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MASTER INDEX .
VOLUME 1:
Electrostatics
Capacitance
Current Electricity

VOLUME 2:
Magnetic Effect of Current
Magnetism and Matter
Electromagnetic Induction
Alternating Current & Electromagnetic Waves

VOLUME 3:
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Wave Optics

VOLUME 4:
Modern Physics
Semiconductors
 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RAY OPTICS

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 06
Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 30
Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 38
Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 45
Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 56
Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 106

WAVE OPTICS

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 71
Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 82
Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 89
Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 93
Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 101
Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 109
 08
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
 Chapter 08 6

RAY OPTICS THEORY

As shown in the figure, the angle between reflected ray and
1. RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT incident ray is180 – 2i where i is the angle of incidence.
Maximum deviation is 180°, when angle of incident i is zero.
It is a well established fact that light is a wave. Although, a
light wave spreads as it moves away from its source, we can 2.3 Law of Reflection in Vector Form
approximate its path as a straight line. Under this Say unit vector along incident ray = i .
approximation, we show light as a ray and the study of light
as a ray is called ray optics or geometrical optics. Unit vector along normal = n̂
1.1 Ray Unit vector along surface = t
The straight line path along which light travels in a
homogeneous medium is called a ray. Unit vector along reflected ray = r̂

i  sin  t  cos  n
Ray
r  sin  t  cos  n
Fig. 8.1

2. REFLECTION OF LIGHT Hence r  i  2 cos  n

The phenomenon in which a light ray is sent back into the  r  i  2 cos  n
same medium from which it is coming, on interaction with a
boundary, is called reflection. The boundary can be a rigid Since
surface or just an interface between two media.
i.n  11 cos(180  )
2.1 Law of Reflection
We have few angles to define before considering law of   cos 
reflection
Then rˆ  i  2 i.nˆ nˆ
 
(i) Angle of incidence : The angle which the incident ray
makes with normal at the point of incidence.
(ii) Angle of reflection : The angle which the reflected ray
makes with normal at the point of incidence.
A reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence and has an angle
of reflection equal to the angle of incidence. i = r.
2.2 Deviation
When a ray of light suffers reflection, its path is changed. Fig. 8.3
The angle between its direction after reflection and the Laws of reflection remain the same whether the reflected
direction before reflection is called the deviation. surface is plane or curved.

Fig. 8.4

Fig. 8.2

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2.4 Reflection by a plane surface can be seen behind the mirror. The distance of the object from
Suppose a reflecting surface is rotated by an angle  (say the mirror is equal to the distance of the image from the mirror.
anticlockwise), keeping the incident ray fixed then the reflect
ray rotates by 2 along the same sense, i.e., anticlockwise.

Fig. 8.7

Fig. 8.5 (AB is common and all angle are equal  OA = IA)
Magnification of a plane mirror is unity.
The image is formed behind the mirror. It is erect. Virtual and
laterally inverted.
Image formation by two inclined mirrors, inclined at angle
=  [0, 180°]
Fig. 8.6 The object and all its images will always lie on a circle, having
2.5 Reflection from plane mirror center at the point of intersection of the two inclined mirrors,
When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror, its image in a two dimensional view.

3. OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS

(i) When the object moves with speed u towards (or away)
from the plane mirror then image also moves towards (or
away) with speed u. But relative speed of image w.r.t. object
is 2u.
(ii) When mirror moves towards the stationary object with
speed u, the image will move with speed 2u.

Fig. 8.8

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4. SPHERICAL MIRRORS

A spherical mirror is a part of sphere. If one of the surfaces is

silvered, the other surface acts as the reflecting surface. When
convex face is silvered, and the reflecting surface is concave,
Mirror at rest Mirror is in motion
the mirror is called a concave mirror. When its concave face is
Fig. 8.9 silvered and convex face is the reflecting face, the mirror is
called a convex mirror.

(iii)

Stationary Plane Mirror

Fig. 8.10
   
v on   v in , v op  v ip
Fig. 8.12
though speed of object and image are the same
Before the discussion of reflection by curved mirrors, you
vop = component of velocity of object along parallel to shall carefully comprehend the meaning of following terms
mirror.
(i) Centre of curvature : Centre of curvature is the centre of
von = component of velocity of object along normal to sphere of which, the mirror is a part.
mirror.
(ii) Radius of curvature : Radius of curvature is the radius of
vip = component of velocity of image along parallel to sphere of which, the mirror is a part.
mirror.
(iii) Pole of mirror : Pole is the geometric centre of the mirror.
vin = component of velocity of image along normal to
(iv) Principal axis : Principal axis is the line passing through
mirror.
the pole and centre of curvature.
(v) Normal : Any line joining the mirror to its centre of
curvature is a normal.

(iv)

Fig. 8.11
      
 vin  v mn  (v on  v mn )  vin  2v mn  von

v mn  component of velocity of mirror along normal.

v op  component of velocity of object along mirror..

von  component of velocity of object along normal.

v ip  component of velocity of image along mirror..

vin  component of velocity of image along normal.

Fig. 8.13

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Paraxial rays : Rays which are close to principal axis and

make small angles with it, i.e., they are nearly parallel to the
axis, are called paraxial rays. Our treatment of spherical mirrors
will be restricted to such rays which means we shall consider
only mirrors of small aperture. In diagrams, however, they will
be made larger for clarity. (b)
Images formed by spherical mirrors
Let us consider various cases depending on the nature of the
object and the image
(i) Real object and real image
Fig. 8.17

(a)
(c)

Fig. 8.14
Fig. 8.18

O
(b) I

(d)
P F C

Fig. 8.15
(ii) Real object and virtual image Fig. 8.19
(iii) Virtual object and real image

(a)
(a)
C F I P O

Fig. 8.16

Fig. 8.20

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3
4
(b) P F C
I P O F C
2

Fig. 8.24

Fig. 8.21 Ray 1 : A ray through the centre of curvature which strikes
the mirror normally and is reflected back along the same path.
(iv) Virtual object and virtual image
Ray 2 : A ray parallel to principal axis after reflection either
actually passes through the principal focus F or appears to
diverge from it.
Ray 3 : A ray passing through the principal focus F or a ray
which appears to converge at F is reflected parallel to the
principal axis.
P F O C I
Ray 4 : A ray striking at pole P is reflected symmetrically back
in the opposite side.
4.1 Sign conventions
(i) All distances are measured from the pole.

Fig. 8.22 (ii) Distances measured in the direction of incident rays are
taken as positive while in the direction opposite of
Ray diagrams
incident rays are taken negative.
We shall consider the small objects and mirrors of small
(iii) Distances above the principle axis are taken positive and
aperture so that all rays are paraxial. To construct the image of
below the principle axis are taken negative.
a point object two of the following four rays are drawn passing
through the object. To construct the image of an extended
object the image of two end points is only drawn. The image
of a point object lying on principles axis is formed on the
principal axis itself. The four rays are as under :

Fig. 8.25
Note:
Same sign convention are also valid for lenses.

Fig. 8.23

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Position, size and nature of image formed by the spherical mirror

Mirror Location of Location of Magnification, Nature

the object the image Size of the
image Real Erect
virtual inverted

(a) Concave At focus m << 1, Real inverted

i.e. v = f diminished

Away from centre Between f and m < 1, Real inverted

of curvature 2f i.e. diminished
(u > 2f) f < v < 2f

C F P At centre of At centre of m = 1, same size Real inverted

curvature u = 2f curvature i.e. as that of the
v = 2f object

Between centre of Away from the m > 1, magnified Real inverted

curvature and centre of
focus : curvature
F < u < 2f v > 2f

At focus i.e. u = f Real

Between pole and v>u m > 1 magnified Virtual erect

focus u < f
(b) Convex At focus i.e., m < 1, diminished Virtual erect
v=f

P F C Anywhere between Between pole m < 1, diminished Virtual erect

infinity and pole and focus

Use following sign while solving the problem

Concave mirror
Convex mirror
Real image (u > f) Virtual image (u < f)
Distance of object
Distance of image
Focal length
Height of object
Height of image
Radius of curvature
Magnification

4.2 Relation between f and R

In figure, P is pole, C is centre of curvature and F is principal focus of a concave mirror of small aperture. Let a ray of light AB be
incident on the mirror in a direction parallel to the principal axis of the mirror. It gets reflected along. BF. Join CB. It is normal to the
mirror at B.

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i.e., F is the centre of PC

1
 PF = PC, Using sign conventions,
2
PF = – f and PC = –R.
Fig. 8.26 Therefore, –f = –R/2 or f = R/2
 ABC = i, angle of incidence i.e., focal length of a concave mirror is equal to half the radius
CBF = r, angle of reflection of curvature of the mirror.

Now BCF = ABC = i (alternate angles) 4.3 Deriving the Mirror Formula

In CBF, as i = r (law of reflection) Mirror formula can be derived for any of the cases of image
formation shown before. When we derive a formula, we keep
 CF = FB
in mind the sign conventions and substitute each value with
But FB = FP ( aperture is small) sign. This makes a formula suitable to be applied in any case.
 CF = FP Here, we shall derive the formula for two cases.

Real object and real image Real object and virtual image
(concave mirror) (convex mirror)

Fig. 8.27 Fig. 8.28

PO = – u (distance of object) PO = – u (distance of object)
PC = – R (radius of curvature) PI = + v (distance of image)
PI = – v (distance of image) PC = + R (radius of curvature)
In OAC, =  +  ...(i) In OAC,  =  +  ...(i)
In OAI, =  + 2 ...(ii) In OAI, 2 =  +  ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii) From (i) and (ii)
2 ( – ) =  –  2 ( + ) =  + 
+  = 2 – = 2

AP AP AP AP AP AP
 , ,  , ,
PI PO PC PI PO PC

AP AP 2AP AP AP 2AP
   
PI PO PC PI PO PC

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
         
v u R v u f v u R v u f

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While deriving the above result, if we do not use sign

convention, results obtained will be different for different I  v  v1  dv
mL    2    (for small objects)
cases. O u
 2  u 1  du
4.4 Magnification
The linear magnification produced by a mirror is defined as

height of image
m = height of object

I  BB 
m 
O AA  Fig. 8.30
1 1 1
From ,   we have –v–2dv –u–2du = 0
v u f
2
dv v
or   
du u
2
dv  v 
or mL       m2
du  u 

Fig. 8.29 Object moving perpendicular to principal axis :

PB = – v (distance of image) From the magnification formula
PA = – u (distance of object) We have,
hi v v
BB BP   or h i   h o
Now, A’AP ~ B’BP   ho u u
AA AP
If a point object moves perpendicular to the principal axis, x
 PB   v   v coordinate of both the object & the image become constant.
 m  
PA  u  u On differentiating the above relation w.r.t time, we get,

Note:- dh i v dh o

dt u dt

By mirror formula, 1  1  1 Here,

dh o
 v o denotes velocity of object perpendicular to
v u f dt

v v v f v dh i
 1   m  1  the principal axis and  v y denotes velocity of image
u f f f dt
perpendicular to the principal axis.
1 1 1 u u f Object moving parallel to Principal axis :
Also,     11  m
v u f v f f u

v f  v f
m  
u f f u
4.4.1 Longitudinal Magnification
The magnification is negative when image is inverted and
positive when image is erect.
Fig. 8.31
If an object is placed with its length along the principal axis,
then so called longitudinal magnification becomes, dv  v 2 du
vx   2
dt u dt

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Where,
v
On differentiating equation h i   h o (i) i = angle of incidence in medium 1
u
(ii) 1 = refractive index of medium 1 (it is a dimensionless
dh i  dv 1 v du  constant)
vy   h o  .  2 
dt  dt u u dt  (iii) r = angle of refraction in medium 2
If we differentiate the mirror formula (iv) 2 = refractive index of medium 2
(v) If 1 = 2, then r = i. The light beam does not bend
1 1 1
  (vi) If 1 > 2, then r > i. Refraction bends the light away from
v u f
normal
with respect to time, we get (vii) If 1 < 2, then r < i. Refraction bends the light towards the
normal
dv du (as f = constant)
 v 2 .  u 2 0
dt dt A medium having greater refractive index is called denser
medium while the other medium is called rarer medium.
dv  v 2  du
or   2  ...(iii) Rarer medium
dt  u  dt
i
As every part of mirror forms a complete image, if a part of the
mirror is obstructed, full image will be formed but intensity
will be reduced. Denser medium r
Incident ray
5. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Bent
Normal

Fig. 8.33

Rarer medium Incident ray

Bent
r

Denser medium i
Fig. 8.32
When a ray of light is incident on the boundary between two
transparent media, a part of it passes into the second medium
with a change in direction. Fig. 8.34
The three conditions required to find the unit vector along
This phenomenon is called refraction.
the refracted ray = r (provided we are given the unit vector
5.1 Refractive Index
Absolute refractive index of a medium is defined by the ratio along the incident ray = i , and the normal unit vector n 
of speed of light in vacuum to speed of light in the medium shown in the figure, from medium–1 towards medium–2) are
c 1. r  1
 , where c is speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed
v 
of light in the medium. 2. Snell’s law : i  n  1 r  n
 
2
5.2 Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law) 3. iˆ , n̂ and r̂ are coplanar  STP = 0
A refracted ray lies in the plane of incidence and has an angle
of refraction related to angle of incidence by 1sin i = 2 sin r.    
 iˆ   nˆ  rˆ   nˆ  rˆ  iˆ  rˆ  nˆ  iˆ  0

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Note:-

cos i = i.n ; cos r = r.n

   
5.3 Deviation
Deviation  means angle between incident ray and emergent
ray.
In reflection, = 180 – 2i = 180 – 2r Fig. 8.37
in refraction, = |i – r| (ii) When observer is in a medium of refractive index  and
the object is in air, you have

1 
  A  R
R A

A O
R
Air

Fig. 8.35
5.4 Single Refraction from a Plane Surface Fig. 8.38
Real and Apparent Depth 5.5 Shift due to a Glass Slab (Double Refraction
from Plane Surfaces)
When an object placed in a medium is seen from another
medium, its apparent position is different from the actual (i) Normal Shift : Here, again two cases are possible.
position. Consider the following figure. C E

M N
r
A B
I1 O I A B

i r Apparent depth A

I Real depth R
i
D F
O
Fig. 8.36 Fig. 8.39

We shall derive the expression for small angles (or you can An object is placed at O. Plane surface CD forms its image
say that the object is being seen from top). By Snell’s law, (virtual) at I1. This image acts as object for EF which finally
forms the image (virtual) at I. Distance OI is called the normal
2 × sin i = 1 × sin r or, 2 × i = 1 × r
shift and its value is,
AB AB AB AB  2 1
i ,r  2   1     1
R A R A R A OI  1   t
 
The following possibilities may arise.
This can be proved as under :
(i) When observer is in air and the object is in a medium of
refractive index , Let OA = x then AI1 = x (Refraction from CD)
BI1 = x + t
 1 R
You have,   A 
R A 

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BI1 t
BI  x (Refraction from EF)
 

 t
 OI = (AB + OA) – BI  t  x    x  
  

 1
 1   t Hence Proved.
 
For multiple media Fig. 8.42
Different rays from the object are shown. As we move from A
h h h 
happ = µ0  1  2  .......  5  towards C, angle of incidence goes on increasing. Therefore,
 µ1 µ 2 µ0  the angle of refraction goes on increasing. At B, angle of
refraction approaches 90°. This is called critical condition.
observer After B, angle of incidence increases, but angle of refraction
µ0 h5 cannot be greater than 90°. Therefore after point B, refraction
of light does not take place, only reflection of light takes
µ4 h4 happ place. This is called total internal reflection.
CONDITIONS
µ3 h3
 Angle of incidence > critical angle [i > c ]
µ2 h2 Image  Light should travel from denser to rare medium  Glass
µ1 h1 to air, water to air, Glass to water Snell’s Law at boundary
Object
Fig. 8.40 µR
µ0 sin C  µR sin 90  sin c 
(ii) Lateral Shift : We have already discussed that ray MA is µD
parallel to ray BN. But the emergent ray is displaced laterally
by a distance d, which depends on , t and i and its value is Graph between angle of deviation () and angle of
given by the relation, indicene (i) as rays goes from de rare medium

µ 
 cos i   If i   c µD sin i  µ R sin r; r  sin 1  D sin i  so
d  t 1   sin i  µR 
 2 2 
   sin i 
µ 
  r  i  sin 1  D sin i   i
 µD 

Fig. 8.43 Fig. 8.44

 If i   c i  c ;     2i
Fig. 8.41
5.6 Total Internal Reflection
Consider an object placed in a denser medium 2 (having
refractive index 2) being seen from a rarer medium 1 (having
refractive index 1)

Fig. 8.45

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5.7 Refraction through Curved Surfaces  1   2    2  1 ,

Spherical Refracting Surfaces
A spherical refracting surface is a part of a sphere. For example, B r
the plane face of cylindrical glass rod is curved to form a i
spherical shape (as shown in the figure).

O I P'

Fig. 8.48
As aperture is small   tan ,   tan  ,   tan 

1 tan   2 tan    2  1  tan 

 1  2  2  1
  ...(i)
PO P I P C
Applying sign convention i.e., u = – P’O
v = P’I and – P’I, in fig. I and fig. II respectively R = P’C
Fig. 8.46
Substituting the above values in equation (i), we get
P  Pole of refracting surface
C  Centre of curvature  2 1  2  1
  (For both fig. I and fig. II)
PC  Radius of curvature v u R

Principal axis : The line joining pole and centre of curvature. 5.9 Linear Magnification for Spherical Refracting Surface
5.8 Relation between Object Distance and Image
m
A B
Distance Refraction at Spherical Surfaces AB
Consider the point object O placed in the medium with sin i  2
Now, 
refractive index equal to 1. As 1sin i = 2sin r and for small sin r 1
aperture i, r  0

B
B
i i A'
r A P r

O P P' C I B'

Fig. 8.49

Fig. 8.47 As i, r  0, i  sin i  tan i, r  sin r  tan r

i.e. paraxial rays 1 i = 2 r tan i  2 AB / PA 

 or  2
tan r 1 A B / PA  1
   r, in fig. I
i    ,    A B PA  /  2
r   , in fig. II  
AB PA / 1
1       2     in fig. I and fig. II
v / 2
Hence, m 
u / 1

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6. THIN LENS

A thin lens is defined as a portion of transparent refracting

medium bounded by two surfaces. One of the two surfaces
must be curved. Following figures show a number of lenses
formed by different refracting surfaces.
A lens is one of the most familiar optical devices for a human
being. A lens is an optical system with two refracting surfaces.
The simplest lens has two spherical surfaces close enough
together that we can neglect the distance between them (the
Fig. 8.51
thickness of the lens). We call this a thin lens.
(b) Second principal focus F2 : It is a point on principal
axis, such that a ray moving parallel to principal axis,
after refraction converges or diverges towards the
point.

Biconvex Plano-convex Convex meniscus

Fig. 8.52
(vi) Focal Length : The distance between optical centre and
Biconcave Plano-concave Concave meniscus second principal focus is focal length. Assumptions and
Fig. 8.50 sign conventions are same as these of mirrors with optical
6.1 Terms Related with Lenses centre C in place of pole P of the mirror.

(i) Centre of curvature (C1 and C2) : The two bounding surfaces 6.2 Ray diagram
of a lens are each part of a complete sphere. The centre of the
To construct the image of a small object perpendicular to the
sphere is the centre of curvature.
axis of a lens, two of the following three rays are drawn from
(ii) Radius of curvature (R1 and R2) : The radii of the curved the top of the object.
surfaces forming the lens are called radii of curvature.
1. A ray parallel to the principal axis after refraction passes
(iii) Principal axis : The line joining the two centres of through the principal focus or appears to diverge from it.
curvature is called principal axis.
(iv) Optical centre : A point on the principal axis of the lens
from which a ray of light passes undeviated.
(v) Principal foci : There are two principal foci of a lens.
(a) First principal focus F1 : It is a point on the principal
axis, such that a ray, diverging from the point or
converging towards the point, after refraction
becomes parallel to principal axis. Fig. 8.53

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2. A ray through the optical centre P passes undeviated

because the middle of the lens acts like a thin parallel- 3. A ray passing through the first focus F1 become parallel
sided slab. to the principal axis after refraction.

Fig. 8.54
Fig. 8.55

6.3 Image formation by Lens

Lens Location of Location of Nature of image

the object the image
Magnification Real Erect
virtual inverted

Convex At focus m<1 Real Inverted

i.e. v = f diminished
Away from 2f Between f and 2f m<1 Real Inverted
i.e. (u > 2f) i.e. f < v < 2f diminished
At 2f or (u = 2f) At 2f i.e. (v = 2f) m=1 Real Inverted
same size
Between f and 2f Away from 2f m>1 Real Inverted
2f f f 2f i.e. f < u < 2f i.e. (v > 2f) magnified
At focus i.e. u = f Real Inverted

Between optical At a distance m>1 Virtual Erect

centre and focus, greater than that magnified
u<f of object v > u

Concave At focus m<1 Virtual Erect

i.e. v = f diminished
Anywhere between Between optical Virtual Erect
infinity and centre and focus
optical centre

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Note:
 2 1  2  1
Minimum distance between an object and it’s real image or   ...(i)
v1 u R1
formed by a convex lens is 4f.
Maximum image distance for concave lens is it’s focal length.
1  2 1   2
and   ...(ii)
v v1 R2
Graphs for converging lens
Adding eqs. (i) and (ii) and then simplifying, we get

1 1  2  1 1 
   1    ...(iii)
v u  1  1 R R 2 

This expression relates the image distance v of the image

formed by a thin lens to the object distance u and to the thin
lens properties (index of refraction and radii of curvature). It
is valid only for paraxial rays and only when the lens thickness
is much less then R1 and R2. The focal length f of a thin lens
Fig. 8.56 is the image distance that corresponds to an object at infinity.
Graphs for diverging lenses. So, putting u =  and v = f in the above equation, we have

1  2  1 1 
   1    ...(iv)
f  1   R1 R 2 

If the refractive index of the material of the lens is  and it is

placed in air, 2 =  and 1 = 1 so that eq. (iv) becomes

1  1 1 
   1    ...(v)
f  R1 R 2 
Fig. 8.57
This is called the lens maker’s formula because it can be used
6.4 Lens maker’s formula and lens formula to determine the values of R1 and R2 that are needed for a
Consider an object O placed at a distance u from a convex given refractive index and a desired focal length f.
lens as shown in figure. Let its image I after two refractions Combining eqs. (iii) and (v), we get
from spherical surfaces of radii R1 (positive) and R2 (negative)
be formed at a distance v from the lens. Let v1 be the distance 1 1 1
  ...(vi)
of image formed by refraction from the refracting surface of v u f
radius R1. This image acts as an object for the second surface.
Which is known as the lens formula. Following conclusions
Using,
can be drawn from eqs. (iv), (v) and (vi).
Incident light 1. For a converging lens, R1 is positive and R2 is negative.

R2 R1  1 1 
Therefore,    in eq. (v) comes out a positive
O  R1 R 2 
C2 C1 I
quantity and if the lens is placed in air, ( – 1) is also a
+ve positive quantity. Hence, the focal length f of a
u v
converging lens comes out to be positive. For a diverging
Fig. 8.58 lens however, R1 is negative and R2 is positive and the
focal length f becomes negative.
 2 1  2  1
  twice, we have
v u R

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Fig. 8.60
Substituting v and u with proper sign,
II I v I v
  or m
OO  O  u O u

v
Thus, m 
u
2. Focal length of a mirror (fM = R/2) depends only upon
7. POWER OF AN OPTICAL INSTRUMENT
the radius of curvature R while that of a lens [eq. (iv)]
depends on 1, 2, R1 and R2. Thus, if a lens and a mirror By optical power of an instrument (whether it is a lens, mirror
are immersed in some liquid, the focal length of lens would or a refractive surface) we mean the ability of the instrument
change while that of the mirror will remain unchanged. to deviate the path of rays passing through it. If the instrument
3. Suppose 2 < 1 in eq. (iv), i.e., refractive index of the converges the rays parallel to the principal axis its power is
medium (in which lens is placed) is more than the refractive said positive and if it diverges the rays it is said a negative
power.
 
index of the material of the lens, then  2  1 becomes
  
a negative quantity, i.e., the lens changes its behaviour.
A converging lens behaves as a diverging lens and vice-
versa. An air bubble in water seems as a convex lens but
behaves as a concave (diverging) lens.

Fig. 8.61
The shorter the focal length of a lens (or a mirror) the more it
converges or diverges light. As shown in the figure,
f1 < f2
and hence the power P1 > P2, as bending of light in case 1 is
Fig. 8.59 more than that of case 2. For a lens,
6.5 Magnification 1
P (in dioptre) = and for a mirror,,
The lateral, transverse of linear magnification m produced by a f metre 
lens is defined by,
1
P (in dioptre) =
height of image I f metre 
m 
height of object O Following table gives the sign of P and f for different type of
A real image II’ of an object OO’ formed by a convex lens is lens and mirror.
shown in figure.
height of image II v
 
height of object OO u 

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8. COMBINATION OF LENS 10. SILVERING OF LENS

(i) For a system of lenses, the net power, net focal length On silvering the surface of the lens it behaves as a mirror. The
and magnification given as follows :
1 1 2
focal length of the silvered lens is   where
1 1 1 1 F f m f1
P = P1 + P2 + P3 ............,     ...........,
F f1 f 2 f 3
f1 = focal length of lens from which refraction takes place
m = m1 × m2 × m3 × ............ (twice)

(ii) When two lenses are placed co-axially at a distance fm = focal length of mirror from which reflection takes place.
d from each other then equivalent focal length (F). SILVERING OF LENS

Fig. 8.64
Fig. 8.62
fm = focal length of mirror from which reflection takes place.
1 1 1 d
   1 2 1 1 1 1 2
F f1 f 2 f1f 2 and P = P1 + P2 – dP1P2 Peq  2P  Pm        
f eq f  f m f eq f eq f m f 
9. CUTTING OF LENS

(i) A symmetric lens is cut along optical axis in two equal

parts. Intensity of image formed by each part will be same
as that of complete lens.
(ii) A symmetric lens is cut along principle axis in two equal
parts. Intensity of image formed by each part will be less Fig. 8.65
compared as that of complete lens. (aperture of each part
1 1 1 1 
is 1 / 2 times that of complete lens)  2   .....
f eq f m  f 1 f  2 

DISPLACEMENT METHOD
It is used for determination of focal length of convex lens in
laboratory. A thin convex lens of focal length f is placed
between an object and a screen fixed at a distance D apart. If
D > 4f there are two position of lens at which a sharp image of
the object is formed on the screen

Fig. 8.66

Fig. 8.63 1 1 1 1 1 1
By lens formula     
v u f D  u u f

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for two positions of the lens distance of object and image are
2 D  D(D  4f ) interchangeable.
 u  Du  Df  0  u 
2
Now x = u2 - u1 and D = v1 + u1 = u2 + u1 [ v1  u 2 ]
there are three possibilities.
(i) for D < 4f u will be imaginary hence physically no Dx
so u1 ( v 2 )  and
position of lens is possible. 2

D Dx l v Dx
(ii) for D = 4f u  2f so only one position of lens Now v1   u 2 ; m1  1  1  and
2 2 O u1 D  x
is possible and sicne
V = D - u = 4f - 2f = u = 2f l2 v2 D  x
m2   
O u2 D  x
D  D(D  4f )
(iii) for D > 4f u1  and
2 Dx Dx Il
Now m1  m 2    2 2  1  O  I1 I 2
Dx Dx O
D  D(D  4f )
u2 
2 11. PRISM
So there are two positions of lens for which real image will be A prism has two plane surfaces AB and AC inclined to each
formed on the screen (for two distance u1 and u2 of the object other as shown in figure. A is called the angle of prism or
from lens) refracting angle.

