Germānicum . Nomina
marium temporibus antiquīs non ūsitāta erant ; sed
iam Graecī Britanniam esse insulam iūdicābant.”
XIV . Britannia pacata.
[ Recapitulation of nouns of the 3rd Declension .]
37. “ Inter Tamesam et mare Britannicum prima
52 ORA MARITIMA

concursio erat Romănorum cum cõpiīs Cassivellaunī.

Britanni duās cohortēs Romānās in itinere fortiter im
pugnāvērunt. Ex silvis suis prāvolāvērunt; Romānos
in fugam dedērunt ; multos Romānõrum trucid
āvērunt. Tum suās ā pugnā revocāvērunt. Novum
genus pugnae Romānos perturbāverat. Nam Britannis
non mõs erat iusto proelio pugnāre ; sed equitibus
essedīsque suis per omnēs partēs equitābant, et
ordinēs hostium perturbābant ; tum consultó cõpiās
suās revocābant. Essedāriī interdum pedibus pugnā
bant. Ita mõbilitātem equitum , stabilitātem peditum
in proeliīs praestābant. Peditēs Romāni propter
pondus armorum non apti erant ad hūiusmodi hostem .

keurd

‫ابو‬
BRITANNI CUM ROMANIS IN ITINERE PUGNANT,
 ORA MARÍTIMA 53

Et equitibus Romānīs perīculosum erat sē longo

intervallo ā peditibus sēparāre : neque pedibus
pugnāre poterant."

38. “ Itaque Romānī ordinēs suos contrā equitēs

Britannorum in prīmā certāmine nõn servāverant.
Sed postridiē Romānī victoriam reportāvērunt.
Britanni in collibus procul a castrīs Romānīs stābant.
Caesar magnum numerum cohortium et ūniversās
equitēs lēgāto suo Trebonio mandāverat. Hostēs
subito provolāvērunt, et ordinēs Romānos impugn
āvērunt. Sed Romāni superiorēs fuērunt. Cõpiās
Britannicās propulsāvērunt, et in fugam dedērunt.
Magnum numerum hostium trucidāvērunt . Tum dux
!
cont.nuīs itineribus ad flūmen Tamesam et in finēs
Cassivellaunī properāvit. Cassivellaunus autem cum
quattuor milibus essedāriorum itinera Romānõrum
servābat, et paulum dē viā dēclīnābat sēque in silvis
occultabat. Interdum ex silvis provolābat et cum
militibus Romānīs pugnābat ; Romānī autem agros
Britannorum vastābant.»"

39. " In parte flūminis Tamesae ubi finĉs Cassi

vellauni erant ūnum tantum vadum erat. Quo cum
Caesar adventāvit copiās hostium ad alteram rīpam
flūminis collocātās spectāvit. Rīpa autem sudibus
acūtīs firmāta erat ; et Britannī multās sudēs sub aquā
quoque occultāverant . Sed Caesar hostibus instāre
non dubitāvit. Aqua flūminis profunda erat, et mīlitēs
capite solum ex aqua exstābant ; sed Romānī sē aquae
54 ORA MARITIMA

fortiter mandāvērunt, et Britannos in fugam dedērunt.

‘ Oppidum'Cassivellaunī non longē aberat; inter silvās
palūdēsque situm, quo Britanní magnum numerum
hominum, equorum , ovium, boum, congregāverant.
Locum ēgregiē et nātūrā et opere firmātum Caesar
ex duābus partibus oppugnāre properāvit : oppidum
expugnāvit et défensõrēs fugāvit.”

BRITANNI CASTRA ROMANA OPPUGNANT.

40. “ Sed in Cantio, ubi quattuor rēgēs Britannis

pracerant, nondum finis erat pugnandi. Britanni
castra Romāna ad mare sita fortiter oppugnant ; sed
frustră . Romāni victòrēs. Intereā multae ex civitāt
ibus Britannicis pācem õrant. Trinobantibus Caesar
 ORA MARITIMA 55

novum rēgern dat, et pācem confirmat. Itaque propter

tot clādēs, propter finēs suos bello vastātos, maximē
autem propter dēfectionem tot cīvitātum, Cassivel:
launus dēcondiciônibus pācis dēliberat. Caesar pācem
dat ; Cassivellaunum vetat Trinobantès bello vexāre,
et tribūtum Britannis imperat. Tum copias suās cum
magno numero obsidum et captīvorum in Galliam
reportat. Britanni fortiter sed frustrā pro ārīs et
focis suis pugnāverant."
DD

TROFAEUM BRITANNICUN ,
 IMA
56 ORA MARIT

XV. Robur et aes triplex.

[ Adjectives of the 3rd Declension .)
41. Tum Marcus “ ő gentem fortem et admirābil
em Britannorum ! ” inquit. “ Nam insigne erat facinus
quod contrā Rāmānās, victòrēs orbis terrārum, tam
fortiter et nonnumquam prosperē pugnāvērunt. Non
mirum est, sī Romānī victoriam reportāvērunt ." Nos
sententiam Marci comprobāvimus. Sed iam nõna hora
erat, cum Alexander, digito ad orientem monstrans,
" Nõnne nāvēs procul a lītore spectātis ? " inquit. Et
patruus meus " Ita est " inquit ; " nam illic est statio
tūta nāvibús. Sed illae nāvēs, ut puto, nāvēs longae
sunt ex classe Britannicā ; nam pars classis nostrae
‫بااين‬
)

SITE

BBBEE

J. 20 illiamson

NAVIS LONGA BRITANNICA.

 ORA MARITIMA 57

Tum ego "eugē,, optimē!”"

nunc in freto Gallico est.
inquam ; “nāvem longam adhūc non spectāvī. Sed
non tam grandēs sunt quam putāvī." " Pergrandēs
sunt,” inquit patruus meus " sed procul a lītore sunt ;
omnēs lāminīs ferreis, nonnullae arietibus vel turribus
armātae sunt."

42. Tum nautam veterānum dē nominibus nāvi

um longārum interrogāvimus. In classe Britannicā
mīlitāverat, sed tum mīlitiā vacābat, et custos erat õrae
maritimae. Nomina nāvium, ut affirmābat, erant
Grandis, Rēgālis, Magnifica, Tonans, Arrogans, Ferox ;
omnibus tegimen erat lāminis ferreis fabricātum . In
Grandi praefectus classis nāvigābat. Omnēs ad
ancoram dēligātae erant. Tum Alexander " Cür nön "
inquit "ad nāvēs in scaphā nāvigāmus ? " Mihi et
Marco propositum pergrātum erat ; et nauta ad
nāvigandum parātus erat. Itaque patruus meus “ Sērā
domum adventābimus " inquit ; " sed si vos puerī
cupidi estis nāvem longam spectandī, ego non dēneg
» <
ābo.” Tum nauta “ Exspectāte” inquit “ dum omnia
paro ” ; et vēla rēmāsque in scapham portāvit. Quam
dulce erat in mari tranquillo nāvigāre ! Ventus lēnis
flābat, et brevi tempore ad Rēgālem appropinquāvimus.
Tum classiāriī nõbis nāvem ingentem monstrāverunt
cum māchinīs, tormentīs, rostrīs, cēterīs.

43. Höra iam decima erat cum ā Rēgālī nos in

scapham dedimus. Tum ad lītus rēmigāre necesse
erat ; nam ventus adversus erat. Ego et Marcus ūnā
cum patruð meo et nautā veterānā rēmis labörāvimus.
58 ORA MARITIMA

Sed non ante undecimam horam in lītore stetimus.

Dum domum properāmus, imber fuit, et necesse erat
in tabernā aliquantum temporis exspectāre : intrāv.
imus et nos recreāvimus ; nam fatīgātī erāmus. Sed
' post tenebrās lūx.' Cum domum adventāvimus, amita
mea et Lýdia " Ubi tam diū fuistis ? " inquiunt ; “ nos
anxiae fuimus ; sed cēna iam parāta est.” Tum nós
“ Multa spectāvimus” inquimus ; " ambulātiö longa
sed pergrāta et utilis fuit.” Post cēnam Marcus et
Alexander Dubrās in vehiculo properāvérunt. Ego
per noctem de Britannis antiquis et dē classe Britan:
nica hodiernā somniavi. Ante oculos erant viri fortes
membris robustīs, flāvīs capillīs, oculis caeruleis cum
Romānis terrā marique pugnantēs.

DULCE DOMUM.

DEUS SALVAM FAC REGINAM,

MATREM PATRIAE.
 PREPARATIONS
NOTE TO THE TEACHER ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. If the
last syllable but one of a word of more than two syllables is long, it is also
accented : if short, the accent is thrown back on to the last syllable but two.
But words of only two syllables are always accented on the first of the two.

Syllables closed by two or more consonants are mostly long, as in villà ,

lusCinia, iNTeRDum , parTem , uMBRa, feneST Ra ; so too are syllables
containing a double vowel, as in nA ULAE. But many syllables ending in a
single consonant and containing a single vowel are also long, because the vowel
is itself aa long vowel : these vowels are marked in the text and vocabularies
of this book . Thus beata and antiqua have the middle syllable long, and are
therefore marked beäta, antiqua ; and it is because the middle syllable in each
of these words has a long vowel in it that it is accented (bedta , antiqua ).
Vowels which do not bear any mark may be regarded as short, as in domina
amita, casa , quoque, mea , tua ( accented dómina, dmita, casa , quóque, méa,
túa ).'
 60 PREPARATIONS

1. The Sea Coast.

(English words connected with the Latin by origin, but not intended as
translations of them, are given in square brackets and Roman type. ]
$ 1.
quam bella how beautiful villae of the country -house
est is ārea an open space [area]
õra maritima the sea - shore in āreā in the open space
nõn procul notfar castanea a chestnut tree
ab ārā marit ubi where
imā from the sea -shore luscinia a nightingale
villa a country -house interdum sometimes
(villa) cantat sings
in villa in the country-house sub umbrā under the shade
amita mea my aunt (umbra, shade ;
habitat dwells, lives cf. umbrella ')
et and castaneae of the chestnut- tree
ego habito I dwell, I am ancilla a maid -servant
staying cēnam parat prepares supper
cum amitā meā with my aunt amā āram I love the shore
nunc now amo villam I love the pretty
ante iānuam before the door bellam country -house

Compare the different forms of the same word (Singular

Number) in the following sentences :
Villa bella est. There is a pretty country -house,
or The country -house is pretty.
Villam bellam amo. I love the pretty country -house.
lānua villae bellae est aperta. The door of the pretty country
house is open .
In villā bellā habito . Iam staying in thepretty country -house.
Note. ego habito, I am staying (where the word I has some
stress) ; amō, I love (where the word I has no stress.)
 PREPARATIONS 61

$ 2.
fēriae : holidays incolae the inhabitants
sunt are or there nautae sailors
are magna est great is (or is
fēriae nunc sunt it is now the great)
holidays audācia the courage
inter fēriās during the nautārum of sailors
holidays procellās formi
in villā maritimā in the country dant they fear
house by storms
the sea nautās amo I like sailors
Ō beātās fēriās ! oh, the happy ut as

holidays ! nautae sailors

in arēnā on the sand mē amant like me
õrae maritimae of the sea coast cum nautīs with the sailors
ancorae anchors in scaphis in boats
et and
[skiffs]
catēnae chains nāvigo I sail (navi
nam
for gate]

Compare the forms of the Plural nautae ', sailors, in the above
sentences : nautae mē amant, sailors like me ; nautās amō, I like
sailors ; audācia nautārum, the courage of sailors ; cum nautīs,
with sailors. Note that the ending -ae, like the English ;
-s, has
two different meanings : nautae = (1) sailor's, (2 ) sailors.
Compare the different forms of the same word (Plural Num
ber) in the following sentences :
Villae bellae sunt. There are pretty country -houses,
or the country -houses are pretty.
Villās bellās amo. I love pretty country -houses.
lānuae villārum bellārum sunt apertae. The doors of the
pretty country -houses are open .
In villīs bellīs habitant. They dwell in pretty country-houses.
02 PREPARATIONS

$ 3.
ex fenestrīs out of (orfrom ) | nõs dēlectat delights us
the windows Ō copiam oh the abund
undās spectās thou seest ( you ance
see) the waves plantārum ofplants
caeruleās blue herbārum ofgrasses, of
quam magnae how big they herbs
sunt are (i.e. the bācārum of berries
waves, und
non solum notonly [solely]
ae)
sed etiam but also
per-lūcidae transparent
( lucid ] agricolae farmers
circum around
post cēnam after supper
habitant dwell
lūnam spectō I see the moon
stellās the stars casae the cottages
ex fenestrā meā from my win agricolārum of thefarmers
dow parvae small
prope villam near the coun . casās albās
try -house habitant inhabit white
silva a wood cottages
saepe often casās visitat visits the
ambulo I walk cottages
quantopere how much
Compare the Singular and Plural forms of the word ' amita
in the following sentences :
Amita mea casās visitat. My aunt visits cottages.
Amitae meae casās vīsitant. My aunts visit cottages.
Amitam meam amo. I love my aunt.
Amitās meās amo . I love my aunts.
Amitae meae villa est bella. My aunt's country -house is pretty .
Amitārum meārum villae sunt bellae. My aunts'
country -houses are pretty.
Cum amitā meā ambulā. I walk with my aunt.
Cum amitīs meis ambulo. I walk with my aunts.
 PREPARATIONS 63

Notice that the forms in -am (Singular) and -ās (Plural) occur
( 1 ) after certain Prepositions :
ante iānuam, before the door ; post cēnam, after supper ;
prope villam, near the house ; inter fēriās, during the holidays.
( 2 ) without any Preposition, to complete the sense with certain
Verbs. The form in -am or -ās is then called the Object of the
Verb. In the following sentences it will be seen that the forms
in -am and -ās differ in meaning from those in -a and -ae just
6 > >

as me differs from I (or ' him ,' them ,' whom ,' from ' he,'
they,' who.') in English :
1 love sailors.
Ego amo nautas.
Sailors love me.
Nautae amant mē.
The maid - servant prepares supper.
Ancilla cenam.
parat
Sailors inhabit white cottages.
Nautae habitant casas albās.
$ 4.
rēgīna mea my queen undārum of the waves
magna great triumpho I triumph, I
gloria the glory exult
Victoriae Rēgīnae of Queen Vic- tē amo I love thee
toria (or Queen Britannia o Britain
Victoria's ) vās you
in insulīs Bri. insulae Britan
tannicis in the British nicae o British isles
islands non est is not
coloniae Britan patria native land
nicae British colonies ex Africa
domina mistress Meridiānā from South
(dame] Africa
multārum terrārum ofmanylands sum I am
Note that the forms in -a (Singular) and .ae (Plural) may
be used in speaking to persons or things : in such cases we may
6
translate by using the word 'o'in English, but generally it is
better to leave out this word : tē, Britannia, amō, I love thee,
Britain : võş, insulae Britannicae, amō, I love you, British isles,
64 PREPARATIONS

$ 5.
quoque too, also operam dās givest ( give)
consobrīna cousin attention
apud amitam ( = study)
meam at the house of ego operam do I give atten
my aunt tion
columbās cūrat keeps doves linguis antiquis to the ancient
cūra the care languages
columbārum of doves Romae of Rome
Lydiae to Lydia Graeciae of Greece
laetitiam dat gives delight cum Lydia see $ 1 : cum

tū Lýdia thou ( you ), amitā meā

Lydia ad silyam to the wood
cum when vel or

es thou art, nāvigāmus we sail

you are undae dēlectant the waves de
apud magistram light
tuam at the house of võs, fīliae, amātis you, daugh
thy ( your ) ters, love
schoolmistress loves you
vās amat
linguae Franco ubi . where.. there
ibi
gallicae to the French
language inopia want, poverty
Anglicae to the English levat relieves

Compare carefully :
Lydiae laetitiam dat, gives pleasure to Lydia .
ad silvam ambulo, I walk to the wood .
The forms in -ae (Singular) and -is (Plural) meaning ' to ' are
often found with verbs of ' giving ’ ; hence they are called the
• Dative case ’ (Case of Giving). But they are not used with verbs
6
of going ' or coming '; with these verbs ' to ' is expressed by the
Preposition ' ad' followed by a form in -am (Singular) or-ās(Plural).
 PREPARATIONS 65

First Declension .
NAME OF CASE.
ist CASE. Lydia Lydia Nominative.
2nd Case. Lydia [ 0] Lydia Vocative.
3rd CASE. Lydiam Lydia Accusative.
4th CASE. Lydiae Lydia's, of Lydia Genitive.
5th CASE . Lydiae to Lydia Dative.
6th CASE . cum Lydiā with Lydia Ablative.

SINGULAR . PLURAL

1 villa bella villae bellae

2 villa bella villae bellae
3 villam bellam villās bellās
villae bellae villārum bellarum
villae bellae (with a verb villīs bellīs (with a verb of
6
of giving '). giving ' )
in villā bella in villīs bellīs

& The Preposition which is used with the Ablative Case

must be varied to suit the sense of the noun which is being
6
declined : e.g.'cum Lýdiā, ' but ' in villā ' or ' ex villā ' or ' ā villā.'

Present Tense of sum ' and of the 1st Conjugation.

SINGULAR . PLURAL

Ist PERSON sum, I am sumus, we are

2nd PERSON es, thou art (you are ) estis, you are
3rd PERSON est, he (she, it) is sunt, they are

Ist PERSON | specto, I see spectāmus, we see

2nd Person spectās, thou seest (you see ) spectātis, you see
3rd Person spectat, he (she, it) sees spectant, they see

The verb idõ,' I give, has a short a in the ist and 2nd person
plural : dămus, dătis .
5
66 PREPARATIONS

. My Uncle.
II.
§ 6. In this and the following Preparations the nouns ofthe ist Decl .
will be given in the Nom. Sing. , except when a group of words is quoted .
patruus meus my uncle prope hortum near the gar
quondam once, formerly den
praefectus an officer unde whence, from
erat was which
mīlitiā* vacat he is free (i.e. aqua water
he has retired ) from portāmus we fetch, we
military service carry
agello suo to his farm hortum irrigāmus we water
agellus thefarm or [ irrigate the
the estate garden
patrui mei of my uncle in horto in the garden
magnus large numerus number
circum villam around the rosa a rose
villa viola a violet
hortus a garden tibi to thee , to you
mūrus a wall mi patrue [0] my uncle
horti of the garden cum patruo meo with my uncle
altus high ambulās thou walkest,
rīvus a stream you walk
(river)
* Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning ' from .'
Second Declension .

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN •US.

SINGULAR NUMBER .
1 hortus bellus, a pretty garden
2 horto belle, [o] pretty garden
3 hortum bellum , a pretty garden
4 horti belli, ofa pretty garden
5 horto bello, to a pretty garden ( with a
6
verb of giving ')
6

in horto bello, in a pretty garden

 PREPARATIONS 67

$ 7.
angulus angle, corner mergis to sea-gulls
ulmi elms cibum dat gives food
in ulmis in the elms agellus suus his estate
corvi CrOWS equi horses
nidificant make nests vacca COW
corvās specto I watch the porci pigs (pork]
Crows galligallīnae-que cocks and hens
libenter gladly gallos cūrat minds the cocks
circum nidõssuās around their vicus a village
nests rusticī the country- .
volitant they fly folk, the
corvörum of crows rustics
multi mergi many sea-gulls nonnulli ex
super oceanum over the ocean rusticīs some of ( some
mergi o sea -gulls out of) the
volitātis jou fly rustics
praeda prey cum equis with ( together
captātis you catch with ) the
Oceanus the ocean horses

Note in the above : - 1. corvi nīdificant, crows make nests.

2. võs, corvī, you, [0] crows. 3. corvās specto, I watch crows.
4. numerus corvorum, a number of crows. 5. corvīs dat, gives
to crows. 6. cum corvīs, with crows.

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

1 hortus bellus hortī belli

2 horte belle horti belli
‫ܗ‬‫ܟܛ‬
‫ܚܬ‬

3 hortum bellum hortos bellos

4 hortī belli hortorum bellorum
horto bello (with a verb hortis bellīs ( with a verb of
of giving ') ' giving ' )
6 in horto bello in hortis bellis
68 PREPARATIONS

$ 8. ke In this and the following Preparations the nouns of the 2nd Decl.
in •us will be given in the Nom. Sing. , except when a group of words is quoted .
scopulus albus a white cliff spectare to see
ab-est is distant (undae) tran- calm , tranquil
noctū by night, in the quillae (waves )
night-time lavātis you wash [lave
pharus light- house dēlectātis you delight
velut as, even as (undae) turbu
stella clāra a bright star lentae rough, turbu
in oceano on the ocean lent (waves)
illustrat lights up spūmātis you foam
[illustrates ) murmurātis you muimur
III. Ancient Monuments .
$ 9. T In this and the following Preparations the verbs of the 1st
Conjugation, Present Tense, will be given in ist Person Sing. , except where
a group of words is quoted .
in Cantio in Kent multos nummos many coins
inter between (nummās) aureos golden ( coins)
Dubrae Dover (nummās) argen- (coins) made
Rutupiae Richborough teos of silver
situs situated (nummās) aēneos made ofcopper
oppida antiqua ancient towns et et both . .. and
multa monumenta many monu Britannus a Briton
ments occulto I hide
vestigia vestiges, traces causa a cause, source
Romānus a Roman lucrī of gain (lucre]
reliquiae relics arő I plough
oppidorum of towns fundāmenta the foundations
amphitheātrõrum of amphi- aedificiorum of building
theatres [ edifices
hodie to -day, at the excavo I excavate
*
present day magno pretio ata greatprice
ex-sto Iexist, remain vēnum-do I offer for sale
via a road patruo meo est my uncle has;
Londinium London literally to my uncle
solum soil there is
3
* Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning ' at '
(an expression of ' price ' or ' value ').
 PREPARATIONS 69
Note the words Dubrae, Dover ; Rutupiae, Richborough ;
reliquiae, relics. These words are Plural in form and have no
Singular. The first two are Singular in meaning, like the English
* Athens ' (Latin . Athēnae ') ; the third is Plural in meaning.
Second Declension continued.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN -UM.

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

1, 2, 3 oppidum, a town, [o] town oppida, towns, [0] towns

oppidī, of a town oppidorum, of towns
5 oppido, to a town ( with a oppidīs, to towns ( with a
verb of 6 giving ' ) verb of giving ')
6 in oppido, in a town in oppidīs, in towns

Similarly with an adjective : oppidum antiquum , an ancient town.