Fig. 8.67
If the distance between two positions of lens is x then
Fig. 8.68
D  D(D  4f ) D  D(D  4f )
x  u 2  u1   The importance of the prism really depends on the fact that
2 2
the angle of deviation suffered by light at the first refracting
D2  x 2 surface, say AB (in 2-dimensional figure) is not cancelled out
 D(D  4f )  x 2  D 2  4f  f  by the deviation at the second surface AC (as it is in a parallel
4D
glass slab), but is added to it. This is why it can be used in a
Distance of image corresponds to two positions of the lens: spectrometer, an instrument for analysing light into its
component colours.
1
v1  D  u1  D  [D  D(D  4f )] 11.1 General Formulae
2
In quadrilateral AMPN,  AMP + ANP = 180°
1  A + MPN = 180° ...(i)
 [D  D(D  4f )]  u 2  v1  u 2
2
In triangle MNP, r1 + r2 + MPN = 180° ...(ii)
1 From eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
v 2  D  u 2  D  [D  D(D  4f )]
2 r1 + r2 = A ...(iii)

1
 [D  D(D  4f )]  u1  v 2  u1
2

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In prism a ray of light gets refracted twice one at M and other

sin i
at N. At M its deviation is i1 – r1 and at N it is i2 – r2. These two  
sin r
deviations are added. So the net deviation is,
= (i1 – r1) + (i2 – r2) = (i1 + i2) – (r1 + r2) = (i1 + i2) – A  A  m 
sin  
Thus, = (i1 + i2) – A ...(iv) or    2  ...(ix)
A
sin i1 sin
(i) If A and i1 are small :   , therefore, r1 will also be 2
sin r1 11.2 Condition of no emergence
small. Hence, since sine of a small angle is nearly equal to In this section we want to find the condition such that a ray of
the angle is radians, we have, i1 = r1 light entering the face AB does not come out of the face AC
Also, A = r1 + r2 and so if A and r1 are small r2 and i2 will for any value of angle i1, i.e., TIR takes place on AC

sin i 2 r1 + r2 = A  r2 = A – r 1
also be small. From   , we can say, i2 = r2
sin r2 or (r2)min = A – (r1)max ...(x)
Now, r1 will be maximum when i1 is maximum and maximum value of
Substituting these values in eq. (iv), we have
i1 can be 90°.
 = (r1 + r2) – A =  (r1 + r2) – A = A – A
sin i1 max sin 90
or = ( – 1) A ...(v) Hence,   
sin r1 max sin r1 max
(ii) Minimum deviation : It is found that the angle of deviation
 varies with the angle of incidence i1 of the ray incident
1
on the first refracting face of the prism. The variation is  sin r1 max   sin  c  (r1)max = c
shown in figure and for one angle of incidence it has a 
minimum value  min. At this value the ray passes  From eq. (x), (r2)min = A – c ...(xi)
symmetrically through the prism (a fact that can be proved
theoretically as well as be shown experimentally), i.e., the Now, if minimum value of r2 is greater than c then obviously
angle of emergence of the ray from the second face equals all values of r2 will be greater than c and TIR will take place
the angle of incidence of the ray on the first face. under all conditions. Thus, the condition of no emergence is,
(r2)min > c or A – c > c

c
or A ...(xii)
2
11.3 Dispersion and deviation of light by a prism
White light is a superposition of waves with wavelengths
extending throughout the visible spectrum. The speed of light
in vacuum is the same for all wavelengths, but the speed in a
material substance is different for different wavelengths.
Therefore, the index of refraction of a material depends on
Fig. 8.69 wavelength. In most materials the value of refractive index 
decreases with increasing wavelength.
i2 = i1 = i ...(vi)
It therefore, follows that
r1 = r2 = r ...(vii)
From eqs. (iii) and (vii)
A
r
2
Further at,  = m = (i + i) – A

A  m Fig. 8.70
or i  ...(viii)
2

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If a beam of white light, which contains all colours, is sent non-paraxial rays but this reduces the brightness of the image.
through the prism, it is separated into a spectrum of colours. A ring shaped black paper is affixed on the lens so that only
The spreading of light into its colour components is called those rays pass through the ‘hole’ in the ring, which are
dispersion. paraxial. Parabolic mirrors do not exhibit any spherical
11.4 Dispersive Power aberration, hence all expensive reflecting telescopes use
parabolic mirrors.
When a beam of white light is passed through a prism of
transparent material light of different wavelengths are deviated In lenses, spherical aberration can be reduced by using a
by different amounts. If r, y and v are the deviations for red, combination of convex and concave lenses, which cancel out
yellow and violet components then average deviation is each other’s aberrations.
measured by y as yellow light falls in between red and violet.
v – r is called angular dispersion. The dispersive power of a
material is defined as the ratio of angular dispersion to the
average deviation when a white beam of light is passed through
it. It is denoted by . As we know
= ( – 1) A

Fig. 8.72
Coma : Consider a point object placed ‘off’ the optical axis.
Most of the rays focus at a single point, but others form
Fig. 8.71
images at different points so that the overall image is like that
This equation is valid when A and i are small. Suppose, a
beam of white light is passed through such a prism, the of a ‘comet’ ( ) having a sharp ‘point’ image followed by a
deviation of red, yellow and violet light are trail like that of a comet.
r = (r – 1) A, y = (y – 1) A and v = (v – 1) A
The angular dispersion is v – r = (v – r) A and the average
deviation is y = (y – 1) A. Thus, the dispersive power of the
medium is,

v  r
 ...(i)
 y 1 Fig. 8.73
Coma can be reduced by carefully working out the curvature
12. MONOCHROMATIC ABERRATIONS function, or by blocking off the rays that create the ‘tail’ of
IN MIRRORS AND LENSES the comet shaped image.
 Astigmatism : The shape of the image is different at different
(INDEPENDENT OF WAVELENGTH)
distances. Suppose a point object is placed off the optical
Spherical aberration : Because of the fact that all rays are axis of a converging lens. Then, as a lateral screen is moved
not paraxial. The image of a point object formed by a spherical along the axis, at one point, the image is almost a line. At other
mirror is a surface, whose 2-D view is called a ‘caustic curve’. positions of the screen, the image changes into an different
When a real image is seen on a screen and the screen is shapes at different locations of the screen.
moved forward/backward slightly, a disc image is formed which
Astigmatism can be reduced by using non-spherical surfaces
becomes smallest at one position. The periphery of this
of revolution-such corrected lenses are called ‘anastigmatic’.
smallest disc is called ‘the circle of least confusion’. Lenses
too exhibit spherical aberration. We can reduce it by blocking

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 Curvature : Consider a point object placed off the optical axis

of a lens. We have seen that image is spread out laterally as
well as longitudionally, with individual defects in each
direction. However, the best image is obtained on a curved
surface and not on a plane screen. This phenomenon is called
‘curvature’.
 Distortion : A square lateral object has images, which are
either ‘barrel shaped’ or ‘curving in’ as shown. This is because
the lateral magnification itself depends on the actual distance
of a portion of the object from the optical axis. These different
magnifications of different portions produce this effect.

Fig. 8.75

14. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

14.1 Simple Microscope or Magnifying Glass

A simple microscope is used for observing magnified images
of tiny objects. It consists of a converging lens of small focal
length. A virtual, erect and magnified image of the object is
formed at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye
Fig. 8.74 held close to the lens. That is why the simple microscope is
also called a magnifying glass.
13. CHROMATIC ABERRATIONS IN LENSES
(DEPENDENT ON WAVELENGTH)

These aberrations are absent in mirrors. In lenses, the focal

length depends on the refractive index, which is different for
different colors. Hence, colored images are formed at different
points if white light is emitted by the object. A proper
combination of convex and concave lenses exactly cancel
out each others chromatic aberration (for light having two
wavelengths only) so that the final image is not split into
Fig. 8.76
colored images. Such a combination is called an ‘achromatic
doublet’. The distance along the optical axis between images Magnifying power of a simple microscope is defined as the
of violet and red is called ‘axial or longitudional chromatic ratio of the angles subtended by the image and the object on
aberration’ = LCA (say): the eye, when both are at the least distance of distinct vision
from the eye.
For an incident parallel beam of white light, image distance =
focal length. From lens-makers formulae: 
By definition, Magnifying power m  ...(1)
-df/f = dn/(n - 1) =  = dispersive power of lens  (nV – nR)/(n 
– 1)  LCA = f  f. For two thin lenses in contact, (1/F) = For small angles expessed in radians, tan   
(1/f1) + (1/f2). Therefore, dF = 0 1/f1 = –2/f2  achromatic   tan  and   tan 

lens. An achromatic ‘doublet’ or lens combination can be made
by placing two thin lenses in contact, with one converging tan 
and the other diverging, made of different materials.  m ...(2)
tan 
For lateral objects, images of different colors have different
sizes as magnification itself depends on the focal length, which AB
is different for different colors. The difference in the size of In ABC, tan  
CB
lateral images of violet and red colors is called ‘lateral chromatic
aberration’.

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In figure, C2B’’ = d. Imagine the object AB to be shifted to

A1B' AB
In A1B’C, tan    A1B’’ so that it is at a distance d from the eye. If A’’ C2 B’’ =
CB' CB'
 and A1C2B’’ = , then by definition,
Putting in (2), we get

Magnifying power, m  ...(1)
AB CB' CB'  v v 
m     ...(3)
CB AB CB  u u For small angles expressed in radians, tan 
where, CB’ = – v, distance of image from the lens, CB = –u,   tan  and  tan 
distance of object from the lens tan 
From (1), m  ...(2)
1 1 1 tan 
From lens formula,  
v u f A ' ' B' '
In A’’B’’C2, tan  
Multiply both sides by v C 2 B' '

v v A1B AB
1  In A1B’’C2, tan   C B  C B
u f 2 2

v Putting in (2), we get

using (3), 1  m 
f A B C 2 B AB A B A' B'
m    
v C 2 B AB AB A ' B' AB
or m  1
f m = me × m0

 d A B
But v = – d,  m  1   where m e  , magnification produced by eye lens,
 f A ' B'

14.2 Compound Microscope A ' B'

and m 0  , magnification produced by objective lens.
AB
A compound microscope is an optical instrument used for
observing highly magnified images of tiny objects.  d 
Construction : A compound microscope consists of two Now, m e  1  f 

 e 
converging lenses (or lens system); an objective lens O of
where d is C2B’’ = least distance of distinct vision, fe is focal
very small focal length and short aperture and an eye piece E
length of eye lens. And
of moderate focal length and large aperture.
A ' B' distance of image A' B' from C1
m0  
AB distance of object AB from C1

C1B' v
  0
C1B  u 0
Putting these values in (3), we get

v0  d  v  d 
m 1   0 1   ...(4)
 u0  f  |u |  f e 
 e  0 
As the object AB lies very close to F0, the focus of objective
lens, therefore,
Fig. 8.77 u0 = C1B  C1F0 = f0 = focal length of objective lens.
Magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as As A’B’ is formed very close to eye lens whose focal length is
the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image also short, therefore,
to the angle subtended at the eye by the object, when both v0 = C1B’  C1C2 = L = length of microscope tube.
the final image and the object are situated at the least distance
of distinct vision from the eye.

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Putting in (4), we get where C1B’ = f0 = focal length of objective lens.

C2B’ = –fe = focal length of eye lens.
L  d  L  d 
m 1    
 f0  f  | f | 1  f  ...(5) Negative sign of m indicates that final image is inverted.
 e  0  e 
Memory Note
14.3 Astronomical Telescope (i) In normal adjustment of telescope, distance between the
An astronomical telescope is an optical instrument which is objective lens and eye lens = (f0 + fe).
used for observing distinct image of heavenly bodies like (ii) Angular magnification produced by the telescope = .
stars, planets etc. Clearly, visual angle  is much larger as compared to .
It consists of two lenses (or lens systems), the objective lens, Figure shows the course of rays in an astronomical
which is of large focal length and large aperture and the eye telescope, when the final image is formed at the least
lens, which has a small focal length and small aperture. The distance of distinct vision (d) from the eye
two lenses are mounted co-axially at the free ends of the two
tubes.

Fig. 8.78
Fig. 8.79
However, in astronomical telescope, final image being inverted
Magnifying power of an astronomical telescope is defined
with respect to the object does not matter, as the astronomical
as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final
objects are usually spherical.
image at the least distance of distinct vision to the angle
Magnifying Power of an astronomical telescope in normal subtended at the eye by the object at infinity, when seen
adjustment is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at directly.
the eye by the final image to the angle subtended at the eye,
A’C1B’ = 
by the object directly, when the final image and the object
both lie at infinite distance from the eye. Further, let A’’C2B’’ = , where C2B’’ = d

 
Magnifying power, m  ...(1) By definition, Magnifying power, m  ...(4)
 
As angles  and  are small, therefore,  tan  and  As angles  and  are small, therefore,   tan  and
 tan .
 tan 
tan 
From (1), m  ...(2) tan 
tan  From (4), m  ...(5)
tan 
A ' B'
In A’B’C2, tan   A ' B'
C 2 B' In A’B’C2, tan  
C 2 B'
A 'B '
In A’B’C1, tan   A ' B'
C1B ' In A’B’C1, tan  
C1B'
A ' B' C1B' C1B'
Put in (2), m    A' B' C1B'
C 2 B' A' B' C 2 B' Putting in (5), we get m  
C 2 B' A ' B'
f0
or m ...(3)
 fe

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C1B' f f0  fe 
m  0 ...(6) Putting in (6), we get m   1  
C 2 B'  u e fe  d
where C1B’ = f0 = focal length of objective lens Discussion :
C2B’ = – u e, distance of A’B’, acting as the object for (i) As magnifying power is negative, the final image in an
eye lens. astronomial telescope is inverted i.e. upside down and
left turned right.
1 1 1
Now, for eye lens,   (ii) As intermediate image is between the two lenses, cross
v u f
wire (or measuring device) can be used.
Taking ve = –d, u = –ue and f = + fe, we get
(iii) In normal setting of telescope, final image is at inifiny.
1 1 1 magnifying power is minimum.
 
 d  ue fe When final image is at least distance of distinct vision,
magnifying power is maximum. Thus
1 1 1 1 f 
   1  e   f0  f  f 
u e fe d fe  d (M.P.)min. = –  ; (M.P.)max. = – 0 1  e 
f
 e fe  d

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EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Plane Mirrors and Spherical Mirrors 4. A square of side 3cm is placed at a distance of 25cm from a
1. A point source of light B is placed at a distance L in front concave mirror of focal length 10cm. The centre of the
of the centre of a mirror of width d hung vertically on a square is at the axis of the mirror and the plane is normal to
wall. A man walks in front of the mirror along a line parallel the axis. The area enclosed by the image of the square is
to the mirror at a distance 2L from it as shown. The (a) 4cm 2 (b) 6cm 2
greatest distance over which he can see the image of the
light source in the mirror is (c) 16cm 2 (d) 36cm 2
5. In a concave mirror an object is placed at a distance x1 from
the focus and the image is formed at a distance x2 from the
focus. Then the focal length of the mirror is

(a) x1x2 (b) x1x 2

(c) (x1 + x2)/2 (d) x1 / x 2

6. A convex mirror has a focal length f. A real object is placed

(a) d/2 (b) d at a distance f in front of it from the pole, produces an image
(c) 2d (d) 3d at
2. Two plane mirrors. A and B are aligned parallel to each (a) infinity (b) f
other, as shown in the figure. A light ray is incident at an (c) f/2 (d) 2 f
angle of 30° at a point just inside one end of A. The
7. A concave mirror of focal length f produces an image n
plane of incidence coincides with the plane of the figure.
times the size of the object. If the image is real then the
The maximum number of times the ray undergoes
distance of the object from the mirror, is
reflections (including the first one) before it emerges
out is (a) (n – 1) f (b) {(n – 1)/n} f
(c) {(n + 1)/n} f (d) (n + 1) f
8. What is the magnification when the object is placed at a
distance of 2f from the pole of a convex mirror?

1 2
(a) (b)
3 3
3
(c) 1 (d)
2
(a) 28 (b) 30 9. The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm
(c) 32 (d) 34 is one quarter of the size of object. The distance of object
3. A small plane mirror is placed at the centre of a spherical form the mirror is
screen of radius R. A beam of light is falling on the mirror. (a) 30 cm (b) 120 cm
If the mirror makes n revolutions per second, the speed (c) 90 cm (d) 60 cm
of light on the screen after reflection from the mirror will
10. A convex mirror of focal length f produces an image
be
th
(a) 4 nR (b) 2 nR 1
  of the size of the object. The distance of the object
(c) nR/ (d) nR/4 n
from the mirror is
(a) nf (b) f/n
(c) (n + 1)/f (d) (n – 1) f
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 31

11. An object is placed at 10 cm from a lens and real image is Refraction at a plane surface
formed with magnification of 0.5. Then the lens is : 18. The refractive index of water with respect to air is 4/3 and
(a) concave with focal length of 10/3 cm the refractive index of glass with respect to air is 3/2. The
(b) convex with focal length of 10/3 cm refractive index of water with respect to glass is

(c) concave with focal length of 10 cm (a) 9/8 (b) 8/9

(d) convex with focal length of 10 cm (c) 1/2 (d) 2
12. The distance of an object from the focus of a convex 19. A beam of monochromatic blue light of wavelength 420
mirror of radius of curvature ‘a’ is ‘b’. Then the nm in air travels in water ( = 4/3). Its wavelength in water
will be
distance of the image from the focus is :
(a) 280 nm (b) 560 nm
2
b a (c) 315 nm (d) 400 nm
(a) (b)
4a b2 20. If velocity of light in a certain medium is 1.5 × 108 m/s,  for
the medium would be
a2
(c) (d) none (a) 2 (b) 4
4b
(c) 2.5 (d) 3
13. Which of the following is not true about the image formed
21. The wavelength of sodium light is 589 nm in air. What will
by covex mirror?
be the wavelength of sodium light if it travels in glass of
(a) It is erect (b) It is virtual refractive index 1.5 ?
(c) It is diminished (d) It lies beyond focus (a) 589 nm (b) 589 × 1.5 nm
14. For a real object, a convex mirror always forms an image (c) (589/1.5) nm (d) none of these
which is
22. If the refractive index of water is 4/3 and that of glass slab
(a) real and inverted (b) virtual and inverted is 5/3, then the critical angle of incidence for which a light
(c) virtual and erect (d) real and magnified tending to go from glass to water is
15. The image of a bright object is brought on the screen with (a) sin-1 (3/4) (b) sin-1 (3/5)
a concave mirror. If upper half of mirror is covered, what is (c) sin-1 (2/3) (d) sin-1 (4/5)
the effect on the image? 23. If the critical angle for total internal reflection from a medium
(a) its size is halved (b) brightness is reduced to vacuum is 30°, then the velocity of light in the medium
is
(c) image changes position (d) image disappears
(a) 3 × 108 m/sec (b) 1.5 × 108 m/sec
16. A convex mirror is used to form an image of a real object.
Then tick the wrong statement (c) 6 × 108 m/sec (d) 3 10 8 m / sec
(a) the image lies between the pole and focus
24. The critical angle for a medium is 60°. Then refractive index
(b) the image is diminished in size
of the medium will be
(c) the image is erect
(a) 3/2 (b) 2 / 3
(d) the image is real
17. A concave mirror is used to form an image of the sun on a (c) (d)
2 /3 3
white screen. If the lower half on the mirror were covered
with an opaque card, the effect on the image on the screen 25. Light travels with a speed of 2 × 108 m/s in crown glass of
would be refractive index 1.5. What is the speed of light in dense
glass of refractive index 1.8 ?
(a) to make the image less bright than before
(a) 1.33 × 108 m/s (b) 1.67 × 108 m/s
(b) to make the lower half of the image disappear
(c) 2.0 × 108 m/s (d) 3.0 × 108 m/s
(c) to prevent image from being focussed
(d) none of these
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 32

26. A ray of light enters from a denser medium into rarer 29. Two transparent media A and B are separated by a plane
medium. The speed of light in the rarer medium is twice boundary. The speed of light in medium A is
that in denser medium. what is the critical angle for total
2.0  108 m s 1 and in medium B is 2.5  108 ms 1 . The criti-
internal reflection to take palce
cal angle for which a ray of light going from A to B is to-
(a) 60° (b) 45° tally internally reflected is
(c) 30° (d) none of above
1  1  1  2 
27. A fish is a little away below the surface of a lake. If the (a) sin   (b) sin  
critical angle is 49°, then the fish could see things above 2 5
the water surface within an angular ring of ° where
1  4  1  1 
(c) sin   (d) sin  
5  3

30. A small source of light is 4m below the surface of a liquid

of refractive index 5 / 3 . In order to cut off all the light
coming out of liquid surface, minimum diameter of the
disc placed on the surface of liquid is
(a) 3m (b) 4m
(c) 6m (d) 
31. A fish looking up through the water sees the outside
world contained in a circular horizon. If the refractive in-
dex of water is 4 / 3 and fish is 12 cm below the surface,
the radius of the circle in cm is
(a)  = 49° (b)  = 90°
(a) 12  3  5 (b) 4  5
1
(c)  = 98° (d)  = 24  (c) 12  3  7 (d) 12  3 / 7
2
32. A vessel is half filled with a liquid of refractive index .
28. A ray of light is incident at the glass–water interface at an
The other half of the vessel is filled with an immiscibel
angle i, it emerges finally parallel to the surface of water,
liquid of refractive index 1.5 . The apparant depth of the
then the value of  g would be vessel is 50% of the actual depth. Then  is
(a) 1.4 (b) 1.5
(c) 1.6 (d) 1.67
33. A fish rising vertically with speed 3 m/s to the surface of
water sees a bird diving vertically towards it with speed 9
m/s. Given aw = (4/3). The actual velocity of dive of bird is
(a) 6 m/s (b) 4 m/s
(c) 8.4 m/s (d) 4.5 m/s
34. An air bubble in glass slab ( = 1.5) appears to be at 6 cm
from one side and 4 cm from other side. The thickness of
(a) (4/3) sin i (b) 1/sin i
glass slab is
(c) 4/3 (d) 1
(a) 10 cm (b) 6.67 cm
(c) 15 cm (d) none of these
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 33

35. The apparent depth of water in cylindrical water tank of 38. For a small angled prism, angle of prism A, the angle of
diameter 2R cm is reducing at the rate of x cm/minute minimum deviation (d) varies with the refractive index of
when water is being drained out at a constant rate. The the prism as shown in the graph
amount of water drained in c.c. per minute is ( n1 =
refractive index of air, n 2 = refractive index of water)

xR 2 n1 xR 2 n 2
(a) (b)
n2 n1

2Rn1 (a) Point P corresponds to  = 1

(c) (d) R 2 x
n2 (b) Slope of the line PQ = A/2
Prism (c) Slope = A
36. A graph is plotted between angle of deviation () and (d) None of the above
angle of incidence (i) for a prism. The nearly correct graph 39. A prism having an apex angle of 4 and refractive index
is
of 1.50 is located in front of a vetical plane
mirror as shown. A horizontal ray of light is incident on
the prism. The total angle through which the ray is
deviated is
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(a) 4 clockwise (b) 178 clockwise

37. The refracting angle of prism is A and refractive index of
A (c) 2 clockwise (d) 8 clockwise
material of prism is cot . The angle of minimum
2 40. A thin prism of angle 5 is placed at a distance of
deviation is 10 cm from object. What is the distance of the
(a) 180°– 3A image from object? (Given  of prism  1.5
(b) 180° + 2A
(a)  / 8 cm (b)  /12 cm
(c) 90° –A
(d) 180° – 2A (c) 5 / 36 cm (d)  / 7 cm
41. An achromatic prism is made by crown glass prism
 Ac  19 and fl i n t glass prism  AF  6  . If

C
 v  1.5 and F  v  1.66 , then resultant deviation for
red coloured ray will be
(a) 1.04° (b) 5°
(c) 0.96° (d) 13.5°
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 34

Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses 46. Two similar plano-convex lenses are combined together
42. A concave spherical surface of radius of curvature 10 cm in three different ways as shown in the adjoining figure.
separates two medium x & y of refractive index The ratio of the focal lengths in three cases will be

4 / 3 & 3 / 2 respectively. If the object is placed along prin-

cipal axis in medium X then

(a) 2 : 2 : 1 (b 1 : 1 : 1
(a) image is always real (c) 1 : 2 : 2 (d) 2 : 1 : 1
(b) image is real if the object distance is greater than 47. Two symmetric double convex lenses A and B have same
90 cm focal length, but the radii of curvature differ so that
(c) image is always virtual R A  0.9 R B . If n A  1.63, find n B .
(d) image is virtual if the object distance is less than (a)1.7 (b) 1.6
90 cm (c) 1.5 (d) 4/3
43. A spherical surface of radius of curvature 10 cm sepa- 48. A virtual image three times the size of the object is
rates two media X and Y of refractive indices 3 / 2 and obtained with a concave mirror of radius of curvature
36cm. The distance of the object from the mirror is
4 / 3 respectively. Centre of the spherical surface lies in
denser medium. An object is placed in medium X . For (a) 5 cm (b) 12 cm
image to be real, the object distance must be (c) 10 cm (d) 20 cm

(a) greater than 90 cm (b) less than 90 cm 49. A lens forms a sharp image on a screen. On inserting a
parallel sided glass slab between the lens and the screen,
(c) greater than 80 cm (d) less than 80 cm it is found necessary to move the screen a distance d
44. If in a plano-convex lens, radius of curvature of convex away from the lens in order for the image to be sharp
surface is 10 cm and the focal length of the lens is 30 cm, again. If the refractive index of the glass relative to air is ,
the refractive index of the material of the lens will be then the thickness of the slab is
(a) 1.5 (b) 1.66 (a) d (b) d/
(c) 1.33 (d) 3 (c) ( – 1) d/ (d)  d/( – 1)
45. The size of the image of an object, which is at infinity, as 50. A convex lens of focal length f is put in contact with a
formed by a convex lens of focal length 30cm is 2 cm. If a concave lens of same focal length. The focal length of
concave lens of focal length 20 cm is placed between the combination is
convex lens and the image at a distance of 26 cm from the (a) zero (b) 2f
convex lens, calculate the new size of the image
(c) f (d) infinity
(a) 1.25 cm (b) 2.5 cm
51. A concave and convex lens have same focal length of 20
(c) 1.05 cm (d) 2 cm cm and are put in contact. The combination is used to
view an object of 5 cm length kept at 20 cm from the lens
combination. As compared to object, the image will be
(a) magnified and inverted (b) diminished and erect
(c) of same size and erect (d) of same size and inverted
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 35

52. Two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are placed in 58. The radius of curvature of the curved face of a thin
contact. The focal length of the complete lens is planoconvex lens is 10 cm and it is made of glass of
refractive index 1.5. A small object is approaching the lens
f1  f 2 f1  f 2 with a speed of 1 cms-1 moving along the principal axis.
(a) (b) f f
2 1 2
When the object is at a distance of 30 cm from the lens,
f1f 2 the magnitude of the rate of change of the lateral
(c) f1f 2 (d) f  f magnification is
1 2
(a) 0.1 per second
53. Parallel rays of light are focussed by a thin convex lens. A (b) 0.2 per second
thin concave lens of same focal length is then joined to
(c) 0.3 per second
the convex lens and the result is that
(d) 0.4 per second
(a) the focal point shifts away from the lens by a small
59. If two lenses of +5 diopters are mounted at some distance
distance
apart, the equivalent power will always be negative if the
(b) the focal point shifts towards the lens by a small distance is
distance
(a) Greater than 40 cm
(c) the focal point does not shift at all
(b) Equal to 40 cm
(d) the focal point shifts to infinity
(c) Equal to 10 cm
54. Two thin lenses of focal lengths 20 cm and 25 cm are placed
(d) Less than 10 cm
in contact. The power of the combination is
60. A thin symmetrical double convex lens of power P is cut
(a) 0.5 D (b) 9 D
into three part, as shown in the figure. Power of A is :
(c) 5 D (d) 4.5 D
55. The radius of curvature for a convex lens is 40 cm, for
each surface. Its refractive index is 1.5. The focal length
will be
(a) 40 cm (b) 20 cm
(c) 80 cm (d) 30 cm
P
56. If in a plano-convex lens, the radius of curvature of the (a) 2 P (b)
2
convex surface is 10 cm and the focal length of the lens
is 30 cm, then the refractive index of the material of lens P
(c) (d) P
will be 3
(a) 1.5 (b) 1.66 61. A double convex lens made of material of refractive index
(c) 1.33 (d) 3 1.5 and having a focal length of 10 cm is immersed in a
liquid of refractive index 3.0. The lens will behave as
57. The curvature radii of a concavo-convex glass lens are
20 cm and 60 cm . The convex surface of thelens is (a) converging lens of focal length 10 cm
silvered. With the lens horizontal, the concave surface (b) diverging lens of focal length 10 cm
is filled with water. The focal length of the effective (c) convering lens of focal length 10/3 cm
mirror is   of glass  1.5,  of water 4 / 3 (d) converging lens of focal length 30 cm
62. A double convex air bubble in water will behave as
(a) 90 / 13 cm (b) 80 /13 cm
(a) convergent lens (b) divergent lens
(c) 20 / 3 cm (d) 45 / 8 cm
(c) plane glass slab (d) concave mirror
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 36

63. A glass concave lens is placed in a liquid in which it behave Optical Instruments
like a convergent lens. If the refractive indices of glass
70. In a simple microscope, the distance of object from the
and liquid with respect to air are ag and al respectively,
lens should be
then
(a) more than the focal length of lens
(a) ag = 5 al (b) ag > al
(b) less than the focal length of lens
(c) ag < al (d) ag = 2 al
(c) more than twice the focal length
64. A lens with power + P is immersed in water. Its power
(d) more than focal length but less than twice the focal
(a) increases (b) decreases
length
(c) remains unchanged
71. The magnifying power of simple microscope is
(d) increases for red colour, decreases for blue
65. Magnification produced by a concave lens can be f D
(a) 1  (b) 1 
D f
(a) more than one (b) equal to one
(c) less than one (d) equal to or less than one f 1 D 1
(c) (d)
66. A double convex lens of focal length 6 cm is made of glass D f
of refractive index 1.5. The radius of curvature of one 72. A compound microscope is used to enlarge an object
surface is double that of other surface. The value of larger kept at a distance 0.03m from it’s objective which consists
radius of curvature is of several convex lenses in contact and has focal length
(a) 6 cm (b) 4.5 cm 0.02m. If a lens of focal length 0.1m is removed from the
objective, then by what distance the eye-piece of the
(c) 9 cm (d) 4 cm
microscope must be moved to refocus the image
67. A convergent lens of focal length 20 cm and made of a
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 6 cm
material with refractive index 1.1 is immersed in water of
(c) 15 cm (d) 9 cm
4
refractive index . The lens will behave as a 73. If the focal length of the objective lens and the eye lens
3
are 4 mm and 25 mm respectively in a compound
(a) converging lens of focal length 20 cm microscope. The length of the tube is 16 cm. Find its
(b) converging lens of focal length less than 20 cm magnifying power for relaxed eye position

(c) converging lens of focal length more than 20 cm (a) 32.75 (b) 327.5

(d) divergent lens. (c) 0.3275 (d) None of the above

68. A thin convergent glass lens (g = 1.5) has a power of + 5.0 74. The magnifying power of a compound microscope in terms
D. When this lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive of the magnifying power of objective Mo and that of the
index l it acts as a divergent lens of focal length 100 cm. eyepiece Me is
The value of l must be
Mo
(a) 4/3 (b) 5/3 (a) M (b) M o  M e
e
(c) 5/4 (d) 6/5
(c) Mo + Me (d) Mo – Me
69. A lens of power + 2 diopters is placed in contact with a
lens of power – 1 diopoter. The combination will 75. Final image produced by the simple microscope is
behave like (a) real and erect (b) virtual and erect
(a) A divergent lens of focal length 50 cm (c) real inverted (d) virtual and inverted
(b) A convergent lens of focal length 50 cm 76. The magnifying power of simple microscope can be
(c) A convergent lens of focal length 100 cm increased if we use an eyepiece of

(d) A divergent lens of focal length 100 cm (a) large focal length (b) smaller focal length
(c) large diameter (d) smaller diameter
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 37

77. The final image formed by an astronomical telescope is 80. The focal length of objective of an astronomical telescope
(a) virtual and upright (b) virtual and inverted is 1 m. If the magnifying power of telescope is 20, then
what is length of telescope for relaxed eye?
(c) real and upright (d) real and inverted
(a) 85 cm (b) 95 cm
78. An astronomical telescope essentially consists of
(c) 105 cm (d) 115 cm
(a) two concave lenses
81. The objective of a telescope has focal length 120 cm and
(b) two convex lenses
diameter 5 cm. The focal length of eyepiece is 2 cm. The
(c) one concave and one convex lens magnifying power for an object at infinity is
(d) two plano-concave lenses (a) 24 (b) 60
79. For the normal setting of a telescope (c) 12 (d) 300
(a) only the object is at infinity.
(b) only the final image is at infinity.
(c) both the object and the final image are at infinity.
(d) neither the object nor the final image has to be at infinity
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 38

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

Questions marked with asterisk (*) are
deleted from JEE Main

1. The angle of deviation through a prism is minimum when 4. The thickness at the centre of a plano convex lens is 3 mm
and the diameter is 6 cm. If the speed of light in the material
of the lens is 2 × 108 ms-1 . The focal length of the lens is
(2021)
(a) 0. 30 cm (b) 15 cm
(c) 1.5 cm (d) 30 cm
(2021) 5. The image of an object placed in air formed by a convex
(A) Incident ray and emergent ray are symmetric to the refracting surface is at a distance of 10 m behind the surface.
prism
2nd
(B) The refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel The image is real and is at of the distance of the object
3
to its base
from the surface .The wavelength of light inside the surface
(C) Angle of incidence is equal to that of the angle of
emergence 2
is times the wavelength in air. The radius of the curved
(D) When angle of emergence is double the angle of 3
incidence
x
Choose the correct answer from the optio given below : surface is m. the value of ‘x’ is ________ (2021)
13
(a) Statements (A), (B) and (C) are true
6 *. Your friend is having eye sight problem. She is not able lo
(b) Only statement (D) is true
see clearly a distant uniform window mesh and it appears
(c) Only statements (A) and (B) are true to her as nonuniform and distorted. The doctor diagnosed
(d) Statements (B) and (C) are true the problem as: (2021)
2. The refractive index of a converging lens is 1.4. What (a) Astigmatism
will be the focal length of this lens if it is placed in a (b) Myopia with Astigmatism
medium of same refractive index? (Assume the radii of
(c) Presbyopia with Astigmatism
curvature of the faces of lens are R1 and R2 respectively)
(d) Myopia and hypermetropia
(2021)
7. Three rays of light, namely red (R), green (G) and blue (B)
(a) 1 (b) Infinite
are incident on the face PQ of a right angled prism PQR as
R1 R 2 shown in figure. (2021)
(c) R  R (d) Zero
1 2

3. A deviation of 2o is produced in the yellow ray when prism

of crown and flint glass are achromatically combined.
Taking dispersive powers of crown and flint glass are 0.02
and 0.03 respectively and refractive index for yellow light
for these glasses are 1.5 and 1.6 respectively. The refracting
angles for crown glass prism will be___(in degree) The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red,
(Round off to the Nearest Integer) (2021) green and blue wavelength are 1.27, 1.42 and 1.49
respectively. The colour of the ray(s) emerging out of the
face PR is :
(a) green (b) red
(c) blue and green (d) blue
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 39

8. The speed of light in media 'A' and ‘B’ are 2.0 × 1010 (c) In primary rainbow, light wave suffers total
cm/s and 1.5 x 1010 cm/s respectively. A ray of light internal reflection twice before coming out of water
enters from the medium B to A at an incident angle drops
‘’. If the ray suffers total internal reflection than (d) Primary rainbow is less bright than secondary
(JEE Main 2022) rainbow
 3  2 14. For an object placed at a distance 2.4 m from a lens, a
(a)   sin 1   (b)   sin 1   sharp focused image is observed on a sawn placed at a
4 3
distance 12 cm from the lens. A glass plate of
3 3
(c)   sin 1   (d)   sin 1   refractive index 1.5 and thickness 1 cm is introduced
4
  4 between lens and screen such that the glass plate plane
9. Light travels in two media M1 and M2 with speeds faces parallel to the screen. By what distance should
1.5 × 108 ms–1 and 2.0 × 108 ms–1 respectively. The the object be shifted so that a sharp focused image is
critical angle between them is: (JEE Main 2022) observed again on the screen? (JEE Main 2022)
 3  2 (a) 0.8 m (b) 3.2 m
(a) tan 1   (b) tan 1  
 7 3 (c) 1.2 m (d) 5.6 m
15. The difference of speed of light in the two media A
3 2
(c) cos 1   (d) sin 1  
4 3 and B  v A  vB  is 2.6 107 m / s . If the refractive
10. The power of a lens (biconvex) is 1.25 m–1 in index of medium B is 1.47, then the ratio of refractive
particular medium. Refractive index of the lens is 1.5 index of medium B to medium A is : (Given: speed of
and radii of curvature are 20 cm and 40 cm light in vacuum c  3  108 ms 1 ) (JEE Main 2022)
respectively. The refractive index of surrounding (a) 1.303 (b) 1.318
medium : (JEE Main 2022) (c) 1.13 (d) 0.12
(a) 1.0 (b) 9/7 16. Consider a light ray travelling in air is incident into a
(c) 3/2 (d) 4/3
medium of refractive index 2n . The incident angle
11. Light enters from air into a given medium at an angle
is twice that of refracting angle. Then, the angle of
of 45° with interface of the airmedium surface. After
incidence will be (JEE Main 2022)
refraction, the light ray is deviated through an angle of
 n
15° from its original direction. (a) sin 1  n (b) cos 1 
 2 
The refractive index of the medium is  
(JEE Main 2022)  n
(a) 1.732 (b) 1.333 (c) sin 1  2n  (d) 2 cos 1 
 2 
 
(c) 1.414 (d) 2.732
17. convex lens has power P. It is cut into two halves
12. Time taken by light to travel in two different materials
along its principal axis. Further one piece (out of the
A and B of refractive indices A and B of same
two halves) is cut into two halves perpendicular to the
thickness is t1 and t2 respectively. If t2  t1  5 1010 s principal axis (as shown in figure). Choose the
and the ratio of  A to  B is 1 : 2. Then the thickness incorrect option for the reported pieces.
of material, in meter is : (Given vA and vB are (JEE Main 2022)
velocities of light in A and B materials respectively).
(JEE Main 2022)
(a) 5 × 10–10 vam (b) 5 × 10–10 m
(c) 1.5 × 10–10 m (d) 5 × 10–10 vbm

13. Which of the following statement is correct? P

(a) Power of L1 
(JEE Main 2022) 2
(a) In primary rainbow, observer sees red colour on the P
(b) Power of L2 
top and violet on the bottom 2
(b) In primary rainbow, observer sees violet colour on P
the top and red on the bottom (c) Power of L3 
2
(d) Power of L1  P
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 40

18. If a wave gets refracted into a denser medium, then

which of the following is true? (JEE Main 2022)
(a) wavelength, speed and frequency decreases
(b) wavelength increases, speed decreases and
frequency remains constant
(c) wavelength and speed decreases but frequency
remains constant
(d) wavelength. speed and frequency increases 23. An object ‘o’ is placed at a distance of 100 cm in front
19. The refracting angle of a prism is A and refractive of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 200 cm as
 A shown in the figure. The object starts moving towards
index of the material of the prism is cot   . Then
2 the mirror at a speed 2 cm/s. The position of the image
the angle of minimum deviation will be from the mirror after 10s will be at ……. cm.
(JEE Main 2022) (JEE Main 2022)
(a) 180 – 2A (b) 90 – A
(c) 180 + 2A (d) 180 – 3A
1 1
20. The graph between and for a thin convex lens in
u v
order to determine its focal length is plotted as shown
in the figure. The refractive index of length is 1.5 and
24. In an experiment with a convex lens. The plot of the
its both the surfaces have same radius of curvatures R.
image distance (v’) against the object distance (μ’)
The value of R will be _____ cm.
measured from the focus gives a curve v’ μ’ = 225. If
(Where u = object distance, v = image distance)
all the distances are measured in cm. The magnitude of
(JEE Main 2022)
the focal length of the lens is ……….. cm.
(JEE Main 2022)
25. The X-Y plane be taken as the boundary between two
transparent media M1 and M2. M1 in Z  0 has a
refractive index of 2 and M2 with Z < 0 has a
refractive index of 3 . A ray of light travelling in M1
along the direction given by the vector

21. In the given figure, the face AC of the equilateral A  4 3iˆ  3 3 ˆj  5kˆ , is incident on the plane of
prism is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 'n'. separation. The value of difference between the angle
For incident angle 60° at the side AC, the refracted of incident in M1 and the angle of refraction in M2 will
light beam just grazes along face AC. The refractive be ____________ degree. (JEE Main 2022)
26. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in front
x
index of the liquid n  . The value of x is ______. of convex mirror with principal axis coinciding each
4
other. The distance between the lens and mirror is 10
(JEE Main 2022)
cm. A point object is placed on principal axis at a
distance of 60 cm from the convex lens. The image
formed by combination coincides the object itself. The
focal length of the convex mirror is cm.
(JEE Main 2022)
27. Two identical thin biconvex lenses of focal length 15
22. A thin prism of angle 6º and refractive index for
cm and refractive index 1.5 are in contact with each
yellow light (nY) 1.5 is combined with another prism
of angle 5º and nY = 1.55. The combination produces other. The space between the lenses is filled with a
no dispersion. The net average deviation (δ ) produced liquid of refractive index 1.25. The focal length of the

1 combination is ________ cm. (JEE Main 2022)
by the combination is   . The value of x is
x
(JEE Main 2022)
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 41

Questions marked with asterisk (*) are 33. Which of the following are true?
A. Speed of light in vacuum is dependent on the
deleted from JEE Main direction of propagation.
28. A light ray is incident, at an incident angle 1 on the B. Speed of light in a medium in independent of the
system of two plane mirrors M1 and M2 having an wavelength of light.
inclination angle 75° between them (as shown in
C. The speed of light is independent of the motion of
figure). After reflecting from mirror M1 it gets
reflected back by the mirror M2 with an angle of the source.
reflection 30°. The total deviation of the ray will be D. The speed of light in a medium is independent of
_______ degree. (JEE Main 2022) intensity.
Choose the correct answer from the option given
below : (JEE Main 2023)
(a) A and C only (b) B and D only
(c) B and C only (d) C and D only
34. A scientist is observing a bacteria through a compound
microscope. For better analysis and to improve its
resolving power he should. (Select the best option)
29. A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank (JEE Main 2023)
containing water to a depth of 7m. The refractive (a) Increase the wave length of the light
4 (b) Increase the refractive index of the medium
index of water is . The area of the surface of water
3 between the object and objective lens
through which light from the bulb can emerge out is (c) Decrease the focal length of the eye piece
x m2. The value of x is ______ (JEE Main 2022) (d) Decrease the diameter of the objective lens
30. A travelling microscope is used to determine the
35*. A person has been using spectacles of power-1.0
refractive index of a glass slab. If 40 divisions are
diopter for distant vision and a separate reading glass
there in 1 cm on main scale and 50 vernier scale
of power 2.0 diopters. What is the least distance of
divisions are equal to 49 main scale divisions, then
distinct vision for this person: (JEE Main 2023)
least count of the travelling microscope is ___ × 106
(a) 10 cm (b) 40 cm
m. (JEE Main 2022)
(c) 30 cm (d) 50 cm
31. When a beam of white light is allowed to pass through
36. A thin prism P1 with an angle 6° and made of glass of
convex lens parallel to principal axis, the different
refractive index 1.54 is combined with another prism
colours of light converge at different point on the
P2 made from glass of refractive index 1.72 to produce
principle axis after refraction. This is called
dispersion without average deviation. The angle of
(JEE Main 2023)
prism P2 is : (JEE Main 2023)
(a) Scattering
(a) 6° (b) 1.3°
(b) Chromatic aberration
(c) 7.8° (d) 4.5°
(c) Spherical aberration
37. A microscope is focused on an object at the bottom of
(d) Polarisation
5
32. The light rays from an object have been reflected a bucket. If liquid with refractive index is poured
towards an observer from a standard flat mirror, the 3
image observed by the observer are :- inside the bucket, then microscope have to be raised by
A. Real 30 cm to focus the object again. The height of the
B. Erect liquid in the bucket is (JEE Main 2023)
C. Smaller in size then object (a) 12 cm (b) 18 cm
D. Laterally inverted (c) 75 cm (d) 50 cm
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options 38. Two objects A and B are placed at 15 cm and 25 cm
given below: (JEE Main 2023) from the pole in front of a concave mirror having
(a) B and D only radius of curvature 40 cm. The distance between
(b) B and C only images formed by the mirror is: (JEE Main 2023)
(c) A and D only (a) 40 cm (b) 60 cm
(d) A, C and D only (c) 160 cm (d) 100 cm
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 42

39. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as (a) 120° (b) 110°
Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R (c) 130° (d) 140°
Assertion A: The phase difference of two light waves 45. An ice cube has a bubble inside. When viewed from
change if they travel through different media having one side the apparent distance of the bubble is 12 cm.
same thickness, but different indices of refraction. When viewed from the opposite side, the apparent
Reason R: The wavelength of waves are different in distance of the bubble is observed as 4 cm. If the side
different media. of the ice cube is 24 cm, the refractive index of the ice
In the light of the above statements, choose the most cube is (JEE Main 2023)
appropriate answer from the options given below 6 3
(a) (b)
(JEE Main 2023) 5 2
(a) A is not correct but R is correct 4 2
(b) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct (c) (d)
3 3
explanation of A
46. A vessel of depth 'd' is half filled with oil of refractive
(c) A is correct but R is not correct
index n1 and the other half is filled with water of
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct
refractive index n2. The apparent depth of this vessel
explanation of A
when viewed from above will be - (JEE Main 2023)
40. A 2 meter long scale with least count of 0.2 cm is used
2d  n1  n2  dn1n2
to measure the locations of objects on an optical (a) (b)
bench. While measuring the focal length of a convex n1n2 2  n1  n2 
lens, the object pin and the convex lens are placed at d  n1  n2  dn1n2
80 cm mark and 1m mark, respectively. The image of (c) (d)
2n1n2  n1  n2 
the object pin on the other side of lens coincides with
47. As shown in the figure, a combination of a thin plano
image pin that is kept at 180 cm mark. The % error in
concave lens and a thin plano convex lens is used to
the estimation of focal length is: (JEE Main 2023)
image an object placed at infinity. The radius of
(a) 1.02 (b) 0.51
curvature of both the lenses is 30 cm and refraction
(c) 0.85 (d) 1.70
index of the material for both the lenses is 1.75. Both
41. In a reflecting telescope, a secondary mirror is used to:
the lenses are placed at distance of 40 cm from each
(JEE Main 2023)
other. Due to the combination , the image of the object
(a) remove spherical aberration
is formed at distance x = _______ cm, from concave
(b) reduce the problem of mechanical support
lens.
(c) move the eyepiece outside the telescopic tube
(d) make chromatic aberration zero
42. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in front of a
plane mirror. The virtual and erect image is formed by
the mirror. Now the mirror is moved by 4 cm towards
the stationary object. The distance by which the
position of image would be shifted, will be
(JEE Main 2023)
(JEE Main 2023)
(a) 2 cm towards mirror
48. A convex lens of refractive index 1.5 and focal length
(b) 8 cm towards mirror
18 cm in air is immersed in water. The change in focal
(c) 8 cm away from mirror
length of the lens will be _____cm.
(d) 4 cm towards mirror
(Given refractive index of water = 4/3)
43. The critical angle for a denser-rarer interface is 45°.
(JEE Main 2023)
The speed of light in rarer medium is 3 × 108 m/s. The
49. A ray of light is incident from air on a glass plate
speed of light in the denser medium is:
(JEE Main 2023) having thickness 3cm and refractive index 2 . The
(a) 3.12 × 107 m/s (b) 5 × 107 m/s angle of incidence of a ray is equal to the critical angle
for glassair interface. The lateral displacement of the
(c) 2.12 × 108 m/s (d) 2 × 108 m/s
44. When one light ray is reflected from a plane mirror ray when it passes through the plate is _____ 102 cm .
with 30° angle of reflection, the angle of deviation of (given sin15  0.26 ) (JEE Main 2023)
the ray after reflection is: (JEE Main 2023)
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 43

50. An object is placed on the principal axis of convex 55. Two vertical parallel mirrors A and B are separated by
lens of focal length 10 cm as shown. A plane mirror is 10 cm. A point object O is placed at a distance of 2 cm
placed on the other side of lens at a distance of 20 cm. from mirror A. The distance of the second nearest
The image produced by the plane mirror is 5 cm inside image behind mirror A from the mirror A is ________
the mirror. The distance of the object from the lens is cm.
________ cm.

(JEE Main 2023) (JEE Main 2023)

51. In an experiment of measuring the refractive index of a 56. Two transparent media having refractive indices 1.0
glass slab using travelling microscope in physics lab, a and 1.5 are separated by a spherical refracting surface
student measures real thickness of the glass slab as of radius of curvature 30 cm. The centre of curvature
5.25mm and apparent thickness of the glass slab at
of surface is towards denser medium and a point object
5.00mm. Travelling microscope has 20 divisions in
one cm on main scale and 50 divisions on Vernier is placed on the principle axis in rarer medium at a
scale is equal to 49 divisions on main scale. The distance of 15 cm from the pole of the surface. The
estimated uncertainty in the measurement of refractive
distance of image from the pole of the surface is
x
index of the slab is  10 3 , where x is __________ cm. (JEE Main 2023)
10
(JEE Main 2023) 57. A point object, 'O' is placed in front of two thin
52. In an experiment for estimating the value of focal symmetrical coaxial convex lenses L1 and L2 with
length of converging mirror, image of an object placed
focal length 24 cm and 9 cm respectively. The distance
at 40 cm from the pole of the mirror is formed at
distance 120 cm from the pole of the mirror. These between two lenses is 10 cm and the object is placed 6
distances are measured with a modified scale in which cm away from lens L1 as shown in the figure. The
there are 20 small divisions in 1 cm. The value of error distance between the object and the image formed by
in measurement of focal length of the mirror is 1/K
cm. The value of K is ____ (JEE Main 2023) the system of two lenses is _________ cm.
53. A thin cylindrical rod of length 10 cm is placed
horizontally on the principle axis of a concave mirror
of focal length 20 cm. The rod is placed in a such a
way that mid point of the rod is at 40 cm from the pole
of mirror. The length of the image formed by the
x
mirror will be cm . The value of x is ______. (JEE Main 2023)
3
(JEE Main 2023) 58. The radius of curvature of each surface of a convex
54. A pole is vertically submerged in swimming pool, lens having refractive index 1.8 is 20 cm. The lens is
such that it gives a length of shadow 2.15 m within now immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.5. The
water when sunlight is incident at an angle of 30° with ratio of power of lens in air to its power in the liquid
the surface of water. If swimming pool is filled to a will be x : 1. The value of x is (JEE Main 2023)
height of 1.5 m, then the height of the pole above the
water surface in centimeters is (nw = 4/3) __________
(JEE Main 2023)
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 44

59. As shown in the figure, a plane mirror is fixed at a 62. A fish rising vertically upward with a uniform velocity
height of 50 cm from the bottom of tank containing of 8 ms-1, observes that a bird is diving vertically
 4 downward towards the fish with the velocity of
water     . The height of water in the tank is 8
 3 4
12 ms-1. If the refractive index of water is , then the
cm. A small bulb is placed at the bottom of the water 3
tank. The distance of image of the bulb formed by actual velocity of the diving bird to pick the fish, will
mirror from the bottom of the tank is _________ cm. be ________ ms-1. (JEE Main 2023)
63. A bi convex lens of focal length 10 cm is cut in two
identical parts along a plane perpendicular to the
principal axis. The power of each lens after cut is
_________ D. (JEE Main 2023)

(JEE Main 2023)

60. Two convex lenses of focal length 20 cm each are
placed coaxially with a separation of 60 cm between
them. The image of the distant object formed by the
combination is at _______ cm from the first lens.
(JEE Main 2023)
61. The refractive index of a transparent liquid filled in an
equilateral hollow prism is 2 . The angle of
minimum deviation for the liquid will be _________".
(JEE Main 2023)
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 45

EXERCISE - 3: ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Single Answer Type Questions 4. The graph shows variation of v with change in u for a mirror.
1. A point object is moving on the principal axis of a concave Points plotted above the point P on the curve are for values
mirror of focal length 24 cm towards the mirror. When it is at of v
a distance of 60 cm from the mirror, its velocity is v
9 cm/sec. What is the velocity of the image at that instant
(a) 5 cm/sec towards the mirror P

(b) 4 cm/sec towards the mirror

45° u
(c) 4 cm/sec away from the mirror
(d) 9 cm/sec away from the mirror
(a) Smaller than f (b) Smaller than 2f
2. As the position of an object (u) reflected from a concave
mirror is varied, the position of the image (v) also varies. By (c) Larger than 2f (d) Larger than f
letting the u changes from 0 to + the graph between v 5. A cube of side 2 m is placed in front of a concave mirror of
versus u will be focal length 1m with its face P at a distance of 3 m and face
Q at a distance of 5 m from the mirror. The distance between
v v the images of face P and Q and height of images of P and Q
are
u u
(a) (b)
2m
P
2m

Q 3m
v v

u u
(c) (d) (a) 1 m, 0.5 m, 0.25 m (b) 0.5 m, 1 m, 0.25 m
(c) 0.5 m, 0.25 m, 1m (d) 0.25 m, 1m, 0.5 m
6. A small piece of wire bent into an L shape with upright and
3. If an object moves towards a plane mirror with a speed V at horizontal portions of equal lengths, is placed with the
an angle  to the perpendicular to the plane of the mirror, horizontal portion along the axis of the concave mirror whose
find the relative velocity between the object and the image radius of curvature is 10 cm. If the bend is 20 cm from the
pole of the mirror, then the ratio of the lengths of the images
of the upright and horizontal portions of the wire is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 3 : 1
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 2 : 1
7. A thin rod of length f/3 lies along the axis of a concave
mirror of focal length f. One end of its magnified image
touches an end of the rod. The length of the image is

1
(a) f (b) f
2
(a) V (b) 2V
(c) 2V cos  (d) 2V sin  1
(c) 2 f (d) f
4
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 46

8. A short linear object of length  lies along the axis of a 14. Two transparent slabs have the same thickness as shown.
concave mirror of focal length f at a distance u from the pole One is made of material A of refractive index 1.5. The other
of the mirror. The size of the image is approximately equal to is made of two materials B and C with thickness in the ratio
1/ 2 2
1 : 2. The refractive index of C is 1.6. If a monochromatic
 u f   u f  parallel beam passing through the slabs has the same
(a)    (b)   
 f   f  number of waves inside both, the refractive index of B is
t t/3 2t/3
1/ 2 2
 f   f 
(c)    (d)   
 u f   u f 
A B C
9. The minimum distance between the object and its real image
for concave mirror is
(a) 1.1 (b) 1.2
(a) f (b) 2f
(c) 1.3 (d) 1.4
(c) 4f (d) Zero
15. A fish rising vertically up towards the surface of water with
10. A ray of light falls on the surface of a spherical glass paper
speed 3 ms–1 observes a bird diving vertically down towards
weight making an angle  with the normal and is refracted in
it with speed 9 ms–1. The actual velocity of bird is
the medium at an angle . The angle of deviation of the
emergent ray from the direction of the incident ray
(a) ( – ) (b) 2 ( – )
(c) ( – )/2 (d) ( – ) y