§ 10. m In this and the following Preparations the nouns of the 2nd
Declension in • um will be given in the Nom . Sing. , except when a group of
words is quoted.
commentārii notes, com aedificium con- a consecrated
mentaries secrātum building
dē vitā meā about my life iam already
scriptito I write , jot secundo saeculo* in the second
down century
[scribble] post Christum after the birth
super oppidum above the town nātum of Christ (lit.
castellum fort ( castle] after Christ
specula a watch tower born )
mūrī lāti broad walls basilica Christ- a Christian
iāna basilica (or
church )
* Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning ' in '
(an expression of time when ').
70 PREPARATIONS
$ 11 .
promunturium a promontory, |nāvigium Ger- a German
headland mānicum vessel
sto I stand nāvigium Belgi- a Belgian
post castellum behind the cum vessel
castle nonnulla (nāvi- some ( vessels)
clivus grāmineus a grassy hill gia)
or down ex nāvigiis of the vessels
fretum Gallicum the English sunt nomināta are named
(lit. Gallic ) ' castella ' i.e. Castle Liners
Channel littera C the letter C
oculus an eye in signo on theflag
vēlum album a white sail in (with Acc.) to

IV . Boys' Amusements.
$ 12.
dēlectāmentum amusement condiscipulus schoolfellow
[delight] liber scholis * free from
puerorum of boys lessons
amicus friend amicitia friendship
duo puerī two boys ūnā together
Marcus Mark unda spūmifera a foamy wave
puer a boy nato I swim , bathe
quattuor -decim four-teen nimis too
annus year (undae) asperae rough (waves)
quattuordecim nos pueros us boys
annorum of fourteen lūdus game
years, i.e. fourteen pila ball (pill]
years old ut how
mihi to me iuvat it delights
praecipuus chief,especial, aedificare to build
particular contrā undās against the
Caledonia Scotland waves

( pueri) oriundi (boys) sprung

nõbis puerīs sunt tous boys there For the forms in -āre see
are ( = we boys have ; $ 8 : spectāre, to see.
cf. patruo meo est, $ 9)
* Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning
6
' from '; cf. mīlitiā vacat, $ 6 .
 PREPARATIONS 71

$ 13.
plēnae gaudiorum full of joys plērumque mostly, gener
ä māne ally
from morn
usque ad vesperum right on till eve rēmigo I row
(vespers] do I set ( cf. $ 5,
nonnumquam sometimes ( lit. give)
not never ) ventus asper a rough wind
Petrus Peter guberno I steer [govern]
adulescentulus a young man ministro I attend
vīginti twenty [minister]
rēmus * oar laudo I praise
(scapha) apta (a boat)fitted,
adapted
* Note the Dative meaning ' for ' (rēmīs, for oars).

Second Declension - continued.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES LIKE ' PUER '
( i.e., without the ending -us or cum in the Nom . Sing.)
SINGULAR . PLURAL .

1 puer, a boy pueri, boys

2 puer, [ o ] boy puerī, [O] boys
3 puerum , a boy pueros, boys
4 puerī, a boy's puerorum , boys'
5 puero, to a boy puerīs, to boys
6 cum puero , with a boy cum pueris, with boys

There are not many nouns declined like ' puer.' Vesper,
evening or evening star, is like it for the most part, but has no
Plural. There are, however , a few adjectives (not many ) declined
like ' puer ' in both Singular and Plural , for instance : līber, free ;
miser , unhappy, miserable ; asper , rough ; spūmifer, foamy,
foam -bearing ;and other compounds of -fer, bearing .
 72 PREPARATIONS

§ 14. 4 In this and the following Preparations the nouns of the 2nd
Declension like puer will be given in the Nom . Sing. , except when a group
of words is quoted.
locus place constantia constancy
fābula play, drama, ex poētā named after
[fable] nominātus ( from ) the
commemorātus mentioned poet ;
[ commemorated] i.e. Shakspere's cliff
Leir Lear vir generosus a man of noble
rēgulus ruler, petty birth , a nobleman
king [generous]
fortūna misera unhappy fate amicus fīdus afaithful
[miserable fortune) friend
dēploro I deplore, dē scopulo down from the
lament cliff
stultitia folly sē praecipitāre to hurl himself
culpā I blame (precipitate]
animus ingrātus ingratitude paro I prepare
(lit. an ungrateful fīlius suus his own son
mind ) virum servat saves the man
accūso I accuse (preserves]
fortūna aspera harsh fate perīculum peril, danger
filiae impiae unnatural
[impious] daughters
Vir .

SINGULAR . PLURAL ,

1 vir, a man virī, men

2 vir, [0] man viri, [O] men
3 virum , a man virās, men
4 virī, a man's virorum , men's
5 viro, to a man viris, to nien
6 cum viro, with a man cum virīs, with mon

There is no other word in Latin exactly like 'vir '; but ‘ Leir '
is declined in the same way in some Latin Histories of the
Britons.
 PREPARATIONS 73

$ 15. V. Our Schoolmaster.

imagister noster our school magistrā nostrā to our master
master, teacher librorum pulchr
vir doctus a learned man õrum of fine books
perītus lūdōrum skilled in (lit. schola nostra our school
of ) games (schola ) clāra (a) famous
cārus (with Dat. ) dear ( to) (school)
dextra right-hand libris to books
magistrī nostri our school in vīcā nostro in our village
master's lūdus litterārius an elementary
(dextra ) valida (a) strong school (litterārius = where
( right-hand) pupils are taught ' lit
puerī pigri lasy boys terae,' cf. $ 11 ). " Schola '
nec ... nec neither ..nor means a more advanced
magistrum amant love themaster kind of school
Sabidi o Sabiilius crēber pueris * crowded
*

(see note below ) ( filled )

possum I can , I am et puellīs with boys and
able girls
dicere (3rd Conj.) ( to ) say (crēber) liberīs with children
quārē why (Plural of the adjective
hoc tantum this only līber, free : literally
quia because free ones, i.e. children
libros amant they love books of free -born parents)
( libros) Graecos Greek (books) cum Alexandro with Alexander
(libros) Latīnās Latin (books) (cum) amīcīs
discipulus pupil (disciple ] meis (with) my
scholae nostrae of our school friends
atque and also ad Ventam Belg- at (or near)
scientiae mathē. ārum Winchester
maticae mathematical ( Venta of the Belgae
sciences in Hampshire)
The lines quoted above (from the poet Martial, about a Roman
called Sabidius) are the original of the following English verses :
Í do not like you, Dr. Fell ;
The reason why I cannot tell.
But this one thing I know full well,
I do not like you, Dr. Fell.
* Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning ' with.'
24 PRÉPARATIONS

Second Declension - continued.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES LIKE ' MAGISTER.'

SINGULAR PLURAL ,

1 magister, a master magistrī, masters

2 magister, o master magistrī, o masters
3 magistrum , a master magistros, masters
4 magistrī, a master's magistrorum , masters'
5 magistro, to a master magistrīs, to masters
6 cum magistro, with a master cum magistrīs, with masters

Most nouns and adjectives of the 2nd Declension in er are

declined like ' magister ' : liber, book ; Alexander, Alexander ;
noster, our ; piger, lasy ; crēber, crowded ; and many others.
These words differ from ' puer ' only in dropping the e in all
the Cases except the Nominative and the Vocative.

Uses of the Forms of Adjectives.

It will have been seen that the form of the adjective depends
on the form of the noun to which it belongs. Thus we have had :
magnus numerus, $ 7 magna audācia, § 2 magnum castellum ,
§ 10
scopulus albus, $ 8 casa alba, § 3 vēlum album , S11
nummus antiquus, $ 9 specula antiqua, S 10 oppidum antiquum,
$9
patruus meus, § 6 amita mea, § 1
vir doctus, § 15
liber Latinus, $ 15
ventus asper, § 13 fortūna aspera, § 14
It is clear, then, that there are many more forms of the
 PREPARATIONS §5

adjective than of the noun ; for each of the above adjectives has
three forms of the Nominative Case :
-US -a -um
(omitted in some ad
jectives like'asper')
Similarly we may arrange nouns in three classes :
Nouns which take Nouns which take Nouns which take
adjectives in us (or adjectives in -a adjectives in -um
those like'asper ')
numerus audācia castellum
nummus casa vēlum
patruus specula oppidum
vir* amita etc.
liber* fortūna
etc. etc.

* Note that in these cases the ending of the noun is not the same as that of
the adjective which goes with it .
To these three classes of nouns it is convenient to give names,
nouns of the first class are called masculine, those of the second
class are called feminine, those of the third classare called neuter.
And the forms of the adjective taken by the different classes of
nouns are called by the same names.
In order to know to which class a noun belongs (and therefore
which form of the adjective it takes), observe the following rules : 1

Nouns of the ist Declension are feminine, except those denoting

male persons, which are masculine : thus insula , casa, ora ,
amita, are feminine ; agricola , nauta , poēta, incola, are
masculine.

Nouns of the 2nd Declension ending in us or r are masculine :

e.g. numerus, scopulus, patruus, liber, vir. Some exceptions
will be found later.
Nouns of the 2nd Declension ending in um are neuter.
76 PREPARATIONS

TABLE OF THE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES.

SINGULAR . PLURAL

masc . fem . neut. masc . fem . neut.

1 magnus magna magnum magni magnae magna

2 magne magna magnum magni magnae magna
3 magnum magnam magnum magnās magnās magna
4 magni magnae magni magnorum magnārum magnorum
5 magno magnae magno
magno
magnis magnīs magnīs
6 magnā magno

1,2 asper aspera asperum asperi asperae aspera

3 asperum asperam asperum asperos asperās aspera
4 asperī asperae asperī asperorum asperārum asperorum
5 aspero asperae aspero
asperīs asperīs asperīs
6 aspero asperā aspero

1,2 noster nostra nostrum nostrī nostrae nostra

3 nostrum nostram nostrum nostros nostrās nostra
4 nostrī nostrae nostri nostrorum nostrārum nostrorum
5 nostro nostrae nostro
nostro nostrā nostro
nostris nostrīs nostris
6

PREPOSITIONS HITHERTO FOUND WITH THE ABLATIVE.

ab õrā maritimā, § 1 . in ( = in ): in Āfricā, $ 6.
cum nautis, $ 2. i = on) : in arēnā , $ 2.
de vitā, $ 10 ; dē scopulo, § 14. sub ( = under) : sub umbră, § 1 .
ex fenestrīs, $ 3.
PREPOSITIONS HITHERTO FOUND WITH THE ACCUSATIVE.
ad silvam, $ 5 . inter fēriās, $ 2 .
ante iānuam , § 1 . post cēnam, $ 3 .
apud amitam meam, $ 5 . prope silvam , $ 3 .
circum villam, $ 6 . super oceanum , $ 7.
in ( = into or to ): in Africam ,§ 11.
 PREPARATIONS 77

VI. Ancient Britain .

$ 16 .
* In this and the following Preparations all nouns and adjectives of
the ist and 2nd Declensions will be given in the Nom. Sing. , except when a
group of words is quoted .
historicus, a, um historical silva Anderida the Andreds
studiosus, a, um fond , studious weald
narro I tell, I narrate ( weald = forest)
proximus, a, um nearest vastus, a, um wild , waste
proximo anno* last year (vast]
dum while incultus, a, um uncultivated
erat was (he was) fera wild beast
narrābat he used to tell lupus wolf
or narrate ursus bear
cervus stag
auscultābant ( they ) used to
listen aper | wild boar
ad -eram I used to be multus, a, um much
present varius , a, um varied
sīc so , thus, as māteria timber
follows [material]
fere almost fāgus ( fem .) beech
· tõtus, a, um whole [ total] KMost nouns denoting
tota Britannia the whole of trees are feminine.
Britain nõtus, a, um known
The adj . totus, a, um sī if
is irregular in the Gāius Iūlius i.e. Caesar
Gen. and Dat. Sing. vērus, a, um true
densus, a, um dense, thick vēra (neut. pl.) true things, the
fluvius river truth
Tamesa Ť Thames affirmo I affirm , I state
ager $ field pīnus ( fem .) pine
frūgifer, frūgifera fruitful Scoticus, a, um Scottish
frūgiferum ( fruit -bearing] dē-erat was wanting
>
* Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning ' in '
(time when), cf. § 10 secundo saeculo . † Tacitus calls the river
* Tamesa ; ' Caesar calls it . Tamesis ' (3rd Decl.).
Declined like magister.
78 PREPARATIONS

§ 17.
liber, libera, liber pluvia * rain
um free nebula cloud
With Abl.; cf. 36, $ 12 āter,ātra ,ātrum dark
metallum metal foedus, a, um hideous
multī, ae, a many pruīna frost
abundābat abounded ab-erant were absent
With Abl. nātūra nature
plumbum album white lead piger, pigra, pigr
i.e. tin um sluggish
ferrum iron testimonium testimony
atque and moreover nauta Romānus see8 15 ( Rule
Tacitus Tacitus, of Genders)
a Roman historian inquit says he
aurum gold vix scarcely, hardly
argentum silver pot- erant were able
margarīta pearl ne marks a ques
[Margaret] tion
ostrea oyster an or in a ques
dabat gave , yielded tion)
parvus, a, um small satis sufficiently,
praeclārus, a, umfamous enough
caelum sky, climate impiger, impigra,
tum quoque then too, i.e. impigrum active (lit. not
just as now sluggish)
crēber, crēbra,
crēbrum frequent

* Note the Ablative without a Preposition ,here meaning 'with ':

pluviīs foedum , hideous with rains. Compare $ 15 , crēber pueris,
crowded with boys.
 PREPARATIONS 79
$ 18 .
incola antiquus see p . 75 ( Rule flāvus, a, um yellow
of Genders) membrum limb (member)
ferus, a, um savage rõbustus , a, um sturdy, robust
bellicosus, a, um warlike Calēdonius Caledonian
erant were Cambria Wales
*
hasta * spear colorātus, a, um sun -burnt
sagitta arrow [coloured]
essedum chariot statūra height, stature
inter sē among them niger, nigra,
selves, with nigrum black [nigger]
one another üniversi, ae, a all
pugnābant they used to (universal]
fight vitrum woad ( blue
proelium battle colouring
dēlectābant used to delight matter)
dīversus, a, um diverse, differ- colorābant used to colour
ent hodiernus, a, um of the present
populus tribe [a people ] day
Celta Celt vestīmentum garment
sicut as (lit. so as, (vestment]
just as) corium skin
Germānus German con-stābant used to con - sist
capillus hair
* Note Ablative without Preposition (hastis, with spears ).

Past Imperfect Tense of ' sum ' and 1st Conjugation

SINGULAR . PLURAL.
Ist PERSON eram , I was erāmus, we were
2nd PERSON | erās, thou wast ( you were ) erātis, you were
3rd PERSON erat, he (she, it) was erant, they were
used

used
tosee

Ist PERSON spectábam , I

see

spectabāmus, we
to

2nd PERSON spectābās, you spectābātis, you

3rd PERSON spectābat, he (she, it) spectabant, they

>
The verb 6' do,' I give, has the first a short in the Past Im- .
perfect : dăbam, dăbās, dăbat, dăbāmus, dăbātis, dăbant.
80 PREPARATIONS

$ 19.
In this and the following Preparations the verbs of the ist Con.
jugation Present or Past Imperfect Tense will be given in the ist Person Sing.
of the Present.

hic here, at this Gallia Gaul

point in (with Acc.) to, into
nõnne not? ( = non + causā* for the sake
ne ; cf. ver- frūmentum corn

umne, $ 17 ) armentum herd

ille he ( i.e. the catulus dog
teacher) vēnāticus , a, um hunting
aedifico I build , § 12 servus slave
loca ( neuter) plural of ' locus ' captīvus captive
(masc .) place exporto I export
firmātus, a, um fortified frēnum bridle
quintus, a, um fifth vitrea (neut. pl.)glass vessels
Bellum Gallicum the Gallic War gemma gem , precious
( name of one stone
of Caesar's cēterī, ae , a the others, the
works ) rest
multi (masc .) many people) cētera (neut.) the other things,
puto I fancy, think Eng. '6 etcetera '
itaque therefore, importo I import
accordingly | mediocriter moderately,
plānē altogether tolerably
barbarus, a, um barbarous hūmānus, a , um civilized
agri cultūra agriculture [humane]
( cultivation nec and not
of the land) | multum much , very
etiam even , also dīversus ā different from
mercātüra commerce ā = ab , S1
[merchandize] Gallī the Gauls
Venetī a tribe on the
west coast of Gaul

* Note the Ablative without a Preposition ,here meaning ' by ':

causā, literally by cause or by reason ; hence for the sake.
 PREPARATIONS 81

$ 20 .
mortui the dead sacer, sacra,
cremo I burn sacrum sacred
sepulchrum tomb sacra (neut. pl. ) sacred rites
(sepulchre] cf. vēra , $ 16 ;
urna urn mediterrānea
pulchrē beautifully Druidae (masc . ) Druids
ornātus, a, um ornamented saevus, a um savage , cruel
fabricāre to manufacture fēmina woman
[ fabricate ] pro victimis instead of
in-hūmānus , a, um un - civilised (Abl. ) victims,
rota wheel as victims
ferrātus, a, um fitted with iron sacrifico I sacrifice
animi causā for the sake of miser, misera,
amusement miserum unhappy,
( lit. of the mind ) miserable
esca food, eating crució I torture
mediterrānea trucido I slaughter
(neut. pl. ) Midlands simulācrum image
(midland plēnus, a, um filled (with the
parts ; cf. Abl. ) ; or full
vēra, § 16) (with theGen.),
humo I bury $ 13 , § 16 .
*
ferīna * flesh of wild discordia quarrel
animals, [discord]
game inter sē see 18 : inter
victito I live sē pugnābant
deus god victoria victory
fānum shrine parābant say prepared
lūçus grove the way for
6
* Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning ' by
means of ' : ferīnā victitābant, they lived on ( = by means of) game. ,
Summary of meanings of the Ablative without a Preposition :
from ($ 6, § 12 ) with ($$ 15 , 17, 18, 20 after plēna )
at (§ 9) by ( 19 )
in ($ 10, § 16) by means of ($ 20)
6
82 PREPARATIONS

VII. Footprints of the Romans.

$ 21 .
nūper recently, lately ambulābitis you will walk
mē-cum with me nõbīs -cum with us
dēlectābit it will delight ego vērā I indeed
inquam say ambulābo will walk
vīsitāre to visit tē-cum with thee, with
sto I stand you
monstrā show mihi to me
nõbis to us
pergrātus, a, um very pleasing
amābā tē please (lit. I monstrābis you will show
shall love you ) festīnā lentē hasten slowly
ruinae ( Plur.) ruins i.e. don't go too fast
Rutupīnus, a, um belonging to nullus, a, um
Richborough (irregular in Gen. not any
tum then and Dat. Sing.)
longus, a, um long disputo I dispute
aliquando some day quotā hārā at what hour,
monstrābo I will show at what o'clock
( them ) parātus, a, um prepared, ready
crās to -morrow eritis you will be
võbis to you quintā hörā at the fifth hour
grātus, a, um pleasing i.e. at eleven o'clock
erit it will be inquiunt they say
ambulābimus we shall walk

22.
postrīdiē on the next day pot-eritis willyou be able
serēnus, a, um clear (serene ) Dubris * from Dover
ientāculum breakfast adventābunt will arrive
dabitis will you give intrā duās within two
vos in viam yourselves to hõrās hours
the road ambulāre to walk
i.e. will you start pot-erimus we shall be able
çēnāre to sup, to dine ūnus, a, um one

from cēno, I sup (irreg. in G. & D. Sing.)

 PREPARATIONS 83

red-ambulābimus we shall walk | nihil nothing

back gustābimus we shall taste
decimus, a, um tenth prandium lunch
undecimus, a, um eleventh vēbīs-cum with you
domi at home portāte carry
spēro I hope crustulum cake
iēiūnus, a, um hungry põmum apple
erimus shall we be cūrābo will provide
* Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning.from .'
Rule.- Names of Towns take no Prepositions to express the
meaning from ' or ' to ' with aa verb of ' going,' or ' coming.'

Future Tense of sum ’ and 1st Conjugation .

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

Ist PERSON ero, I shall be erimus, we shall be

2nd PERSON eris, thou wilt be eritis , you will be
( you will be)
3rd PERSON erit, he (she, it) will be erunt, they will be

ist PERSON spectābo, I shall see spectābimus, we shall see

2nd Person spectabis, thou wilt see spectābitis, you will see
(you will see)
3rd PERSON spectābit, he (she, it will see spectābunt, they will see

6
NOTE.—The verb ' do,' I give, has the a short in the Future :
dăbo, dăbis, dăbit, dăbimus, dăbitis, dăbunt. Also in ' dăre,' to
give ; and see notes on § 5 and § 18.

Imperative of 1st Conjugation .

SINGULAR . PLURAL.

2nd PERSON. spectā , see (thou ) spectate, see ( ye)

84 PREPARA
TIONS

§ 23.
A In this and the following Preparations new verbs of the ist Conjugation ,
Future or Imperative, will be given in the ist Pers. Sing. of the Present.
appropinquo I approach adventāvimus we have
cupidē eagerly arrived
exspecto I expect fere almost
ad sonum at the sound tertius , a, um third
tintinnābulum bell fuit it was
properāvī I hastened nos dedimus* we gave our
ecce behold selves
ad jānuam at the door celeriter quickly
intrāvērunt they entered non pot-est is not able, can
exclāmāvimus we exclaimed not
euge bravo ! fatīgātus, a, um tired (fatigued ]
opportūnē in the nick of quota höra est ? what o'clock is
time it . ?
(opportunely] nondum not yet
adventāvistis you have ad ambulandumfor walking
arrived nõs vērā that we are !
num marks a ques. (parāti sumus) ( cf. § 21 )
tion , like bene ambulāte lit. walk well,
whether i.e. good bye
sēro late
* It is well for the pupil to realize from the first that there is no Conjugation
in which all the verbs form their Perfect Stems in the same way. Such
formations as ' dedi ' are irregular only so far as the Stem is concerned.
§ 24.
inter viam on the way propinquus, a, um neighbouring
multa many things parāvit he prepared
dē (with Abl. ) about . quinquāgēsimus,
narrāvit told ( narrated] a, um fiftieth
prīmus, a, um first ( for Abl. copiae (plural) forces
cf. $ 10) transportāvit he transported
ante Chr. nātum cf. § 10 nāvigāvit he sailed
bello I wage war quo whither, to
postquam after, when which
Nervii a tribe in applicāvit he brought to
Belgium land
dē-bellāvit he defeated diū long
contrā (with Acc.) against disputāvērunt have disputed
 PREPARATIONS 85
ad nāvigia for vessels to be parāvērunt ( they) prepared
applicanda brought to land sē themselves
idoneus, a, um fitted, suitable necesse necessary
Dubrās * to Dover Romānīs (Dat.) for the Ro
armātus, a, um armed mans

alius (irregular ad ancorās dē- to fasten to

in declension ) another ligāre anchors,
fuērunt were to anchor
per (with Acc.) along vadum shallow place
properāvērunt hastened equitāvērunt they rode
pugna fight, battle copiam dedērunt they gave an
ad pugnam for battle opportunity
* The Accusative of the name of a Town without a Preposition
sometimes means ' to— ' ; cf. Rule, $ 22 .