11. A rectangular block of glass is placed on a printed page

lying on a horizontal surface. Then the minimum value of
refractive index of glass for which the letters on the page are
(a) 4.5 ms–1 (b) 5. ms–1
not visible from any of the vertical faces of the block is
(c) 3.0 ms–1 (d) 3.4 ms–1
(a) Equal to 2 (b) More than 2
16. The apparent depth of water in cylindrical water tank of
(c) Less than 2 (d) > = < 2 diameter 2R cm is reducing at the rate of x cm/minute when
water is being drained out at a constant rate. The amount of
12. One face of a rectangular glass plate 6 cm thick is silvered. water drained in c.c. per minute is (n1 = refractive index of
An object held 8 cm in front of the first face, forms an image air, n2 = refractive index of water)
12 cm behind the silvered face. The refractive index of the 2 2
(a) x  R n1/n2 (b) x  R n2/n1
glass is
2
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.8 (c) 2  R n1/n2 (d) R x

(c) 1.2 (d) 1.6 17. The image of point P when viewed from top of the slabs will be

13. When a light wave goes from air into water, the quantity
that remains unchanged is its
1.5 cm
(a) Speed
(b) Amplitude
(c) Frequency 1.5 cm 1.5 cm
(d) Wavelength

2 cm
P
(a) 2.0 cm above P (b) 1.5 cm above P
(c) 2.0 cm below P (d) 1 cm above P
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 47

18. An observer can see through a pin-hole the top end of a 22. If critical angle for a material to air is 30°, the refractive index
thin rod of height h, placed as shown in the figure. The of the material will be
beaker height is 3h and its radius h. When the beaker is
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.5
filled with a liquid up to a height 2h, he can see the lower
end of the rod. Then the refractive index of the liquid is (c) 2.0 (d) 2.5
23. A ray of light travels from an optically denser to rarer medium.
The critical angle for the two media is C. The maximum
possible deviation of the ray will be

 
3h (a)   C  (b) 2C
2 
h
(c)  – 2C (d)  – C
2h
24. An optical fibre consists of core of 1 surrounded by a
cladding of 2 < 1. A beam of light enters from air at an
5 5
(a) (b)   angle  with axis of fibre. The highest  for which ray can
2 2 be travelled through fibre is

3 3
(c)   (d)
2 2

19. An under water swimmer is at a depth of 12 m below the

surface of water. A bird is at a height of 18 m from the surface
of water, directly above his eyes. For the swimmer the bird
appears to be at a distance from the surface of water equal
(a) cos 1  22  12 (b) sin 1 12   22
to (Refractive Index of water is 4/3)
(a) 24 m (b) 12 m 1
(c) tan 1 12   22 (d) sec 12   22
(c) 18 m (d) 9 m
20. A concave mirror is placed at the bottom of an empty tank 25. A large glass slab ( = 5/3) of thickness 8 cm is placed over
with face upwards and axis vertical. When sunlight falls a point source of light on a plane surface. It is seen that light
normally on the mirror, it is focussed at distance of 32 cm emerges out of the top surface of the slab from a circular
area of radius R cm. What is the value of R ?
 4 26. What will be the location of the image ?
from the mirror. If the tank filled with water     upto a
 3
(a) 30 cm, right of lens (b) 60 cm, right of lens
height of 20 cm, then the sunlight will now get focussed at
(c) 70 cm, left of lens (d) 40 cm, left of lens
(a) 16 cm above water level
27. Angle of glass prism is 60° and refractive index of the material
(b) 9 cm above water level of the prism is 1.414, then what will be the angle of incidence,
(c) 24 cm below water level so that ray should pass symmetrically through prism
(d) 9 cm below water level (a) 38° 61’ (b) 35° 35’
21. With respect to air critical angle in a medium for light of red (c) 45° (d) 53° 8’
colour [1] is . Other facts remaining same, critical angle for
28. Angle of a prism is 30° and its refractive index is 2 and
light of yellow colour [2] will be
one of the surface is silvered. At what angle of incidence, a
(a)  (b) More than  ray should be incident on one surface so that after reflection
1 from the silvered surface, it retraces its path
(c) Less than  (d)  (a) 30° (b) 60°
2

1
(c) 45° (d) sin 1.5
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 48

29. A prism having an apex angle 4o and refraction index 1.5 is 33. If the central portion of a convex lens is wrapped in black
located in front of a vertical plane mirror as shown in figure. paper as shown in the figure
Through what total angle is the ray deviated after reflection
from the mirror

90° 4°

(a) 176o (b) 4o (a) No image will be formed by the remaining portion of
the lens
(c) 178o (d) 2o
(b) The full image will be formed but it will be less bright
30. The refracting angle of prism is A and refractive index of
material of prism is cot A/2. The angle of minimum deviation is (c) The central portion of the image will be missing

(a) 180° – 3A (b) 180° + 2A (d) There will be two images each produced by one of the
exposed portions of the lens
(c) 90° – A (d) 180° – 2A
34. The focal length of a converging lens is measured for violet,
31. A rod of glass ( = 1.5) and of square cross section is bent green and red colours. It is respectively fv, fg, fr. We will find
into the shape shown in the figure. A parallel beam of light
falls on the plane flat surface A as shown in the figure. If d is (a) fv = fr (b) fv > fr
the width of a side and R is the radius of circular arc then for (c) fv < fr (d) fg > fr
what maximum value of d/R light entering the glass slab 35. The relation between n1 and n2, if behaviour of light rays is
through surface A emerges from the glass through B as shown in figure is

n1 n2

Lens
(a) n1 >> n2 (b) n2 > n1
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.5 (c) n1 > n2 (d) n1 = n2
(c) 1.3 (d) none of these 36. A hollow double concave lens is made of very thin
32. Shown in the figure here is a convergent lens placed inside a transparent material. It can be filled with air or either of two
cell filled with a liquid. The lens has focal length +20 cm when liquids L1 and L2 having refractive indices n1 and n2
in air and its material has refractive index 1.50. If the liquid has respectively (n2 > n1 > 1). The lens will diverge a parallel
refractive index 1.60, the focal length of the system is beam of light if it is filled with

(a) + 80 cm (b) – 80 cm
(a) Air and placed in air (b) Air and immersed in L1
(c) – 24 cm (d) – 100 cm
(c) L1 and immersed in L2 (d) L2 and immersed in L1
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 49

37. A concave lens of glass, refractive index 1.5, has both 42. A convex lens is used to produce a real image of the object
surfaces of same radius of curvature R. On immersion in a shown in the following figure
medium of refractive index 1.75 it will behave as a
(a) Convergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
1 2
(b) Convergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
4 3
(c) Divergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
(d) Divergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
Then the real inverted image is
38. A cubical vessel has opaque walls. An observer (dark circle
in figure below) is located such that she can see only the 1 2 2 1
wall CD but not the bottom. Nearly to what height should (a) (b)
4 3 3 4
water be poured so that she can see an object placed at
the bottom at a distance of 10 cm from the corner C ?
4 3 3 4
(Refractive index of water is 1.33.)
(c) 1 2 (d) 2 1
(a) 10 cm (b) 16 cm
(c) 45 cm (d) 27 cm
43. Two point light sources are 24 cm apart. Where should a
39. A water pond appears to be 2.7 in deep. If the refractive convex lens of focal length 9 cm be put in between them
index of water is 4/3, find the actual depth of the pond. from one source so that the images of both the sources are
(a) 4.6 m (b) 1.5 m formed at the same place

(c) 2.6 m (d) 3.6 m (a) 6 cm (b) 9 cm

40. Consider the lens involved to be plano-convex lens (instead (c) 12 cm (d) 15 cm
of equiconvex lens) of refractive index n and radius R in the 44. In case of reflection by a plane-mirror, which of the following
given arrangement and then find its focal length. statements are not correct
(a) It can never give real image(b) It can never give inverted
R
(a)  2n  1 image
(c) It changes left into right
(d) It changes front into back
2R
(b)  2n  1 45. What will be the focal length if its curved surface is mirrored?

R
(c) n  1

2R
(d) 2  2n  1

41. There is an equiconvex glass lens with radius of each face

as R and ag = 3/2 and aw = 4/3. If there is water in object R 2R
(a) (b)
space and air in image space, then the focal length is  
(a) 2R (b) R
R
(c) 3 R/2 (d) R2 (c) 2R (d)
2
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 50

46. A double convex lens, made of a material of refractive index 51. An air bubble in sphere having 4 cm diameter appears 1 cm
1, is placed inside two liquids or refractive indices 2 and from surface nearest to eye when looked along diameter. If
3, as shown. 2 > 1 > 3. A wide, parallel beam of light is ag = 1.5, the distance of bubble from refracting surface is
incident on the lens from the left. The lens will give rise to
(a) 1.2 cm (b) 3.2 cm
(c) 2.8 cm (d) 1.6 cm
52. The lens system of the myopic eye is best described as
(a) producing too much convergence
(b) producing too little convergence
(c) producing too much divergence
(a) A single convergent beam (d) producing too little divergence
(b) Two different convergent beams 53. It was observed that when the distance between an object
(c) Two different divergent beams and a lens decreases, the size of the image increases. What
(d) A convergent and a divergent beam is the nature of this lens? If you keep on decreasing the
47. A convex lens of focal length 30 cm and a concave lens of 10 distance between the object and the lens, will you still
cm focal length are placed so as to have the same axis. If a able to obtain the image on the screen?
parallel beam of light falling on convex lens leaves concave (a) converging lens (b) concave
lens as a parallel beam, then the distance between two lenses
will be (c) diverging (d) double concave

(a) 40 cm (b) 30 cm Multiple Correct Option

(c) 20 cm (d) 10 cm 54. A glass prism is immersed in a hypothetical liquid. The

curves show in the refractive index n as a function of
48. A lens of power +2 diopters is placed in contact with a lens wavelength  for glass and liquid are as shown in the
of power –1 diopter. The combination will behave like following figures. When a ray of white light is incident on
(a) A convergent lens of focal length 50 cm the prism parallel to the base
(b) A divergent lens of focal length 100 cm
(c) A convergent lens of focal length 100 cm
(d) A convergent lens of focal length 200 cm
49. If two +5 diopter lenses are mounted at some distance apart,
the equivalent power will always be negative if the distance
is
(a) Greater then 40 cm (b) Equal to 40 cm
(c) Equal to 10 cm (d) Less then 10 cm
50. A glass hemisphere of radius 0.04 m and R.I. of the material
(a) yellow ray travels without deviation
1.6 is placed centrally over a cross mark on a paper (i) with
the flat face ; (ii) with the curved face in contact with the (b) blue ray is deviated towards the vertex
paper. In each case the cross mark is viewed directly from (c) red ray is deviated towards the base
above. The position of the images will be (d) there is no dispersion
(a) (i) 0.04 m from the flat face; (ii) 0.025 m from the flat face
(b) (i) At the same position of the cross mark ; (ii) 0.025 m
below the flat face
(c) (i) 0.025 m from the flat face; (ii) 0.04 m from the flat face
(d) For both (i) and (ii) 0.025 m from the highest point of the
hemisphere
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 51

55. An object is placed in front of a converging lens at a distance 59. A light ray is going from one medium to another. Then,
equal to twice the focal length f1 of the lens. On the other (a) its wavelength may increase or decrease
side of the lens is a concave mirror of focal length f2
(b) its wavelength will decrease
separated from the lens by a distance 2 (f1 + f2). Light from
(c) frequency and velocity both may change
the object passes rightward through the lens, reflects from
the mirror, passes leftwards through the lens, and forms a (d) frequency remains the same
final image of the object 60. A man of height 170 cm wants to see his complete image in
a plane mirror (while standing). His eyes are at a height of
160 cm from the ground.
(a) Minimum length of the mirror = 80 cm
(b) Minimum length of the mirror = 85 cm
O (c) Bottom of the mirror should be at a height 80 cm
f2 (d) Bottom of the mirror should be at a height 85 cm
f1
61. A real object is moving toward a fixed spherical mirror. The
image
(a) The distance between the lens and the final image is (a) must move away from the mirror
equal to 2f1. (b) may move away from the mirror
(b) The distance between the lens and the final image is (c) may move toward the mirror if the mirror is concave
equal to 2 (f1 + f2). (d) must move toward the mirror if the mirror is convex
(c) The final image is real, inverted and of same size as that 62. The object distance u, the image distance v and the
of the object. magnification m in a lens follow certain linear relations. These
(d) The final image is real, erect and of same size as that of are
the object.
1 1
56. An image of a bright square is obtained on a screen with the (a) versus (b) m versus u
u v
aid of a convergent lens. The distance between the square (c) u versus v (d) m versus v
and the lens is 40 cm. The area of the image is nine times
63. The radius of curvature of the left and right surface of the
larger than that of the square. Select the correct statement(s):
concave lens are 10 cm and 15 cm respectively.
(a) Image is formed at a distance of 120 cm from the lens
air
(b) Image is formed at a distance of 360 cm from the lens
(c) Focal length of the lens is 30 cm
(d) Focal length of the lens is 36 cm. Glass

57. Which of the phenomenon is not responsible in Mirage

The radius of curvature of the mirror is 15 cm.
formation
(a) equivalent focal length of the combination is –18 cm
(a) refraction of light (b) reflection of light (b) equivalent focal length of the combination is +36 cm
(c) scattering (d) diffraction of light. (c) the system behaves like a concave mirror
58. Which of the following statements are correct ? (d) the system behaves like a convex mirror
(a) A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror and gets 64. The distance between an electric lamp and a screen is d = 1
reflected. If the mirror is rotated through an angle , then m. A convergent lens of focal length f = 21 cm is placed
the reflected ray gets deviated through angle 2 between the lamp and the lens such that a sharp image of
(b) A ray of light gets reflected successively from two mirrors the lamp filament is formed on the screen.
which are mutually inclined. Angular deviation suffered (a) The positions of the lens from the lamp for which sharp
by the ray does not depend upon angle of incidence on images are formed on the screen are 35 cm and 65 cm
first mirror (b) The positions of the lens from the lamp for which sharp
(c) A plane mirror cannot form real image of a real object images are formed on the screen are 30 cm and 70 cm
(d) If an object approaches towards a plane mirror with (c) Magnitude of the difference in magnification is 40/21
velcocity v, then the image approaches the object with (d) The size of the lamp filament for which there are two
velocity 2v sharp images of 4.5 cm and 2 cm, is 3 cm.
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 52
65. Figure shows variation of magnification m (produced by a 68. A biconvex thin lens of refractive index 2 = 1.4 has a radii of
thin convex lens) and distance v of image from pole of the curvature R1 = 20 cm and R2 = 60 cm, 1 = 1.5 and 3 = 1.2.
lens. Which of the following statements are correct ? Focal length are f1 and f2 in both the media

(a) Focal length of the lens is equal to intercept on v–axis R1 R2

(b) Focal length of the lens is equal to inverse of slope of
the line
(c) Magnitude of intercept on m–axis is equal to unity (a) the lens behaves as a concave lens
(d) None of above. (b) f1 = f2
66. If two mirrors are inclined to each other at 90°, the image (c) f1  f2
seen may be (d) the lens behaves as a convex lens
(a) One (b) Two 69. A ray of light is incident normally on one face of 30°– 60°– 90°
(c) Three (d) Four prism of refractive index 5/3 immersed in water of refractive
67. A parallel beam of light is incident normally on the flat surface index 4/3 as shown in figure
of a hemisphere of radius 6 cm and refractive index 1.5, placed
in air as shown in figure (i). Assume paraxial ray
approximation.
P

30°

P P
6 cm –1
(a) The exit angle 2 of the ray is sin (5/8)

Figure (i) Figure (ii)  5 

(b) The exit angle 2 of the ray is sin
–1  
4 3
(a) The rays are focussed at 12 cm from the point P to the
right, in the situation as shown in figure (i). (c) Total internal reflection at point P ceases if the refractive
(b) The rays are focussed at 16 cm from the point P to the 5
right, in the situation as shown in figure (i). index of water is increased to by dissolving some
2 3
(c) If the rays are incident at the curved surface (figure (ii)) substance
then these are focussed at distance 18 cm from point P
(d) Total internal reflection at point P ceases if the refractive
to the right.
index of water is increased to 5/6 by dissolving some
(d) If the rays are incident at the curved surface (figure (ii)) substance
then these are focussed at distance 14 cm from point P
70. Which of the following can form diminished, virtual and
to the right.
erect image of your face ?
(a) Converging mirror (b) Diverging mirror
(c) Converging lens (d) Diverging lens
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 53
71. A fish, F in the pond is at a depth of 0.8 m from the water 77. In a lake 2m deep, a measuring post of height 3m is fixed
surface and is moving vertically upwards with velocity 2 vertically. For an angle of incidence of 45° of Sun’s radiations,
m/s. At the same instant a bird B is at a height of 6 m from the find the length of the shadow of the post at the bottom
water surface and is moving downwards with velocity 3 m/ surface ? [w = 4/3] [in metre)
s. At this instant both are on the same vertical line as shown
78. As isotropic glass slab of refractive index 1.5 is 30 cm thick.
in the figure. Which of the following statements are correct?
The rear surface of the slab is polished. A point source. S is
placed at a distance of 20 cm from the front surface. Calculate
the distance between the source and the image formed by
reflection and refractions.
Assertion Reason
(A) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–II is a
correct explanation for Statement–I.
(B) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–2 is
(a) Height of B, observed by F (from itself) is equal to 5.30 m NOT a correct explanation for Statement–I.
(b) Depth of F, observed by B (from itself) is equal to 6.60 m (C) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is False.
(c) Height of B, observed by F (from itself) is equal to 8.80 m (D) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True.
(d) None of these 79. Statement–1 : Maximum possible angle of refraction in a
72. A thin, symmetric double-convex lens of power P is cut into medium is critical angle.
three parts A, B and C as shown. The power of Statement–2 : The critical angle c (or ) depends upon pair
of medium, colour of light (or ) and temperature.
A (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
80. Statement–1 : If both plane mirror and object are moved
B C
through a distance x, then the image moves through a
distance 3x.
Statement–2 : When the object is fixed and plane mirror will
(a) A is P (b) A is 2P
moved through a distance x. Then the image is also move
(c) B is P/2 (d) B is P/4 through the distance x.
Numeric Value Type Questions (a) A (b) B
73. A converging beam of light forms a sharp image on a screen. (c) C (d) D
A lens is placed 10 cm from the screen in the path of the
81. Statement–1 : A virtual image can be photographed.
beam. It was found that the screen has to be moved 8 cm
further away to obtain the sharp image. Find the focal length Statement–2 : Only real objects are photographed.
of the lens in mm. (a) A (b) B
74. A concave mirror gives a real image magnified 4 times. When (c) C (d) D
the object is moved 3 cm the magnification of the real image
82. Statement–1 : All large telescopes use parabolic mirrors
is 3 times. Find the focal length of mirror.
rather than spherical mirrors.
75. The magnification of an object placed in front of a convex
lens is +2. The focal length of the lens is 2.0 m. Find the Statement–2 : A parabolic mirror brings parallel rays (rays
distance by which the object has to be moved to obtain a parallel to its axis) to an exact focus at an point.
magnification of –2 (in metres). (a) A (b) B
76. Refraction takes palce at a concave spherical boundary (c) C (d) D
separating glass and air medium. The refractive index of the
glass is 3/2. The radius of curvature of the refracting surface
is R. For the image to be real the object distance should be
greater than IR, wher I is an integer. Find the minimum value
of I.
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 54

83. Statement-1 : A fish inside a pond will see a person standing 90. Statement-1 : The images formed by total internal reflections
outside taller than he actually is. are much brighter than those formed by mirrors of lenses.
Statement-2 : Light bends away from the normal as it enters Statement-2 : There is no loss of intensity in total internal
water from air. reflection.
(a) A (b) B (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D (c) C (d) D
84. Statement-1 : Keeping a point object fixed, if a plane mirror 91. Statement-1 : There exist two angles of incidence for the
is moved, the image will also move.
same magnitude of deviation (except minimum deviation)
Statement-2 : In case of a plane mirror, distance of object by a prism kept in air.
and its image is equal from any point on the mirror.
Statement-2 : In a prism kept in air, a ray is incident on the
(a) A (b) B first surface and emerges out of second surface. Now, if
(c) C (d) D another ray is incident on the second surface (of prism)
85. Statement-1 : A convex lens of focal length f ( = 1.5) along the previous emergent ray it emergs along the previous
behaves as a diverging lens when immersed in carbon di- incident ray. This principle is called principle of reversibility
sulphied of higher refractive index ( = 1.65). of light.
Statement-2 : The focal length of a lens does not depend on (a) A (b) B
the color of light used. (c) C (d) D
(a) A (b) B Match the Column
(c) C (d) D 92. An extended object is moving in front of concave mirror as
86. Statement–1 : When a concave mirror is held under water, its shown in figure. On L.H.S. various velocity of object and
focal length will increase. position is given. On R.H.S. some properties of image and
Statement–2 : The focal length of a concave mirror is its velocity is given.
independent of the medium in which it is placed.
(a) A (b) B
+ve
(c) C (d) D
87. Statement-1 : The critical angle in case of total internal x
reflection depends on the pair of medium chosen.
Statement-2 : The critical angle in case of total internal
reflection is independent of pair of medium chosen. Column – I (Object) Column – II (Image)
(a) A (b) B (A) +ve velocity and object is (P) +ve velocity
(c) C (d) D between focus and
88. Statement-1 : For observing traffic at over back, we prefer centre of curvature.
to use a convex mirror. (B) –ve velocity and object is (Q) –ve velocity
Statement-2 : A convex mirror has a large field of view than between focus and pole
a plane mirror or concave mirror.
(C) –ve velocity and object is (R) size of image is
(a) A (b) B
beyond centre of curvature increasing
(c) C (d) D
(D) –ve velocity and object is (S) size of image is
89. Statement-1 : Although the surface of goggle lenses are
curved, it does not have any power. virtual decreasing
Statement-2 : In case of goggle, both the curved surface
have equal radii of curvature and have centre of curvature
on the same side.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 55

93. Four particles are moving with different velocities in front 95. A white light ray is incident on a glass prism, and it create
of stationary plane mirror (lying in y-z plane). At t = 0, velocity four refracted rays, A, B, C and D. Match the refracted rays
  with the colors given (1 and D are rays due to total internal
of A is v A  î , velocity of B is v B  î  3 ĵ , velocity of C is reflection) :
 
v C  5 î  6 ĵ , velocity of D is v D  3 î  ĵ . Acceleration of

particle A is a A  2 î  ĵ and acceleration of particle C is

a C  2 t ĵ . The particle B and D move with uniform velocity
(Assume no collision to take place till t = 2 seconds). All
quantities are in S.I. units. Relative velocity of image of
 Column-I (Ray) Columm-II (Colour)
object A with respect to object A is denoted by VA, A . (a) A (p) red
Velocity of images relative to corresponding objects are (b) B (q) green
given to Column – I and their values are given in Column – (c) C (r) yellow
II at t = 2 second. Match Column – I with corresponding (d) D (s) blue
values in Column – II.
D A
y B

x
Column – I Column – II

(A) VA, A (P) 2 î

(B) VB, B (Q)  6 î

(C) VC, C (R)  12 î  4 ĵ

(D) VD, D (S)  10 î

94. An object O is kept perpendicular to the principal axis of a

spherical mirror. Each situation (a, b, c and d) gives object
coordinate u in centimeter with sign, the type of mirror, and
then the distance (centimeters with sign) between the focal
point and the pole of the mirror. On the right side information,
regarding the image is given.
Correctly, match the situation on the left side with the images
described on the right side.
Situation u
Mirror Images
(a) –18 Concave, 12 (p) Real, erect, enlarged
(b) –12 Concave, 18 (q) Virtual, erect, diminished
(c) –8 Convex, 10 (r) Real, inverted, enlarged
(d) –10 Convex, 8 (s) Virtual, erect, enlarged
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 56

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

1. In a compound microscope, the intermediate image is 5. A rectangular glass slab ABCD of refractive index n1 is
(a) virtual, erect and magnified (2000) immersed in water of refractive index n2 (n1 > n2). A ray of
light is incident at the surface AB of the slab as shown.
(b) real, erect and magnified
The maximum value of the angle of incidence max, such
(c) real, inverted and magnified that the ray comes out only from the other surface CD, is
(d) virtual, erect and reduced given by (2000)
2. A hollow double concave lens is made of very thin
transparent material. It can be filled with air or either of A D
two liquids L1 or L2 having refracting indices n1 and n2
n1 n2
respectively (n2 > n1 > 1). The lens will diverge a parallel
beam of light if it is filled with (2000)
B C
(a) air and placed in air (b) air and immersed in L1
(c) L1 and immersed in L2 (d) L2 and immersed in L1

1 n 1  1 n 2 
3. A diverging beam of light from a point source S having
(a) sin  n cos  sin n 
divergence angle  falls symmetrically on a glass slab as  2  1 
shown. The angles of incidence of the two extreme rays
are equal. If the thickness of the glass slab is t and its 
1  1 n 2 
refractive index is n, then the divergence angle of the (b) sin n 1 cos  sin 
  n 1 
emergent beam is (2000)

S 1  n 
(c) sin  1 
 n2 

i i
1  n 
(d) sin  2 
 n1 
n t 6. A convex lens of focal length 15 cm and a concave mirror
of focal length 30 cm are kept with their optic axis PQ and
RS parallel but separated in vertical direction by 0.6 cm as
shown. The distance between the lens and mirror is 30 cm.
(a) zero (b)  An upright object AB of height 1.2 cm is placed on the
–1 –1
(c) sin (1/n) (d) 2 sin (1/n) optic axis PQ of the lens at a distance of 20 cm from the
4. A point source of light S, placed at a distance L in front of lens. If A’ B’ is the image after refraction from the lens and
the centre of a plane mirror of width d, hangs vertically on the reflection from the mirror, find the distance of A’ B’
a wall. A man walks in front of the mirror along a line parallel from the pole of the mirror and obtain its magnification.
to the mirror at a distance 2L from it as shown. The greatest Also locate positions of A’ and B’ with respect to the optic
distance over which he can see the image of the light axis RS. (2000)
source in the mirror is (2000)
(a) d/2 (b) d A

(c) 2d (d) 3d P
Q
0.6 cm B
S
R

30 cm 20 cm
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 57

7. A given ray of light suffers minimum deviation in an 11. An observer can see through a pin-hole the top end of a
equilateral prism P. Additional prisms Q and R of identical thin rod of height h, placed as shown in the figure. The
shape and of the same material as P are now added as
beaker height is 3h and its radius h. When the beaker is
shown in the figure. The ray will suffer (2001)
filled with a liquid up to a height 2h, he can see the lower
end of the rod. Then the refractive index of the liquid is
Q

P R

(a) greater deviation

(b) no deviation
3h
(c) same deviation as before
(d) total internal reflection h
8. A ray of light passes through four transparent media with
refractive indices 1, 2, 3 and 4 as shown in the figure. 2h
The surfaces of all media are parallel. If the emergent ray
CD is parallel to the incident ray AB, we must have 5 5
(a) (b) (2002)
2 2

3 3
D (c) (d)
2 2
C 12. Which one of the following spherical lenses does not
B
A exhibit dispersion ? The radii of curvature of the surfaces
of the lenses are as given in the diagrams (2002)

(a) 1 = 2 (b) 2 = 3 (2001)

(c) 3 = 4 (d) 4 = 1 (a) R1 R2 (b) R
9. The refractive indices of the crown glass for blue and red
light are 1.51 and 1.49 respectively and those of the flint
glass are 1.77 and 1.73 respectively. An isosceles prism of
angle 6° is made of crown glass. A beam of white light is
incident at a small angle on this prism. The other flint
glass isosceles prism is combined with the crown glass (c) R R (d) R
prism such that there is no deviation of the incident light.
(2001)
(a) Determine the angle of the flint glass prism.
13. Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each
(b) Calculate the net dispersion of the combined system. other, as shown in the figure. A light ray is incident at an
10. A thin biconvex lens of refractive index 3/2 is placed on a angle 30° at a point just inside one end of A. The plane of
horizontal plane mirror as shown in the figure. The space incidence coincides with the plane of the figure. The
between the lens and the mirror is then filled with water of maximum number of times the ray undergoes reflections
refractive index 4/3. It is found that when a point object is (including the first one) before it emerges out is
placed 15 cm above the lens on its principal axis, the object
coincides with its own image. On repeating with another 2 3m
liquid, the object and the image again coincide at a distance B
25 cm from the lens. Calculate the refractive index of the
0.2 m 30°
liquid. (2001)
A

(a) 28 (b) 30 (2002)

(c) 32 (d) 34
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 58

14. The size of the image of an object, which is at infinity, as 18. White light is incident on the interface of glass and air as
formed by a convex lens of focal length 30 cm is 2 cm. If a shown in the figure. If green light is just totally internally
concave lens of focal length 20 cm is placed between the reflected then the emerging ray in air contains. (2004)
convex lens and the image at a distance of 26 cm from the
convex lens, calculate the new size of the image. (2003)
(a) 1.25 cm (b) 2.5 cm Air Green

(c) 1.05 cm (d) 2 cm

15. A ray of light is incident at the glass-water interface at an Glass
White
angle i, it emerges finally parallel to the surface of water,
then the value of g would be (2003)
(a) yellow, orange, red (b) violet, indigo, blue
Air (c) all colours (d) all colours except green
19. A ray of light is incident on an equilateral glass prism
r
placed on a horizontal table. For minimum deviation which
r of the following is true ? (2004)
Water
Glass
i
Q R
(a) (4/3) sin i (b) 1/sin i S
P
(c) 4/3 (d) 1
16. A prism of refracting angle 30° is coated with a thin film of
transparent material of refractive index 2.2 on face AC of
(a) PQ is horizontal (b) QR is horizontal
the prism. A light of wavelength 6600Å is incident on face
AB such that angle of incidence is 60°. Find (2003) (c) RS is horizontal (d) Either PQ or RS is horizontal
A 20. A point object is placed at the centre of a glass sphere of
radius 6 cm and refractive index 1.5. The distance of the
30° virtual image from the surface of the sphere is (2004)
60°
(a) 2 cm (b) 4 cm
3
(c) 6 cm (d) 12 cm
B
C 21. Figure shows an irregular block of material of refractive
(a) the angle of emergence and
index 2 . A ray of light strikes the face AB as shown in
(b) the minimum value of thickness of the coated film on the figure. After refraction it is incident on a spherical
the face AC for which the light emerging from the face surface CD of radius of curvature 0.4 m and enters a medium
has maximum intensity. [Given refractive index of the of refractive index 1.514 to meet PQ at E. Find the distance
material of the prism is 3] OE upto two places of decimal. (2004)

17. In the figure, light is incident on a thin lens as shown. B C

The radius of curvature for both the surfaces is R.

45°
Determine the focal length of this system. (2003) O E
P Q

60°
A D
22. An object is approaching a thin convex lens of focal length
0.3 m with a speed of 0.01 m/s. Find the magnitudes of the
rates of change of position and lateral magnification of
image when the object is at a distance of 0.4 m from the
lens. (2004)
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 59

23. A container is filled with water ( = 1.33) upto a height of 27. The graph between object distance u and image distance
33.25 cm. A concave mirror is placed 15 cm above the water v for a lens is given below. The focal length of the lens is
level and the image of an object placed at the bottom is (2006)
formed 25 cm below the water level. The focal length of
v
the mirror is (2005)

+11
15cm

+10
45°
25 cm
33.25cm

+9 u
–9 –10 –11
I (a) 5  0.1 (b) 5  0.05
O (c) 0.5  0.1 (d) 0.5  0.05
(a) 10 cm (b) 15 cm 28. A biconvex lens of focal length f forms a circular image
(c) 20 cm (d) 25 cm of radius r of sun in focal plane. Then which option is
correct? (2006)
24. A convex lens is in contact with concave lens. The
2
magnitude of the ratio of their focal length is 3/2. Their (a) r  f
2 2
equivalent focal length is 30 cm. What are their individual (b) r  f
focal lengths ? (2005) (c) If lower half part is convered by black sheet, then area of
2
(a) –75, 50 (b) –10, 15 the image is equal to r /2
(c) 75, 50 (d) –15, 10 (d) If f is doubled, intensity will increase
25. AB and CD are two slabs. The medium between the slabs 29. A point object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a thin
has refractive index 2. Find the minimum angle of incidence planoconvex lens of focal length 15 cm. The plane surface
of Q, so that the ray is totally reflected by both the slabs. of the lens is now silvered. The image created by the
(2005) system is at (2006)

A Q B

P 20 cm
C D
(a) 60 cm to the left of the system
26. A ray of light is incident on a prism ABC of refractive index
(b) 60 cm to the right of the system
3 as shown in figure. (2005)
(c) 12 cm to the left of the system
B D (d) 12 cm to the right of the system
60° 60° 30. A ray of light travelling in water is incident on its surface
60° open to air. The angle of incidence is , which is less than
the critical angle. Then there will be (2007)
A C E
(a) Find the angle of incidence for which the deviation of (a) only a reflected ray and no refracted ray
light ray by the prism ABC is minimum. (b) only a refracted ray and no reflected ray
(b) By what angle the second identical prism must be (c) a reflected ray and a refracted ray and the angle between
rotated, so that the final ray suffers net minimum them would be less than 180° – 2
deviation. (d) a reflected ray and a refracted ray and the angle
between them would be greater than 180° – 2
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 60

31. In an experiment to determine the focal length (f) of a 35. An optical component and an object S placed along its
concave mirror by the u-v method, a student places the optic axis are given in Column–I. The distance between the
object pin A on the principal axis at a distance x from the object and the component can be varied. The properties
pole P. The student looks at the pin and its inverted image of images are given in Column–II. Match all the properties
from a distance keeping his/her eye in line with PA. When of images from Column–II with the appropriate
the student shifts his/her eye towards left, the image appears components given in Column–I. (2008)
to the right of the object pin. Then (2007)
Column – I Column – II
(a) x < f (b) f < x < 2f
(c) x = 2f (d) x > 2f

ll l l
l l l l l ll l l l l l l l l l
Assertion/Reason S
(A) (P) Real image
32. Statement–1 : The formula connecting u, v and f for a
spherical mirror is valid only for mirrors whose sizes are
very small compared to their radii of curvature.
Statement–2: Laws of reflection are strictly valid for plane
surfaces, but not for large spherical surfaces. (2007) S
(B) (Q) Virtual image
(a) If Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; Statement–2
is the correct explanation for Statement–1.
(b) If Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; Statement–2
is not a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(c) If Statement–1 is true ; Statement–2 is false. S
(C) (R) Magnified image
(d) If Statement–1 is false ; Statement–2 is true.
33. Two beams of red and violet colours are made to pass
separately through a prism (angle of the prism is 60°). In
the position of minimum deviation, the angle of refraction
will be (2008) S
(D) (S) Image at infinity
(a) 30° for both the colours
(b) greater for the violet colour
(c) greater for the red colour 36. A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m above the surface
(d) equal but not 30° for both the colours of water in a lake. The refractive index of water is 4/3. A
fish inside the lake, in the line of fall of the ball, is looking
34. A light beam is travelling from Region I to Region IV (Refer
at the balls. At an instant, when the ball is 12.8 m above the
figure). The refractive index in Regions I, II, III and IV are
water surface, the fish sees the speed of ball as (2009)
n0 n0 n (a) 9 ms
–1
(b) 12 ms
–1
n0, , and 0 , respectively. The angle of incidence
2 6 8 –1 –1
(c) 16 ms (d) 21.33 ms
 for which the beam just misses entering Region IV is
37. A student performed the experiment of determination of
(2008)
focal lenght of a concave mirror by u–v method using an
Region I Region II Region III Region IV optical bench of length 1.5 m. The focal length of the mirror
used is 24 cm. The maximum error in the location of the
n0 n0 n0 image can be 0.2 cm. The 5 sets of (u, v) values recorded
n0 2 6 8 by the student (in cm) are (42, 56), (48, 48), (60, 40), (66, 33),
(78, 39). The data set(s) that cannot come from experiment
0 0.2 m 0.6 m and is (are) incorrectly recorded, is (are) (2009)
1  3  1  1  (a) (42, 56) (b) (48, 48)
(a) sin   (b) sin  
4 8 (c) (66, 33) (d) (78, 39)
1  1  1  1 
(c) sin   (d) sin  
4 3
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 61
38. A biconvex lens of focal length 15 cm is in front of a plane
40. A ray OP of monochromatic light is incident on the face
mirror. The distance between the lens and the mirror is
AB of prism ABCD near vertex B at an incident angle of
10 cm. A small object is kept at a distance of 30 cm from the
60° (see figure). If the refractive index of the material of the
lens. The final image is (2010)
prism is 3 , which of the following is(are) correct ?
(a) virtual and at a distance of 16 cm from the mirror
(2010)
(b) real and at a distance of 16 cm from the mirror
(c) virtual and at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror B
O
(d) real and at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror 60° C
39 . Two transparent media of refractive indices m1 and m3 have P 135°
a solid lens shaped transparent material of refractive index
m2 between them as shown in figures in Column-II. A ray 90° 75°
traversing these media is also shown in the figures. In A D
Column-I different relationships between m1, m2 and m3
are given. Match them to the ray diagram shown in (a) The ray gets totally internally reflected at face CD
Column-II. (2010) (b) The ray comes out through face AD
Column-I Column-II (c) The angle between the incident ray and the emergent
ray is 90°
(d) The angle between the incident ray and the emergent
(A) 1 < 2 (p) ray is 120°.
41. A light travelling in glass medium is incident on glass-air
interface at an angle of incidence . The reflected (R) and
transmitted (T) intensities, both as function of , are
plotted. The correct sketch is (2011)

(B) 1 > 2 (q)

(a) (b)

(C) 2 = 3 (r)

(c) (d)

(D) 2 > 3 (s)

42. The image of an object, formed by a plano-convex lens at
a distance of 8 m behind the lens, is real and is one-third
the size of the object. The wavelength of light inside the
lens is 2/3 times the wavelength in free space. The radius
of the curved surface of the lens is : (2013)
(a) 1 m (b) 2 m
(t)
(c) 3 m (d) 6 m
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 62

1 ˆ
43. A ray of light travelling in the direction
2
 
i  3 ˆj is 46. Four combinations of two thin lenses are given in List I.
The radius of curvature of all curved surfaces is r and the
incident on a plane mirror. After reflection, it travels along
refractive index of all the lenses is 1.5. Match lens
1 ˆ
the direction
2
 
i  3 ˆj . The angle of incidence is : (2013) combinations in List I with their focal length in List II and
select the correct answer using the code given below the
(a) 30° (b) 45°
lists. (2014)
(c) 60° (d) 75°
List I List II
44. A right angled prism of refractive index 1 is placed in a
rectangular block of refractive index 2, which is surrounded
by a medium of refractive index 3, as shown in the figure, A
ray of light ‘e’ enters the rectangular block at normal P. 1. 2r
incidence. Depending upon the relationships between 1,
2 and 3, it takes one of the four possible paths ‘ef’, ‘eg’,
‘eh’, or ‘ei’.

Q. 2. r/2

R. 3. –r
Match the paths in List I with conditions of refractive indices
in List II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists. (2013)
List I List II
(P) e  f 1. 1  2  2 S. 4. r
(Q) e  g 2. 2 > 1 and 2 > 3
(R) e  h 3. 1 = 2
(a) P -1, Q-2, R-3, S-4 (b) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-1
(S) e  i 4. 2 < 1 < 2 2 and 2 > 3
(c) P-4, Q-1, R-2, S-3 (d) P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4
Codes
47. A transparent thin film of uniform thickness and refractive
P Q R S
index n1 = 1.4 is coated on the convex spherical surface of
(a) 2 3 1 4
radius R at one end of a long solid glass cylinder of
(b) 1 2 4 3
refractive index n2 = 1.5, as shown in the figure. Rays of
(c) 4 1 2 3
light parallel to the axis of the cylinder traversing through
(d) 2 3 4 1 the film from air to galss get focused at distance f1 from the
45. A point source S is placed at the bottom of a transparent film, while rays of light traversing from glass to air get
block of height 10 mm and refractive index 2.72. It is immersed focused at distance f2 from the film. Then (2014)
in a lower refractive index liquid as shown in the figure. It is
found that the light emerging from the block to the liquid
forms a circular bright spot of diameter 11.54 mm on the top
of the block. The refractive index of the liquid is (2014)

(a) | f1 | = 3 R (b) | f1 | = 2.8 R

(c) | f2 | = 2R (d) | f2 | = 1.4R
(a) 1.21 (b) 1.30
(c) 1.36 (d) 1.42
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 63

48. Two identical glass rods S1 and S2 (refractive index = 1.5) 51. The monochromatic beam of light is incident at 60° on
have one convex end of radius of curvature 10 cm. They one face of an equilateral prims of refractive index n and
are placed with the curved surface at a distance d as shown emerges from the opposite face making an angle (n) with
in the figure, with their axes (shown by the dashed line) the normal (see the figure). For n = 3 the value of  is
aligned. When a point source of light P is placed inside
rod S1 on its axis at a distance of 50 cm from the curved d
60° and  m. The value of m is (2015)
face, the light rays emanating from it are found to be dn
parallel to the axis inside S2. The distance d is (2015)

(a) 60 cm (b) 70 cm
(c) 80 cm (d) 90 cm
52. A parallel beam of light is incident from air at an angle 
49. For two structure namely S1 with n1  45 / 4 and n2 = 3/ on the side PQ of a right angled triangular prism of
2 and S2 with n1 = 8/5 and n2 = 7/5 and taking the refractive refractive index n = 2 . Light undergoes total internal
index of water to be 4/3 and that of air to be 1, the correct reflection in the prism at the face PR when  has a minimum
option(s) is (are). (2015) value of 45°. The angle  of the prism is (2016)
(a) NA of S1 immersed in water is the same as that of S2
16
immersed in liquid of refractive index .
3 15
6
(b) NA of S1 immersed in liquid of refractive index is
15
the same as that of S2 immersed in water.
(c) NA of S1 placed in air is the same as that of S2 immersed
4
in liquid of refractive index . (a) 15° (b) 22.5°
15
(c) 30° (d) 45°
(d) NA of S1 placed in air is the same as that of S2 placed 53. A small object is placed 50 cm to the left of a thin convex
in water. lens of focal length 30 cm. A convex spherical mirror of
50. Consider a concave mirror and a convex lens (refractive radius of curvature 100 cm is placed to the right of the
index = 1.5) of focal length 10 cm each, separated by a lens at a distance of 50 cm. The mirror is tilted such that
distance of 50 cm in air (refractive index = 1) as shown in the axis of the mirror is at an angle = 30° to the axis of
the figure. An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from the lens, as shown in the figure.
the mirror. Its erect image formed by this combination has
magnification M1. When the set up is kept in a medium of
7
refractive index the magnification becomes M2. The
6
M2
magnitude M is (2015)
1

If the origin of the coordinate system is taken to be at the

centre of the lens, the coordinates (in cm) of the point
(x, y) at which the images is formed are (2016)
(a) (125/3, 25/ 3 ) (b) (25, 25)

(c) (50 – 25, 25) (d) (25, 25 3 )

RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 64

54. A plano-convex lens is made of a material of refractive 57. A monochromatic light is travelling in a medium of
index n. When a small object is placed 30 cm away in front
refractive index n = 1.6. It enters a stack of glass layers
of the curved surface of the lens, an image of double the
size of the object is produced. Due to reflection from the from the bottom side at an angle   30 . The interfaces
convex surface of the lens, another faint image is observed of the glass layers are parallel to each other. The refractive
at a distance of 10 cm away from the lens. Which of the indices of different glass layers are monotonically
following statement(s) is(are) true? (2016) decreasing as nm = n – mn, where nm is the refractive
(a) The refractive index of the lens is 2.5 index of the mth slab and n  0.1 (see the figure). The
(b) The radius of curvature of the convex surface is 45 cm ray is refracted out parallel to the interface between the
(c) The faint image is erect and real (m – 1) the mth slabs from the right side of the stack. What
(d) The focal length of the lens is 20 cm is the value of m? (2017)
55. A transparent slab of thickness d has a refractive index
n(z) that increases with z. Here z is the vertical distance
inside the slab, measured from the top. The slab is placed
between two media with uniform refractive indices n1 and
n2 (>n1), as shown in the figure. A ray of light is incident
with angle i from medium 1 and emerges in medium 2
with refraction angle f with a lateral displacement l.

58. A wire is bent in the shape of a right angled triangle and

is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length f, as
shown in the figure. Which of the figures shown in the
four options qualitatively represent(s) the shape of the
image of the bent wire ? (These figures are not to scale.)

Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true?(2016)

(a) l is dependent on n(z) (b) l is independent of n2 (2018)
(c) n1 sin i = (n2 – n1) sin f (d) n1 sin i = n2 sin f
56. For an isosceles prism of angles A and refractive index ,
it is found that the angle of minimum deviation m  A.
Which of the following options is/are correct? (2017)
(a) For the angle of incidence i1 = A, the ray inside the
prism is parallel to the base of the prism.
(b) At minimum deviation, the incident angle i1 and the
refracting angle r1 at the first refracting surface are related
 ii 
by r1   
2
(c) For this prism, the emergent ray at the second surface
will be tangential to the surface when the angle of
incidence at the first surface is

 A 
i1  sin 1 sin A 4 cos 2  1  cos A 
 2 
(d) For this prism, the refractive index  and the angle

1 
prism A are related as A  cos1  
2 2
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 65

59. Sunlight of intensity 1.3 kW m–2 is incident normally on a 61. Three glass cylinders of equal height H=30 cm and same
thin convex lens of focal length 20 cm. Ignore the energy
refractive index n=1.5 are placed on a horizontal surface
loss of light due to the lens and assume that the lens
aperture size is much smaller than its focal length. The as shown in figure. CylinderI has a flat top, cylinder II has
average intensity of light, kW m–2, at a distance 22 cm a convex top and cylinder III has a concave top. The radii
from the lens on the other side is _________. of curvature of the two curved tops are same (R=3m). If
(2018) H1, H2 and H3 are the apparent depths of a point X on the
60. A thin convex lens is made of two materials with refractive bottom of the three cylinders, respectively, the correct
indices n1 and n2, as shown in figure. The radius of statement(s) is/are: (2019)
curvature of the left and right spherical surfaces are equal.
f is the focal length of the lens when n1 = n2 = n. The focal
length is f +  f when n1 = n and n2 = n + n. Assuming n 
(n – 1) and (1 < n < 2), the correct statement(s) is/are
(2019)

(a) H2> H1
(b) H3>H1
(c) 0.8 cm < (H2 - H1) < 0.9 cm
(d) H2> H3

62. A planar structure of length L and width W is made of

two different optical media of refractive indices n1 = 1.5
and n2 = 1.44 as shown in figure. If L >> W, a ray entering
n f from end AB will emerge from end CD only if the total
(a) If  0 then 0
n f
internal reflection condition is met inside the structure.
(b) For n = 1.5,  n = 10 and f = 20cm, the value of | f |
–3
For L = 9.6 m, if the incident angle  is varied, the
will be 0.02 cm (round off to 2nd decimal place). maximum time taken by a ray to exit the plane CD is t ×
10–9 s, where t is _____ . [Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s]
f n
(c)  (2019)
f n

f n
(d) The relation between and remains unchanged
f n
if both the convex surfaces are replaced by concave
surfaces of the same radius of curvature.
63. An optical bench has 1.5 m long scale having four equal
divisions in each cm. While measuring the focal length of
a convex lens, the lens is kept at 75 cm mark of the scale
and the object pin is kept at 45 cm mark. The image of the
object pin on the other side of the lens overlaps with
image pin that is kept at 135 cm mark. In this experiment,
the percentage error in the measurement of the focal
length of the lens is ____. (2019)
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 66

64. A perfectly reflecting mirror of mass M mounted on a spring

constitutes a spring–mass system of angular frequency 
4M
such that = 1024 m-2 with h as Planck’s constant. N
h
photons of wavelength  = 8 × 10–6 mstrike the mirror
simultaneously at normal incidence such that the mirror gets (a) 0.4 (b) 0.8
12
displaced by 1m. If the value of N is x × 10 , then the value (c) 1.3 (d) 1.6
of x is _____. [Consider the spring as massless] (2019) 67. A wide slab consisting of two media of refractive indices n1
and n2 is placed in air as shown in the figure. A ray of light is
incident from medium n1 to n2 at an angle  , where sin  is
slightly larger than 1/n1. Take refractive index of air as 1.
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct? (2021)
(a) The light ray enters air if n2 = n1
(b) The light ray is finally reflected back into the medium
of refractive index n1 if n2 < n1
(c) The light ray is finally reflected back into the medium of
refractive index n1 if n2 > n1
(d) The light ray is reflected back into the medium of
refractive index n1 if n2 = 1
65. A large square container with thin transparent vertical walls
4 68. For a prism of prism angle   60o , the refractive indices of
and filled with water (refractive index ) is kept on a the left half and the right half are respectively, n1 and n2
3
horizontal table. A student holds a thin straight wire vertically (n1  n 2 ) as shown in the figure. The angle of incidence i is
inside the water 12 cm from one of its corners, as shown chosen such that the incident light rays will have minimum
schematically in the figure. Looking at the wire from this deviation if n1 = n2 = n = 1.5. For the case of unequal refrac-
tive indices. n1 = n and n2 = n + n (where n  n), the
corner, another student sees two images of the wire, located
angle of emergence e  i  e . Which of the
symmetrically on each side of the line of sight as shown.
following statement(s) is (are) correct? (2021)
The separation (in cm) between these images is … .
(2020)

66. An extended object is placed at point O, 10 cm in front of a (a) The value of e (in radians) is greater than that of n
convex lens L1 and a concave lens L2 is placed 10 cm behind (b) e is proportional to n
it, as shown in the figure. The radii of curvature of
all the curved surfaces in both the lenses are 20 cm. The (c) e lies between 2.0 and 3.0 milliradians, if
refractive index of both the lenses is 1.5. The total
magnification of this lens System is (2021) n  2.8 103
(d) e lies between 1.0 and 1.6 milliradians, if

n  2.8 103
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 67

69. List I contains four combinations of two lenses (1 and 2) 70. Three plane mirrors form an equilateral triangle with each
whose focal lengths (in cm) are indicated in the figures. In all side of length L. There is a small hole at a distance l > 0 from
cases, the object is placed 20 cm from the first lens on the one of the corners as shown in the figure. A ray of light is
left, and the distance between the two lenses is 5 cm. List II passed through the hole at an angle  and can only come
contains the positions of the final images. (2022) out through the same hole. The cross section of the mirror
configuration and the ray of light lie on the same plane.
List I List II
(2022)

(I) (P) Final image is formed at 7.5

cm on the right side of lens 2.

Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?

(a) The ray of light will come out for  = 30°, for 0  l  L
(II) (Q) Final image is formed at
L
(b) There is an angle for l  at which the ray of light will
2
come out after two reflections.
60.0 cm on the right side of
(c) The ray of light will NEVER come out for   60 , and
lens 2.
L
l
3

L
(d) The ray of light will come out for   60 , and 0  l 
2
(III) (R) Final image is formed at
after six reflectionsafter six reflections

2
71. A rod of length 2 cm makes an angle rad with the
30.0 cm on the left side of lens 2. 3
principal axis of a thin convex lens. The lens has a focal
40
length of 10 cm and placed at a distance of cm from
3
the object as shown in the figure. The height of the image
(IV) (S) Final image is formed at 6.0
30 3
is cm and the angle made by it with respect to the
13
cm on the right side of lens 2. 
principal axis is  rad. The value of  is rad, where n
(T) Final image is formed at 30.0 cm n
on the right side of lens 2. is ______ (2022)
Which one of the following options is correct?
(a) I  P, II  R, III  Q, IV  T
(b) I  Q, II  P, III  T, IV  S
(c) I  P, II  T, III  R, IV  Q
(d) I  Q, II  S, III  Q, IV  R
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 68

72. Consider a configuration of n identical units, each 74. A plane polarized blue light ray is incident on a prism
consisting of three layers. The first layer is a column of
such that there is no reflection from the surface of the
1
air of height h  cm, and the second and third layers prism. The angle of deviation of the emergent ray is
3
  60 (see Figure – 1). The angle of minimum deviation
3 1 for red light from the same prism is  min  30 (see Figure
are of equal thickness d  cm , and refractive
2 – 2). The refractive index of the prism material for blue is
3 3 . Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct?
indices 1  and 2  3 , respectively. A light
2 (2023)
source O is placed on the top of the first unit, as shown in
the figure. A ray of light from O is incident on the second
layer of the first unit at an angle of 5Øß = 60° to the
normal. For a specific value of n, the ray of light emerges
from the bottom of the configuration at a distance (a) The blue light is polarized in the plane of incidence.
(b) The angle of the prism is 45
8
l cm, as shown in the figure. The value of n is ____. (c) The refractive index of the material of the prism for red
3
light is 2
(2022)
(d) The angle of refraction for blue light in air at the exit
plane of the prism is 60 .
75. An optical arrangemtn consists of two concave mirrors
M 1 and M 2 and a convex lens L with a common principal
axis, as shown in the figure. The focal length of L is 10 cm.
The radii of curvature of M 1 and M 2 are 20 cm and 24 cm,
respectively. The distance between L and M 2 is 20cm. A
point object S is placed at the mid-point between L and
73. An object and a concave mirror of focal length f = 10 cm M 2 on the axis. When the dsitance between L and M 1 is
both move along the principal axis of the mirror with n / 7cm, one of the images coincides with S. The value of
constant speeds. The object moves with speed V0= 15 n is ____. (2023)
cms-1 towards the mirror with respect to a laboratory frame.
The distance between the object and the mirror at a given
moment is denoted by u. When u = 30 cm, the speed of
the mirror Vm is such that the image is instantaneously at
rest with respect to the laboratory frame, and the object
forms a real image. The magnitude of Vm is _____ cm s-1
76. In an experiment for detemination of the focal length of a
(2022)
thin convex lens, the distance of the object form the lens
is 10  0.1 cm and the distnace of its real image form the
lens is 20  0.2cm . The error in the determination of focal
length of the lens is n%. The value of n is _____.
(2023)
RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 69

RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

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WAVE OPTICS 70

09
WAVE OPTICS
 Chapter 09
WAVE OPTICS 71

WAVE OPTICS

1. WAVEFRONT
A source of light sends out disturbance in all directions. 1.2.2 Cylindrical Wavefront
In a homogeneous medium, the disturbance reaches all When the source of light is linear in shape (such as a
those particles of the medium in phase, which are slit), a cylindrical wavefront is produced. It is because,
located at the same distance from the source of light and all the points, which are equidistant from the linear
hence at any instant, all such particles must be vibrating source, lie on the surface of a cylinder as shown in (b)
in phase with each other. of Fig. 9.1
The locus of all the particles of medium, which at any
instant are vibrating in the same phase, is called the 1.2.3 Plane Wavefront
wavefront. A small part of a spherical or a cylindrical wavefront
originating from a distant source will appear plane and
1.1 Characteristics of Wavefront:
1. Phase difference between particles on wavefront are hence it is called a plane wavefront as shown in (c) of
zero. Fig. 9.1

2. Normal to wavefront represent ray of light. 1.3 Ray of Light

An arrow drawn normal to the wavefront and pointing
3. In isotropic medium, a point source gives rise to
in the direction of propagation of disturbance represents
spherical wavefront.
a ray of light. A ray of light is the path along which
4. It always travels in forward direction light travels. In figures (a,b,c) as shown above, thick
arrows represent the rays of light.
1.2 Types of Wavefronts
Since the ray of light is normal to the wavefront, it is
Depending upon the shape of the source of light, sometimes called as the wave normal.
wavefront can be of the following types:
1.2.1 Spherical Wavefront 2. HUYGENS’S PRINCIPLE
A spherical wavefront is produced by a point source of
light. It is because, the locus of all such points, which Key points
are equidistant from the point source, is a sphere as The phase difference between any two points on a
shown in (a) of Fig. 9.1. wavefront is zero.
Huygens’s principle is a geometrical construction,
which is used to determine the new position of a
wavefront at a later time from its given position at any
instant. In other words, the principle gives a method to
know as to how light spreads out in the medium.
Huygens’s principle is based on the following
assumptions:
1. Each point on the given or primary wavefront acts
as a source of secondary wavelets, sending out
disturbance in all directions in a similar manner as
Fig. 9.1 the original source of light does.
2. The new position of the wavefront at any instant
(called secondary wavefront) is the envelope of the
secondary wavelets at that instant.