Perfect Tense of ' sum ' and 1st Conjugation.

SINGULAR . PLURAL.
ist PERSON fuī, I was fuimus , we were
2nd PERSON fuistī, thou wast fuistis, you were
( you were )
3rd PERSON | fuit, he (she, il) was fuērunt, they were

Ist PERSON spectāvī, I saw spectāvimus, we saw

2nd PERSON spectāvistī, thou sawest spectávistis, you saw
(you saw )
3rd PERSON spectāvit, he (she, it) saw spectāvērunt, they saw

NOTES. 1.- The Perfect may often be translated I have been,

I have seen , etc. ; viri doctī disputāvērunt, learned men have
disputed.
2. — The verbs ' do ', I give, and ' sto ', I stand, unlike other
verbs of the ist Conjugation, make the Perfects . ded -i ', I gave,
6
' stet-i ', I stood ; but the endings ( -1, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt)
are the same as in other Perfects ; thus ' ded-ērunt ', they gave.
 86 PREPARATIONS

$ 25
KF In this and the following Preparations new verbs of the ist Conf.,
Perfect Tense, will be given in the ist Person Singular of the Present.
adventāverāmus we had arrived nisi unless, if .. not
hic here ignāvus, a, um , cowardly
campus the plain certē at any rate
apertus, a, um open officium duty
ad copias for forces praesto Iperform
explicandās to be deployed congregāverant had gathered
illic ponder impigrē actively ,
fortasse perhaps bravely
piscātorius, a, umfishing confūsus, a, um confused
dēligāverat hadfastened primo atfirst
col-locāverant hadplaced laboro I labour, am in
[located] difficulties
incitāverant had urged tandem at length
[incited] propulso I drive off
reliquus, a, um the rest occupo I seise [ occupy]
dubito I hesitate fuga fight
[doubt] dederant had given
aquili -fer the eagle-bearer numquam never

aquila the eagle anteā before

congrego I gather (con- steterant had stood
gregate ] laudandus, a, um laudable

Past Perfect Tense of ' sum ' and 1st Conjugation.

SINGULAR . PLURAL

Ist PERSON fueram , I had been fuerāmus, we had been

2nd PERSON fuerās, thou hadst been fuerātis, you had been
( you had been )
3rd PERSON fuerat, he (she, it) had been fuerant, they had been

Ist Person spectāveram , I had seen spectāverāmus, we had seen

2nd PERSON spectāverās, thou hadst seen spectāverātis, you had seen
( you had seen )
3rd PERSON spectaverat, he (she, it) had spectāverant, they had seen
seen
 PREPARATIONS 87

$ 26 .
A After this Preparation new verbs of the ist Conjugation, Past Perfect
Tense, will be given in the ist Person Singular of the Present.

postulo I demand satiātus, a, um satisfied

septimus, a, um seventh mora delay
ruber, rubra, fuerit : will have been
rubrum red quando when ? (in a
recreāverimus we shall have question)
refreshed per (with Acc.) through, during
nos ourselves quinque five
domum homewards, alter, altera, a second, an
home alterum other
adventāverimus we shall have ( irregular in Gen.
arrived and Dat. Sing. )
intereā meanwhile recreāvero I shall have
mī Antoni my (my dear) refreshed
Anthony mē myself
exspectāverit will have cachinno I laugh
expected mox soon

Future Perfect Tense of ' sum ' and 1st Conjugation

SINGULAR . PLURAL .
fuero, I shall have been fuerimus, we shall have been
fueris, thou wilt have been fueritis, you will have been
(you will have been)
fuerit, he ( she, it) will have been fuerint, they will have been

spectávero, I shall have seen spectāverimus, we shall have seen

spectaveris, thou wilt have seen spectāveritis , you will have seen
( you will have seen )
spectaverit, he (she, it) will have seen spectāverint, they will have seen
88 PREPARATIONS

VIII. First expedition of C. Julius Caesår.

$. 27
. * From this point onwards all new verbs of the ist Conjugation
will be given in the 1st Person Singular of the Present.
expeditio expedition inquimus we say
Caesaris * of Caesar proconsul proconsul
calor heat trēs three
sõlis of the sun nātiānēs tribes nations
āeris of the air duodēsexāgēsim - fifty eighth ,lit.
neque nor (and . . not) us, a, um 2from both
paulo post a little after Caesarem pro- had created
sõlem obscūrāv consulem cre- Caesar pro
ērunt obscured thesun āverant consul
imber a shower autem however
sõl the sun esse to be
splendore t with splendour ex-istimo I consider
iterum a second time (estimate]
calorem temper- had tempered rēvērā really
āverat the heat ex nātionibus of the tribes
dē Caesare* about Caesar auxilium help, aid
imperātore general auxilia (plur.) auxiliaries
[ emperor] subministro I supply
interrogo I ask, enquire Trinobantēs a British tribe
cūr why (plur.) in Essex
expedītionem heprepared his Cassī (plur.,2 ) a tribe in Herts
suam parāvit expedition imploro I implore
* The letter C in names stands for the G of Gārus (Gāium , Gāi, Gaio).
+ Note the Ablative without a Preposition , here meaning ' with ’ ; cf. SS 15, 17 , 20.
Third Declension .
6
NOUNS LIKE CAESAR ,' EXPEDITIO ,' ETC.
SINGULAR PLURAL.

1 Caesar, Caesar Cae r -ēs, Caesars

CN

2 Caesar, [ 0 ] Caesar Caesar- ēs, [0] Caesars

er

Caesar -em , Caesar Caesar-es, Caesars

4 Caesar - is , Caesar's Caesar-um, of Caesars
5 Caesar- ī, to Caesar Caesar -ibus, to Caesars
cum Caesar -e, with Caesar cum Caesar- ibus, with Caesars
 PREPARATIONS 89

6
So ate declined words like ' āer ,' air, ' sõl,' sun, and many
?
words ending in or , such as ' calor,' heat, ' splendor,' splendour,
' imperātor,' commander- in -chief. So too are declined words like
3
expedītio,' expedition, except that they have dropped an ‘ n’in
the Nominative Singular : thus we have
SINGULAR . PLURAL ,
1, 2 expeditio expedition -és
3 expedition -em expedītion -ēs
4 expeditionis expedition -um
5 expedition -i expedition -ibus
6 in expedition - e in expedition -ibus
(Many words ending in 7, especially those ending in do and go,
have also a change ofvowel in the stem : see next section , note).
Nouns of the 3rd Declension in iö, dõ, or go are nearly all
feminine, except when they denote male persons. The other
nouns declined like Caesar are mostly masculine, especially those
ending in or .
28.
avāritia avarice venia pardon
exspectātio expectation ā victor-ibus from the victors
praeda booty ; cf. $ 7 ullus, a, um any ; cf.
cupidus, a, um desirous ( irregular in Gen.
visitandi of visiting and Dat. Sing.) / nullus , § 21
explorandi of exploring nisi except ; cf. § 25
ignātus, a, um unknown paucī, ae, a a few
remõtus, a, um remote proximus, a, um next ; cf. § 16
ignotum an unknown multo maior- em much greater,
thing lit. greater
pro (with Abl.) for, instead of by much
pro magnifico est is regarded as a sescenti , ae, a six hundred
magnificent onerārius, a, um of burden
thing legion - ēs legions
com - paro I get together cum multi- with a multi
re -porto I carry off tūdin- e * tude

* Note that the stem of this word differs from the Nominative Singular not
only in having an n, but also in a change of vowel : Nominative Singular
multitudo, stem multitudin ..
 TIONS
90 PREPARA

IX . Peace violated.
§ 29. * In the following Preparation each new noun of the 3rd declension
will be given only once ( in the Nominative Singular, with the stem added in
brackets whenever it differs from the Nominative Singular ).
pāx (pāc-), 3 peace rēmigandi of rowing
violātus, a, um violated virtūs (virtūt-), 3 pluck ( virtue]
violo I violate magnopere greatly
aestās (aestāt-), 3 summer (cf. quantopere how much )
quartus, a, um fourth prior (prior ), 3 former
dux (duc-), 3 leader (duke] inde thence
mīles (mīlit-), 3 soldier [military) trecentī, ae, a three hundred
eques ( equit-), 3 horse-soldier castra † , 2 camp
tempestās weather statio ( station-), 3 station
(tempestāt-), 3 (tempest] in statione on guard
medius, a, um mid * reservo I reserve
nāvigātio (nāvigā- voyage(naviga- periculosus, a , um dangerous
tion-), 3 tion defensor (dēfen- defender
non iam fābat no longer blew sor-), 3 1
prospera successfully, nūdāre to strip ( cf.
prosperously incitāre, to urge on ;
labor (labor- ), 3 labour, toil spectāre, $ 8 ; 12 )
* In mediā nāvigātione, literally in mid voyage ; but we should generally
say in English in the middle of the voyage.
+ A neuter plural noun of the 2nd declension, with singular meaning .
Note the Ablative without a Preposition, properly meaning from , but
here to be translated by ' of ' ; so in6 § 12 and § 6 we might translate liber scholis
. free of lessons,' and militiā vacat he is free ofservice.'
Third Declension continued .
NOUNS LIKE 6' Pax,'7 6' AESTAS,' etc.
A great many nouns of the 3rd Declension differ from those
already learned by adding an s to the Nominative Singular ; thus
from the stem ' pāc-' we get the Nominative Singular pāc-s '
(written with the letter x for cs) ; but the other cases are formed
from the stem ' pāc-.' When the stem ends in a t (or d ), this
letter disappears in the Nominative Singular when the Ss is added,
but not in the other cases. Thus we decline
1, 2 pāx aestå - 8 mile - 8 virt0-6
3 pāc - om aestāt- em milit -em virtut-om
4 pac -is aostát - ig milit - is virtūt.is
etc, etc. oto . etc ,
 PRÉPARATIONS gt

Nouns of the 3rd Declension that form the Nominative

Singular by adding s to the stem are mostly feminine, except
6
those which denote male persons, like ' mīles,' soldier, and a few
others.
$ 30. X. Varied contests.
certāmen contest tempus time
(certāmin-), 3* ( tempor-), 3* [temporary]
vīto I avoid agger, 3 mound
Alūmen river testūdo (testū- tortoise- shell,
( flūmin-), 3** din.), 3 shelter +
ēgregie excellently oppugno I attack
opus (oper- ), 3* work [oper-ate ) vulnus wound
firmo I strengthen (vulner-), 3 * (vulner-able)
(make firm ] pondus *
weight
nõmen name (ponder-), 3 * (ponder-able]
(nomin-), 3* [nomin -ate ] arma arms
constat is known (neut. plur.), 2
domesticus, a, um, civil supero I surpass
(domestic ] magnitudo sise, magnitude
prae-paro I prepare (magnitūdin-), 3
arbor, 3, fem . tree robur strength
*
vallum , 2 rampart (robor-), 3* [ cor- robor-ate ]
pro-volo I dash forth corpus body
cf. vclito, $7 [corpor-al]
( corpor- ), 3*
mūnītio, 3 bulwark homÕ (homin-),3 man
aliquantum a lot, a consider- rõbusto cor- of (lit. with )
able amount poret robust body
*The nouns in this section in men, us, and ur are Neuters, and therefore
have the Accusative the same as the Nominative. Note, too, the Nominative
and Accusative plural in a.
+The testūdo was an arrangement of the shields of the soldiers when they
attacked a fort: ; it looked like a tortoise-shell.
INote the Ablative without a Preposition, here translatable by ' of ' ; the
Ablative here denotes a quality of the persons spoken of, and may be therefore
called an Adjectival Ablative.
Third Declension - continued .
Nouns LIKE ' Flumen,' ' Opus," " TEMPUS.'
Neuters ending in men have stems ending in mine from
'which the other cases are formed . Neuters ending in us have stems
in er- or or- The last vowel of these stems is always short.
92 PREPARATIONS

Note that the Neuters have the Accusative the same as the
Nominative, both in the Singular and in the Plural Number
(as in 2nd Declension), and that their Nominative and Accusative
Plural end in a (also as in the 2nd Declension ).
SING . PLUR. SING . PLUR .

1, 2, 3 flūmen flümin - a opus oper - a

4 flūmin.is flūmin -um oper.is oper - um
5 flūmin.i flūmin ibus oper - i oper -ibus
6 in flūmin e in flumin - ibus in oper - e in oper-ibus

$ 31 .
pro-sum I am helpful, insectātio pursuit
do good ( -ion-), 3
fugo Iput toflight revocāre to recall
fugātus, a, um routed novus, a, um пе70 )

in-sto Ipursue (lit. arma (Neut. here fittings

(with Dat . ) step upon ) Pl., 2 )
ignoro I do not know ornandus, a, um to be equipped
[ignore] (from orno I equip, adorn )
praeterea besides magno opere = magnopere,
incommodum , 2 disaster (Abl. of opus) $ 29
nuntio I announce diurnus, a, um of the day
tempestās(-tāt-), 3 tempest nocturnus, a, um of the night
lītus ( lītor- ), 3 coast sine (with Abl.) without
afflicto wreck [(afflict ] reparāre to refit, repair
$ 32. XI. Roman ships.
genus (gener-), 3 kind (gener-al] | octingentī, ae, a eight hundred
nāvis (Gen. Pl. ship ( nav-y] hiems (hiem-), 3 winter
nāvium ), 3 inter here among
nāvis longa ship of war ducenti , ae, a two hundred
classis (Gen. Pl. fleet opus ( with need (of )
classium ), 3 Abl.)
onus (oner-), 3 burden [oner-ous] quomodo how
transportandus, to be trans hostis (Gen. Pl. enemy
a , um ported hostium), 3 [host-ile]
ad onera trans- for burdens to
portanda be transportedl
 PREPARATIONS 93

Third Declension - Continued .

Most nouns of two syllables belonging to the 3rd Decl. and

ending in is have the same form for the Genitive as for the
Nominative Singular, and form the Genitive Plural in ium : thus
6
nāvis ', ship, classis', fleet, ' hostis ', enemy. These nouns are
mostly feminine, except those denoting male persons, like ' hostis '.
SINGULAR . PLURAL

1, 2 nāvis nāvēs
3 nāvem nāvēs
nāvis nāvium
5 nāvi nāvibus
in nāve in nāvibus

Note that all these forms are of two syllables except the
Genitive, the Dative, and the Ablative of the Plural. The Gen ,
Plur, has one syllable more than the Nom. Sing. , as in $$ 27-31 .
Note.—Similarly are declined some nouns whose Nominative
6
Singular ends in ës, e.g. , ' clādēs ', disaster.
$ 33.
ornāre to equip līnum , 2 flax
forma, I form , shape quia because
puppis, 3 *
stern , poop plūs . .
quam more . . than
accommodātus,, suited [accom- firmitūdo firmness
a , um modated ] ( -tūdin- ), 3
carīna, I keel līneus, a, um made of flax
plānus, a, um flat (plane] tam . quam so as

rūbur (rõbor-), 3 here oak rostrum , 2 beak, ram

*
ferreus, a, um made of iron turris, 3 turret
fūnis, 3 * rope lāmina, I plate
*
pellis, 3 skin , hide quid opus what need
sive sīve whether .. .. or tormentum, 2 a machine for
propter(with Acc.) on account of hurling stones t
#
This word is declined like ' nāvis,' $ 32.
+ The Roman ‘ tormentum ' (English ' torment ') corresponded to our cannon .
94 PREPARATIONS

§ 34. XII. Alliance of the British tribes.

societās alliance fīnis, 3 * end
( societāt-), 3 [society] fīnēs, Plur., m. boundaries
summus, a, um chief sēparo I separate
imperium , a command oriens ( orient ), 3 the East
mando I entrust (orient-al]
rēx ( rēg-), 3 king occidens the West
gens (gent-), 3 race (gent-ile] (occident-), 3 [occident-al]
Gen. Pl. gentium superior previous, past
princeps (-cip-), 3 prince (superior-), 3
tamen nevertheless continuus, a, um continued, un
pars (part-), 3 part interrupted
consocio I ally infinītus, a, um infinite
6
* Declined like ' nāvis ' , $ 32.
† ' ab oriente ' is 6 literally from the East ; hence on the East side, on
the East. Similarly ' ab occidente ', on the West.
Third Declension - Continued .
Words whose stem ends in two consonants form the Genitive
Plural in ium (two syllables more than the Nom. Sing.) :: thus
6 6 >
' gens ' (stem ' gent-'), race, ' pars ' (' part-'), part.
Notice thatif the stem ends in a t, it is dropped before the s
which is added to form the Nominative Singular, as in § 29 ;
thus ' gens ' stands for ' gent-s ' ; ' pars ' for ' part-s.'
The Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants are mostly
feminine, like other Nouns that form the Nominative Singular by
adding s to the stem ( 29).
SINGULAR . PLURAL

1, 2 gen -8 gent-ēs
3 gent-em gent- ēs
4 gent.is gent-ium
5 gent-i gent-ibas
6 cum gent - e cum gent- ibus

But ' urbs ' (stem ' urb-'), city, which will be found in the next
section, does not drop any letter before the s of the Nominative
Singular ; it is only a or a d that is dropped before the s.
 PREPARATIONS 95

$ 35.
caput (capit-), 3, n. chapter dē-monstro I point out
duodecimus, a, um twelfth orīgā (origin-), 3 origin
tertius decimus thirteenth triquetrus, a, um triangular
interior (-ior-), 3 interior esse déclārā I declare to be*
Belgium, 2 Belgium latus (later-), 3 side (later-al]
immigro I inmigrate Hispānia, i Spain
aetās (-tāt-), 3 age septentrionēs the North †
trans (with Acc.) across erro I err
Rhēnus, 2 the Rhine Hibernia, I Ireland
migro I migrate rectē rightly
urbs (urb-), 3 city (urb-an) iūdico Ijudge
dērīvātus, a, um derived Mõna, I Anglesey
* Cf. § 27, l. 16 esse existimābant, + lit. the seven oxen (Charles’Wain ).
§ 36. XIII. The British seas.
longitūdo length mare (Abl. Sing. the sea
( -tūdin-), 3 [longitude] mari) , 3 , Neut.
circiter about di -stāre to be distant
quingenti, ae, a five hundred igitur therefore, then
mīlia, 3 (Neut. miles, lit. maria seas
Plur. of ' mille ' thousands circum -do I surround
a thousand ) (ofpaces) Hibernicus, a, um Irish
septingenti, ae, a seven hundred marium of the seas
octingentī, ae, a eight hundred ūsitātus, a , um used, usual,
octogintā eighty common

Third Declension - continued.

Nouns ending in e like ' mare ', sea, of the 3rd Declension are
Neuter. They form the Genitive Plural in ium , the Nominative
and Accusative Plural in ia, and the Ablative Singular (like the
Dative Singular) in i. Thus
SINGULAR . PLURAL

1, 2 , 3 mare maria
4 maris marium
5 mart maribus
6 in mart in maribus
 NS
RATIO
96 PREPA

$ 37 XIV. Britain subdued .

pācātus, a , um subdued ordo ( -din-), 3 rank
concursió (-ion-), 3 engagement [ordin-ary]
*
[ ex-cursion ] consulto on purpose
iter (itiner-), 3* march [by consultation]
fortiter bravely essedārius, 2 charioteer
impugno I attack pēs (ped-), 3, m. foot
cohors (cohort-), cohort pedibus on foot
3 ita thus
sui their own men mõbilitās (-tāt-), 3 mobility
perturbo Iperturb, stabilitās ( -tāt-), 3 stability
throw into pedes (pedit-), foot- soldier
confusion 31
mos (mör-), 3 custom praesto (cf. § 25 ) I exhibit
iustus, a, um just, proper hūiusmodi of this kind
omnēs all intervallum , 2 interval
* This is a very peculiar word ; the Nominative Singular is not formed
directly from the stem.
+ Declined like ' pars' (stem ' part.'), $ 34.
Declined like ' mīles ’ ( stem 'milit.'), eques ' (stem ' equit.'), § 29.
$ 38 .
collis, 3 *
hill servo here I watch
lēgātus, 2 lieutenant- paullum a little
general (legate ] dēclino I turn aside
subito suddenly [decline]
superior ( cf. S 34) superior, vic- dē viā from the road
torious vasto I lay waste
quattuor four [ de- vast-ate)
* Declined like ' nāvis ', ' hostis ' , $ 32.
$ 39 .
ripa, I bank palūs (palūd-),
*
3 marsh
sudis, 3 * stake ovis, 3 * sheep
acūtus, a, um sharp [acute ] bos (bov-), 3 † ox
profundus, a, um deep [profound ] duābus Abl . of duae
caput (capit-),3, n. head ; cf. $ 35 expugno I take by storm
longē far fugo Iput toflight
* Declined like ' nāvis,' $ 32.
+ This is an irregular word ; bôs, bov.em , .is, • , ; Gen. Plur. bo -um .
 PREPARATIONS 97

$ 40.
prae-sum (with I'am in com- dēfectio (-ion -),3 defection
Dat.) mand of condicio (-ion -),3 condition
pugnandi of fighting ; cf. dēlībero I deliberate
$ 28, 1. 3 vető I forbid
frustrā in vain vexo I annoy, vex
victòrēs = were victors tribūtum, 2 tribute
cīvitās (-tāt-), 3 state ( city] impero I impose
oro I ask, entreat ( Dat. ) (upon )
confirmo I establish obses (obsid-),3 hostage
[ confirm ] pro (with Abl.) for, on behalf of
tot ( indeclinable (cf. S$ 28, 33 )
adj.) so many āra, 1 altar
clādēs, 3* disaster focus, 2 hearth
maximē chiefly tropaeum, 2 trophy
*This and some other nouns of the 3rd Declension differ from ' nāvis' only
in the Nominative Singular ; see 8 32 (Note ). In these words thc Nominative
and Accusative Plural is the same as the Nominative Singular .
$ 41 . XV. Hearts of oak .
aes (aer-), 3, n. brass digitus, 2 finger (digit)
triplex (triplic-), triple monstrans pointing
3 , adj. (monstrant-), 3 , adj.
fortis, 3, adj. brave, strong stati) (-ion-), 3 here road
admirabilis, 3 ,adj. admirable stead , cf. $29
insigne, Neuter of tūtus, a, um safe
insignis, 3 , adj. distinguished illae yon , those
facinus ( facinor.), deed, achieve- optimē excellently,
3 ment here = hurrah
quod that adhūc hitherto ( hūc =
orbis, 3, m. circle [orb ] hither, ad = to)
orbis terrārum SAC
the world grandis, 3, adj. big [grand]
tam so ( cf. $ 33 ) per-grandis, 3, very big
mirus, a, um wonderful adj.
sententia, 1 opinion omnis , 3 , adj. every
comprobo I approve of omnēs , Plur. all
nõnus , a, um ninth ariés (ariet-), 3, m. ram
NØTE. -The heading ( Robur et aes triplex) is a quotation from Horace
(Odes I. 3, 9) and is here applied both to the courage of the ancient Britons
and to the modern ships of war described in this section.
7
 IONS
ARAT
98 PREP

$ 42.
veterānus , a, um veteran , old propositum , ‫܀‬2 proposal
milito I serve per-grātus, a, um very pleasing
custos (custod-), 3 guard ad nāvigandum for sailing
Grandis, 3 , adj . the Majestic dēnego I say no [deny]
Rēgālis, 3, adj. the Royal Sov- omnia, Neut. Pl. all things,
ereign of omnis everything
Magnifica, 1 , adj . the Magnificent dulce, Neut. Sing. sweet, pleasant
Tonans ( Tonant-) the Thunderer ofdulcis, 3, adj.
3, adj. lēnis, 3, adj . gentle [lenient]
Arrogans (Arro- the Arrogant brevī,Abl.Sing.
of brevis , 3 ,
brief, short
gant-), 3 , adj.
Ferox (Feroc- ), 3 , the Furious adj.
adj . lit. warlike classiāriī, 2 seamen , men of
tegimen (-min-), 3 covering thefleet
in Grandi in the Majestic ingens ingent- ), huge
(Abl. of Grandis) 3, adj.
praefectus classis admiral māchina machine
cūr why

Adjectives of the 3rd Declension.