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The above two assumptions are known as Fig. 9.4

Huygens’s principle or Huygens’ construction.
3.2 Phase/Phase Difference/Path Difference/Time
Difference
 Phase: The argument of sine or cosine in the
expression for displacement of a wave is defined as
the phase. For displacement y  a sin t ; the term
t is known as phase or instantaneous phase
 Phase difference (): The difference between the
phases of two waves at a point is called phase
difference i.e. if y1  a1 sin t and
y2  a2 sin t    then phase difference  
 Path difference (x): The difference in path
lengths of two waves meeting at a point is called
path difference between the waves at that point.

Fig. 9.2 Also x  
2
NOTE:
 Time difference (T.D.): Difference in time
Phenomenon explained by this theory are: between the waves meeting at a point is
 Reflection T
 Refraction T .D.  
2
 Interference
 Polarization NOTE:
Phasedifference Path difference TimeDifference
= =
NOTE: 2π λ T

Huygens’s principle is simply a geometrical 3.3 Resultant amplitude and intensity

construction to find the position of wavefront at a later
If suppose we have two waves y1 = a1 sin t & y2 = a2
time.
sin (t + ); where (a1, a2)= Individual amplitudes,  =
Phase difference between the waves at an instant when
3. PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION they are meeting at point. (I1, I2)= Intensities of
individual waves then:
When two or more than two waves superimpose over
Resultant amplitude: After superimposition of the
each other at a common point of the medium then the
given waves resultant amplitude (or the amplitude of
resultant displacement (y) of the particle is equal to the
vector sum of the displacements (y1 and y2) produced resultant wave) is given by A  a12  a22  2a1a2 cos 
  
by individual waves. i.e. y  y1  y2 For the interfering waves y1 = a1 sin  t and
y2 = a2 cos t, if phase difference between them is 90o.
3.1 Graphical View
then resultant amplitude A  a12  a22
Resultant intensity: As we know that
intensity  (Amplitude)2  I1  ka12 , I 2  ka22 and
Fig. 9.3 I = kA2 (k is a proportionality constant). Hence from the
formula of resultant amplitude, we get the following
formula of resultant intensity
I  I1  I 2  2 I1 I 2 cos 

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NOTE:
2
 I max   I1  I 2  , when   0 NOTE:
2  In interference, redistribution of energy takes
 I min  I1  I 2  , when    rad place in the form of maxima and minima.
The term 2 I1 I 2 cos  is called interference term. For  Average intensity:
incoherent interference this term is zero so resultant I max  I min
I av   I1  I 2  a12  a22
intensity I = I1 + I2. 2
2 2
3.4 Coherent Sources I max  I1  I 2   I / I2  1 
The sources of light which emits continuous light waves    
I min  I1  I 2   I / I 1 
 
of the same wavelength, same frequency and in same 2

phase or having a constant phase difference are called 2

 a  a   a / a 1 
2

coherent sources. e.g: A laser light has high degree of  1 2   1 2 

coherence.  a1  a2   a1 / a2  1 

4. INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT  I max 

 1
I1 a1  I min 
When two waves of exactly same frequency (coming Also  
I 2 a2  I max 
from two coherent sources) travels in a medium, in the   1 
 I min
same direction simultaneously then due to their  
superposition, at some points intensity of light is
 If two waves having equal intensity
maximum while at some other points intensity is
(I 1 = I 2 = I o ) meets at two locations P and Q with
minimum. This phenomenon is called Interference of
path difference x1 and x2 respectively then the
light. In general, interference is the effect after super
position of coherent waves. ratio of resultant intensity at point
 x1 
1
4.1 Resultant intensity due to two identical waves cos 2 
cos 2 
I 2    
For two coherent sources the resultant intensity is given P and Q will be P 
IQ  x2 
by I  I1  I 2  2 I1 I 2 cos  cos 2 2 cos 2  
2   
For identical source I1  I 2  I 0
 4.2 Types of Interference
 I  I 0  I 0  2 I 0 I 0 cos   4 I 0 cos 2
2 There are two types of interference, and they are:
 2   Constructive interference: When the amplitude of the
1  cos   2 cos 2  waves increases because of the wave amplitudes
 
reinforcing each other is known as constructive
interference
Destructive interference: When the amplitude of the
waves reduces because of the wave amplitudes
opposing each other is known as destructive
interference
The difference between both types of interference is
shown in the table given below

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Constructive Interference Destructive Interference

1. When the waves meet at point with same phase, 1. When the waves meet at point with
constructive interference is obtained at that point opposite phase, destructive interference is
(i.e. maximum light) obtained at that point (i.e. minimum light)
2. Phase difference between the waves at the point of 2.  = 180° or (2n – 1) ; n = 1,2, ....
observation  = 0o or 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, …. or (2n + 1) ; n = 0, 1,2, .....
3. Path difference between the waves at the point of 3. 
x   2n  1 (i.e. odd multiple of /2)
observation x = n (i.e. integral multiple of ) 2
4.. Resultant amplitude at the point of observation 4. Resultant amplitude at the point of
will be maximum. observation will be minimum
Amax = a1 + a2 Amin = a1 – a2
If a1 = a2 = a0 Amax = 2a0 If a1 = a2 Amin = 0
5. Resultant intensity at the point of observation 5. Resultant intensity at the point of
will be maximum observation will
2 be minimum
I max  I1  I 2  2 I1 I 2 I max   I1  I 2  2

If I1  I 2  I 0  I max  4 I 0
I min  I1  I 2  2 I1 I 2 I min   I1   2 
If I1  I 2  I 0  I min  0

 If the slit widths are unequal, the minima will not

5. YOUNG’S DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT (YDSE)
be complete dark. For very large width uniform
illumination occurs.
 If one slit is illuminated with red light and the other
Monochromatic light (single wavelength) falls on two
narrow slits S1 and S2 which are very close together acts slit is illuminated with blue light, no interference
as two coherent sources, when waves coming from two pattern is observed on the screen.
coherent sources (S1, S2) superimposes on each other,  If the two coherent sources consist of object and
an interference pattern is obtained on the screen. In it’s reflected image, the central fringe is dark
YDSE alternate bright and dark bands are obtained on instead of bright one.
the screen. These bands are called fringes.
d = Distance between slits Assumptions
D = Distance between slits and screen
  Wavelength of monochromatic light emitted from
source.

Fig. 9.6
y
 d  D , x  d sin  & tan  
D
 d  D and also y  D

dy
Fig. 9.5 then, sin   tan   x 
D
 Central fringe is always bright, because at central
position  = 0o or x = 0
 The fringe pattern obtained due to a slit is brighter
than that due to a point source.

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5.1 Path difference 5.2 More About Fringes

Path difference between the interfering waves meeting  All fringes are of equal width. Width of each fringe
yd D 
at a point P on the screen is given by x   d sin  is   and angular fringe width  
D d d
where x is the position of point P from central maxima.  If the whole YDSE set up is taken in another
medium then  changes so  changes
a 
e.g. in water w   w  a
w w

1
 Fringe width   i.e. with increase in separation
d
between the sources,  decreases.
 Position of nth bright fringe from central maxima;
n D
n xn   n  = 0, 1, 2, ....
Fig. 9.7 d
For maxima at P: x = n;  Position of nth dark fringe from central maxima;
where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, …….  2n  1  D  2n  1 
xn   ; n = 1, 2, 3....
 2n  1  2d 2
and For minima at P: x ;
2  In YDSE, if n1 fringes are visible in a field of view
where n = ± 1, ± 2,…….. with light of wavelength 1 , while n2 with light of
NOTE: wavelength 2 in the same field, then n11 = n 2 2 .
If the slits are vertical, the path difference (x) is d sin  If an additional phase difference of  is created in
, so as  increases, x also increases. But if slits are one of the wave, then the central fringe becomes
horizontal path difference is d cos , so as  increases, x dark.
decreases.
For vertical slits 5.3 Shifting of Fringe Pattern in YDSE
If a transparent thin film of mica or glass is put in the
path of one of the waves, then the whole fringe pattern
gets shifted.
If film is put in the path of upper wave, fringe pattern
shifts upward and if film is placed in the path of lower
wave, pattern shift downward.

Fig. 9.8

For horizontal slits

Fig. 9.9
Fig. 9.10

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D 
Fringe shift =    1 t     1 t 6. DOPPLER’S EFFECT IN LIGHT
d 
 Additional path difference = (   1)t
2 The phenomenon of apparent change in frequency (or
 Phase difference     1 t
 wavelength) of the light due to relative motion between
   1 t the source of light and the observer is called Doppler’s
 If shift is equivalent to n fringes, then n  . effect.

Where n is the no. of fringes shifted. Hence, According to special theory of relativity
thickness of film introduced if n is known is ' 1 v / c

n  1  v2 / c2
t
   1 If  = actual frequency,  ' = Apparent frequency,
 Shift is independent of the order of fringe (i.e. shift
v = speed of source w.r.t stationary observer,
of zero order maxima = shift of nth order maxima.)
 Shift is independent of wavelength. c = speed of light.
5.4 Shape of Fringe Patterns in YDSE
Source of light moves
Case 1: Sources are point source Source of light moves
away from the stationary
towards the stationary
observer
observer (v << c)
(v << c)
Apparent frequency Apparent frequency
(i) (i)
 v  v
    1   and     1   and
 c  c
Apparent wavelength Apparent wavelength
Fig. 9.11  v  v
    1       1  
 If the plane of the screen is parallel to the line  c  c
joining the sources the fringes will be hyperbolic (ii) Doppler’s shift: (ii) Doppler’s shift:
like as shown in Fig. 9.11 (screen is yz plane and Apparent wavelength Apparent wavelength
sources lies in y axis) < actual wavelength, > actual wavelength,
 If the plane of the screen is perpendicular to to the So spectrum of the So spectrum of the
line joining the sources the fringes will be circular
radiation from the radiation from the
like as shown in Fig. 9.11 (screen is xz plane and
sources lies in y axis) source of light shifts source of light shifts
towards the violet towards the red end
Case 2: Sources are slits with negligible width of the
end of spectrum. This of spectrum. This is
slits
is called violet shift called red shift in
in Doppler’s shift, Doppler’s shift,
v v
   .    .
c c

Fig. 9.12
 Fringe patterns are hyperbolic in nature.

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7.2 Diffraction of Light at a Single Slit

7. DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
In case of diffraction at a single slit, we get a central
It is the phenomenon of bending of light around the bright band with alternate bright (maxima) and dark
corners of an obstacle/aperture of the size of the (minima) bands of decreasing intensity as shown
wavelength of light.

Fig. 9.13

7.1 Types of Diffraction

The diffraction phenomenon is divided into two types

Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction

Fig. 9.16
(i) If either source or (i) In this case both
screen or both are source and screen
at finite distances are effectively at
from the infinite distance
diffracting device from the diffracting
(obstacle or device.
aperture), the Fig. 9.17
diffraction is 2 D
called Fresnel  Width of central maxima  0  and angular
d
type.
2
(ii) Common (ii) Common width 
d
examples: examples:
Diffraction at a Diffraction at  Minima occurs at a point on either side of the
straight edge single slit, double central maxima, such that the path difference
narrow wire or slit and diffraction between the waves from the two ends of the
small opaque disc grating. aperture is given by x = n; where n = 1, 2, 3….
etc. i.e. d sin  = n;
n
 sin  
d
 The secondary maxima occur where the path
Fig. 9.15 difference between the waves from the two ends of
Fig. 9.14 the aperture is given by
(iii) Wave is (iii) Wave front is plane 
x   2n  1 ; where n = 1, 2, 3 .....
spherical/cylindric and is easier to 2
al observe 
i.e. d sin    2n  1
2
 2n  1 
 sin  
2d

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7.3 Comparison Between Interference and NOTE:

Diffraction
The lateral width of the image  f  (where f = focal
Interference Diffraction
length of the lens)
Results due to the Results due to the super
Diffraction of light limits the ability of optical
superposition of waves position of wavelets
instruments to form clear images of objects when they
from two coherent source. from different parts of
are close to each other.
same wave front.
(Single coherent source)
8. POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
All fringes are of same All secondary fringes are
D of same width, but the Light propagates as transverse EM waves. The
width  
d central maximum is of magnitude of electric field is much larger as compared
double the width to magnitude of magnetic field. We generally prefer to
D describe light as electric field oscillations.
0  2  2
d NOTE:
All fringes are of same Intensity decreases as the Transverse nature of light is demonstrated by
intensity order of maximum polarization.
increases.
Intensity of all minimum Intensity of minima is 8.1 Unpolarized light
may be zero. Positions of not zero. Positions of nth The light having electric field oscillations in all
nth maxima and minima secondary maxima and directions in the plane perpendicular to the direction of
minima propagation is called Unpolarized light. The oscillation
n D
X n  Bright   may be resolved into horizontal and vertical component.
d D
X n  Bright    2n  1 ,
D d
X n  Dark    2n  1
d n D
X n  Dark  
d
Path difference for nth Path difference for nth
minima x = (2n – 1) minima x = n
7.4 Diffraction and Optical Instruments Fig. 9.19
The objective lens of optical instrument like telescope
or microscope etc. acts like a circular aperture. Due to
diffraction of light at a circular aperture, a converging
lens cannot form a point image of an object rather it
produces a brighter disc known as Airy disc surrounded
by alternate dark and bright concentric rings.

Fig. 9.20
8.2 Polarized light
The light having oscillations only in one plane is called
Polarized or plane polarized light.
 The plane in which oscillation occurs in the
polarised light is called plane of oscillation.
Fig. 9.18
 The plane perpendicular to the plane of oscillation
By Rayleigh’s criterion
is called plane of polarization.
1.22 
The angular half width of Airy disc =    Light can be polarised by transmitting through
D
certain crystals such as tourmaline or polaroids.
(where D = aperture of lens)

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8.3 Polarization by Scattering 8.5 Polaroids

When a beam of white light is passed through a medium It is a device used to produce the plane polarised light.
containing particle whose size is of the order of It is based on the principle of selective absorption and is
wavelength of light, then the beam gets scattered. When more effective than the tourmaline crystal.
the scattered light is seen in a direction perpendicular to
or
the direction of incidence, it is found to be plane
polarized (as detected by the analyzer). The It is a thin film of ultramicroscopic crystals of quinine
phenomenon is called polarization by scattering. iodosulphate with their optic axis parallel to each other.

Fig. 9.23
 Polaroids allow the light oscillations parallel to the
transmission axis pass through them.
 The crystal or polaroid on which unpolarized light
is incident is called polarizer. Crystal or polaroid
on which polarised light is incident is called
analyzer.
Fig. 9.21
8.4 Polarization of Light by Reflection
When unpolarized light is reflected from a surface, the
reflected light may be completely polarised, partially
polarized or unpolarized. This would depend on the
angle of incidence. Fig. 9.24
The angle of incidence at which the reflected light is
completely plane polarized is called polarizing angle or
Brewster’s angle. ( i p ).

Fig. 9.25

NOTE:
When unpolarized light is incident on the polarizer, the
intensity of the transmitted polarised light is half the
intensity of unpolarized light.

 Main uses of polaroids are in wind shields of

automobiles, sunglasses etc. They reduce head light
glare of cares and improve colour contrast in old
Fig. 9.22 paintings. They are also used in three-dimensional
The angle of polarization is related with refractive index motion pictures and in optical stress analysis.
is tan i p  

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8.6 Malus Law

This law states that the intensity of the polarised light
transmitted through the analyzer varies as the square of
the cosine of the angle between the plane of
transmission of the analyzer and the plane of the
polarizer.

Fig. 9.27
BOC  90
If i p is angle of incidence r  is angle of reflection and
r the angle of refraction, then according to law of
reflection
ip  r 
and from figure r   90  r  180

Fig. 9.26  i p  r  90... i 

2
I  I 0 cos  and  A  A0 cos  r   90  i p  ...  ii 
If   0, I  I 0 , A  A0 ,
From Snell’s law, refractive index of second medium
If   45, I  I 0 / 2, relative to first medium (air) say.
If   90, I  0, A  0
sin i p sin i p sin i p
 If i = Intensity of unpolarized light. n  
sin r sin  90  i p  cos i p
I
So I 0  i i.e. if an unpolarized light is converted  n  tan i p
2
into plane polarised light (say by passing it through
a polaroid or a Nicol-prism), its intensity becomes  Angle of incidence, i p  tan 1  n  .
I
half and I  i cos2  9. VALIDITY OF RAY OPTICS
2
NOTE: When a parallel beam of light travels up to distances
 I max  I min  as large as few meters it broadens by diffraction of
Percentage of polarization  100 light travels.
 I max  I min 
9.1 Fresnel Distance
8.7 Brewster’s Law
Fresnel distance is the minimum distance a beam of
Brewster discovered that when a beam of unpolarized light can travel before its deviation from straight line
light is reflected from a transparent medium (refractive path becomes significant/noticeable.
index = ), the reflected light is completely plane
polarised at a certain angle of incidence (called the a2
ZF  . here, a is aperture size
angle of polarization  p ). 
Also,   tan  p Brewster’s law Since wavelength of light is very small, deviation is
Proof of Brewster’s law: The reflected ray is totally very small and light can be assumed as travelling in a
plane polarised, when reflected and refracted rays are straight line.
perpendicular to each other. Hence, we can ignore broadening of beam by
diffraction up to distances as large as a few meters,
i.e., we can assume that light travels along straight
lines.
Hence Ray optics can be taken as a limiting case of
wave optics.

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10. RESOLVING POWER

When two-point objects are close to each other their
images of diffraction patterns are also close and
overlap each other.
The minimum distance between two objects which
can be seen separately by the optical instrument is
called limit of resolution of the instrument.
1
Resolving Power (R.P.) =
Limit of Resolution
10.1 Resolving Power (R.P) of Microscope
2  sin 
R. P. of microscope 


Fig. 9.28
Resolving power of microscope is the inverse of
distance between two objects that can be just resolved
10.2 Resolving Power of Telescope
1 D
R.P. of telescope  
d 1.22 
where D is aperture of telescope.

Fig. 9.29
Too close objects such as binary stars, subtend very
small angles on the telescope. To resolve them we
need very large apertures. we use Rayleigh’s criterion
to determine the resolving power of telescope as
obtained above.

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EXERCISE – 1: BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Huygen's principle 8. In an interference pattern produced by two identical
slits, the intensity at the side of the central maximum
1. In Huygen’s wave theory, the locus of all points in is I. The intensity at the same spot when either of the
the same state of vibration is called
two slits is closed is I0. Therefore
(a) a half period zone (b) a wavefront
(a) I = I0
(c) a ray (d) vibrator
2. Huygen’s concept of secondary wavelets (b) I = 2 I0
(a) allows us to find the focal length of a thick lens (c) I = 4 I0
(b) is a geometrical method to find a wavefront (d) I and I0 are not related to each other
(c) is used to determine the velocity of light 9. Two waves of same wavelength and amplitude
(d) is used to explain polarisation interfere to give a minimum when phase difference is
3. Huygen’s principle of secondary wavelets may be 
used to: (a) 0 (b)
2
(a) find the velocity of light in vacuum
3
(b) explain the particle’s behaviour of light (c)  (d)
2
(c) find the new position of a wavefront
10. In a double slit experiment, the first minimum on
(d) explain photoelectric effect
either side of the central maximum occurs where the
4. Which one of the following phenomena is not
path difference between the two paths is
explained by Huygen’s construction of wavefront?
 
(a) Refraction (b) Reflection (a) (b)
(c) Diffraction (d) Origin of spectra 4 2
(c)  (d) 2
Interference 11. Two waves originating from sources S1 and S2 having
5. Two monochromatic and coherent point sources of zero phase difference and common wavelength  will
light are placed at a certain distance from each other show completely destructive interference at a point P
in the horizontal plane. The locus of all those points if (S1P – S2P) is
in the horizontal plane which have constructive 3
interference will be (a) 5 (b)
4
(a) A hyperbola (b) Family of hyperbolas
11
(c) Family of straight lines (d) Family of parabolas (c) 2 (d)
2
6. If the distance between the first maxima and fifth
12. Two waves having the intensities in the ratio of 9 : 1
minima of a double slit pattern is 7 mm and the slits
produce interference. The ratio of maximum to
are separated by 0.15 mm with the screen 50 cm from
minimum intensity is equal to
the slits, then wavelength of the light used is
(a) 10 : 8 (b) 9 : 1
(a) 600 nm (b) 525 nm
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
(c) 467 nm (d) 420 nm
13. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of
7. The intensity ratio of the two interfering beams of
intensities I and 4I are superposed. The maximum and
I I
light is . What is the value of max min ? minimum possible intensities in the resulting beam
Imax  I min are
2  (a) 5I and I (b) 5I and 3I
(a) 2  (b) (c) 9I and I (d) 9I and 3I
1 
14. What is the path difference for destructive
2 1 
(c) (d) interference?
1  2  (a) n (b) n ( + 1)
 n  1   2n  1 
(c) (d)
2 2
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15. If an interference pattern has maximum and minimum 20. Which of the following statement is/are correct for
intensities in the ratio of 36 : 1 then what will be the coherent sources?
ratio of amplitudes I. Two coherent sources emit light waves of same
(a) 5 : 7 (b) 7 : 4 wavelength.
(c) 4 : 7 (d) 7 : 5 II. Two coherent sources emit light waves of same
16. When viewed in white light, soap bubbles show frequency
colours because of III. Two coherent sources have zero or constant
initial phase difference with respect to time
(a) interference (b) scattering
Choose the correct option from the codes given
(c) diffraction (d) dispersion
below:
17. The diagram below shows, two sources A and B,
(a) Only I (b) I and III
vibrating in phase, in the same uniform medium and
(c) II and III (d) I, II and III
producing circular wave fronts.
21. In Young’s double slit experiment, the interference
pattern is found to have an intensity ratio between
bright and dark fringes, as 9. This implies that
(a) the intensities at the screen due to the two slits are
5 units and 4 units respectively
(b) the intensities at the screen due to the two slits are
4 units and 1 unit respectively
(c) the amplitude ratio is 3
Which phenomenon occurs at point P? (d) the amplitude ratio is 4
(a) Destructive interference 22. The displacement of the interfering light waves are
(b) Constructive interference y1 = 4 sin t and y2 = 3 sin (t + /2)
(c) Reflection What is the amplitude of resultant wave?
(d) Refraction (a) 5 (b) 7
18. To demonstrate the phenomenon of interference we (c) 1 (d) zero
require two sources which emit radiation of 23. Two slits separated by a distance of 1 mm are
(a) nearly the same frequency –7
illuminated with red light of wavelength 6.5 × 10 m.
(b) the same frequency
The interference fringes are observed on a screen
(c) different wavelength
placed 1 m from the slits. The distance between third
(d) the same frequency and having a definite phase
dark fringe and the fifth bright fringe is equal to
relationship
(a) 0.65 mm (b) 1.63 mm
19. Two point source separated by d  5 m emit light of (c) 3.25 mm (d) 4.88 mm
wavelength   2  m in phase. A circular wire of 24. When light wave suffers reflection at the interface
radius 20  m is placed around the source as shown in between air and glass, the change of phase (in
figure. degrees) of the reflected wave is equal to
Young’s double slit experiment
25. In Young’s double slit experiment, the separation
between the slits is halved and the distance between
the slits and the screen is doubled. The fringe width
is:
(a) Unchanged (b) Halved
(a) Points A and B are dark and points C and D are (c) Doubled (d) Quadrupled
bright. 26. In Young’s double slit experiment using sodium light
(b) Points A and B are bright and point C and D are (  = 5898Å), 92 fringes are seen. If given colour
dark. (  = 5461Å) is used, how many fringes will be seen
(c) Points A and C are dark and points B and D are (a) 62 (b) 67
bright. (c) 85 (d) 99
(d) Points A and C are bright and points B and D are
dark.
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27. In YDSE how many maxima can be obtained on the (c) Will be green (d) Will not be formed
screen if wavelength of light used is 200 nm and 33. In Young’s double slit experiment, a mica sheet of
d = 700 nm: thickness t and refractive index  is introduced in
(a) 12 (b) 7 the path of ray from the first source S1 . By how much
(c) 18 (d) None of these
distance the fringe pattern will be displaced
28. Two coherent narrow slits emitting light of
d D
wavelength  in the same phase are placed parallel (a)    1 t (b)   1
to each other at a small separation of 3 . The light is D d
collected on a screen S which is placed at a distance d D
(c) (d)    1 t
D (>>  ) from the slits. The smallest distance x such    1 D d
that P is a maxima is: 34. In Young’s double slit experiment, if monochromatic
light is replaced by white light:
(a) All bright fringes become white
(b) All bright fringes have colours between violet and
red
(c) Only the central fringe is white, all other fringes
are coloured
(d) No fringes are observed
35. In the young’s double slit experiment, The intensity
of the central maxima is observed to be I 0 . If one of
D
(a) 3D (b) 5 the slits is covered, then intensity at the central
2
maxima will become:
D
(c) 5 D (d) 5 I I
4 (a) 0 (b) 0
2 2
29. In Young’s double slit interference experiment, the
distance between two sources is 0.1 mm. The distance I0
(c) (d) I 0
of the screen from the sources is 20 cm. Wavelength 4
of light used is 5460 Å. Then the angular position of 36. In Young’s double slit experiment, one of the slits is
the first dark fringe is so painted that intensity of light emitted from it is
(a) 0.08° (b) 0.16° half of that of the light emitted from the other slit.
(c) 0.20° (d) 0.32° Then
30. In a double slit interference experiment the distance (a) fringe system will disappear
between the slits is 0.05 cm and screen is 2 m away (b) bright fringes will become brighter and dark
from the slits. The wavelength of light is 6.0 × 10
–5
fringes will be darker
cm. The distance between the consecutive fringes is (c) both bright and dark fringes will become darker
(a) 0.24 cm (b) 2.21 cm (d) dark fringes will become less dark and bright
(c) 1.28 cm (d) 0.12 cm fringes will become less bright
31. In the two separate set-ups of the Young’s double slit 37. In YDSE, the source placed symmetrically with
experiment, fringes of equal width are observed when respect to the slit is now moved parallel to the plane
lights of wavelengths in the ratio 1 : 2 are used. If the of the slits. It is closer to the upper slit, as shown.
ratio of the slit separation in the two cases is 2 : 1, the Then,
ratio of the distances between the plane of the slits
and the screen, in the two set ups is
(a) 4:1 (b) 1:1
(c) 1:4 (d) 2:1
Variations in young's double slit experiment
(a) The fringe width will increase and fringe pattern
32. In Young’s experiment, one slit is covered with a blue
will shift down.
filter and the other (slit) with a yellow filter. Then the
(b) The fringe width will remain same but fringe
interference pattern:
pattern will shift up.
(a) Will be blue (b) Will be yellow
WAVE OPTICS 85