Adjectives of the 3rd Declension in is are declined as follows:
6 >

( 1 ) in the Masculine and Feminine like 'nāvis ' ($ 32 ),

except that the Ablative Singular ends in i (not -e) :
7

( 2 ) in the Neuter like ' mare ' (s 36 ).

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

masc . and
fem . neut. masc. and fem . neut.

1, 2 fortis forte fortēs fortia

3 fortem forte fortēs fortia
4 fortis fortis fortiam fortiam
5 forti forti fortibus fortibus
6 forti forti fortibus fortibus
 PREPARATIONS 99

Some adjectives of the 3rd Declension which do not end in

is have no separate form for the Nominative Singular of the
Neuter ; in the Masculine and Feminine they are declined like
' gens ' ($ 34) : thus

SINGULAR PLURAL .

fem .
masc . and neut. fem .
masc. and neut.

1, 2 ingens ingens ingentēs ingentis

3 ingentem ingens ingentēs ingentia
4 ingentis ingentis ingentium ingentium
5 ingenti ingenti ingentibus ingentibus
6 ingenti ingentī ingentibus ingentibus

$ 43.
adversus , a, um adverse somnio I dream
taberna , I inn (tavern ] membrīs rõbustīs Abl . *
tenebrae, 1 , Plur. darkness terrā marique by land and
lūx (lūc- ), 3 light by sea
anxius , a, um anxious pugnans (pugn- fighting
multa, Neut. Pl . many things ant-), 3, adj. +
of multus salvus, a, um safe
ambulātio (-ion-), 3 walk fac ( Imperative make
ūtilis, 3, adj. useful of ' facio ,'
vehiculum, 2 carriage I make )
(vehicle] māter (mātr-), mother
nox (noct-), 3 night
鲁
* The Abl. is here translatable by ' with ' ; cf. rõbusto corpore, $ 30 .
+ The Adjectives in -ans (stem-ant. ) are declined like ingens (stem ingent ),
the only difference being in the last vowel of the stem .
 DRILL EXERCISES.
[The sections of these drill exercises are numbered to correspond with the
sections of the text on which they give practice. All the words occurring in them
will be found in the corresponding sections of the “ Preparations” (pp. 59 ff.).
The Latin sentences may be used for viva voce practice, and may be varied at
the discretion of the teacher by substituting other words that have been used in
the text of the story. They will also serve as models for translating the English
sentences that follow them into Latin. The numbers in brackets in the
Exercises refer to sections of the "' Preparations not to sections of the
Exercises themselves ; andthey serve thepurpose of an English - Latin Vocabulary.
Thus in Ex. 4 (p. 107) the reference to § 2 after the word “ for ' means that the
Latin word wanted will be found in § 22 of the Preparations (p. 61).]
§ 1. (Nominative and Ablative Singular.)
Villa est bella.
Castanea est bella.
Ancilla in villā habitat.
Ora maritima non procul ā ' villā est.
Non procul ab ārā maritimā habito.
Sub castaneā interdum canto.

How pretty is the chestnut-tree !

Not far from the chestnut-tree a nightingale sings.
Not far from the country-house is the sea-shore.?
Not far from the sea-shore is the chestnut-tree.
In the countryhouse I now live.
la is used for ab before a consonant.
2
ORDER OF WORDS, RULE 1. - Put the Adjective immediately AFTER
its Noun . The English order is just the opposite ; thus where English says
6
' a pretty house ' Latin says a house pretty ' ; where English says ' the sea
shore ' or ' the maritime shore ' Latin says ' the shore maritime '. This rule
6 6 6
applies also to Possessive Adjectives, like ' my ', ' your ', ‘ his ', ' our ',> ' their ' :
6
thus where English says ' my aunt ' Latin says ' aunt mine '. But the rule
does not apply to Adjectives used with the verb ' to be ', as in the country.
house is pretty ' or ' how pretty the country -house is !!
102 DRILL EXERCISES

$ I continued. (Genitive Singular.)

Amita mea sub umbrā castaneae interdum cantat.
Cum amitā meā sub umbrā castaneae interdum canto.
Ancilla amitae meae in villā habitat.
Ancilla in villā amitae meae habitat.
lānua non procul ab õrā maritimā est.

My aunt's country-house is pretty.

The door of the country-house is not far from the sea
shore.
Where is the nightingale ?
The nightingale sometimes sings under the shade of the
chestnut-tree.
The nightingale does not live (say not lives) in the chestnut
tree.

After § 1 . Conversation .
Q. Ubi est villa ?
A. Villa non procul ab ārā maritimā est.
Q. Ubi est castanea ?
A. Castanea in āreā est.

1 ORDER OF WORDS, RULE 2. -Put the Adverb BEFORE the Verb or

other word which it qualifies . — The English order is often different; thus
6
where English says " sings well ’ Latin says ' well sings.' English may say
sings sometimes ' or ' sometimes sings,' but Latin always says sometimes
sings.' This rule applies to the Adverb nôn , which must always come
immediately before the word which it negatives ; and it also applies to Adverb
phrases formed with Prepositions, such as ' far from the sea -shore ', under
the shade of the chestnut-tree ' ; thus for ' the nightingale sings under the
shade of the chestnut-tree ' ; say the nightingale under the shade of the
chestnut- tree sings '.
 DRILL EXERCISES foz

Q. Ubi ancilla cēnam parat ?

A. Ancilla sub umbrā castaneae cēnam interdum parat.
1
Q. Ancilla in villā habitat ??
A. Ancilla in villā habitat .

§ 2. ( Nominative Plural.)
Scaphae non procul ā villā sunt.
Fēriae sunt beātae.
Beātae sunt fēriae.
Magnae sunt procellae in ārā maritimā.
Nautae procul ab õrā maritimā sunt,
Nautae in scaphā sunt.
Scapha non magna est.

Where are the boats ?

The boats are on the sand.
Sailors live not far from the sand of the sea - shore.
I sometimes sail in a boat with a sailor.
Chains are in the boat.
Anchors and chains are on the sea-shore.

$ 2 continued. (Genitive Plural.)

Scaphae nautārum interdum magnae sunt.
Ancorae scaphārum magnārum magnae sunt.
Ancorae scaphārum non magnārum non magnae sunt.

1
1 Questions may be asked in conversational Latin, as in English, simply by
changing the tone of the voice, and without any interrogative particle ; e.g.
6
' vis pugnare ? ' you want to fight ? (Plautus, Rudens 1011 ) . This is very
common in Plautus and Terence. But it is easy to introduce the particle
' -ne ' to the pupil from the first, if the teacher prefers ; e.g. Habitatne
ancilla in villā ?
 104 DRILL EXERCISES

The boats of the sailors are not far from the door of the
country-house.
The anchors of the boats are on the sand.
The anchors and the chains of the anchors are on the sand .
The inhabitants of country- houses are not sailors.
The courage of the inhabitants of the sea-shore is great.

$ 3. (Ablative Plural.)
Scaphae in undis sunt.
Undae sub scaphīs sunt.
In scaphīs sunt nautae.
Procella est : undae nõn caeruleae sunt.
Nautae in undis nõn caeruleīs nāvigant.
Nautae in casīs albis habitant .

Sailors often sail in boats.

I often sail with the sailors.
Not far from the windows of the cottages are the waves of the
sea shore.
My aunt is often ' in the cottages of the farmers.
There -is ' a wood not far from the cottages of the farmers.

$ 3 continued . ( Accusative Singular and Plural after a

Preposition .)
Ante villam est arēna.
Ante casās nautārum est õra maritima.
Ora maritima prope villam amitae meae est.
Prope casās agricolārum est silva.
Post cēnam in scaphā non nāvigo.
Post fēriās procul ab õrā maritimā habito .

i See Order of Words, Rule 2, p . 102.

3.There -is ' and ' there-are ' must be translated simply by the verb : say
* Not far from the cottages is a wood .'
 DRILL EXERCISES 105

Before the door of the country-house is the sand of the sea

shore.
Near the wood are the cottages of the farmers.
During the holidays I sometimes sail in boats.
After the holidays I do not stay'in the country-house ofmyaunt.
Before the holidays I do not sail in boats.

$ 3 continued . ( Accusative Singular and Pluraldepending

on a Verb.)
Villam ex ārā maritimā specto.
Fenestrās villae ex ārā maritimā specto.
In arēnā scapham et ancorās et catēnās specto.
In silvā plantās et herbās specto.
Plantās et herbās amo : bācās amo.
Nautae casās albās amant.
Casae albae nautās dēlectant.

I love the sand .?

I love the sand of the sea-shore.
I love boats and anchors and chains.
Waves delight sailors.
Plants delight my aunt.
My aunt loves sailors and farmers.
From the windows of the cottages the sailors see the waves.
Boats delight sailors : sailors love boats.
Before the holidays I do not see boats and the sea -shore.

1. I do not stay ' is an English way of saying ' I stay not ' ; in Latin there
will be only one word for ' I do stay ', and the word for ' not'must come before
1
it. (For ‘ stay ' say live.) Similarly in the next sentence ' I do not sail '.
2 ORDER OF WORDS, Rule 3 .-- Put the Accusative before the Verb on
which it depends.
106 DRİLL EXERCISES

Complete thefollowing sentences by inserting a Verb.

Oram maritimam
Ora maritima nõs
Scaphās albās
Scaphae interdum caeruleae
Õra maritima bella ,

Complete the following sentences by inserting a Preposition

in thefirst place and a Verb in the second.
arēnā scaphae.
āram maritimam nautās
Agricolae —- silvam
nautis interdum
agricolis interdum

After $ 3. Conversation. ( Quid = what.)

2. Quid ex fenestrā spectās ?
A. Ex fenestrā undās et āram maritimam specto.
Q. Oram maritimam amās ?
A. Õram inaritimam amo. Undae mē dēlectant.
Q. Silvam non amās ?
A. Silvam amo. Silva mē dēlectat.
Q. In silvā interdum ambulās ?
A. In silvā saepe ambulo.
2. Ubi est silva ?
A. Silva non procul ā villā est.
2. Quid est in silvā ?
A. In silvā est copia plantārum et herbarum .
Q. Bācās non amās ?
A. Quantopere mē bācae dēlectant !
 DRİLL Exercises to2

$ 4. ( Vocative Singular and Plural.)

Inter fēriās tē, āra maritima, et võs, undae caeruleae, saepe
specto.
Võs, undae caeruleae, Britannia amat.
Tē, rēgina mea, amo ; tē, patria mea, amo.
Võs, incolae Africae Meridiānae, rēgīna insulārum Britanni
cārum amat.

I love thee, [o] Queen Victoria.

Victoria is queen not only of the British islands, but also of
Canada, of Australia, of South Africa .
I love thee, [o] South Africa ; for ($ 2 ) South Africa is my
native land .
I love you, [0] inhabitants of Britain ; for South Africa is a
British colony.
Great is the glory of the British colonies.

§ 5. ( Dative Singular.)
Silva Lydiae laetitiam dat.
Columbae Lydiae laetitiam dant.
Lingua Francogallica Lýdiae laetitiam non dat.
Tū, Lydia, inter feriās magistrae tuae operam non dās.
Ego inter fēriās linguae Latīnae operam non do.
India gives delight to the Queen of the British isles.
But India is not a British colony.
The British colonies also give delight to the British Queen.
Canada gives delight to Britain.
For Canada is a great British colony.

I ORDER OF WORDS, RULE 4. - Put the Dative before the Accusative.

-

(Note that the gift stands in the Accusative, and the person to whom the gift
is niade in the Dative. )
108 DRILL EXERCISES

$ 5 continued . ( Dative Plural).

Undae caeruleae nautīs laetitiam dant.
Procellae nautis laetitiam non dant.
Plantae et herbae agricolīs laetitiam dant.
Agricolae scaphis operam non dant.
Inter fēriās linguis antiquis operam non saepe do.

The Queen of Britain gives attention to the British colonies.

The British colonies give delight to the inhabitants of the
British isles.
Sailors give attention to boats and anchors and chains.
My aunt gives attention to the cottages ofthe farmers and sailors.
Lydia gives attention to doves.

After $ 5. ( Practice in translation of English Prepositions.)

Make Latin sentences containing translations of the following
phrases, and then say which of these English Prepositions are
not translated by Prepositions in Latin .
in a country-house in country-houses
out-of a country -house out-of country-houses
not far from a country -house not far from country -houses
to a country -house to country-houses
6
(with a Verb of ' going ') ( with a Verb of 6 going ')
of a country-house of country -houses
with my aunt with my aunts
to my aunt to my aunts
(with a Verb of giving ') (with a Verb of ' giving ')
under a boat under boats
before supper during the holidays
after supper
 DRILL EXERCISES 109

After S 5. Translate and learn the following tables contain

ing formsof Pronouns hitherto found .
SINGULAR . PLURAL .
IST PERSON. NOMINATIVE CASE. ego nos
ACCUSATIVE CASE. mē nos
2ND PERSON. NOMINATIVE CASE. tū vos
ACCUSATIVE CASE. tē vās

NOMINATIVE CASE WITH VERBS.

SINGULAR . PLURAL .
IST PERSON. ego in villā habito. nõs in villā habitāmus.
2ND PERSON . tū in villā habitās. võs in villā habitātis.
3RD PERSON. amita mea in villā amitae meae in villā
habitat. habitant.

ACCUSATIVE CASE WITH VERBS.

SINGULAR . PLURAL .
IST PERSON . amita mea mē amat. amita mea nos amat.
2ND PERSON . amita mea tē amat . amita mea vos amat.
3RD PERSON . amita mea villam amat. amita mea casās amat.

After $ 5 . Conversation .
( Recapitulation of ist Declension and Present Tense of sum '
and 1st Conjugation .) Quis = who.
2. Quis in villā nunc habitat ?
A. Lýdia, consobrīna mea, in villā nunc habitat.
Q. Tū quoque apud amitam tuam nunc habitas ?
A. Ego quoque apud amitam meam nunc habito .
9. Quid cūrat Lýdia ?
A. Lydia columbās cūrat.
Q. Linguae Francogallicae operam dat ?
A. Linguae Francogallicae operam non dat : nam fēriae nunc
sunt.
Q. Tū linguae Latīnae inter fēriās operam dās ?
A. Linguae Latinae inter fēriās operam non do.
LIO DRILL EXERCISES

Q. Ubi es inter fēriās ?

A. Apud amitam meam inter fēriās sum.
Q. Quid tē inter fēriās dēlectat ?
A. Arēna, ora maritima, scaphae më inter fériās dēlectant.
Q. In scaphīs interdum nāvigās ?
A. In scaphīs saepe nāvigo.
Q. Procellās non formīdās ?
A. Cum nautā nāvigo.
Q. Tū et Lýdia in silvā interdum ambulātis ?
A. In silvā interdum ambulāmus .

6
After $ 5. ( Present Indicative of sum .') '
I am an inhabitant of Britain .
Thou, [0] Canada, art a British colony.
Canada is an ancient ( antiqua ) colony of Britain .
We are inhabitants of the British isles.
You, (o) British colonies, are far from the British isles.
There-are British colonies in Australia.

After $ 5 . ( Present, Indicative of the ist Conjugation .)

I now live in my aunt's country-house not far from the sea.
shore.
You, Lydia, now live with my aunt.
Your schoolmistress lives far from the sea-shore.
During the holidays we often sail in boats : and we do not
give attention to the languages of Rome and Greece.
You, [o ] blue waves, now delight us.
During the holidays the languages of Rome and Greece do
not delight us.

* AGREEMENT OF THE VERB WITH THE SUBJECT. - The Verb must be

of the same Person and Namber as its Subject (that is, the person or thing
<
that does ' or ' is ' ),
 DRILL EXERCISES III

$ 6. (2nd Declension in -us, Singular Number.)

Hortus bellus est .
Tū, horte, non magnus es.
Hortum bellum inter fēriās saepe vīsito.
Violae horti belli caeruleae sunt.
Patruus meus horto bello aquam dat.
In horto bello sunt rosae.

My uncle lives in a country-house near the sea-shore. I love

my uncle. I often visit my uncle's garden. I sometimes water
the roses and violets of the garden. I often walk in the garden
with Lydia. Sometimes I walk round the wall of the garden with
my uncle. There is a stream not far from the garden. In the
stream is an abundance of water. The garden gives delight to
my uncle .

$ 7 ( Second Declension in -us, Plural Number.)

Mergi in ārā maritimā nīdificant.
Võs, mergi, in õrā maritimā nidificātis.
Mergõs in orā maritimā non capto .
Cibus mergorum in oceano est.
Mergis inter fēriās operam do.
Corvi cum mergis non nīdificant, non volitant.

There-is a great number of elms in my uncle's garden.

2
Many ' crows live in the elms. Sea-gulls do not make-nests in

Note that the adjectives in these early exercises (SS I - 11 ) have always the
same endings as their Nouns.;
* The Latin Adjectives meaning '6 many ', ' some ', ' all ', ' few ' generally
stand before their Nouns ( not after them, like most Adjectives ; see Rule i of
Order, p. 101 ).
I12 DRILL EXERCISES

elms. I like to watch (say gladly watch) the sea- gulls, when
I am on the sea-shore. During the holidays I sometimes give
food to the horses of my uncle's farm . Lydia gives food to the
cocks and hens. My uncle gives attention to his farm and his
horses and cows and pigs. The crows give delight to my
uncle.

After § 7. Conversation ,
Q. Agellus patrui tui tibi et Lydiae laetitiam dat ?
A. Agellus patrui mei nos dēlectat.
Q. Quid in agello est ?
A. In agello sunt equi et vaccae et porci et gallī gallīnae
que .
Q. Quis equos et vaccās et porcos cūrat ?
A. Ego equis interdum cibum do ; sed rusticī vaccās et porcos
cūrant.
Q. Quis gallīs gallīnīsque cibum dat ?
A. Lýdia gallīs gallīnīsque cibum saepe dat.
Q. Ubi habitant rus ?
A. Rusticī in vico habitant, non procul ab agello.

$ 8. (and Declension continued .)

The blue waves foam and murmur round my uncle's garden.
I like to watch (say gladly watch ) the blue waves of the
ocean . I like to walk to the high cliffs of the sea -shore.
The lighthouses of the French coast (say shore) are not far
distant. The moon and stars often light-up the ocean . It
delights me to see the white cliffs and the waves. Boats carry
sailors on the ocean ; sailors carry boats on the sand.
 DRILL EXERCISES 113

After § 8. Conversation .
2. Quid tū et Lydia in horto patrui tui spectātis ?
A. Non sõlum rosās et violās sed etiam corvās spectāmus.
Q. Quid ex horto spectātis ?
A. Mergos interdum ex horto spectāmus.
Q. Ubi sunt nīdī mergorum ?
A. Nīdī mergõrum in scopulīs ārae maritimae sunt ; sed non
nullī.ex mergīs in insulīs prope oram maritimam nīdificant.
Q. Ubi praedam suam captant ?
A. Praedam suam in Oceano captant.
Q. Mergi interdum super agellum volitant ?
A. Superagellum volitant ; nam ibi quoque cibum suum captant.
Q. Quid ex scopulīs ārae maritimae spectātis ?
A. Ex scopulīs pharos ārae Francogallicae spectāmus.

$ 9. ( 2nd Declension in -um.)

Oppidum antiquum in Cantio est.
Tē, oppidum antīquum, amo.
Oppidum antiquum inter fēriās interdum vīsitd .
Fundamenta oppidi antiqui magna sed non alta sunt.
Oppido antiquo inter fēriās operam do.
In oppido antiquo nummi Romāni sunt.
Oppida antiqua mē dēlectant.
Võs, oppida antiqua, amo.
Oppida antiqua libenter visito.
Aedificia oppidorum antiquorum interdum Romāna sunt.
Oppidis antiquis libenter operam do.
In oppidis antiquis nummi Britannicī interdum sunt.

Where is Kent ? Kent is in South Britain. The coast (say

shore) of Kent is not far from the French coast. My uncle's farm
is in Kenţ. Dover and Richborough are not far from my uncle's
8
 114 DRILL EXERCISES

farm . There -are traces of a Roman amphitheatre near Rich

borough. London also is an ancient town. London is not far
distant from Kent. Thereare many ancient towns on British
soil. In Britain we often see the foundations of Roman buildings.

After $§ 9. Conversation .
2. Ubi habitant patruus tuus et amita tua ?
A. In Cantio habitant, inter Dubrās et Rutupiās.
Q. Quid in Cantio spectās ?
A. ( Here may be introduced all the Nouns hitherto learned ,
Singular or Plural Number.)

§ 10. (2nd Declension in -um continued .)

I often see the ancient castle, when I visit Dover. The castle
is on the cliffs, near the sea-shore. The walls of the castle are
not ancient ; but there are relics of ancient buildings in the castle
At-the-present-day there-is aa church near the relics of the ancient
buildings. The church also is ancient ; for it was a consecrated
building in the second century after the birth of Christ (say after
Christ born .)

$ 11 . (2nd Declension in -um continued .)

From the windows of the castle we see many vessels. There
are many vessels in the English Channel. Many vessels sail
round Britain. I see the flags of British and French vessels.
But where are the German and Belgian vessels ? I do not now
see German and Belgian vessels in the English Channel. But
many German and Belgian vessels sail to Britain.'

1 Imitate in Africam Meridiānam . So, tao, in future exercises when

going or sailing to a Country is spoken of.
 DRILL EXERCISES 115

After $ 11. Conversation .

2. Dubrās et Rutupiās interdum visitās ?
A. Dubrās saepe visito.
2. Quid ibi spectās ?
A. Castellum antiquum ibi specto.
Q. Quid in castello spectās ?
A. In castello speculam antiquam specto.
Q. Quid ex castello spectās ?
A. Ex castello fretum Gallicum et clīvās grāmineos specto .
Q. Quid in freto Gallico spectās ?
A. In freto Gallico nāvigia specto.
Q. Nāvigia libenter spectās ?
A. Nõnnulla ex nāvigiīs in patriam meam năvigant.
$ 12. (2nd Declension in -er.)
Puer Marcus condiscipulus meus est.
Tū, puer Marce, mihi praecipuus amicus es,
Puerum Marcum saepe vīsito.
Puerī Marci patria est Calēdonia.
Puero Marco fēriae magnam laetitiam dant.
Cum puero Marco saepe nato.
Duo pueri prope Dubrās habitant.
Võs, puerī, condiscipuli mei estis.
Pueros, condiscipulos meos, pilae dēlectant.
Patria puerorum procul à Cantio est.
Pueris lūdi in arēnā laetitiam dant.
Cum pueris interdum in scaphā nāvigo.
Two boys are my friends. They live in Kent, but Scotland
is the native-land of the boys. The boys are my schoolfellows. I
often visit the boys during the holidays. Sometimes I swim with
the boys in the blue waves. How much it delights us boys to see
the great waves !
116 DRILL EXERCISES

$ 13. (2nd Declension in -er continued .)

During the holidays a boy does not pay attention to lessons.
The ancient languages of Greece and Rome do not delight a boy
during the holidays. Thereare many amusements of a boy
when he is free 1 from lessons. Games of ball give great delight
to a boy, not only during the holidays but also when he is not ?
free from lessons.
Peter is a sailor. I like Peter . Peter's boat is a source (§ 9 ) *
not only of amusement but also of gain to Peter.
After § 13 . Conversation . ( Quot = how many.)
Q. Quot tibi amīcī sunt ?
A. Duo mihi sunt amīcī.
Q. Ubi habitant amīcī tui ?
A. Prope Dubrās nunc habitant amīci meī.
Q. Puerās interdum vīsitās ?
A. Puerõs saepe vīsito.
Q. Quid võs pueros inter fēriās dēlectat ?
A. Lūdi pilārum, castella in arēnā aedificare, in undis natāre
in scaphis nāvigāre nõs dēlectant.
Q. Undās spūmiferās non formidātis ?
A. Undās non formidāmus.
Q. Vos pueri interdum rēmigātis ?
A. Interdum rēmigāmus, cum undae non nimis asperae sunt.
Q. Quis rēmigat cum undae asperae sunt ?
A. Cum undae nimis asperae sunt, Petrus rēmigat vel vēlīs
ministrat.

1 The Adjective used with the Verb to be ' must be in the same Case and
Number as the Subject of which it is said ; thus here ' free'must be Nominative
Singular, because ' he ' is Nominative Singular.
>
2 See Order of Words, Rule 2. Here ' not ' negatives ' free ' and must
therefore stand immediately before it.
3 Where a number is quoted like this in brackets, it means that the word
required can be found in aa certain section of the Preparations.
 DRILL EXERCISES ii
6
$ 14. (2nd Declension continued : vir ' y
There-is aa nobleman ' mentioned in a play ". The nobleman's
life is unhappy. The man has ' two sons. The son Edgar
is faithful. But the son Edmund ' does not love the nobleman.
The nobleman prepares to hurl himself down -from a cliff.
The cliff is near Dover. But the faithful son walks to the cliff
with the nobleman, and saves the life of the unhappy man .

After § 14.
1. Write two sentences about the things seen in Kent during
the holidays. In the first sentence say . During the holidays I see
' ; in the second sentence say ' How much it delights me to
.

see
. ' (and here put in the things that you like best to see ).
2. Repeat the table of Pronouns given after § 5 , and add the
Dative Cases, Singular and Plural (mihi, tibi, nõbīs, vēbīs).
9

Make up sentences containing these Datives.

$ 15. (2nd Declension in -er continued .)

Magister noster vir doctus est.
Tū, magister, mihi cārus es.
Magistrum nostrum amo.
Libri magistrī nostri pulchrī sunt.
Librī magistro nostro magnam laetitiam dant.
Cum magistro nostro saepe ambulāmus.
Magistrī nostri viri docti sunt.
Võs, magistrī, puerīs pigris nõn carī estis.
Magistros multi pueri formidant.

· Note that the Adjective in thiscase has not the same ending as the Noun ;
so , too, often in the following exercises.
* Say in a play mentioned; see Order of Words, Rule 2.
Say to the man there are; seePreparations, $ 9, end (patruo með est).
• These English names may be latinized as Edgārus, Edmundus
118 DRILL EXERCISES

Librī maģistrõrum nostrorum docti sunt.

Magistrīs nostris copia librorum est.
Cum magistrīs nostrīs lūdīs saepe operam damus.

I often see our schoolmaster during the holidays. Our school

master has 1 many books about ($ 10) Britain. We boys like to
see 2 the books of our schoolmaster. The schoolmaster's books
are filled 8 with Roman and Greek coins . I am a schoolfellow of
Mark and Alexander in a famous and ancient school. Not only
the boys but also the masters of our school pay attention to games.

§ 16. ( Agreement of Adjectives.)

nummus Romānus villa Romāna oppidum Romanum
vir doctus fāgus Britannica
liber Latinus
nauta Rāmānus
-

RULE.—Make the Adjective agree with its Noun in Gender •

as well as in Number and Case.
This rule applies not only to examples like those above, in
which the Adjective is called an Epithet of the Noun, but also
to examples like the following, in which the Adjective is used
with the Verb “ to be and is called a Predicative Adjective :
nummus est Romānus. villa est Romāna. oppidum est Ro
vir est doctus. fāgus est Britannica. mānum .

1 Say to our schoolmaster there-are; see Preparations $ 9, epd. Similarly

in all future sentences where the verb ' te bave ' occurs in this book .
>
2 Here and in all future sentences where ' like to-- ' occors say ' gladly
* Use criber, and remember the rule for the Case and Number of Adjectives
used with the verb to be given on 13 ( ' he is free ').
* For Rules of Gender see Preparations § 15 ( p. 75).- Note that the ending
of the Adjective is not always the same as that of the Noun (as it was in the
'exercises on $ S 1-11 ).
 DRILL EXERCISES 119

A learned teacher is sometimes not dear to boys. Our teacher

is learned. Boys are not learned. My aunt is not learned . But
we boys love our teacher. And my aunt likes to listen when a
learned man tells about the ancient Britons. There-were great
forests in ancient Britain. But there were not many beeches in
the British forests. So Gaius Julius affirms. There-were many
wolves and bears in the great forests of ancient Britain.

$ 17. ( Agreement of Adjectives continued .)

Were the Roman sailors lazy ? Gaius Julius does not blame
(§ 14) the Roman sailors. He praises ? the courage of his sailors.
Roman farmers were active, as a Roman poet affirms. There were
many Roman sailors ( say many sailors Roman ) on the vessels of
8
Gaius Julius. Roman vessels were-able to sail to Britain and
round the British coast. The rains of Britain were hideous then, “
as they are now .' The small pearls of the British ocean were
mostly ($ 13) dark or blue.

6
§ 18. ( Past Imperfect Indicative of ' sum ' and the ist Con
jugation .)
Proximo anno in Cantió eram.
Proximo anno in Cantið erās.
Proximo anno in Cantið erat.
Proximo anno in Cantið erāmus
Proximo anno in Cantið erātis.
Proximo anno in Cantið erant.

1
The only formsof the Past Imperfect needed for this and the following
exercise are those which have actually occurred in the text of the story.
· Use the verb laudo, ' I praise'( Preparations § 13).
• Găius forms Gen. Gai, Dat. Gaio.7
* Remember that ' then ' and ' now ' are Adverbs.
I 20 DRILL EXERCISES

Multa aedificia antiqua spectābam .

Multa aedificia antiqua spectābās.
Multa aedificia antiqua spectābat.
Multa aedificia antiqua spectābāmus.
Multa aedificia antiqua spectābātis .
Multa aedificia antiqua spectābant.

The large vessels of British sailors are mostly (8 13) black ; but
the little boats are sometimes white, sometimes blue, sometimes
yellow. Last year, while ($ 16) I was in Kent, I used-to-see many
British sailors. They were all sun-burnt. Some of the sailors
used-to-tattoo (say colour) their limbs. The clothes of British
and French sailors are blue. British sailors mostly have sturdy
limbs and a great stature. Our sailors sail round the coasts of all
lands, as the Roman sailors used-to-sail round the coasts of the
Mediterranean . A British sailor does not fear storms.

$ 19. ( Adjectives and Past Imperfect Indicative continued .)

Were all the inhabitants of ancient Britain Celts ? I think not.8
Some of the ancient inhabitants of our island were not barbarous
The inhabitants of Kent were mostly farmers, as they are now.
Many of the inhabitants of Kent werc Belgians ($ 15). Were not
the Belgians a German tribe (§ 18) ? Does not Gaius Julius so
affirm in his book about the Gallic war ? The German tribes were
moderately civilized, but the ancient Celts of Britain were not
civilized.

i The word for some'must stand in the Nominative Case and be Masculine
Plural, because someof the sailors ' means ' some sailors of the sailors ' ; see
the example in § 11 of the story.
2 Say the Mediterranean ocean ’. Mediterranean ’ is an Adjective,
meaning Midland ' , and is in Latin Mediterräne-us (a, um).
3 A very common way of saying ' I think not ', ' I hope not ',> and so forth
in Latin is . I do not think ', ' I do not hope ', etc.
* Remember that now ' is an Adverb.
 DRILL ÉXERCISES Í Ầİ

§ 20. (Some uses of the Ablative without a Preposition : see

summary of these uses at the end of Preparations § 2o. ) "
(A. ) In the second century before the birth of Christ Britain
was free. The boys and girls ($ 15 ) of the uncivilized Britons
were free from lessons. The savage ($ 18) Britons together with
their sons used-to-kill stags and wild-boars in the woods with
spears and arrows . They used-to-catch (8 7 ) wild-beasts with
hunting dogs ( 19) for the sake of food.
(B. ) The civilized Britons used -to -adorn their limbs with
golden chains and with precious -stones ($ 19). By means of the
vessels of the Veneti they used -to-export corn to Gaul. The
Druids were the teachers of the children of the civilized Britons.
The Romans used not to fight with chariots. They used -to - fight
with barbarous tribes for the sake of victory and gain ($ 9). They
used often to kill their captives ; but sometimes they used -to -sell
the captives at a great price (8 9).

* NOTE ON THE ABLATIVB WITHOUT A PREPOSITION. The following

English Prepositions are to be translated by the Ablative without a Preposition
in certain cases .
>
' From,' when it comes after ' free ' ( liber, § 12) and ' I am free' ( vaco, $ 6).
• In ' or. ' At,' when it comes before a Noun denoting time, as in the second
century,' secundo saeculo ($ 10), ' at what o'clock ? ' quotă höră ? (821 ). Also
before a Noun denoting price or value, as ' at a great price,' magno pretio (§ 9).
6

• With,' when it means by means of ' or forms a phrase answering the

question ' how ? ' : as ' they used to fight with spears and arrows,' hastīs et
6
sagittis pugnabant (§ 18), ' they used to fight with great courage,' magnā
audācià pugnābant; " hideous with rains,' pluviis foedum ($ 17) ; ' filled with
victims,' victimis plēna (§ 20) ; crowded with children ,' liberis crēber ($ 15).
* By means of ' is generally to be translated by the Ablative alone.
[A fuller account of how to translate English Prepositions is given at the
end of this book .]
* Here and in future exercises where the phrase " before the birth of Christ '
occurs say before Christ born .
1
3 Use the verb orno, ' I adorn ,' ' I ornament '.
 1 22 DRILL EXERCISES

§ 21. (Some forms of the Future Indicative.)'

How I shall like to walk to the place where the battle was !
Where will the place be ? The place will be on the coast of Kent,
between Dover and Richborough . The road will be long, but it
will be very-pleasing to us to see the place. You, Mark and
Alexander, will walk with me and with my uncle to the place.
6 >
§ 22. ( Future Indicative and Imperative of ' sum ' and the
ist Conjugation .)
Locum crās spectābā, sī caelum serēnum erit.
Tū, Marce, locum spectābis, si caelum serēnum erit.
Alexander locum spectābit, si caelum serēnum erit.
Universī locum spectābimus, si caelum serēnum erit.
Vos, amita mea et Lydia, locum non spectābitis.
Amita mea et Lydia locum non spectābunt.
Spectā, Marce !
Spectāte, pueri !
If the sky is clear, we shall-be-able to see the place where the
Roman vessels were. My uncle will show us the place. At what
o'clock shall we arrive ? You, Mark and Alexander, will dine with
us when it is evening. We shall carry our lunch with us. The
cakes and apples will give us great delight. “ Show me the
tombs ”, says Alexander. Alexander is a little boy. “ Not too

i The only forms needed for this exercise are those which have actually
occurred in § 21 of the story.
* See note 2 on p. 118 .
8
Say shall be. The Latin Future Teose often mes as ' shall ' as well as
' will’in the 2nd and 3rd Persons, especially in subordinate clauses. Some .
times it means will ’ in the 18t Person.
• What Preposition might be used before the Pronoun in English ? Think
of the meaning. This Preposition after a verb of showing ' is translated in
the same way as after a verb of giving '.
 DRILL EXERCISES 123
>
fast! ( say hurry slowly )” ,says my uncle. “ Give attention, boys ”,
>

says my aunt, we shall dine at the eleventh hour. I shall praise

($ 13) you, if you arriver before the eleventh hour. You will not
arrive after the eleventh hour, as I hope.” “ I hope not ” ,a, says
my uncle .

§ 23. ( Future Indicative and Imperative continued .)

We shall start (say give ourselves to the road) at the fifth hour.
We shall not walk quickly. For Alexander will be tired, if we
walk® too (S 12 ) quickly. What o'clock will it be, when we
arrive ? 8 Will you be tired, Alexander, if we arrive at the tenth
"
hour ? " I shall not be tired ” says Alexander. 6. You will not
walk too quickly, as I hope,” says my aunt, "for Alexander is a
little boy." " Not too fast ! (say hurry slowly ) ”” says Lydia ;
“ Alexander will be hungry before the tenth hour. Carry an
apple with you, Alexander !” “ I shall not be hungry ", says
3

Alexander. “ Give me the cakes ”, says my uncle. “ Good -bye "

says my aunt ; "arrive in-good-time (say opportunely).”.
6
§ 24. ( Perfect Indicative of sum ' and the ist Conjugation .)
Practice in all persons ofthe Singular and Plural the sentence :
Locum spectāvī quo Gāius Iūlius nāvigia sua applicāvit.
The sky was clear when we walked to the place where Gaius
Julius fought with the Britons. In the year 55 B.C.' he built
vessels in Gaul and sailed from the Gallic coast to the coast of
Kent.. He brought his vessels to land between Dover and Rich

1
Say shall arrive.
2 See note 3 on p. 120 .
3 Use the Future Tense, as in Ex. $ 22, p. 122.
4
" Say in the fifty -fifth year before Christ born ; and similarly in all future
sentences when the phrase ' B.C. ' or ' A.D.' (Anno Domini) occurs, say before
Christ born or after Christ born.
 124 DRILL EXERCISES

borough ,aslearned men have generally (mostly, $ 13) affirmed . The

Britons were prepared ($ 21 ), and they hastened to the place. My
uncle has often seen the place, but we boys have never been there.

$ 25 . (Past Perfect Indicativeof sum'and the 1st Conjugation ).

Practice in allpersons of the Singular and Plural the sentence :
Ad locum adventāveram quo Gaius Iulius nāvigia sua applicāvit.
1
When Gaius Julius anchored ' his vessels near the British
coast, the Britons had already gathered themselves together on the
cliffs. “We Britons will never be slaves (8 19) ", they say ($ 21 ).
They had hastened along the sea-shore and had prepared them
selves for battle ($ 24 ). Roman forces had never before sailed to
our island. But Gallic vessels had often sailed to Britain for the
sake of commerce . Gaius Julius had never before been in Britain .
But he had waged -war ($ 24) against the inhabitants of the neigh
bouring coast. The Gauls (8 19) had told Gaius Julius ' many
things about Britain.

$ 26. ( Future Perfect Indicative of sum'and ist Conjugation .)

Practice in all persons of the Singular andPlural the sentence :
Cum alterum põmum gustāvero, in viam mē dabā.
2
“ When shall we have arrived home“ ? ” says Alexander. “ My
aunt will not praise (8 13) us ", say I ($ 21 ), “ if we arrive late
7

($ 23 ).” .66 We shall have arrived before the eleventh hour says
9

1 Where the phrase ' to anchor' occurs, say ' to fasten to anchors,' as in the
story .
2 What Preposition might be put in before 'Gaius Julius ' in English ?
Compare Ex. 22, note 4 (p. 122).
3 What is the word for ' when ' in a question ?
* Use the word that properly
>
means ' homewards ' : for the Romans always
spoke of arriving to a place ' (not at a place.')
Use the Future Perfeot Tense (shall have
 DRILL EXERCISES 125
1 1
my uncle, " unless ($ 25 ) there-is ' rain ($" 17). If the sky is '
clear, we shall not arrive late, as I hope.” “ Unless you, Alex
ander, walk 1? quickly ”, says Mark, " there will be delay.” . “ When
shall we visit Richborough ? ” say I. “ If you visit ' me next year
(proximo anno) ”, says my uncle, “ I will walk with you to Rich
2
borough,' and I will show you the ruins of the castle belonging
to -Richborough ( 21)."

After § 26. ( On Adjectives in -atus, -ata, -atum ).

4. Translate and compare the following examples of Adjectives
in -ātus, -āta, -ātum , which have occurred in the story.
Aedificium consecrātum ($ 10).
Nõnnulla nāvigia Castella nomināta sunt ($ 11).
Locus in fābulā commemorātus est ($ 14).
Urnae pulchrē ornātae ($ 20).
Quotā hārā parāti eritis ? ($ 21 ).
Non fatīgātus sum ($ 23).
Copiae armātae ($ 24).
Quando satiātus eris ? ($ 26).
All these Adjectives are formed from Verbs, like most English
Adjectives in -ed or -en (such as ' nam -ed ', ' given '). Adjectives
formed from Verbs are generally called ' Participles ', and they
may be used, like other Adjectives, either to qualify Nouns or
with the Verb “ to be ” ( see examples above). When they are
6

used with the Verb to be they form tenses of the ' Passive
Voice ', as in English .

* Use the Future Perfect Tense ( shall have - ).

* Imitate the way of saying ' to Dover 'given in § 24 of the story (Preparations,
p. 85 ), and see also6 the rule given in Preparations § 22. The case used to
>
express ' to ' and ' from ' with the name of a Town is the same as if the
Prepositions ad and ab were used .
 126 DRILL EXERCISES

B. Translate into Latin .

I am not satisfied.
Are you fatigued, Alexander ?
The urn is beautifully adorned.
I have seen an urn beautifully adorned.
The Britons were armed with spears and arrows.
The Britons were prepared for ( cf. § 24) battle.
We were prepared for lunch.
The building was already consecrated in the second century.
The Roman vessels were already fastened to anchors (§ 24).
The Britons were gathered together on the sea-shore ( 25 ).

After § 26. (On Adjectives in andus, -anda, -andum , and

1
Nouns in -andum ).'
Translate in the way indicated in the Preparations (S$ 25 , 24,
23) the following sentences containing Adjectives in andus,
·anda, -andum :
Audācia aquiliferi erat laudanda ( laud- able or praise -worthy,
§ 25 ).
Audācia laudanda aquiliferi Romānās servāvit.
Magister noster est amandus ( ami-able or lov -able or worthy-to
be-loved ).
Amita mea est amanda.
Amita mea amanda in Cantio habitat.
Scopulī Cantii sunt spectandi (worthy-to-be-seen or simply to
be seen ).
Scopulos spectandos Cantii saepe visitāvī.
Nāvigia ad scopulos non sunt applicanda ( to -be-brought-to
land ).

1 The uses ofthe Adjectives in -andus, -anda, andum, and of the Nouns
in -andum will be more fully explained hereafter (at the end of the Exercises ).
 DRILL EXERCISES 127

Locus non idoneus est ad nāvigia applicanda ( for vessels to-be

brought- to -land, 24).'
Locus idoneus erat ad cõpiās explicandās ( for forces to-be
deployed, § 25).

Translate the following sentences containing Nouns in

-andum :
Parātus sum ad ambulandum ( for walking, $ 23).
Parātī sumus ad rēmigandum (sf. rēmigo, I row ).
Cupidi (desirous) sumus rēmigandi ( Gen. Case of
remigandum ').
Cupidi erāmus visitandi locum ubi proelium erat.
Cupidus sum ambulandi ad locum.
Ad locum ambulandi cupidus sum.