(c) The fringe width will decrease and fringe pattern

will shift down.
(d) The fringe width will remain same but fringe
pattern will shift down.
38. In a YDSE experiment if a slab whose refractive
index can be varied is placed in front of one of the
slits then the variation of resultant intensity at mid–
point of screen with ‘  ’ will be best represented by tD
(a) (b) zero
   1 . [Assume slits of equal width and there is no d
absorption by slab] tD
(c)  (d) None of these
d
42. In a YDSE with two identical slits, when the upper
slit is covered with a thin, perfectly transparent sheet
(a) (b) of mica, the intensity at the centre of screen reduces
to 75% of the initial value. Second minima is
observed to be above this point and third maxima
below it. Which of the following cannot be a possible
value of phase difference caused by the mica sheet?
 13
(a) (b)
3 3
(c) (d) 17 11
(c) (d)
3 3
39. In a double slit experiment, instead of taking slits of
43. In the Young’s double slit experiment, the two
equal widths, one slit is made twice as wide as the
equally bright slits are coherent, but of phase
other. Then in the interference pattern.
(a) The intensities of both the maxima and minima 
difference . If the maximum intensity on the screen
increase. 3
(b) The intensity of the maxima increases and the is I0, the intensity at the point on the screen
minima has zero intensity. equidistant from the slits is
(c) The intensity of the maxima decreases and that of I
(a) I0 (b) 0
minima increases 2
(d) The intensity of the maxima decreases and the I 3I
minima has zero intensity. (c) 0 (d) 0
4 4
3 44. In Young’s experiment the wavelength of red light is
40. Minimum thickness of a mica sheet having  
2 –5
7.8 × 10 cm and that of blue light is 5.2 × 10 cm.
–5

which should be placed in front of one of the slits in th

The value of n for which (n + 1) blue bright band
YDSE is required to reduce the intensity at the centre th
coincides with n red bright band is
of screen to half of maximum intensity is (a) 4 (b) 3
  (c) 2 (d) 1
(a) (b)
4 8 45. We shift young’s double slit experiment from air to
  water. Assuming that water is still and clear, it can be
(c) (d)
2 3 predicted that the fringe pattern will
41. In the YDSE shown the two slits are covered with (a) remain unchanged (b) disappear
thin sheets having thickness t & 2t and refractive (c) shrink (d) be enlarged
index 2  and  . Find the position (y) of central
maxima
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46. In Young’s double slit experiment if the slit widths 53. Find the half angular width of the central bright
are in the ratio 1 : 9, the ratio of the intensity at maximum in the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a
minima to that at maxima will be slit of width 12  10 5 cm when the slit is illuminated
1 by monochromatic light of wavelength 6000 Å.
(a) 1 (b)
9 (a) 40° (b) 45°
1 1 (c) 30° (d) 60°
(c) (d) 54. In a Fraunhofer’s diffraction by a slit, if slit width is
4 3
a, wavelength is  , focal length of lens is f, linear
47. In Young’s double slit interference experiment if the
width of central maxima is:
slit separation is made 3 times, the fringe width
f fa
1 (a) (b)
becomes times. Find the value of n a 
n
2f f
Diffraction (c) (d)
a 2a
48. To observe diffraction, the size of an obstacle 55. A slit of width a is illuminated by white light. The
(a) should be of the same order as wavelength first minimum for red light ( = 6500 Å) will fall at 
(b) should be much larger than the wavelength = 30° when a (in micron) will be
(c) have no relation to wavelength
Polarization
(d) should be exactly /2
49. A diffraction pattern is obtained using a beam of red 56. If the light is polarised by reflection, then the angle
light. What happens if the red light is replaced by between reflected and refracted light is
blue light? (a)  (b) /2
(a) no change (c) 2 (d) /4
(b) diffraction bands become narrower and crowded 57. A ray of light strikes a glass plate at an angle of 60°.
together If the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to
(c) bands become broader and farther apart each other, the index of refraction of glass is
(d) bands disappear 3
(a) 3 (b)
2
50. The condition for observing Fraunhofer diffraction
3 1
from a single slit is that the light wavefront incident (c) (d)
2 2
on the slit should be
58. A ray of light is incident on the surface of a glass
(a) spherical (b) cylindrical
plate of refractive index 1.55 at the polarising angle.
(c) planar (d) elliptical
The angle of refraction is
51. The first diffraction minima due to a single slit
(a) 53° (b) 32°49’
diffraction is at  = 30° for a light of wavelength 5000
(c) 147°11’ (d) 0°
Å. The width of the slit is 59. From Brewster’s law for polarisation, it follows that
–5 –4
(a) 5 × 10 cm (b) 1.0 × 10 cm the angle of polarisation depends upon
–5 –5
(c) 2.5 × 10 cm (d) 1.25 × 10 cm (a) the wavelength of light
52. Light of wavelength  is incident on a slit of width d. (b) orientation of plane of polarisation
The resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a (c) orientation of plane of vibration
screen at a distance D. The linear width of the (d) none of the above
principal maximum is then equal to the width of the 60. Choose the correct statement
slit if D equals (a) the Brewster’s angle is independent of wavelength
d 2d of light
(a) (b)
  (b) the Brewster’s angle is independent of nature of
2 reflecting surface
d 2 2
(c) (d) (c) the Brewster’s angle is different for different
2 d
wavelengths
(d) Brewster’s angle depends on wavelength but not
on the nature of reflecting surface.
WAVE OPTICS 87

61. A ray of light is incident on the surface of a glass 66. Two beams, A and B, of plane polarized light with
plate at an angle of incidence equal to Brewster’s mutually perpendicular planes of polarization are seen
angle  . If  represents the refractive index of glass through a polaroid. From the position when the beam
with respect to air, then the angle between reflected A has maximum intensity (and beam B has zero
and refracted rays is intensity), a rotation of polaroid through 30° makes
(a) 90° + 
–1
(b) sin ( cos ) the two beams appear equally bright. If the initial
–1 intensities of the two beams are IA and IB respectively,
(c) 90° (d) 90° – sin (sin /)
62. When unpolarised light is incident on a plane glass IA
then equals:
plate at Brewster’s (polarising) angle, then which of IB
the following statements is correct? 3
(a) reflected and refracted rays are completely (a) (b) 1
2
polarised with their planes of polarisation parallel 1
to each other. (c) (d) 3
3
(b) reflected and refracted rays are completely 67. A beam of unpolarized light of intensity I0 is passed
polarised with their planes of polarisation
through a polaroid A and then through another
perpendicular to each other
polaroid B which is oriented so that its principal plane
(c) the reflected light is plane polarised but
makes an angle of 45° relative to that of A. The
transmitted light is partially polarised
intensity of the emergent light is :
(d) the reflected light is partially polarised but
I
refracted light is plane polarised. (a) I0 (b) 0
63. The angle of incidence at which reflected light is 2
totally polarized for reflection from air to glass I I
(c) 0 (d) 0
(refractive index n), is 4 8
–1 –1 68. Polarisation of light proves the
(a) sin (n) (b) sin (1/n)
–1 –1 (a) corpuscular nature of light
(c) tan (1/n) (d) tan (n)
64. A polaroid is placed at 45° to an incoming light of (b) quantum nature of light
intensity I 0 . Now the intensity of light passing (c) transverse nature of light
through polaroid after polarization would be: (d) longitudinal wave nature of light
69. Light waves can be polarised because they
(a) I 0 (b) I 0 / 2
(a) have high frequencies (b) have short wavelength
(c) I 0 / 4 (d) Zero
(c) are transverse (d) can be reflected
65. A beam of light AO is incident on a glass slab 70. Light transmitted by a Nicol crystal is
( = 1.54) in a direction as shown in figure. The (a) plane polarised (b) unpolarised
reflected ray OB is passed through a Nicol prism on (c) circularly polarised (d) elliptically polarised
viewing through a Nicol prism, we find on rotating 71. Polaroid glass is used in sun glasses because
the prism that
(a) it reduces the light intensity to half on account of
polarisation
(b) it is fashionable
(c) it has good colour
(d) it is cheaper
72. The angle of polarization for any medium is 60°, and

(a) the intensity is reduced down to zero and remains 1

its critical angle for this is sin 1 .
zero n
(b) the intensity reduces down somewhat and rises Find the value of n.
again
(c) there is no change in intensity
(d) the intensity gradually reduces to zero and then
again increases
WAVE OPTICS 88

Miscellaneous 77. The main difference in the phenomenon of

interference and diffraction is that
73. Light waves are
(a) diffraction is due to interaction of light from the
(a) electromagnetic waves in nature
same wavefront whereas interference is the
(b) cosmic rays
interaction of waves from two isolated sources.
(c) infra–red rays
(b) diffraction is due to interaction of light from same
(d) invisible in atmosphere
wavefront, whereas the interference is the
74. The electromagnetic waves travel with a velocity
interaction of two waves derived from the same
(a) equal to the velocity of sound
source.
(b) equal to the velocity of light
(c) diffraction is due to interaction of waves derived
(c) less than the velocity of light
from the same sources, whereas the interference is
(d) greater than the velocity of light
the bending of light from the same wavefront.
75. Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light suggests
(d) diffraction is caused by reflected waves from a
that the light consists of oscillation of
source whereas interference caused is due to
(a) magnetic vector alone
refraction of waves from a surface.
(b) electric vector alone
78. Sound waves do not exhibit
(c) electric and magnetic vectors perpendicular to
(a) refraction (b) interference
each other
(c) diffraction (d) polarisation
(d) parallel electric and magnetic vectors
76. Diffraction and interference indicate
(a) wave nature (b) particle nature
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above
WAVE OPTICS 89

EXERCISE – 2: PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

Questions marked with asterisk (*) are
7. A fringe width of 6 mm was produced for two slits
deleted from JEE Main separated by 1 mm apart. The screen is placed 10 m
1. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the width of the away. The wavelength of light used is ‘x’ nm.
one of the slit is three times the other slit. The The value of ‘x’ to the nearest integer is ________.
amplitude of the light coming from a slit is [2021]
proportional to the slit-width. Find the ratio of the
maximum to the minimum intensity in the 8. A galaxy is moving away from the earth at a speed of
interference pattern. [2021] 286 km s–1. The shift in the wavelength of a redline at
(a) 4:1 (b) 1:4 630 nm is x  1010 m
(c) 3:1 (d) 2:1 The value of x, to the nearest integer, is …………….
2. Two coherent light sources having intensity in the [Take the value of the speed of light c, as
ratio 2x produce an interference pattern. The ratio 3 × 108 ms-1] [2021]
I max  I min 9. In young’s double slit experiment, the fringe width is
will be: [2021]
I max  I min 12mm. If the entire arrangement is placed in water of
2 2x 2x 4
(a) (b) refractive index , then the fringe width becomes (in
2x  1 2x  1 3
2x 2 2x mm) (JEE Main 2022)
(c) (d) (a) 16 (b) 9
x 1 x 1
(c) 48 (d) 12
3. Consider the diffraction pattern obtained from the
sunlight incident on a pinhole of diameter 0.1  m. If 10*. A microscope was initially placed in air (refractive
index 1). It is then immersed in oil (refractive index 2).
the diameter of the pinhole is slightly increased, it
For a light whose wavelength in air is λ, calculate the
will affect the diffraction pattern such that: [2021]
change of microscope’s resolving power due to oil and
(a) Its size decreases, but intensity increases
choose the correct option. (JEE Main 2022)
(b) Its size increases, and intensity increases
(c) Its size increases, but intensity decreases 1
(a) Resolving power will be in the oil than it was in
(d) Its size decreases, and intensity decreases 4
4. In a Young's double slit experiment two slits are the air
separated by 2 mm and the screen is placed one meter (b) Resolving power will be twice in the oil than it was
away. When a light of wavelength 500 nm is used, the in the air
fringe separation will be : [2021] (c) Resolving power will be four times in the oil than it
(a) 0.75 mm (b) 0.25 mm was in the air
(c) 0.50 mm (d) 1 mm 1
(d) Resolving power will be in the oil than it was in
5. In Young’s double slit arrangement, slits are 2
separated by a gap of 0.5 mm, and the screen is the air.
placed at a distance of 0.5 m from them. The distance 11. Two coherent sources of light interfere. The intensity
between the first and the third bright fringe formed
when the slits are illuminated by a monochromatic ratio of two sources is 1 : 4. For this interference
light of 5890 Å is: [2021] I max  I min 2  1
(a) 5890  107 m (b) 1178  109 m pattern if the value of is equal to ,
I max  I min  3
(c) 1178  106 m (d) 1178  1012 m

6. An unpolarised light beam is incident on the polarizer then will be: (JEE Main 2022)

of a polarization experiment and the intensity of light
beam emerging from the analyser is measured as (a) 1.5 (b) 2
100 Lumens. Now, if the analyser is rotated around (c) 0.5 (d) 1
the horizontal axis (direction of light) by 30o in
clockwise direction, the intensity of emerging light
will be ________ Lumens. [2021]
WAVE OPTICS 90

Questions marked with asterisk (*) are 18. For a specific wavelength 670 nm of light coming from
a galaxy moving with velocity v, the observed
deleted from JEE Main wavelength is 670.7 nm.
12. An unpolarised light beam of intensity 2I0 is passed The value of v is: (JEE Main 2022)
through a polaroid P and then through another polaroid (a) 3 × 108 ms–1 (b) 3 × 1010 ms–1
Q which is oriented in such a way that its passing axis 5
(c) 3.13 × 10 ms –1
(d) 4.48 × 105 ms–1
makes an angle of 30° relative to that of P. The 19. In young's double slit experiment performed using a
intensity of the emergent light is (JEE Main 2022)
monochromatic light of wavelength  when a glass
(a) I0/4 (b) I0/2
(c) 3I0/4 (d) 3I0/2
plate    1.5  of thickness x is introduced in the
13. Two light beams of intensities in the ratio of 9: 4 are path of the one or the interfering beams, the intensity at
allowed to interfere. The ratio of the intensity of the position where the central maximum occurred
maxima and minima will be (JEE Main 2022) previously remains unchanged. The value of x will be:
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 16 : 81 (JEE Main 2022)
(c) 25 : 169 (d) 25 : 1 (a) 3 (b) 2
14. The two light beams having intensities I and 9I (c) 1.5 (d) 0.5
interfere to produce a fringe pattern on a screen. The 20*. The aperture of the objective is 24.4 cm. The resolving
 power of this telescope, if a light of wavelength 2440Å
phase difference between the beams is at point P
2 is used to see the object will be: (JEE Main 2022)
and  at point Q. Then the difference between the (a) 8.1 × 106 (b) 10.0 × 107
5
resultant intensities at P and Q will be: (c) 8.2 × 10 (d) 1.0 × 10–8
(JEE Main 2022) 21. In a double slit experiment with monochromatic light.
fringes are obtained on a screen placed at some
(a) 2I (b) 6I
distance from the plane of slits. If the screen is moved
(c) 5I (d) 7I by 5 × 10–2 m in towards the slits, the change in fringe
15. The interference pattern is obtained with two coherent width is 3 × 10–3 cm. If the distance between the slits is
light sources of intensity ratio 4: 1. And the ratio 1 mm. then the wavelength of the light will be
I max  I min 5 (JEE Main 2022)
is . Then, the value of x will be equal to: 22. In a Young’s double slit experiment, a laser light of
I max  I min x
560 nm produces an interference pattern with
(JEE Main 2022)
consecutive bright fringes’ separation of 7.2 mm. Now
(a) 3 (b) 4
another light is used to produce an interference pattern
(c) 2 (d) 1
with consecutive bright fringes’ separation of 8.1 mm.
16. A light whose electric field vectors are completely
The wavelength of second light is _________ nm.
removed by using a good polaroid, allowed to incident
(JEE Main 2022)
on the surface of the prism at Brewster's angle. Choose
23. Two light beams of intensities 4I and 9I interfere on a
the most suitable option for the phenomenon related to
screen. The phase difference between these beams on
the prism. (JEE Main 2022)
(a) Reflected and refracted rays will be perpendicular the screen at point A is zero and at point B is . The
to each other difference of resultant intensities, at the point A and B,
(b) Wave will propagate along the surface of prism will be _________ I. A (JEE Main 2022)
(c) No refraction, and there will be total reflection of li 24. Sodium light of wavelength 650 nm and 655 nm is
(d) No reflection. and there will be total transmission used to study diffraction at a single slit of aperture 0.5
of light mm. The distance between the slit and the screen is 2.0
17. In free space, an electromagnetic wave of 3 GHz m. The separation between the positions of the first
frequency strikes over the edge of an object of size maxima of diffraction patten obtained in the two cases
is _______ × 10-5 m (JEE Main 2022)

, where  is the wavelength of the wave space. 25. In Young's double slit experiment the two slits are 0.6
100
mm distance apart. Interference pattern is observed on
The phenomenon, which happens there will be: a screen at a distance 80 cm from the slits. The first
(JEE Main 2022) dark fringe is observed on the screen directly opposite
(a) Reflection (b) Refraction to one of the slits. the wavelength of light will be
(c) Diffraction (d) Scattering ______ nm. (JEE Main 2022)
WAVE OPTICS 91

26. In a Young's double slit experiment, an angular width and B bisecting angle between them. If intensity of
of the fringe is 0.35° on a screen placed at 2 m away unpolarised light is I0 then intensity of transmitted light
for particular wavelength of 450 nm. The angular after passing through polaroid B will be :
width of the fringe, when whole system is immersed in (JEE Main 2023)
7 1 I0 I
a medium of refractive index is . The value of α (a) (b) 0
5  4 2
is (JEE Main 2022) I
(c) 0 (d) zero
27. Given below are two statements : 8
Statement I : If the Brewster’s angle for the light 31. ‘n’ polarizing sheets are arranged such that each makes
propagating from air to glass is θB, then Brewster’s an angle 45 with the proceeding sheet. An
angle for the light propagating from glass to air is unpolarized light of intensity I is incident into this
 I
B . arrangement. The output intensity is found to be .
2 64
Statement II : The Brewster’s angle for the light The value of n will be: (JEE Main 2023)
propagating from glass to air is tan-1 (μg) where μg is (a) 3 (b) 6
the refractive index of glass. (c) 5 (d) 4
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct 32. A monochromatic light wave with wavelength λ1 and
answer from the options given below : frequency v1 in air enters another medium. If the angle
(JEE Main 2023) of incidence and angle of refraction at the interface are
(a) Both Statements I and Statement II are true 45° and 30° respectively, then the wavelength λ2 and
(b) Statement I is true but Statement II is false frequency v2 of the refracted wave are:
(c) Both Statement I and Statement II are false (JEE Main 2023)
(d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
(a) 2  21 , v2  v1
28. In Young's double slits experiment, the position of 5th
bright fringe from the central maximum is 5 cm. The 1
(b) 2  1 , v2  v1
distance between slits and screen is 1 m and 2
wavelength of used monochromatic light is 600 nm. 1
(c) 2  1 , v2  v1
The separation between the slits is: 2
(JEE Main 2023)
(d) 2  1 , v2  2v1
(a) 60 m (b) 48 m
33. The width of fringe is 2 mm on the screen in a double
(c) 12 m (d) 36 m
slits experiment for the light of wavelength of 400 nm.
29. In a Young’s double slit experiment, two slits are The width of the fringe for the light of wavelength 600
illuminated with a light of wavelength 800 nm. The nm will be: (JEE Main 2023)
line joining A1P is perpendicular to A1A2 as shown in (a) 3 mm (b) 2 mm
the figure. If the first minimum is detected at P, the (c) 4 mm (d) 1.33 mm
value of slits separation ‘a’ will be : 34. The ratio of intensities at two points P and Q on the
screen in a Young's double slit experiment where
phase difference between two waves of same
amplitude are π/3 and π/2, respectively are
(JEE Main 2023)
(a) 1:3 (b) 2:3
(c) 3:2 (d) 3:1
35. A single slit of width a is illuminated by a
The distance of screen from slits D = 5 cm monochromatic light of wavelength 600 nm. The value
(JEE Main 2023) of 'a' for which first minimum appears at θ = 30° on the
(a) 0.4 mm (b) 0.5 mm screen will be: (JEE Main 2023)
(c) 0.2 mm (d) 0.1 mm (a) 3 μm (b) 0.6 μm
30. Two polaroid A and B are placed in such a way that (c) 1.2 μm (d) 1.8 μm
the pass-axis of polaroid are perpendicular to each
other. Now, another polaroid C is placed between A
WAVE OPTICS 92

36. In a Young's double slits experiment, the ratio of If I0 denotes the intensity produced by each one of the
amplitude of light coming from slits is 2:1. The ratio of I I
individual slits, then 1 2  _____
the maximum to minimum intensity in the interference I0
pattern is: (JEE Main 2023)
(JEE Main 2023)
(a) 25:9 (b) 9:4
41. Two light waves of wavelengths 800 and 600nm are
(c) 9:1 (d) 2:1
used in Young's double slit experiment to obtain
37. As shown in figures, three identical polaroids P1, P2
interference fringes on a screen placed 7m away from
and P3 are placed one after another. The pass axis of P2
plane of slits. If the two slits are separated by 0.35mm,
and P3 are inclined at angle of 60 and 90 with then shortest distance from the central bright maximum
respect to axis of P1. The source S has an intensity of to the point where the bright fringes of the two
W W wavelength coincide will be mm.
256 2 . The intensity of light at point O is ____ 2 .
m m (JEE Main 2023)
42. As shown in the figure, in Young's double slit
experiment, a thin plate of thickness t  10 m and
refractive index   1.2 is inserted infront of slit S1 .
(JEE Main 2023) The experiment is conducted in air    1 and uses a
38. Unpolarised light is incident on the boundary between monochromatic light of wavelength   500nm . Due
two dielectric media, whose dielectric constants are to the insertion of the plate, central maxima is shifted
2.8(medium -1) and 6.8(medium 2), respectively. To by a distance of x0 .0 is the fringe-width before the
satisfy the condition, so that the reflected and refracted
insertion of the plate. The value of the x is
rays are perpendicular to each other, the angle of
1
1  10  2
incidence should be tan 1   the value of  is
  
(Given for dielectric media, r  1 )
(JEE Main 2023)
39. In Young's double slit experiment, two slits S1 and S2
are 'd' distance apart and the separation from slits to
screen is D (as shown in figure). Now if two (JEE Main 2023)
transparent slabs of equal thickness 0.1mm but 43. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 7000 Å
refractive index 1.51 and 1.55 are introduced in the and 5500 Å is used to obtain interference pattern in
path of beam from S1 and S2 respectively. The central Young's double slit experiment. The distance between
bright fringe spot will shift by _____ number of the slits is 2.5 mm and the distance between the plane
fringes. of slits and the screen is 150 cm. The least distance
from the central fringe, where the bright fringes due to
both the wavelengths coincide, is n×10-5 m. The value
of n is ________. (JEE Main 2023)
44. Unpolarised light of intensity 32Wm-2 passes through
the combination of three polaroids such that the pass
axis of the last polaroid is perpendicular to that of the
pass axis of first polaroid. If intensity of emerging light
is 3 Wm-2, then the angle between pass axis of first two
polaroids is ____________°.
(JEE Main 2023)
(JEE Main 2023)
40. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the intensities at
 
two points, for the path difference and
(λ being
4 3
the wavelength of light used) are I1 and I2 respectively.
WAVE OPTICS 93

EXERCISE – 3: ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]
6. Two ideal slits S1 and S2 are at a distance d apart, and
1. In figure, a wavefront AB moving in air is incident on illuminated by light of wavelength  passing through
a plane glass surface xy. Its position CD after an ideal source slit S placed on the line through S2 as
refraction through a glass slab is shown also along
shown. The distance between the planes of slits and
with normal drawn at A and D. The refractive index
the source slit is D. A screen is held at a distance D
of glass with respect to air will be equal to
from the plane of the slits. The minimum value of d
for which there is darkness at O is

sin  BD
(a) (b)
sin   AC
sin  AB 3D
(c) (d) (a) (b) D
sin  ' CD 2
2. Huygens wave theory allows us to know D
(c) (d) 3  D
(a) The wavelength of the wave 2
(b) The velocity of the wave 7. In a Young’s double-slit experiment the fringe width
(c) The amplitude of the wave is 0.2mm. If the wavelength of light used is increased
(d) The propagation of wave fronts by 10% and the separation between the slits is also
3. According to Huygens’s wave theory, point on any increased by 10%, the fringe width will be
wave front may be regarded as (a) 0.20 mm (b) 0.401 mm
(a) A photon (b) An electron (c) 0.242 mm (d) 0.165 mm
(c) A new source of wave (d) Neutron 8. In Young’s double slit experiment, the phase
4. In Young’s double slit experiment how many difference between the light waves reaching third
maxima’s can be obtained on a screen (including the bright fringe from the central fringe will be
central maximum) on both sides of the central fringe (   6000Å )
if  = 2000 Å and d = 7000 Å (a) Zero (b) 2
(a) 12 (b) 7 (c) 4 (d) 6
(c) 18 (d) 4 9. In Young’s experiment, if the distance between
5. A beam with wavelength  falls on a stack of partially screen and the slit aperture is increased the fringe
reflecting planes with separation d. The angle  that width will
the beam should make with the planes so that the (a) Decrease
beams reflected from successive planes may interfere (b) Increases but intensity will decrease
constructively is (where n =1, 2, ……) (c) Increase but intensity remains unchanged
(d) Remains unchanged but intensity decreases
10. In a two slit experiment with monochromatic light
fringes are obtained on a screen placed at some
distance from the slits. If the screen is moved by
5  10 2 m towards the slits, the change in fringe
–5
width is 3 × 10 m. If separation between the slits is
–3
 n   n  10 m, the wavelength of light used is
(a) sin 1   (b) tan 1  
 d   d  (a) 6000 Å (b) 5000 Å
 n   n  (c) 3000 Å (d) 4500 Å
(c) sin 1   (d) cos1  
 2d   2d 
WAVE OPTICS 94

11. The maximum intensity in Young’s double slit 17. The figure below shows a double slit experiment. P
experiment is I0. Distance between the slits is d = 5, and Q are the slits. The path lengths PX and QX are
where  is the wavelength of monochromatic light n and (n + 2) respectively where n is a whole
used in the experiment. What will be the intensity of number and  is the wavelength. Taking the central
light in front of one of the slits on a screen at a bright fringe as zero, what is formed at X
distance D = 10d
I 3
(a) 0 (b) I 0
2 4
I
(c) I 0 (d) 0
4
12. In a Young’s double slit experiment, let  be the
fringe width, and let I0 be the intensity at the central
bright fringe. At a distance x from the central bright (a) First bright (b) First dark
fringe, the intensity will be (c) Second bright (d) Second dark
18. In the figure shown, of Young’s double slit
x x
(a) I 0 cos   (b) I 0 cos 2   experiment. Q is the position of the first bright fringe
    th
on the right side of O. P is the 11 bright fringe on
 x  I   x  the other side, as measured from Q. If the wavelength
(c) I 0 cos 2   (d)  0  cos2  
   4    of the light used is 6000 × 10
–10
m, then S1B will be
13. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the slits are 2 equal to
mm apart and are illuminated with a mixture of two
wavelength λ 0  750 nm and λ  900 nm . The
minimum distance from the common central bright
fringe on a screen 2m from the slits where a bright
fringe from one interference pattern coincides with a
bright fringe from the other is
(a) 1.5 mm (b) 3 mm
(c) 4.5 mm (d) 6 mm –6 –6
(a) 6 × 10 m (b) 6.6 × 10 m
14. To demonstrate the phenomenon of interference, we (c) 3.138 × 10 m
–7
(d) 3.144 × 10 m
–7
require two sources which emit radiation 19. In a double slit experiment, instead of taking slits of
(a) Of the same frequency & having a definite phase equal widths, one slit is made twice as wide as the
relationship other. Then in the interference pattern
(b) Of nearly the same frequency (a) The intensities of both the maxima and the minima
(c) Of the same frequency will increase
(d) Of different wavelengths (b) The intensity of the maxima increases and minima
15. If the ratio of amplitude of two waves is 4 : 3, then has zero intensity
the ratio of maximum and minimum intensity is (c) The intensity of the maxima decreases and that of
(a) 16 : 18 (b) 18 : 16 minima increases
(c) 49 : 1 (d) 94 : 1 (d) The intensity of the maxima decreases and the
16. In Young’s double slit experiment, the central bright minima has zero intensity
fringe can be identified th
20. In a double slit experiment if 5 dark fringe is formed
(a) By using white light instead of monochromatic
opposite to one of the slits, the wavelength of light is
light
(b) As it is narrower than other bright fringes d2 d2
(a) (b)
(c) As it is wider than other bright fringes 6D 5D
(d) As it has a greater intensity than the other bright d2 d2
fringes (c) (d)
15 D 9D
WAVE OPTICS 95