$ 27. (3rd Declension . - Masculines and Feminines that form

the Nominative Singular without adding -s).
(A). C. Julius Caesar was a famous (clärus, $ 15 ) general of
the Romans in the first century B.C. Great was the glory ($ 4)
of C. Julius Caesar. The Gauls feared ($ 2 ; say used -to -fear)
Caesar. For within ($ 22 ) three years he had defeated ($ 24) the
Helvetii ’ in South Gaul and the Veneti on the Gallic coast and
the tribes of Belgic Gaul. There-were many Caesars before and 8
after C. Julius Caesar. The Romans used-to-name & the Caesars
• Generals '. The forces of the Caesars were great. My uncle
has told me many-things about the Caesars.

1
Compare in English such sentences as ' It is time for the dinner to be got
6
ready ', ' I am eager for the dinner to be got ready ', ' Ring the bell for the
dinner to be cleared away ', etc.
* Helvētii, the plural of Helvétius, is a noun of the 2nd Declension. The
Helvetii lived in Helvātia (Switzerland ).
3 Use nomino · I name', from which comes the Adjective nominatus, 4, 4914
' named ' (ş 1 ! ):
128 DRILL EXERCISES

(B). Why did Caesar wage-war against Britain ? The cause

(§ 9) of the expedition against Britain is known ($ 16). During
the war with the Veneti some of the tribes 1 of Britain had
2
supplied auxiliaries to ’ the Veneti . For the Veneti had been
friends of the tribes of South Britain during many years. There
had also been war between the tribes of South Britain . And the
Trinobantes were friends of the Romans . Accordingly (8$ 19))
Caesar prepared to supply aid to the Trinobantes against the
Cassi.

$ 28. ( Same Nouns continued .)

Caesar's first expedition was not great ; but in the second
expedition of the next year a great multitude of vessels and five
legions sailed with Caesar to Britain. How -many men were
there in a Roman legion ? How-many men were -there in five
Roman legions ? The number was different ($ 19) in different
centuries. Amongº Caesar's forces were also many Gallic
auxiliaries. For the Belgae and other Gallic tribes had supplied
forces to Caesar. Many Caesars were warlike. In the first
century A.D, one (§ 22 ) of the Caesars named Claudius was the
second conqueror ( victor) of Britain. I do not love the Caesars ;
but C. Julius Caesar was a great man and a great general.

§ 29. ( 3rd Declension . — Masculines and Feminines that form

the Nominative Singular by adding -s.)
A. There had been peace between the Romans and the Britons
after the first expedition of Caesar. It was not necessary for
Caesar ($ 24) to wage-war a -second - time against the free tribes of

* Translate ' tribe ' by natio ( instead of populus) in this and all following
exercises.
The verb 'to supply ' is aa verb of ' giving '. How, then, is to the Veneti
to be translated ?
3.
* Howmany' is quot (indeclinable ; see Latin Drill § 13, p. 116).
Say in the number of.
 DRILL EXERCISES 129

Britain. But he was desirous of glory and booty. Accordingly

in the year 54 B.C. he transported five legions of Roman soldiers
and a great multitude of Gallic horse-soldiers to our island. The
soldiers of the Roman legions were foot-soldiers.' Caesar did not
fear the tempests ' of the English Channel ; he did not fear the
arrows and chariots of the British tribes. From (ex) the pluck
of his soldiers and sailors he expected ($ 26) victory.

$ 30. (3rd Declension . — Neuters in -men, -us or -ur.)

Among Caesar's legions was the tenth (§ 22 ) legion. The name
6
of the tenth legion was ' Alauda '.' The name of the tenth legion
was famous, and dear to the soldiers. What was the name of the

The word for ' foot -soldier ' is pedes (stem pedit-), declined like miles and
6
e , ues. [ ped -it- means properly ' foot-goer ', as equ -it- means ' horse -goer '. ]
? Use tempestās, which also means ' weather ’ ( Preparations § 29).
3 These Neuters, like the Masculines and Feminines of SS 27 and 28, form
the Nominative Singular without adding an s . Thes of words like tempus
( with an r before the ending of the Gen. Sing .) is not an addition to the stem
but part of it : between two vowels , however, the s changes to r .
The Rule of Gender in the 3rd Decl. is therefore :
1. Nouns denoting PERSONS are Masculine if they denote MALE
PERSONS, Feminine if they denote FEMALE PERSONS. (This
rule is the same for all declensions) .
2. Nouns not denoting persons and forming the Nominative Singular
by adding an s are mostly Feminine .
3. Nouns not denoting persons and forming the Nominative Singular
without adding an s are mostly
Feminine if the Nom. sing. ends in IŪ , DÕ, or GO ;
Neuter if the Nom. Sing. ends in MEN, US, UR, or E ;
Masculine in other cases (for instance when the
Nom. Sing. ends in OR ).
* A Noun ofthe ist Declension, meaning the Lark '. 6
• Use quid (see Drill Ex. § 3 , p. 106 ). In asking ' what is the name ? ' the
Romans regularly used the Pronoun quid (not the adjectival form of it).
9
 130 DRILL EXERCISES

river where there-was a great contest of the Britons against the

Romans ? There-are many rivers in South Britain. Caesar does
not mention ' the name of the river. A Roman had three ' names .
The first names of Caesar were Gaius and Julius. The chief ($ 12 )
name of aa Roman was the second name.

$ 31 . ( Same Nouns continued .)

(A.) There were many contests of the Britons with the Romans.
In some of the contests the Britons carried -off the victory. But
they were not able to stand ($ 11 ) against the weight and strength .
of the Roman legions. The bodies of the Britons were big and
strong, and the Romans were men of small bodies . But Caesar's
legions were skilled ($ 15 ) in “ war. Accordingly they mostly (§ 13)
carried off the victory without many wounds.
(B.) Before the time of C. Julius Caesar Roman vessels had
never ($ 25 ) sailed to our island, unless ($ 25 ) for the sake of
commerce ($ 19). After the time of C. Julius Caesar another ($ 24)
Caesar, by name Claudius, got-together ( 28) an expedition against
Britain . In the times5 of Nero 6 Agricola defeated ($ 24) the
Britons and Caledonians. C. Julius Caesar was the first but not
the chief ($ 12 ) conqueror of the Britons.

1 Use commemoro, ' I mention ' , from which comes the Adjective commemor .
ātus, a, um ' mentioned ' ($ 14 ).
2 The Neuter of trēs (§ 27 ) is tria.
8 For ' men ' use homo ; and for of small bodies ' say with small bodies,'
>

as in the last line of g 30 of the story (p. 47).

6
* What Case does the Adjective meaning ' skilled ' take in Latin ? See
Preparations § 15 ( p. 73 ).
6 No Preposition in Latin ; for ' in the times ' denotes time when ; cf. p. 69.
• Nero (stem Nerūn .) was one of the early Caesars or Emperors of Rome,
belonging to the Julian family.
 DRILL EXERCISES 131

$ 32 . ( 3rd Declension.— Feminines and Masculines in -is,

like ' navis ').
(A.) Caesar's fleet was large. For there were not only ships of
1
burden but also ships of -war in the fleet. How-many ships sailed
with Caesar on the second expedition ? The whole (S 16) number
of the ships was eight-hundred. Six-hundred of (use ex) the ships
were ships of-burden . The Romans sometimes used -to-name ?
6
ships of-burden vessels .' ' Vessel ' is a noun (say name) of the
second declension (use déclinātið ), but ship ' is a noun of the
third (§ 23) declension.
8
(B.) When the enemy ' saw Caesar's great fleet, they feared
($ 2 ). But the size of Caesar's ships was small. In the ships of
burden were the soldiers and the horses and the arms. Why did
Caesar sail with ships of-war against the British enemy ? ' The
Britons had built no ships . But Caesar perhaps ($ 25 ) did -not 5
know ($ 31 ) this. He had prepared his second expedition in
5
the winter ofthe year 55 B.C. He sailed in the summer ($ 29)
of the next (S 28) year . In ancient times Rome ruled 6 the waves .

$ 33. ( Same Nouns continued .)

7
In a Roman ship of -burden not more than two-hundred ($ 32)
men were-able to sail. A ship of-burden was not so large as a
ship ofwar. How-many men were-able to sail in Caesar's feet ?

1 See Ex . $ 28, Note 3 (p. 128 ), and Latin Drill, § 13.

* See Ex. $ 27 A , Note 3 (p. 127 ).
* Use the Plural (enemies).
• Use hoc ; see Preparations § 15 (p. 73) .
• No Preposition in Latin ; for ' in the winter ' and ' in the summer'denote
> 6 >
timewhen , like in the second century ' ( Prep. $ 10), ' last year ' (§ 16), etc.
• Say was mistress of. 6
7 The Singular Number of the word meaning ' more ' ( Prep. & 33) is good
Latin here ; but the Verb ' were-able ' must be Plural, as in the English.
132 DRILL EXERCISES

On a Roman ship of-war there-were sometimes high turrets, as

($ 18) on ships of-the-present-day ($ 18). From the high turrets
the soldiers used to drive -off ($ 25 ) the enemy with spears ($ 18).
An ancient ship of-war had sails and oars. An ancient ship of-war
was not armed with iron plates. An ancient ship of-war was not
so large as a ship of-war of-the -present-day.

$ 34. ( 3rd Declension . - Feminines and Masculines whose

stems end in two consonants.)
(A.)
1
Cassivellaunus was king of a small part of South Britain.
What ' was the name of the race ? In ancient times ' there were
many races and many kings in Britain. Many 8 of the races were
barbarous. But the races of the Southern (use meridiānus, a,
um) parts were not barbarous. Before the times of Caesar
Cassivellaunus had fought against the-other ($ 19 ) races of South
Britain. The name of the king of the Trinobantes was
Imanuentius.
(B.) The boundaries of many British races are not known ( $ 16)
to us . The names of the British kings are mostly (§ 13 ) not
mentioned ($ 14) in the book of Caesar. Britain was not a part
of the Roman empire “ after the victory of Caesar. After the
time of Claudius, the fourth (§ 29) Caesar,55 Britain was under the
command of the Caesars. The name of the family (use gens)
of C. Julius Caesar was the Julian family. The Romans used-to
name the Caesars “ Princes ” and “ Generals . "

1 See Ex. $ 30 , note 5 (p. 129).

3 See Ex. $ 31 , note 5 (p. 130).
3 What Gender ? ' Many of the races' means 6 many races of the races.'
For of' use ex .
* Use imperium .
5 In what case must ' the fourth Caesar ' be ? Think of the meaning
(after the time of the fourth Caesar ).
 DRILL EXERCISES 133

$ 35. (Same Nouns continued .)

(A. ) Some of the Southern or maritime races of Britain were
Belgians ($ 15 ). But the Belgae were of German origin, as Caesar
6
tells us in the Gallic War ’. The chapter is the fourth ofthe second
book. Therefore there were people of German origin in Britain
in the first and second century B.C. The inhabitants of modern
Britain (say of Britain of-the-present-day) are mostly of German
origin. But they migrated across the German ocean into Britain
in the fourth and the fifth century after the birth of Christ.
(B.) Many modern cities are named from (use ex ) the Belgian
(8 11 ) races of Kent. The names of the cities are Belgian. But
the Belgians of Britain used not to build cities, if the testimony
(S 17 ) of Caesar is true. Winchester ($ 15 ) is the name of an ancient
city of South Britain. The inhabitants of cities are not barbarous.
Caesar tells us about British “ towns '. The British ' towns ' were
different from ($ 19) cities,

§ 36. (3rd Declension . — Neuters in -e, like 'mare.')

The British sea separates (S 34) Britain from Gaul. A part of
the British sea is named the ' Gallic channel '. Some of the
Gauls used-to-sail across the British sea to Britain for the sake of
commerce. London is not many miles distant from the sea. The
Britons did not fight against Caesar on the sea, because they had
never (825 ) built ships. British sailors now sail across many seas.
On many seas and inmanylands($ 4) you see the British flag ($ 11 ).
1What Gender ? ' Some of the races ' means some races of the races.'
For ' of ' use ex .
Say men, and use homo ( Prep. $ 30). Homo means ' human being ' and
includes women ; vir does not include women. The Plural of homo is the
only word
6
that can be used for people ' in the sense of persons ' ; for populus
means a people ' in the sense of a nation ' or ' a tribe ', and the Plural
6
populimeans ' peoples ', that is ' nations ' or ' tribes .'
 134 DRILL ÉXÉRCISES

$ 37. ( Recapitulation of Nouns of 3rd Declension .)

The British soldiers used-to-fight from ( out-of) chariots. Caesar
had not only foot -soldiers but also horse-soldiers ($ 29). But the
mobility of the Roman soldiers was not great. Accordingly the
enemy often used -to -throw - into -confusion the ranks of the Romans.
In modern times' horse -soldiers sometimes carry (8 6 ) the arms
( 30) of foot-soldiers. Thus they are able to leap down -from
(S 14) their horses and to fight on -foot. The Boers of South
Africa have horse-soldiers of-this-kind.

§ 38. ( Recapitulation ofNouns of 3rd Declension continued .)

The boundaries ($ 34) of the Cassi were across ($ 35 ) the river
Thames. The British leader ($ 29) used not to fight against the
Romans in proper (8 37 ) battles. He used to dash suddenly out
of the woods and attack the Roman legions. Then he used to
recall ($ 31 ) his horse-soldiers and his chariots. The British leader
had many thousands ($ 36) of charioteers. Accordingly he some
times used -to -carry -off the victory. There-were ten cohorts in a
Roman legion, and about ( 36) five-hundred ($ 36) men in a
cohort. Accordingly there -were about five ($ 26) thousand men
(say five thousands of men ) in a legion.

$ 39. ( Recapitulation of Nouns of 3rd Declension contiuued .)

Caesar hastened to the banks of the river Thames. Where
was the town of Cassivellaunus ? Caesar does not name the
town. The town was not a city. It was not strengthened ($ 30)
with walls. It was not London. But it was not far from London.

1 See Ex. $ 31 , Note 5 (p. 130 ).

2 Say give themselves, as in § 25 of the story.
3 Batāvi ( Dutch).
* In what Case must . Thames ' be ? Think of the meaning (cf. p. 132,
note 5 ).
 DRILL EXERCISES 135
2
Perhaps it was St. Albans," as some learned men have affirmed .
Caesar tells about the town of Cassivellaunus in the fifth book of
the Gallic War.

$ 40. ( Recapitulation of Nouns of3rd Declension continued .)

Caesar's camp was 3 in Kent. There-is also a place in South
Africa named “ Caesar's Camp. The tribes of Kent fought bravely
for (on -behalf-of ) their native-land ($ 4), but the Trinobantes were
friends of the Romans and enemies of the Cassi. Accordingly the
unhappy Britons fought in-vain. At-length ($ 25 ) many states
begged peace from (ā) Caesar. The conditions of peace were 5
hard (say rough, ſ 13). After the peace Caesar sold a great
multitude of British captives ($ 19). Thus many British men and
women ($ 20) and children were slaves (8 19) of the Romans in the
first century before the birth of Christ.

$ 41. (Nouns of 3rd Declension continued . )

Thus ($ 16) Caesar carried offthe victory and imposed a tribute
upon the inhabitants of South Britain. The Romans carried -off
the victory because ( $ 15) they were skilled ($ 15 ) in war. The tenth
legion was with Caesar in Britain. Caesar loved the tenth legion.
In the first expedition, while the Romans hesitated ($ 25) to fight,

1 For perhaps' see Preparations $ 25 .

2 Verulāmium .
8 Remember that the Verb must agree with its Subject ( castra ).
4 Remember that the Adjective must agree with its Noun. Which is the
Noun to which the Adjective ' named ' belongs ?
6 Venum -do, ' I sell,' is a compound of dõ, ' I give,' meaning literally “ I
offer for sale ,' and forms its Perfect like do.
6 The Adjectives of the 3rd Declension are deferred till $ 42.
7 Imitate the construction given in § 40 of the story .
136 DRILL EXERCISES

1
the eagle-bearer of the tenth legion leaped into the waves and
carried (86) the Roman eagle ($ 25 ) to the land (S 4). Accordingly
the Romans defeated (S 24) the Britons on-account-of ($ 33) the
pluck of the eagle-bearer. The Roman eagles were made -of-silver
(89) and served as ' flags.

$ 42. ( Adjectives of the 3rd Declension .)

8
(A.) The ancient Britons were brave men. They fought with
admirable pluck. The bodies of the ancient Britons were big and
strong. The Romans were not so ($ 33 ) big as the Britons ; but
by means of the science of war they were able to carry -off
the victory from the Britons. Caesar was a distinguished general .
He had defeated the brave tribes of Belgic Gaul in a short time.
Victory was sweet to Caesar.
(B.) Not all “ the British states (S40) had fought against Caesar.
There had never ($ 25 ) been an alliance ($ 34) of all the tribes of
Britain against an enemy. It is wonderful that ($ 41 ) the Britons
were able to fight so $(S 41 ) successfully against the conquerors of
so-many ($ 40) seas and lands. The name of Caesar was dis
tinguished through ($ 26) the whole ($ 16) world ($ 41 ). The 5
soldiers of the tenth legion were veterans. It is sweet to fight
6
and, if it is necessary ( 24), to die for ($ 40) one's ' native- land.

See Ex. $ 37 , note 2 ( p. 134 ).

2 Say were instead -of ; cf. § 33 of the story (" the skins served as sails ." )
3 See Ex . § 20, note 1 ( p. 121 , on the Ablative without a Preposition).
4
Adjectives meaning all,' unlike other Adjectives, generally come before
their Nouns in Latin : cf. note 2, p. III , and Rule i of Order, p. 101 .
5 No separate word for ' it ' ; but the Adjective after ' is ' must be in the
Neuter Gender, as in § 41 of the story.
6
• Say ' to expire, ' exspīrāre.
6
7 Omit the word ' one's ' in translating.
 DRILL EXERCISES 137
$ 43. ( Adjectives of3rd Declension continued .)
The tribes of Belgic Gaul also were warlike.' Caesar had
2

slaughtered ($ 20) a huge number of the brave Nervii, fighting >

8
against the Romans. The British auxiliaries had been useful to
the Veneti. Accordingly Caesar waged-war against the “ arrogant
Britons. " And he carried -off a huge number of British slaves
and captives .
“ The time is short ” says my uncle ; “ it is necessary ($ 24) to
hasten homewards. It has been pleasant to you, as I hope, to
see a British ship of-war and to walk to the place where Caesar
fought with the Britons." We allo approved-of ($ 41) the opinion
of my uncle.

GOD SAVE THE KING.

* Use ferox,which as the name of a ship in the Channel squadron is trans

lated ' the Furious' in $ 42 of the story . All the names of ships given there
can be used as Adjectives, but must then not be spelled with capital letters.
2. Fighting '. is an Adjective describing the Nervii. In what Case must it,
then, be ?
8.Useful to. ' is like ' dear to ' (Preparations $ 15 ).
* See Ex. $ 42, note 5 ( p. 136).
Say'all we-approved.'
 APPENDICES.'

1.-ON ADJECTIVES IN -NDUS, -NDA, -NDUM AND NOUNS

IN NDUM .

The Adjectives in indus, -nda , -ndum differ from other

Adjectives only in the following respects :
( 1 ) Adjectives in -ndus, -nda, -ndum are all formed from the
stems of Verbs . In English , too, we have many Adjectives
formed from Verbs, and some of them are similar in meaning to
the Latin Adjectives in -ndus, -nda, -ndum ; for instance 'laud
able ' ( from ' I laud ', Lat. laudo) meaning ' worthy to be praised ',
lov -able ' meaning ' worthy to be loved ', ' eat-able ' meaning
fit to be eaten '.
( 2 ) Adjectives in -ndus, -nda, -ndum cannot always be trans
lated by Adjectives in English, because English generally has no
Adjective with exactly the same meaning ; so they have often to
be translated by a group of words like ' to-be-loved ', ' to-be-read ',
' to -be -eaten '. Sometimes it is convenient to translate them in
other ways.
The following sentences, taken from the story, should be care
fully examined.
6

Audācia aquiliferi erat laudanda, " The courage of the eagle

bearer was laud-able or praise-worthy ' ( 25). Here the

1 These Appendices are not intended to be used by the pupil except as a

summary and fuller explanation of some of the constructions which have been
met with in the text. But they are written with a view to the needs of
beginners, and are thrown into a form which the writer has found to be
capable of appealing to the minds even of young pupils, iſ brought before them
gradually and on seasonable occasions.
 APPENDICES 139

Adjective laudanda (feminine of laudandus, to agree with

audācia) is formed from the verb laudo ' I praise ',
and it has the same meaning as the English Adjective
formed with ' -able ' or ' -worthy ' ; but we may also trans
late it by ' worthy-to- be- praised ', or simply to-be-praised '.
This Adjective, like other Adjectives, may be used without
the Verb “ to be ', and in any Case ; thus we get
Nom . audacia laudanda, laudable courage'
Acc. audāciam laudandam , “ laudable courage '
Gen. audāciae laudandae, 6‘of laudable courage ', etc.
And, just as we may say Locus erat idoneus nāvigiis or ad
6
nāvigia, ' There was a place suitable for vessels ', so we
6
may say Locus erat idoneus ad nāvigia applicanda, ' There
was a place suitable for vessels to-be-brought-to-land '
( 24 ). Here nāvigia applicanda'vessels-to-be-brought-to
land ' depends on ad in the sense of .for '. Compare in
English such common sentences as ' Ring the bell for the
> 6

dinner ' and ' Ring the bell for the dinner to be got ready '
( Latin ad cēnam parandam ).
The Nouns in -ndum differ from other Nouns only in the
following respects :
( 1 ) Nouns in -ndum are all formed from the stems of Verbs,
just as in English we may form a Noun from any Verb by adding
-ing '. Thus where in English we speak of ' row-ing ', 'walk -ing ',
visit -ing ', etc. , in sentences like “6 Rowing is hard work ', ' I like
walking ', the Romans used the Nouns rēmigandum , ambulandum ,
visitandum , etc.
(2 ) Nouns in -ndum are like Verbs in so far as they take the
same constructions as the Verbs from which they are formed .
So do the English Nouns formed from Verbs ; thus we speak of
" rowing quickly ', ' walking slowly ' (with Adverbs, though some
times also with Adjectives), and visiting a friend ', ' exploring a
country ' (with Objects depending on the Nouns in ' -ing ').
140 APPENDICES

Labor rēmigandi magnus erat, ' The labour of rowing was great
($ 29). Here rēmigandi is the Genitive Case of the Noun
rēmigandum formed from rēmigo ' I row '.
Parātīne estis ad ambulandum ? Are you ready for walking ? '
(S 23). Here ambulandum is the Accusative Case of the
Noun formed from ambulo ' I walk ', and depends on ad
meaning for
Cupidus erat visitandi et explorandi insulam nostram , ' He was
desirous of visiting and exploring our island ' ($ 28). Here
the Genitives of the Nouns vīsitandum and explorandum
take an Object in the Accusative.
The following sentences, taken from the story, contain further
examples of the above constructions ( Adjectives and Nouns).
Virtūs militum erat magnopere laudanda ($ 29). Here the
Adjective is qualified by an Adverb (as other Adjectives
may be).

Nāvigia novīs armis ornanda erant ($ 31 ).

Locus idoneus est ad copias explicandās ($ 25).
Nāvēs onerariae aptae erant ad onera transportanda ($ 32).'
Romāni Britannos scientia pugnandi superabant ($ 30).
[No example occurs in the story of the Noun in -ndum with
6
est denoting must'or ought '. This is a special use and sense,
which is best deferred for subsequent study.]

" Such sentences may also be translated by an entirely different form of

speech in English ( ' for deploying forces '). Here ' deploying' is a Noun
formed from the Verb ' deploy '. But this translation leads to confusion with
the use of the Latin Noun in undum , and should therefore be avoided so far
as possible by beginners.
 APPENDICES 141

II .-HOW TO TRANSLATE ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS

INTO LATIN .

Where English has a Preposition Latin generally has one also.

Most of these Latin Prepositions take the Accusative Case, but
some of them (especially ab or ă, cum, dē, ex , in when it means
6
' in ' or ' on ', pro, sub when it means ' under ', and sine) take the
Ablative : it should be noted that no Latin Prepositions take the
Dative or the Genitive. But it has been seen that ' of ' is generally
expressed by the Genitive alone, and “ to ' very often by the Dative
alone ; also that ' from ', ' at ', 6' in ', ' with ', ' by ', and by means
>
6
>

of ' are sometimes expressed by the Ablative alone. The following

rules, based upon examples which have occurred in this book,
will give some guidance as to when the above Prepositions are to
be translated by Prepositions in Latin and when by a Case without
any Preposition ; but the rules are only an outline, to be filled up by
future reading ; and they deal only with the most important usages.
OF is generally translated by the Genitive, as in the door of
the country-house ' iānua villae ($ 1 ), ' the courage of sailors '
audācia nautārum ($ 2 ), ' traces of the Romans ' vestīgia Romān 6
örum ($ 9); " a task of great labour'opus magni laboris :( = ' very
6
laborious ', $ 31 ), an abundance of plants ' copia plantarum ($ 3),
1
' a great number of coins ' magnus numerus nummorum (§ 9).'
But (i.) in such phrases as ' some of ', ' many of ', the ' of ' may be
translated by ex with the Ablative ; thus some of the
vessels ' may be translated nonnulla ex nāvigiis ($ 11),
6
' many of the tribes ', multi ex populis (§ 18).
6
(ii. ) when the phrase ' of denotes a quality of the
person or thing spoken of, it is sometimes translated by the
Ablative withouta Preposition ; thus ' men of robust body '
is hominēs rõbusto corpore (8 30) : see note on p. 91 , and
§ 43, note on p. 99.
* Note that the of ' in many of these examples does not denote possession .
 142 APPENDICES

TO is generally translated by ad with the Accusative (or some

times by in with the Accusative, $ 11 ) when it comes after a verb
>
of ' going ' or ' coming ' or any verb that denotes motion, such as
>
6 6
bring ' or ' carry ' or ' send ' : thus ' I walk to the wood ' is ad
silvam ambulo (s 5 ). But it is sometimes translated by the Ac
cusative without a Preposition, sometimes by the Dative ; viz. -
By the Accusative without a Preposition when it comes before
the name of a Town : thus ' he brought his vessels to Dover '
is nāvigia Dubrās applicăvit ($ 24), ' I walked to London
is Londinium ambulāvī.
By the Dative in the following cases :
(i) when it comes after a verb of ' giving ’ ; thus ' it gives
delight to Lydia,' is Lydiae laetitiam dat (8 5 ), they had
supplied auxiliaries to the Gauls ' is Gallis auxilia sub
ministrāverant ( 27 ).

( ii) when it comes after the verb ' to be ' in the phrase ' there
is to someone ' ' someone has ' ; thus ' my uncle has
coins ' is patruo meo nummi sunt ($ 9).
(iii) when it comes after Adjectives which can take ' to ' in
6
English, like ' dear ', ' pleasant ', ' useful ’; thus 'he is dear
to us ' is nobis cārus est ($ 15 ).
FROM is generally translated by ab or ex with the Ablative ;
but by the Ablative alone
(i) when it comes after certain Verbs and Adjectives with the
sense of ' free ' ; thus ' he is free from military service'is
militia vacat ($ ), ' free from lessons'is liber scholis (§ 12 ).
(ii) when it comes before the name of a Town and after a
>
Verb of ' going ' or any Verb that denotes motion ; thus
6
' they will arrive from Dover ' is Dubris adventābunt
($ 22 ),
 APPENDICES 143

IN orAT' is generally translated by in with the Ablative ; but

by the Ablative alone
(i) when it comes before a Noun denoting time, such as day ',
' month ', ' year ', ' century ', ' hour ' ; thus in the second
6 6

century ' is secundo saeculo (s 10), ' in the next year ' is
proximo anno ( 28), at what o'clock ? ' is quotă hora ?
6

($ 21 ).
(ii) when it comes before a Noun denoting price or value :
6
thus at a great price ' is magno pretio (§ 9).
WITH is translated by cum with the Ablative when it means
' together with ' or ' in company with ' (as in ' I walk with my
aunt'cum amitā mea ambulo, $ 3 , or ' fighting with the Romans
cum Romānis pugnantēs, § 43) ' ; but by the Ablative alone in
other senses ; viz :
6 > 6
(i) when ' with ' means ' by means of ' ; thus they used to
fight with spears and arrows ' is hastis et sagittis
pugnabant ( 18 ): here ' spears and arrows' are the
instruments with which they fought. Similarly when
6
' with ' comes after Adjectives meaning " filled ' ; thus
' filled with victims ' is plēnus victimis (§ 20) *, crowded
with children ’ is crēber pueris et puellis ($ 15 ).
(ii) when the phrase with answers the question
" how ? '; thus they used to fight with great courage'is
magna audāciā pugnabant. Here with great courage'
describes the manner in which they fought.

1 When ' at' comes before the name of a Town , it is translated by the
Locative without a Preposition ; but no example of this Case occurs in this
book . The Locative, however, is the same in form as the Ablative, except in
Nouns of the ist and 2nd Declension , Singular Number.
2 Sometimes the Adverb unā “ together ' is added , as in ' together with a
multitude of Gallic auxiliaries, unà cum multitudine auxiliòrum Gallicorum
(§ 28 ).
* But just asin English we may say notonly filled with but also · full of ',
so in Latin plēnus may take the Genitive ; thus full of joys ' is plēnus
gaudiorum ( $ 13 ).
144 APPENDICES

6 3
(iii) when the phrase with answers the question
6
' why ? ' : thus the climate was hideous with rains ' is
caelum pluviis foedum erat ($ 17). Here with rains '
means ' because of rains.'
6
(iv) when the phrase with denotes a quality of the
person or thing spoken of ; thus ' a man with a robust
body ' is homo rõbusto corpore ($ 30), ' a boy with blue
eyes ' is puer oculis caeruleis.
BY MEANS OF is sometimes translated by per (" through ')
with the Accusative, but generally by the Ablative without a Pre
6
position : thus they used to fasten their ships by means of iron
chains ' is nāvēs catēnis ferreis déligābant ( 33), ' he hastened to
the Thames by means of uninterrupted marches ' is continuis
itineribus ad Tamesam properávit ($ 38).
BY is sometimes translated by ab or ä with the Ablative, but
generally by the Ablative without a Preposition : thus by reason
( = for the sake) of commerce ’ is mercātūrae causā (% 19), cf.
animi causā ($ 20) ; " by land and by sea ' is terrā marique (§ 43).
III.-GENERAL RULES OF ORDER.
RULE 1.—Anything that goes with a Noun (excepting a Pre
6
position) is generally put after that Noun in Latin ; thus ' villa
bella ,' ' villa amitae meae.' Except Numeral Adjectives and
Adjectives meaning " all ', ' some ', ' many ', ' few'*
RULE 2.-Anything that goes with a Verb or an Adjective or
an Adverb is generally put before that Verb, Adjective or Adverb
6 6
in Latin ; thus ' saepe spectò ', ' non specto ', ' scapham specto ',
6 6
' in scaphā nāvigā ' ; ' non magnus ' ; non saepe '.
* Demonstrative Adjectives (meaning this ' or ' that ') and Interrogative
Adjectives (meaning ' which ? ' or ' what ? ') also precede their Nouns in Latin ,
as in English ; but the Demonstratives do not occur in this book . An In.
terrogative occurs in quota höra ?
 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY.
The words printed in black type are essential wordswhich need to be learned
by heart, as occurring most often in the text and for the sake of their im
portance .
Words of the third declension have the stem inserted in brackets, except
where it is the same as the Nom. Sing ( e.g. arbor). To words like navis the
Gen. Plur. is given. Genders are given where irregular according to the rules
on p . 75 and p. 129 ( m. = masculine, f. = feminine, n. = neuter).
The figures 1, 2, 3 denote the declension or conjugation.
A.

ab or ā ( with Abl. ), from ; ab Alexander, Alexandr-um, -i, -ō, 2,

occidente parte (S 35 ), off the Alexander
West side, on the West aliquando, some day
ab -sum , ab-esse, a -ſui, I am distant, aliquantum , a considerable amount
I am absent alius, alia, aliud , other (Gen, and
abundo , I , I abound ( Abl. = in ) Dat. Sing. irregular)
accommodātus , a, um, suited [ac alter, altera , alterum , another, a
commodated] second ( Gen. and Dat. Sing.
accūso, I , I accuse irregular)
acūtus, a, um, sharp [acute) altus, a, um , high, lofty [alti-lude]
ad (with Acc. ), to ; sometimes for amābo tē, please
or at or near (see SS 15 , 23, 24) ambulātio (-ion-), 3, walk
adhūc, hitherto ambulo, 1 , I walk
admirābilis, 3 , adj . , admirable amicitia, 1, friendship
ad-sum, ad - esse, ad -fui, I am amīcus, 2 , friend
present amita, I , aunt
adulescentulus, 2, young man amo, 1 , I love, like
advento, 1 , I arrive amphitheātrum, 2, amphitheatre
adversus, a, um , adverse an, or ( in a question )
aedificium , 2, building [ edifice) ancilla , 1 , maid - servant
aedifico, i , í build ancora , I , anchor
ãēr (āěr- ), 3, m . , air Anderida silva, the Andredsweald
aēneus, a, um , made of copper Anglicus, a, um, English
aes (aer- ), 3, n. , copper or brass angulus, 2 , angle, corner
aestās (aestāt- ) , 3 , summer animus, 2, mind : animus ingratus,
aetās ( -tāt-), 3, age ingratitude
affirmo, 1 , I affirm , state annus, 2, year (annual ]
afflicto , I, I wreck [afflict ] ante (with Acc. ), before
agellus, 2 , farm , estate anteā ( Adverb ), before
ager, agr-um , -i, -ō, 2 , field antiquus , a, um , ancient
agger, 3 , mound Antonius, 2, Antony
agricola, 1 , farmer anxius , a, um, anxious
albus, a, um , white aper, apr-um, -i, -ō, 2, wild boar
fo
146 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

apertus, a, um , open arma, neut. plur. , 2, arms, fittings

applico , 1 , I bring to land [apply) armātus, a, um , armed
appropinquo, 1, I approach armentum , 2, herd
aptus, a, um , fitted Capt] aro, 1 , I plough
apud_ (with Acc .), in the house of, arrogans (arrogant-), 3, adj., arro
French chez gant
aqua , water, 1 ſaquarium] asper, aspera , asperum , rough
aquila, 1 , eagle āter, ātra, ātrum , dark
aquilifer, 2, eagle-bearer atque, and also, aye and
āra, 1 , altar audācia , I , courage , audacity
arbor, 3, f., tree aureus , a, um , golden
ārea, I , open space [ area] ausculto , I , I listen
arēna, I , sand autem , however
argenteus, a, um, made of silver auxilium , 2, help, aid
argentum , 2, silver [French'argent') auxilia ( plur. ), auxiliaries
ariēs (ariet-), 3, m. , ram avāritia , 1 , avarice
arithmētica, , arithmetic

B.

bāca, 1 , berry bello, 1 , I wage war

barbarus, a, um, barbarous bellum , 2, war
basilica, I , basilica, church bellus, a, um , beautiful, jolly, pretty
beātus, a, um , happy [French bel , belle ]
Belgae, 1 , pl., Belgians, a tribe in bene, well ; bene ambulā, § 23
the North of Gaul and also in bos (bov- ), 3, m. or f., ox
South Britain (Hampshire ) brevis, 3, adj., brief, short
Belgicus, a, um, Belgian Britannia, 1, Britain
Belgium , 2, Belgium Britannicus, a, um, British
bellicosus, a, um, warlike Britannus, 2, Briton

C.
C. = Gaius (Gāium, Gāi, Gāio) caput (capit-), 3, n. , head, chapter
cachinno, 1 , I laugh carina, J , keel
caelum, 2 , sky, climate cārus, a, um, dear
caeruleus, a , um , blue casa , I , cottage
Caesar, 3 , Caesar Cassī, 2, a tribe in Hertfordshire
Calēdonia, 1 , Scotland Cassivellaunus, 2, King of the Cassi
Calēdonius, 2, Caledonian in Hertfordshire
calor (calor-), 3, heat castanea , 1 , chestnut- tree
Cambria, 1 , Wales castellum , 2, fort ( castle]
campus, 2, plain castra, neut. pl., 2, camp
Cantium , 2 , Kent catēna, 1 , chain
canto, I , I sing catulus, 2 , dog
capillus, 2, hair causa, i , cause, reason : causă , by
captivus, 2 , captive reason , for the sake
capto , I , I catch celeriter, quickly
 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY 147

Celta, 1 , Celt confūsus, a, um, confused

cēna, 1 , supper, late dinner congrego, I , I gather together
cēno, I , I sup, dine [ congregation ]
certāmen ( -min-), 3, contest consecrātus,a, um, consecrated
certē, at any rate consobrina, 1 , cousin (8 5)
cervus, 2, stag consocio, 1 , I ally
cēterī, ae, a, the others, the rest constantia, 1, constancy, firmness
cētera ( n. ) = Eng. ' etcetera ' con-sto, .stāre, -stiti, I consist [con ,
Christus, 2, Christ together, stö, I stand ] : constat
Christiānus, a, um, Christian ( 3rd person ) = is known
cibus, 2, food consulto, on purpose [by consulta.
circiter, about tion]
circum ( Preposition with Acc. ; or continuus, a, um, continued , un.
Adverb ), around interrupted
circum -dō, -dare, -dedi, I surround contrā (with Acc. ), against
cīvitās ( -tāt- ), 3, state [city] copia, I , abundance
clādēs, 3, disaster copiam do, I give opportunity
clārus, a , um , bright or famous copiae (plur.), forces
classiārii , 2, seamen , menof thefleet corium , 2 , skin
classis (Gen. Pl. classium ), 3, fleet corpus (corpor-), 3, body (corpor -al]
clivus, 2, hill, down corvus, 2, crow
cohors (cohort-), 3, cohort crās, to -morrow
collis ( Gen. Pl. collium ), 3 , m. , hill crēber, crēbra , crēbrum , crowded
colloco, I , I place [locate) ( Abl. = with ), frequent
9

colonia , I , colony cremo, I, I burn (cremation]

colorātus, a, um, sun -burnt creo , I, I create
[coloured] crució, 1 , I torture [ex-cruciating]
coloro, I , I colour crustulum , 2, cake
columba, I , dove, pigeon culpõ, 1 , I blame
commemoro, I , I mention [com . cultūra, i , tillage, cultivation , cul.
memorate] ture
commentārii, 2 pl. , notes, commen . cum ( with Abl. ), together with ,
taries with
comparo, I , I get together, prepare cum , when
comprobó, 1, I approve cupidē, eagerly
concursio (-ion-) . 3, engagement cupidus, a, um , desirous, eager
[ ex -cursion ] cūr, why
condició (-ion- ), 3, condition cūra, 1 , care
condiscipulus, 2, school- fellow cūro 1 , I care for, attend to, pro
confirmó, 1 , 1 establish (confirm ] vide (§ 22 )
custos (custod-), 3, guard, guardian
D.
do (with Abl. ), about, down from dēfectis ( -ion-), 3, defection
dēbello, 1 , I defeat dēfensor ( défensõr-), 3 , defender
decimus, a, um , tenth dēlectāmentum , 2, delight
dēclārā, 1 , I declare dēlecto, 1 , I delight
déclino, I turn aside (decline] dēlibero, 1 , I deliberate
148 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

dēligo, 1 , I fasten do, dare, dedi, I give, set, put (in

ad ancoram dēligo, I anchor fugam , to flight)
dēmonstro, I , I point out doctus, a, um , learned [doctor)
dēnego, 1 , I say no [deny] domesticus, a, um, internal (dom.
densus, a, um, dense, thick estic]
déploro, 1 , I deplore, lament domina, i, mistress (dame)
dērivātus , a, um, derived domus (irregular, f ),house, home
dē-sum, dē -esse, dē- lui, I am domi, at home
wanting domum, homewards (home)
deus, 2 , god Druidae, 1 , pl., Druids
dexter, dextra , dextrum , right dubito, 1, 1 hesitate, doubt
dextra, I , right hand Dubrae, 1 , pl . , Dover
dico, dicere , dixi, 3 , I say ducenti, ae, a, two hundred
digitus, 2 , finger [digit] dulcis, 3, adj., sweet, pleasant
discipulus, 2, pupil (disciple ] dum, while
discordia, i , quarrel, discord duo, duae, duo, two
disputo, I , I dispute duodecimus, a, um , twelfth
di -sto, 1 , I am distant duodēsexāgēsimus , a, um,58th
diū , long, for a long time dux ( duc- ), 3, leader , general
diurnus, a, um , of the day
diversus, a, um , diverse, different (ā,
from )
E.

ecce , behold ex (with Abl. ), out of, from

ego , I excavo, I , I excavate
ēgregiē , excellently exclāmō, 1 , I exclaim
eques ( equit.), 3 , horse -soldier existimo, i, I consider ( estimate]
equito, I , I ride expedītið (-ion-), 3, expedition
equus, 2 , horse explico, I , I deploy, arrange
erro, 1 , I err exploro, 1 , I explore
esca, 1 , food, eating exporto, I , I export, carry out
esse, to be expugno, I , I storm , take by storm
essedārius, 2, charioteer exspectātio ( -ión. ), 3, expectation
essedum , 2, chariot exspecto, 1 , I expect, await
et, and : ex -sto, -stāre, -stiti, I exist, re
et . . et, both
. • and main, am extant ($ 39 stand
etiam, also, even out)
eugē, bravo ! (e in Plautus )

F.

ſabricó, 1 , I manufacture (fabricate) fānum , 2, shrine

fābula , 1 , play, drama ( fable) fatīgātus, a, um , tired ( fatigued ]
facinus (facinor-), 3, deed, achieve fēmina, I, woman [hence ' femin
mient ine ']
fāgus, 2 , f ., beech
 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY 149

fenestra, 1 , window focus, 2, hearth

fera, I , wild beast foedus, a, um , hideous
ferē, almost, about forma, i , form , shape
fēriae, I pl. , holidays formido, i, I fear
ferina, 1 , flesh ofwild animals, game fortasse, perhaps
ferox ( feroc-), 3 , adj., warlike
9
fortis, 3, adj., brave, strong
ferrātus, a, um ,fitted with iron fortiter, bravely
ferreus, a, um , made of iron fortūna, 1 , fortune, fate
ferus, a, um, savage Francogallicus, a, um , French
festino, 1 , I hurry frēnum, 2, bridle
fidus, a, um , faithful fretum , 2 , channel, arm of the sea
figūra, 1 , figure frūgifer,frūgifera, frūgiferum , fruit
filia , 1, daughter ful ( fruit-bearing]
fīlius, 2 (Voc. fili), son frumentum , 2, corn
līnis, 3, end ; Plur. fīnes, m. , frustrā, in vain
(Gen. finium ), boundaries fuga, i , flight
firmitūdo ( -tūdin- ), 3 , firmness fugo, 1 , I put to flight, rout
firmó, 1 , 1 strengthen ( make firm ] fugātus, a, um , routed
flāvus, a, um , yellow fundāmentum , 2, foundation
fo , i , I blow (said of the wind ) fūnis ( Gen. Plur. fūnium ), 3, m. ,
Aumen ( -min- ) , 3 , river rope
fluvius, 2 , river
G.
Gallia, 1 , Gaul genus (gener .), 3, kind [gener-al]
Gallicus, a, um, Gallic : fretum Germānicus, a, um , German (adj. )
Gallicum , the English channel Germānus, 2, German (noun)
gallina, I , hen gloria, 1 , glory, fame
Gallus, 2 , a Gaul, an inhabitant of Graecia , 1 , Greece
Gaul Graecus, a, um , Greek
gallus, 2, cock grāmineus, a, um, grassy
gaudium, 2, joy, delight grandis, 3, adj., big (grand]
gemma, I , gem , precious stone grātus, a , um, pleasing
generosus, a, um , nobly born guberno, i, I steer, guide [ govern ]
gens (gent. ), 3, race (gentile) gusto, I , I taste
H.
habito, 1 , I dwell ; with Acc ., I hodiernus, a, um , of the present day
inhabit homo ( homin- ), 3, man
hasta , 1 , spear hora, i , hour
herba, 1, grass, herb hortus , 2, garden
Hibernia , I , Ireland hostis (Gen. Plur. hostium ), 3,
Ilibernicus, a , um , Irish enemy
hic, here, at this point hūiusmodí, of this kind
hiems ( biem .), 3, winter hūmānus , a , um , human , civilized
Hispānia, 1 , Spain humo, i , I bury
historicus, a , um , historical
hodiē, today, at the present day,
nowadays
150 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

1.

lam , already, now , even inde, thence

lānua, 1 , door, gate infinitus, a, um, infinite
ibi, there ingens, ( ingent- ), 3, adj., huge
idoneus, a, um, fitted, suitable ingrātus, a , um, unpleasing, un.
lēiūnus, a, um, hungry grateful
ientāculum, 2 , breakfast inhūmānus , a , um , uncivilized
igitur, therefore, then inopia, I , want, poverty
ignāvus , a, um , cowardly inquam, say I, I say ; inquit, says
ignoro, 1 , I do not know [ignore) he, he says ; inquimus, we say ;
ignotus, a, um , unknown inquiunt, they say
ille, illa, illud, yon , that one insectātio (-ion-), 3, pursuit
illīc, yonder insignis, 3, adj., distinguished
9

istro, 1, I light up [illustra ] in-sto, -stāre, -stiti (with Dat. ), I

te pursue
imber (imbr- ), 3 , shower of rain
immigro , 1 , 1 immigrate insula, I, island
imperātor (imperātor-), 3, general inter (with Acc. ) , between or during
[emperor] or among
imperium , 2, command [empire) interdum , sometimes
imperð ( with Dat.), I impose (upon ) intereā, meanwhile
impiger, impigra, impigrum , interior (interior- ), 3, interior, inner
active (not sluggish) interrogo, 1 , I ask , enquire
impigrē, actively, bravely intervallum , 2, interval
impius, a , um , unnatural (impious] intrā (with Acc. ), within
imploro, 1 , I implore intrő, I , I enter
importó, 1 , I import, carry in irrigo, 1 , I water [ irrigate ), § 6
impugno, i , I attack ita , thus
in ( with Abl. ), in or on itaque, accordingly, therefore
( with Acc . ), into or onto iter ( itiner- ), 3, n. , march
incito, i , I urge, urge on, incite iterum , a second time
incola, i , inhabitant iūdico, I , I judge
incommodum, 2, disaster iustus , a, um , just, proper
incultus, a, um , uncultivated iuvat ( 3rd pers. sing. ) it delights

‫ܝܐ‬
labor ( labor- ), 3, labour, toil lēnis, 3, al ., gentle [ lenient]
laboro, 1 , I labour, am in difficulties lentē, slowly
laetitia, 1, delight, pleasure levo, I , I lighten , relieve (8 5)
lāmina, 1 , plate libenter, gladly, willingly
Latīnus, a , um, Latin liber, libr-um , -i, -ō, 2, book
lātus, a , um , wide, broad līber, libera, líberum , free (some
latus (later. ), 3, side (later -al] times with Abl. = from )
laudandus , a, um , laudable liberi, 2 pl. , children (properly an
laudo, I , I praise adjectivemeaning " free ones,"
lavo, 1, Perf. irregular , I wash i.e., children of free-born
legātus, 2 , lieutenant-general parents)
legið (-ion-), 3, legion lineus, a , um , made of Alax
 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY 151

longitūdo ( -tüdin-), 3 , length [longi

lingua, 1 , tongue, language
linum , 2 , flax tude]
littera, 1 , letter (of the alphabet) longus, a, um, long
litterārius, a, um , connected with lucrum, 2 , gain, profit
letters (litterae), literary lūcus, 2 , grove
lūdus, 2 , game or elementary school
litus (litor- ), 3 , coast
locus, 2, place (pl . loca, n.. ), or lūna, 1 , moon
passage ofabook (pl. loci, m .) lupus, 2, wolf
Londinium , 2, London luscinia, I, nightingale
longé, far lux (lūc-), 3, light

māchina , 1 , machine metallum , 2, metal

magister, 2 , school-master , teacher meus (Voc. mi), mea, meum , my
magistra, I , school -mistress, teacher migro, 1 , I migrate
magnificus, a , um, magnificent mihi, to me
magnitūdo ( -tūdin- ), 3, size, magni. mīles (milit- ), 3, soldier
tude
milia, 3, miles, lit. thousands of
magnopere ( = magno opere), greatly paces)
magnus, a, um , great, large militia, i , military service
maior (māior- ), 3, larger, greater milito, I , I serve
mando, 1 , I commit, entrust ministro, i , I attend [minister ]
māne (indeclinable ), morning, pro mirus, a, um , wonderful
perly in the morning miser, misera, miserum , unhappy ,
miserable
maro (declined § 36 ), 3, sea
margarita , 1 , pearl (Margaret] mobilitās (-tāt-), 3, mobility
maritimus, a , um, of thesea, mari. Mõna, 1 , Isle of Anglesey
time monstrans (monstrant- ), 3, adj.,
timber [material]
māteria , 1 ,cus pointing
mathēmati , a, um , mathematical monstro, 1 , I show, point
monumentum , 2, monument
max imē , chie fly mora , I , delay
mē, me mortuus, a, um, dead
mēcum , with me
mediocriter , moderately , tolerably mos ( mor- ), 3, customi
mediterrāneus , a, um , midland , in . mox, in due course ( soon )
land : mediterránea , pl. , n. , multitūdo ( -tūdin- ), 3, multitude
multus, a, um , much : multī, ae, a,
the midlands
medius, a, um, mid , middle many ; multum (adv. ), much ,
membrum , 2, limb (member] very much, very ; multo , by
mercātūra , 1 , commerce (merchan much ( multo maior, much
greater , lit. greater by muck )
dise] mūnitio, 3 , bulwark
mergus, 2, sea -gull murmuro , 1 , I murmur
meridiānus, a , um , southern [ from
meridiēs , mid -day ) mürus, 2, wall
1$2 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

N.
nam, for noctū , by night, in the night-time
narro, 1 , I tell, narrate nocturnus, a , um , of the night
nātið (-ion-), 3, tribe (nation ) nomen ( -min . ), 3, name (nominal]
nato, 1 , I swim, bathe nominātus, a, um , named
nātūra , 1 , nature nomino, I , I name, call
nātus, a, um, born non , not
ante Christum nātum = B.C. nondum , not yet
post Christum natum = A.D. non iam, no longer, not any longer
nauta , 1 , sailor nonne, ( = non + ne ), not ?
nāvigātio ( -ion- ), 3, voyage nonnulli, ae, a, some [non , not
nāvigium , 2 , vessel, ship nulli, none]
nāvigo, 1 , I sail (navigate ) nonnumquam, sometimes ( lit. not
nāvis (Gen. Plur. navium ) , 3, ship ; never)
nāvis longa, ship of war nõnus, a , um , ninth
-ne marks a question nos, we or us, ourselves
nebula, 1 , cloud noster, nostra, nostrum , our
nec (or neque ) nor, and not nótus, a, um , known
neo . nec, neither .. nor
.
novus, a , um , new
necesse, necessary ( Dat . = for ) nox (noct-), 3, night
Nervií, a tribe in Belgium nūdo, 1 , I strip, deprive (Abl. op
nidifico, I , I build a nest nullus, a, um, not any
nidus, 2 , nest num, whether , marking a question
niger, nigra, nigrum , black (nigger] numerus, 2 , number
nihil, nothing nummus, 2, coin
nimis, too numquam , never
nisi, unless, if . not, excepl nunc , now
nobis, to us nuntio, 1 , I announce
nobiscum , with us nūper, recently, lately, not long ago
0.
obscūrō, 1 , I obscure onus (oner), 3, burden [ex-oner- ate ]
obses (obsid-), 3, hostage opera, 1 , attention, study
occidens ( occident . ) , 3, the West oppidum, 2, town
occulto , I, I hide opportūnē, in the nick of time
occupā, I , I seize [occupy] oppugno, 1 , I attack
Oceanus, 2 , ocean optimē, excellently, hurrah !
octingentī, ae, a , eight hundred opus (oper.), 3 , work [oper-ation]
octogintā, eighty opus ( with Abl . ), need
oculus, 2, eye quid opus, what need
officium , 2 , duty Ora , i , shore
omnia, Neut. Plur. of omnēs, all orbis, 3, m. , circle [orb) ; orbis
things, everything terrārum = the world
omnino, altogether ordo ( -din-), 3, m. , rank [ordin -ary]
omnis, 3 , adj., every ; Plur, omnēs , oriens ( orient-), 3, the East (oriental]
m . and f., omnia, n . , all orīgo (origin-), 3, origin
onerārius, a , um, of burden oriundus, a, um, sprung
 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY 153

ornandus, a, um, fit to be ey uipped Oro, I , I ask, entreat

ostrea, i , oyster
ornātus, a, um , ornamented
orno, 1 , I equip, ad -orn 1 ovis ( Gen. Plur. ovium) , 3, sheep
P.
pācātus, a, um, subdued, pacified pomum , 2, apple
palūs (palūd .), 3, marsh pondus (ponder.), 3 , weight
parātus, a , um , prepared , really populus, 2 , tribe [a people]
paro, 1 , I prepare, prepare the way porcus, 2 , pig (pork )
for ( § 20 ) porto, I carry
pars (part. ) , 3, part possum ( = pot -sum ), posse ( = pot
parvus, a, um, sniall, little esse ), potui, I am able
patria, 1, country ,fatherland post ( with Acc. ), aſter , behind
patruus, 2, uncle postquam , after ( =
when )
paucī, ae, a , few , afew postridiē, on the next day
paulum , a litile postulo, 1, 1 iemand
pās ( pāc .), 3 , peace praecipitā , 1 , I hurl (precipitate)
pecūnia , 1 , money praecipuus, a, um, especial, par
pedes (pedit- ), 3, foot-soldier ticular
pellis (Gen. Plur. pellium ), 3, skin , praeclārus, a, um, famous
hide praeda, i , prey , booty
per ( with Acc. ), through, or during praefectus, 2 , officer (prefect]
pergrandis, 3, adj., very big praefectus classis, admiral
pergrātus, a, um , very pleasing praeparo , 1 , I prepare
periculosus, a, um , perilous, danger prae-sto , -stāre, -stiti, I perform ,
01 / S exhibit
periculum , 2, peril, danger prae -sum , -esse, -fui (with Dat . ),
peritus, a, um , skilled (Gen. = in ) I am in command of
perlūcidus, a ,um , transparent praetereā, besides
(pellucid] prandium , 2, lunch
perturbo, 1 , i perturb, disturb, pretium , 2 , price
throw into confusion primo, at first
pēs ( ped- ), 3 , m. , foot ; pedibus, on prīmus, a, um , first
foot princeps ( princip .), 3 , prince
pharus, 2, f., light- house prior (prior-), 3, former ( prior]
piger, pigra, pigrum , lazy, sluggish prð (with Abl.), instead of, for
pila , 1 , ball ( pill) procella , I , storm
pinus, 2 ( partly 4), f., pine proconsul, 3 , proconsul, governor
piscātorius, a, um , fishing procul, far
plānē, utterly, quite proelium , 2, battle
planta, 1 , plani profundus, a, um , deep (profound ]
plānus, a, um , flat [plane) prõmunturium, 2, promontory
plēnus, a, um, with ( ien. full, prope ( with Acc. ) , near
with Abl . filled propero, 1 , I hasten
plērumque, mostly, generally propinquus, a , um , neighbouring
plumbum, 2, lead propior, propius, nearer
plūs (plūr- ), more (hence • Plural '] propositum , 2, proposal
pluvia, 1 , rain propter ( with Acc .), on account of
poēta , 1 , poet propulső , 1 , I drive back
154 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

prosperē, successfully pngnans (pugnant.), 3, adj., fighting

pro -bum , -esse , fui ( with Dat. ), pugno, i , I fight
I am helpful, do good pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum , fine,
provolo, I , I dash forth beautiful, handsome
proximus, a, um, nearest, next, last pulchrē, beautifully
pruina, 1 , frost puppis ( Gen. Plur. puppium ), 3,
puella, i ,girl stern , poop
puer, 2, boy pato, 1, I fancy, think, suppose
pugna, 1, fight, battle

Q.
quam , how , as, than quinquo, five
quando, when quintus , a , um, fifth
quantopere, how much quo , whither, to which
quārē ( = quā rē, by what thing ), why quod, that
quartus, a , um , fourth quomodo, how
quattuor, four quondam , once on a time, formerly
quattuordecim, fourteen quoque, too , also, even
quia, because tum quoque, then too , even then
quingenti, ae, a,five hundred quota höra est ? what o'clock is it ?
quinquāgēsimus,a , um, fiftieth quotā hörā, at what o'clock ?

R.
recreo , I , I refresh (mē, myself) rex (rēg-), 3, king
rectē, rightly Rhēnus, 2, the Rhine
redambulo, 1, I walk back rīpa, 1 , bank
rēgālis, 3, adj., royal rīvus, 2, stream ( river )
rēgina, 1 , queen rõbur ( robor- ), 3, oak, strength
rēgulus, 2, ruler, petty king rõbustus, a, um, robust, sturdy
reliquiae, 1 , pl. , relics Roma, 1 , Rome
reliquus, a , um , the rest, the re Romānus, a, um, Roman
maining rosa , I , rose , rose - tree
rēmigo, I , I row rostrum , 2, beak, ram
remotus, a , um , remote rota, 1 , wheel
rēmus, 2, oar ruber, rubra, rubrum , red
reparo, I , I refit, repair ruīnae, 1 , pl., ruins
reporto, 1 , I carry off (or back ) rusticus, a, um , rustic
reservo, 1 , I reserve Rutupiae, 1 , pl. , Richborough
rēvērā, really Rutupinus, a, um, belonging to
revoco , I , I recall Richborough

S.
sacer , sacra , sacrum , sacred saeculum , 2 , century
sacra , pl. n. , sacred rites saope, often
saorifico, 1, 1 sacrifice Baovus , a , um , savage, cruel
 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY 155

sagitta, 1 , arrow 801, 3, the sun

salūto, 1, I salute, greet solum , 2, soil
satiātus, a, um, satisfied solum , only
satis, sufficiently, enough somnio , 1 , I dream
scapha, i , boat ( skift] sonus, 2, sound
schola, I , school ; pl. lessons specto, 1 , I see, watch , gase at
scientia , 1 , science, knowledge specula, I , watch -tower
scopulus, 2, cliff, rock spēro, i , I hope
Scoticus, a, um , Scottish splendor (splendor .), 3, splendour
scriptito, , I write, scribble spūmifer, spūmifera, spūmiferum ,
Bē, himself, themselves : inter 88, foamy [ spūma, foam , -for,
among themselves, with one another bearing ]
secundus , a, um, second spūmo, I, I foam
sed , but siabilitás ( -tát ) 3, stability
sententia, 1 , opinion statio (-iðn-) 3, station, roadstead
sēparó, 1 , I separate statūra , 1 , height, stature
septentrionēs, the North stella , I , star
septimus, a, um , seventh sto, stāre, steti, 1 , I stand
septingenti, ae, a, seven hundred studiosus, a, um, fond, studious
sepulchrum , 2, tomb, sepulchre stultitia , 1 , folly
serēnus, a, um, clear ( serene] sub (with Abl. ), under, doron in ;
sēro, late (with Acc. ), down into, down
servo, I , I save, preserve, watch to , up to
servus , 2, slave subito , suddenly
sescenti, ae, a, six hundred subministro, I, I supply
si, if sudis (Gen. Plur. sudium ), 3, stake
sic, so, thus, as follows sum , esse, fuī, I am
sīcut, as (lit. so as,just as) summus, a, um, chief
signum , 2, sign , flag super (with Acc .), over, above
silva, 1 , wood, forest superior (superior.), 3, previous,
simulācrum , 2, image past ; superior, victor
sine (with Abl. ), without supero, 1 , I surpass,overcome
situs, a, um, situated suus, a, um, his (or his own ), their
sive sive, whether . . or (or their own ) ; sui, his (or
societās (-tāt-), 3, alliance ( society ) their) own men

T.
taberna, i , inn ( tavern ] tempestas (-tät-), 3, tempest, weather
tam , so : tam . quam , so . as tempus (tempor. ), 3, time [ tempor
tamen, nevertheless, however ary]
Tamesa , i , m. , Thames tenebrae, I , Plur., darkness
tandem, at length terra, 1, land
tantum , so much, or only tertius, a, um, third
tē, thee, you ; tēcum , with thee, tertius decimus, thirteenth
with you testimonium ,2, testimony, evidence
tegimen ( -min- ), 3 , covering testudo (-tūdin-), 3, tortoise-shell,
tempero , 1, I cool, tempor shelter
156 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

tintinnābulum , 2, bell triplex (triplic.), 3, adj., triple

tonans ( tonant.), 3,adj. , thundering triquetrus, a, um , triangular
tormentum , 2, hurling machine triumpho, 1 , I triumph, exult
tot (indeclinable adj.), so many tropaeum , 2, trophy
totus, a, um, ( Gen. and Dat. Sing. trucīdo, 1 , I slaughter, murder
irregular), whole tū, thou, you
tranquillus, a, um, calm , tranquil tum , then ( = at that time or there .
trans (with Acc. ), across upon )
transporto , i , I transport tumulus, 2, mound
trecenti, ae, a, three hundred turbulentus, a, um, rough, turbulent
trēs ( m. , f.), tria ( n. ), three turris (Gen. Plur.Qurrium ), 3, turret
tribūtum , 2, tribute tūtus, a, um , safe
Trinobantēs, 3, plur. , a tribe in tuus, a , um, thy, your
Essex

U.
ubi, where ūnus, a, um (Gen. and Dat. Sing.
ullus, a, um, any (Gen. and Dat. irregular), one
Sing. irregular) urbs (urb-), 3 , city ( urban )
ulmus, 2 , f. , elm -tree urna , I , urn
umbra , I, shade, shadow ursus, 2, bear
ūnā, together : ūnā cum , together with ūsitātus, a, um , used, usual, common
unda, i, wave usque ad , right on till
unde , whence ut, how or as
undecimus , a, um, eleventh ūtilis, 3, adj., useful
ūniversus, a, um, all together
[ universal]

v.
vacca , I , cow venia, 1 , pardon
vaco, , I am free (vacant) Venta Belgārum , 1 , Winchester
vadum , 2 , shallow place, shoal, foril ventus, 2 , wind
validus, a, um, strong vēnum -dō, -dare, .dedi, I sell
vallum , 2, rampart (vēnum , for sale ; do, I offer ]
varius, a, um , varied vērus, a, um, true ; vēra, the truth
vasto, 1 , I lay waste [de-vast -ate) ( lit. true things ) ; vēro, in
vastus, a, um, wild , waste (vast ) truth, indeed
vehiculum, 2, carriage (vehicle] vesper, 2, evening or evening slar
vel, or (vespers]
vēlum , 2, sail ; vēla dare, to set sail vester, vestra, vestrum , your (of
velut, as, even as (vel, even ; ut, as] several persons)
vēnāticus, a, um , connected with vestigium , 2, vestige, trace
hunting vestiinentum , 2 , garment ( vestinenil
Veneti , 2 , pl . , a tribe on the West veterānus, a, um , veteran, old
Coast of Gaul veto, 1 , I forbid
 ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY 157

vexo , I , I annoy , Dex vir, 2, man

via , I, road, way ; dē viā, from the virtūs ( virtut-), 3, pluck, cour age
road ; in viam mē do, I give ( virtue]
myself to the road, I start ; visito , 1 , I visit
inter viam, on the way vita , 1 , life
victito, I , live vīto, i , I avoid
victor ( victor- ), 3, victor vitrea, 2, pl. n. , glass vessels
victoria , 1 , victory vitrum , 2, woad
vicus, 2, village vix, scarcely, hardly
viginti ( indeclinable), twenty võbīs, to you ; võbiscum , with you
villa, 1, country -house, villa volito, 1 , I fly
viola, 1 , violet võs, you ( plural)
violo, 1 , I violate vulnus (vulner-), 3, wound ( vulner.
able)
 THE ORA MARITIMA SERIES
EDITED BY PROF. E. A. SONNENSCHEIN, D.Litt. (Oxon.)
PUBLISHED BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & Co., LTD.
For a List of the volumes in the Series, see pp. 7, 8 of
the prospectus bound up at the end of this volume.

Ora Maritima was received with much favour by Teachers, by

School Inspectors, by Professors of Education, and by educa
tional journals ; and its great success encouraged the author
and the publishers to believe that the application of the same
method to the teaching of other languages would be acceptable
to the teaching world . That expectation has not been dis
appointed . Experience has proved that the method of Ora
Maritima, as set forth in the Preface and in the essay on
Newer methods in the teaching of Latin ' (reprinted on pp.
11-21 ), is applicable to a modern as well as to an ancient
language : indeed it is difficult to see what better method
could be employed in teaching French or German than one
which combines the advantages of the ' Direct Method ' with
a thorough grounding in the essentials of grammar. In the
teaching of an ancient language the main need is to vivify
the learning of grammar by bringing it into connexion with
interesting matter for reading ; in the teaching of a modern
language the problem is how to combine the interest of a
living tongue with the scholarly study of grammar. And the
result of this twofold corrective is to employ a method which
is essentially one in the elementary teaching of all languages.
Individual differences between languages no doubt involve
some differences in the way in which they are taught ; but
these are differences of degree rather than of kind. In Latin
the study of grammar necessarily occupies a larger place than
in French , because there is more grammar to be mastered ;
in French the use of oral instruction is likely to be more
extensive than in Latin , because a modern language lends
itself more readily than an ancient one to conversation on
the ordinary themes of modern life. But in both Latin
and French the accurate study of an interesting text may well
be inade the centre of instruction ; and in both languages
there should be much appeal to the ear as well as to the eye,
and plenty of use of the organs of speech.
Pro Patria is a continuation of Ora Maritima, being
6
concerned with the doings and experiences of the same dra
matis personae,' and being connected with Ora Maritima
by a link of common sentiment. Here also much matter of
historical interest, both ancient and modern, is introduced.
In grammar Pro Patria carries the pupil to the end of the
regular Accidence, and brings him a stage further in the
study of Syntax.
En Vacances is a simple story, told in correct French ,
about a holiday spent by a French family in the country, and
also embodies a good deal of historical interest.
In Am Rhein the scene is laid in Rhine-land, and an
opportunity thus presents itself of narrating part of the story
of the Niebelungenlied , and thus connecting the life of
modern Germany with that of its legendary past.
The Greek War of Independence is a story written in
classical Greek about the struggle which led to the independ
ence of Greece in the 19th century. It is intended for pupils
of from 12 to 14 years of age, who have already made some
acquaintance with Latin . Great care has been bestowed
upon correctness of diction and style, and the pupil who has
mastered this book will have laid the foundations of a
scholarly knowledge of Greek, both in Accidence and in
Syntax. He will also have acquired a useful working vaca
bulary.