21. Young’s double slit experiment is made in a liquid. 26. In Young’s double slit experiment, the intensity of
The 10th bright fringe in liquid lies, where 6th dark light coming from the first slit is double the intensity
fringes lies in vacuum. The refractive index of the from the second slit. The ratio of the maximum
liquid is approximately: intensity to the minimum intensity on the interference
(a) 1.8 (b) 1.54 fringe pattern observed is
(c) 1.67 (d) 1.2 (a) 34 (b) 40
22. A parallel beam of monochromatic light is used in a (c) 25 (d) 38
Young’s double slit experiment. The slits are 27. A monochromatic beam of light is used for the
separated by a distance d and the screen is placed formation of fringes on the screen by illuminating the
parallel to the plane of the slits. The angle which the two slits in the Young’s double slit mica is interposed
incident beam must make with the normal to the in the path of one of the interfering beams then
plane of the slits to produce darkness at the position
of central brightness is

(a) The fringe width increases

(b) The fringe width decreases
 2
(a) cos1 (b) cos 1 (c) The fringe width remains the same but the pattern
d d
shifts
  (d) The fringe pattern disappears
(c) sin 1 (d) sin 1
d 2d 28. When a thin transparent plate of thickness t and
23. In Young’s double slit experiment the y-coordinates refractive index  is placed in the path of one of the
of central maxima and 10th maxima are 2 cm and 5 cm two interfering waves of light, then the path
respectively. When the YDSE apparatus is immersed difference changes by
in a liquid of refractive index 1.5 the corresponding y- (a) ( + 1) t (b) ( – 1) t
coordinates will be    1    1
(a) 2 cm, 7.5 cm (b) 3 cm, 6 cm (c) (d)
t t
(c) 2 cm, 4 cm (d) 4/3 cm, 10/3 cm
29. In Young’s double slit experiment, a mica slit of
24. In Young’s double-slit experiment the fringe width is
thickness t and refractive index  is introduced in the
. If entire arrangement is placed in a liquid of
ray from the first source S1. By how much distance
refractive index n, the fringe width becomes
the fringes pattern will be displaced

(a) (b) n d D
n 1 (a)    1 t (b)    1 t
D d
 
(c) (d) d D
n n 1 (c) (d)    1
25. In a double slit arrangement fringes are produced    1 D d
using light of wavelength 4800 Å. One slit is covered 30. When one of the slits of Young’s experiment is
by a thin plate of glass of refractive index 1.4 and the covered with a transparent sheet of thickness 4.8 mm,
other with another glass plate of same thickness but the central fringe shifts to a position originally
th
of refractive index 1.7. By doing so the central bright occupied by the 30 bright fringe. What should be the
shifts to original fifth bright fringe from centre. thickness of the sheet if the central fringe has to shift
Thickness of glass plate is th
to the position occupied by 20 bright fringe
(a) 8 mm (b) 6 mm (a) 3.8 mm (b) 1.6 mm
(c) 4 mm (d) 10 mm (c) 7.6 mm (d) 3.2 mm
WAVE OPTICS 96

31. A monochromatic beam of light falls on YDSE 36. Find the thickness of a plate which will produce a
apparatus at some angle (say ) as shown in figure. A change in optical path equal to half the wavelength 
thin sheet of glass is inserted in front of the lower slit of the light passing through it normally. the refractive
S2. The central bright fringe (path difference = 0) will index of the plate is ,
be obtained  
(a) t  (b) t 
2   – 1   – 1
2 
(c) t  (d) t 
  – 1 2   – 1
37. In an interference experiment the ratio of amplitudes
of coherent waves is 3:1. The ratio of maximum and
minimum intensities of fringes will be
(a) At O (a) 4 (b) 9
(b) Above O (c) 2 (d) 18
(c) Below O 38. Two coherent sources of different intensities send
(d) Anywhere depending on angle  , thickness of waves which interfere. The ratio of maximum
plate t and refractive index of glass  intensity to the minimum intensity is 25. The
32. A flake of glass (refractive index 1.5) is placed over intensities of the sources are in the ratio
one of the openings of a double slit apparatus. The (a) 25 : 1 (b) 5 : 1
interference pattern displaces itself through seven (c) 9 : 4 (d) 25 : 16
successive maxima towards the side where the flake 39. The angle of incidence at which reflected light is
is placed. if wavelength of the diffracted light is totally polarized for reflection from air to glass
  600nm , then the thickness of the flake is (refraction index is n) is:
(a) 2100 nm (b) 4200 nm 1
(a) sin 1 n (b) sin 1
(c) 8400 nm (d) None of these n
33. Light is incident normally on a diffraction grating 1
(c) tan 1 (d) tan 1 n
through which the first order diffraction is seen at n
32°. The second order diffraction will be seen at 40. The phenomenon of interference is shown by
(a) 48° (a) Longitudinal mechanical waves only
(b) 64° (b) Transverse mechanical waves only
(c) there is no second order diffraction in the case (c) Electromagnetic waves only
(d) 80° (d) All the above types of waves
34. Initially there is a YDSE setup of red light and a glass 41. In the far field diffraction pattern of a single slit under
slab (refractive index = 1.5) is put behind one of the polychromatic illumination, the first minimum with
source now If the source is changed to green light of the wavelength 1 is found to be coincident with the
–7
wavelength 10 m, and a new glass plate is placed in third maximum at 2. So
place of the previous glass plate, the central fringe (a) 31 = 0.32 (b) 31 = 2
shifts to a position initially occupied by the 6th bright
(c) 1 = 3.52 (d) 0.31 = 32
fringe due to red light. What will be refractive index
42. A parallel monochromatic beam of light is incident at
of glass plate for the 2nd light for changed source of
an angle  to the normal of a slit of width e. The
light?
central point O of the screen will be dark if
(a) 2.6 m (b) 1.6 m
(c) 1.2 m (d) 2.2 m
35. In YDSE, find the thickness of a glass slab ( = 1.5)
which should be placed before the upper slit S1 so that
central maximum now lies at a point where 5th bright
fringe was lying earlier (before inserting the slab). (a) esin   n where n = 1, 3, 5 ...
Wavelength of light used is 5000 Å. (b) esin   n where n = 1, 2, 3 ...
–6 –6
(a) 5 × 10 m (b) 10 × 10 m 
(c) esin   2n  1 where n = 1, 2, 3 ...
–6
(c) 10 × 10 m
–5
(d) 5 × 10 m 2
(d) e cos   n where n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...
WAVE OPTICS 97

Objective Questions II Numerical Value Type Questions

[One or more than one correct option] 48. In a YDSE,  = 6000 Å; d = 6mm and D = 2 m;
–1
Find the fringe width (in × 10 mm).
43. In the Young’s double slit experiment, the ratio of
intensities of bright and dark fringes is 9. This means
that
(a) The intensities of individual sources are 5 and 4
units respectively
(b) The intensities of individual sources are 4 and 1
units respectively
(c) The ratio of their amplitudes is 3
(d) The ratio of their amplitudes is 2
44. In Young’s double slit experiment, white light is
used. The separation between the slits is b. the screen
is at a distance d  d  b  from the slits. Some
wavelengths are missing exactly in front of one slit. 49. In a YDSE,  = 6000 Å; d = 6mm and D = 2 m;
–1
These wavelengths are Find the position of the 3rd maxima (in × 10 mm).
b2 2b 2
(a)   (b)  
d d
b2 2 b2
(c)   (d)  
3d 3d
45. Four light waves are represented by
(i) y  a1 sin  t (ii) y  a 2 sin( t   )
(iii) y  a1 sin 2 t (iv) y  a 2 sin 2( t   )
Interference fringes may be observed due to
superposition of
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) 50. A monochromatic beam of light of 6000 Å is used in
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) YDSE setup. The two slits are covered with two thin
46. A transparent slab of thickness t and refractive index films of equal thickness t but of different refractive
 is inserted in front of upper slit of YDSE apparatus. indices as shown in the figure. Considering the
The wavelength of light used is . Assume that there intensity of the incident beam on the slits to be I0 ,
is no absorption of light by the slab. Mark the correct –4
find the point on the screen (in × 10 m) at which
statement(s). intensity is I0 and is just above the central maxima.
(a) The intensity of dark fringes will be 0, if slits are
(Assume that there is no change in intensity of the
identical.
light after passing through the films.)
(b) The change in optical path due to insertion of
plane is t.
(c) The change in optical path due to insertion of plate
is ( – 1) t
(d) For making intensity zero at centre of screen, the
5
thickness can be .
2    1
47. In Young’s double slit experiment with a source of Consider t =0 .6 m, d = 1mm, D = 1m, where d and
light of wavelength 6320Å, the first maxima will D have their usual meaning.
occur when
(a) Path difference is 9480 Å
(b) Phase difference is 2 radian
(c) Path difference is 6320 Å
(d) Phase difference is  radian
WAVE OPTICS 98

Assertion Reason
57. Assertion: No interference pattern is detected when
(A) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason
is the correct explanation of the assertion. two coherent sources are infinitely close to each
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is other.
not the correct explanation of the assertion. Reason: The fringe width is inversely proportional to
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false. the distance between the two slits.
(D) If the assertion and reason both are false. (a) A (b) B
51. Assertion: When a light wave travels from a rarer to (c) C (d) D
a denser medium, it loses speed. The reduction in 58. Assertion: In Young’s double slit experiment ratio
speed imply a reduction in energy carried by the light I max
is infinite.
wave. I min
Reason: The energy of a wave is proportional to Reason: If width of any one of the slits is slightly
velocity of wave. increased, then this ratio will decrease.
(a) A (b) B (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D (c) C (d) D
52. Assertion: In calculating the disturbance produced by 59. Assertion: Two coherent sources transmit waves of
a pair of superimposed incoherent wave trains, you equal intensity I0. Resultant intensity at a point where
can add their intensities.

Reason: I R  I1  I2  2 I1I 2 cos  The average path difference is is also I0.
3
value of cos   0 for incoherent waves. Reason: In interference resultant intensity at any
(a) A (b) B point is the average intensity of two individual
(c) C (d) D intensities.
53. Assertion: Corpuscular theory fails in explaining the (a) A (b) B
velocities of light in air and water. (c) C (d) D
Reason: According to corpuscular theory, light 60. Assertion: Thin films such as soap bubble or a thin
should travel faster in denser medium than, in rarer layer of oil on water show beautiful colours when
medium. illuminated by white light.
(a) A (b) B Reason: It happens due to the interference of light
(c) C (d) D reflected from the upper surface of the thin film.
54. Assertion: In Young’s double-slit experiment, if (a) A (b) B
intensity of each source is I0, then minimum and (c) C (d) D
maximum intensity is zero and 4I0, respectively. 61. Assertion: If a glass slab is placed in front of one of
Reason: In Young’s double-slit experiment, energy the slits, then fringe width will decrease.
conservation is not followed. Reason: Glass slab will produce an additional path
(a) A (b) B difference
(c) C (d) D (a) A (b) B
55. Assertion: Young’s experiment, the fringe width for (c) C (d) D
dark fringes is same as that of the bright fringes. 62. Assertion: Interference pattern is made by using blue
Reason: In Young’s double-slit experiment, the light instead of red light, the fringes becomes
narrower.
fringes are performed with a source of white light,
Reason: In Young’s double slit experiment, fringe
then only black and bright fringes are observed.
D
(a) A (b) B width is given by relation,  
d
(c) C (d) D
56. Assertion: In YDSE, if separation between the slits is (a) A (b) B
less than wavelength of light, then no interference (c) C (d) D
pattern can be observed. 63. Assertion: Interference shows wave nature of light.
Reason: For interference pattern to be observed, light Reason: Photoelectric effect proves particle nature of
sources have to be coherent. light.
(a) A (b) B (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D (c) C (d) D
WAVE OPTICS 99

64. Assertion: In diffraction phenomenon different 68. In normal YDSE experiment maximum intensity is
maxima’s have different intensities. 4I0. In Column I, y-coordinate is given corresponding
Reason: In interference different maxima’s have to centre line. In Column II resultant intensities are
same intensities. given. Match the two columns.
(a) A (b) B Column I Column II
(c) C (d) D D
65. Assertion: In Young’s experiment, for two coherent (a) y  (p) I = I0
d
source, the resultant intensity is given by
D (q) I = 2I0
 (b) y 
I  4I0 cos 2. 2d
2
D (r) I = 4I0
Reason: Ratio of maximum to minimum intensity is (c) y 
2
3d
I max

 I1  I2  (d) y 
D (s) I = Zero
2
Imin 4d
 I1  I 2  69. In normal YDSE experiment match the following two
(a) A (b) B columns.
(c) C (d) D Column I Column II
66. Assertion: While calculating intensities in (a) In YDSE apparatus (p) Fringe width will
interference pattern, we can add the intensities of the is immersed in a increase
individual waves. liquid
Reason: Principle of superposition is valid for linear
(b) When wavelength of (q) Fringe width will
waves.
light used in decrease
(a) A (b) B
increased
(c) C (d) D
(c) When distance (r) Fringe width will
Match the Following between slits and remain constant
Each question has two columns. Four options are given screen (D) is
representing matching of elements from Column-I and increased
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds (d) When distance (s) Fringe pattern
to a correct matching. For each question, choose the
between two slits (d) will disappear
option corresponding to the correct matching.
is increased
67. In Young’s double slit experiment, match the
following two columns. Paragraph Type Questions
Using the following, solve Q.70 to Q. 71
Column I Column II Passage – 1
(a) When width of one (p) Maximum intensity
The figure shows a surface XY separating two transparent
slit is slightly will increase
media, medium–1 and medium–2. The lines ab and cd
increased
represent wavefronts of a light wave travelling in medium–1
(b) When one slit is (q) Maximum intensity
and incident on XY. The lines ef and gh represent
closed will decrease
wavefronts of the light wave in medium–2 after refraction.
(c) When both the (r) Maximum intensity
sources are made will remain same 70. Light travels as a
incoherent
(d) When a glass slab (s) Fringes pattern will
is inserted in front disappear
of one of the slits
Note Assume absorption from glass slab to be
negligible. (a) parallel beam in each medium
(b) convergent medium
(c) divergent beam in each medium
(d) divergent beam in one medium and convergent
beam in the other medium.
WAVE OPTICS 100

71. The phases of the light wave at c, d, e and f are c, d, Using the following, solve Q.74 to Q. 75
e and f respectively. It is given that c f Passage – 3

(a) c cannot be equal to d In Young’s double-slit experiment setup with light of

(b) d can be equal to e wavelength  = 6000 Å, distance between the two slits is
2 mm and distance between the plane of slits and the screen
(c) (d – f) is equal to (c – e)
in 2 m. The slits are of equal intensity. When a sheet of glass
(d) None of these of refractive index 1.5 (which permits only a fraction of the
Using the following, solve Q.72 to Q. 73 incident light to pass through) and thickness 8000 Å is
Passage – 2 placed in front of the lower slit, it is observed that the
intensity at a point P, 0.15 mm above the central maxima,
When light from two sources (say slits S1 and S2) interfere,
does not change.
they from alternate dark and bright fringes. Bright fringes is P
formed at all points where the path difference is an odd
y
multiple of half wavelength. At the condition of equal
2 S1
amplitudes, A1 = A2 = a, the maximum intensity will be 4a
and the visibility improves. The resultant intensity can also
2 2
be indicated with phase factors as I = 2a cos (/2). Using S2
this passage, answer the following questions.

72. If the path difference between the slits S1 and S2 is
2 74. The phase difference at point P without inserting the
, the central fringe will have an intensity of slab is
2
(a) 0 (b) a 3 
2 2 (a) (b)
(c) 2a (d) 4a 4 4
73. If the slits S1 and S2 are arranged as shown, the ratio  
(c) (d)
of intensity of fringe at P and R is 2 3
75. Intensity at point P is
(a) 3I0 (b) I0
(c) 2I0 (d) 8I0

(a) 0 (b) 
(c) 1:1 (d) 1:2
WAVE OPTICS 101

EXERCISE – 4: PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

1. A glass plate of refractive index 1.5 is coated with a 4. Two beams of light having intensities I & 4I interfere
thin layer of thickness t and refractive index 1.8. to produce a fringe pattern on a screen. The phase
Light of wavelength  travelling in air is incident 
difference between the beams is at point A and 
normally on the layer. It is partly reflected at the 2
upper and the lower surfaces of the layer and the two at point B. Then the difference between the resultant
reflected rays interfere. Write the condition for their intensities at A and B is (2001)
constructive interference. If  = 648 nm, obtain the (a) 4I (b) 2I
least value of t(in nm) for which the rays interfere (c) 5I (d) 7I
constructively. (2000) 5. In Young’s double slit experiment, 12 fringes are
2. A vessel ABCD of 10 cm width has two small slits S1 observed to be formed in a certain segment of the
and S2 sealed with identical glass plates of equal screen when light of wavelength 600 nm is used. If
thickness. The distance between the slits is 0.8mm. the wavelength of light is changed to 400 nm, number
POQ is the line perpendicular to the plane AB and of fringes observed in the same segment of the screen
passing through O, the middle point of S1 and S2 . A in given by (2001)
monochromatic light source is kept at S, 40cm below (a) 12 (b) 18
P and 2m from the vessel, to illuminate the slits as (c) 24 (d) 30
shown in the figure below. Calculate the position of 6. In the ideal double-slit experiment when a glass-plate
the central bright fringe on the other wall CD with (refractive index 1.5) of thickness t is introduced in
respect to the line QQ. Now, a liquid is poured into the path of one of the interfering beams (wavelength
the vessel and filled upto OQ. The central bright  ), the intensity at the position where the central
fringe is found to be at Q. Calculate the refractive maximum occurred previously remains unchanged.
index of the liquid. (2001) The minimum thickness of the glass-plate is (2002)
2
(a) 2 (b)
3

(c) (d) 
3
7. Monochromatic light of wavelength 400 nm and
560 nm are incident simultaneously and normally on
double slit apparatus whose slit separation is 0.1mm
and screen distance is 1 m. Distance between areas of
total darkness will be (2004)
(a) 4 mm (b) 5.6 mm
3. In a double slit experiment instead of taking slits of
(c) 14 mm (d) 28 mm
equal widths, one slit is made twice as wide as the
8. In Young’s double slit experiment intensity at a point
other. Then, in the interference pattern (2000)
is one fourth of the maximum intensity. Angular
(a) the intensities of both the maxima and the minima
position of this point is (2005)
increase
 
(b) the intensity of the maxima increases, and the (a) sin 1 (b) sin 1
minima has zero intensity d 2d
(c) the intensity of the maxima decreases and that of  
(c) sin 1 (d) sin 1
the minima increases 3d 4d
(d) the intensity of the maxima decreases, and the
minima has zero intensity.
WAVE OPTICS 102

9. Column I: Shows four situations of standard 10. In the Young’s double slit experiment using a
Young’s double slit arrangement with the screen monochromatic light of wavelength  the path
placed far away from slits, S1 and S2 . In each of difference (in terms of an integer n) corresponding to
 any point having half the peak intensity is (2013)
these cases S1P0  S2 P0 , S1P1  S2 P1  and  
4 (a)  2n  1 (b)  2n  1
 2 4
S1P2  S2 P4  where  is the wavelength of the  
3 (c)  2n  1 (d)  2n  1
light used. In the cases B, C and D, a transparent 8 16
sheet of refractive index  and thickness t is pasted 11. A light source, which emits two wavelengths
1  400nm and 2  600nm , is used in Young’s
on slit S2 . The thickness of the sheets are different in
double slit experiment. If recorded fringe widths for
different cases. Column II: The phase difference
between the light waves reaching a point P on the 1 and 2 are 1 and  2 and the number of fringes
screen from the two slits is denoted by δ(P) and for them within a distance y on one side of the central
maximum are m1 and m2 respectively then : (2014)
intensity by I(P).
Match each situation given in Column I with the (a)  2  1
statement(s) in Column II valid for that situation. (b) m1 > m2
(2009) (c) from the central maximum, 3rd maximum of 2
Column I Column II overlaps with 5th minimum of 1
(a) (p) δ(P0 )  0
(d) the angular separation of fringes of 1 is greater
than 2 .
12. While conducting the Young’s double slit
experiment, a student replaced the two slits with a
large opaque plate in the x-y plane containing two
(b)  (q) δ(P1 )  0
   1 t  small holes that act as two coherent point sources (S1,
4 S2) emitting light of wavelength 600 nm. The student
mistakenly placed the screen parallel to the x-z plane
(for z > 0) at a distance D = 3 m from the mid-point
of S1S2, as shown schematically in the figure. The
distance between the sources d = 0.6003 mm. The
(c) (r) origin O is at the intersection of the screen and the
 I(P1 )  0
   1 t  line joining S1S2. Which of the following is (are) true
2
of the intensity pattern on the screen? (2016)

(d) 3 (s) I(P0 )  I(P1 )

   1 t 
4
(a) Semi circular bright and dark bands centered at
point O
(b) Hyperbolic bright and dark bands with foci
symmetrically placed about O in the x-direction
(c) The region very close to the point O will be dark
(t) I(P2 )  I(P1 ) (d) Straight bright and dark bands parallel to the x-
axis
WAVE OPTICS 103

13. Two coherent monochromatic point surface S1 and S2 15. A parallel beam of light strikes a piece of transparent
of wavelength  = 600 nm are placed symmetrically glass having cross section as shown in the figure
on either side of the center of the circle as shown. The
below. Correct shape of the emergent wavefront will
sources are separated by a distance d = 1.8mm. This
arrangement produces interference fringes visible as be (figures are schematic and not drawn to scale)
alternate bright and dark spots on the circumference (2020)
of the circle. The angular separation between two
consecutive bright spots is  . Which of the
following options is/are correct? (2017)

(a)

(a) The angular separation between two consecutive

bright spots decreases as we move from P1 to P2
along the first quadrant (b)
(b) A dark spot will be formed at the point P2
(c) The total number of fringes produced between P1
and P2 in the first quadrant is close to 3000
(d) At P2 the order of the fringe will be maximum.
14. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the slit
separation d is 0.3mm and the screen distance D is
1m. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is (c)
incident on the slits at angle  as shown in figure.
On the screen, the point O is equidistant from the slits
and distance PO is 11.0 mm. Which of the following
statement(s) is/are correct?

(d)

(2019)
(a) For  = 0, there will be constructive interference
at point P.
0.36
(b) For α = degree, there will be destructive
π
interference at point P.
0.36
(c) For α = degree, there will be destructive
π
interference at point O.
(d) Fringe spacing depends on 
WAVE OPTICS 104

16. A double slit setup is shown in the figure. One of the 17. A monochromatic light wave is incident normally on
slits is in medium 2 of refractive index n2. The other a glass slab of thickness d, as shown in the figure.
slit is at the interface of this medium with another The refractive index of the slab increases linearly
medium 1 of refractive index n1   n2  . The line from n1 to n2 over the height h. Which of the
joining the slits is perpendicular to the interface and following statement(s) is (are) true about the light
the distance between the slits is d. The slit widths are wave emerging out of the slab? (2022)
much smaller than d. A monochromatic parallel
beam of light is incident on the slits from medium 1.
A detector is placed in medium 2 at large distance
from the slits, and at an angle  from the line joining
them, so that  equals the angle of refraction of the
beam. Consider two approximately parallel rays from
the slits received by the detector. (2022)

  n22  n12  d 
(a) It will deflect up by an angle tan 1  
 2h 

n  n  d 
(b) It will deflect up by an angle tan 1  2 1 
 h 
(c) It will not deflect
(d) The deflection angle depends only on  n2  n1 
and not on the individual value of n1 and n2

Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct?

(a) The phase difference between the two rays is
independent of d.
(b) The two rays interfere constructively at the
detector.
(c) The phase difference between the two rays
depends on n1 but is independent of n2.
(d) The phase difference between the two rays
vanishes only for certain values of d and the angle of
incidence of the beam, with q being the
corresponding angle of refraction.
WAVE OPTICS 105

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ANSWER KEY

Answer Key
CHAPTER -8 RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

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1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 1.(a) 2. (b) 3. (12) 4. (d)

5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 5.(30) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d)
9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (a)
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (d) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d)
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (10)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (b) 21. (27) 22. (1/4) 23. (400) 24. (15)
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 25. (45o) 26. (10) 27. (10) 28. (210o)
29. (c) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (d) 29. (9) 30. (5x10-6) 31. (b) 32. (a)
33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (d)
37. (d) 38. (a,c) 39. (b) 40. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (d)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (c) 41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (a)
45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (b) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (120.00) 48. (54.00)
49. (d) 50. (d) 51. (c) 52. (d) 49. (52.00) 50. (30.00) 51. (41.00) 52. (2.00)
53. (d) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (c) 53. (32.00) 54. (50.00) 55. (18.00) 56. (30.00)
57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (d) 57. (34.00) 58. (4.00) 59. (98.00)
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (b)
60. (100.00) 61. (30.00) 62. (3.00) 63. (5.00)
65. (d) 66. (c) 67. (d) 68. (b)
69. (c) 70. (b) 71. (b) 72. (d)
73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (b) 76. (b)
77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (c) 80. (c)
81. (b)
 107
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER -8 RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

EXERCISE - 3 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTION

DIRECTION TO USE -
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83. (c) 84. (d)

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c)
85. (c) 86. (a)
5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d)
87. (c) 88. (a)
9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (c)
89. (a) 90. (a)
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b)
91. (a)
17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
92. (A  R,Q ; B  P,R ; C  P, S ; D  P,, R)
R
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (b)
93. (A  S ; B  P ; C  S ; D  Q)
25. (6) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (c)
94. (A  R ; B  S ; C  Q ; D  Q)
29. (c) 30. (d) 31. (b) 32. (d)
95. (A  P ; B  R ; C  Q ; D  S)
33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (d)
37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (a,b,d)
45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (c)
49. (a) 50. (b) 51. (a) 52. (a)
53. (a) 54. (a,b,c) 55. (a,c) 56. (a,c)
57. (a,b,c,d) 58. (a,b,c,d)
59. (a,d) 60. (b,c)
61. (b,c,d) 62. (a,d)
63. (a,c) 64. (b,c)
65. (a,b,c) 66. (a,b,c)
67. (a,c) 68. (a,c)
69. (a,c) 70. (b,d)
71. (b,c) 72. (a,c)
73. (225) 74. (36)
75. (2) 76. (3)
77. (2) 78. (80)
79. (d.) 80. (d)
81. (c) 82. (a)
 108
ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER -8 RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

EXERCISE - 4 :

DIRECTION TO USE -
Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 46.(P  2 ; Q  4 ; R  3 ; S  1)

5. (a) 47.(a,c) 48. (b) 49. (a,c)
6. (15 cm, -3/2) 50.(7) 51. (2) 52. (a)
7. (c) 8. (d) 53.(d) 54. (a,c) 55. (a,c,d)
9. ((a) 4o ; (b)-0.04o) 10. (1.6) 11. (b) 56.(a,b,c) 57. (8) 58. (d)
12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 59.(130) 60. (a,b,d) 61. (a,d)
µ3 R 62.(50.0) 63. (0.69) 64. (1.00)
16. ((a) zero ; 1500Å) 17. ( µ µ )
3 1 65.(002.00)

18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c) 66.(b) 67. (b,d,c) 68. (b,c)

21. (6.06 m) 69.(a) 70. (a,b) 71. (6.00)

22. (0.09 m/s, 0.3 m/s) 72.(4.00) 73. (3.00) 74. (a,c,d)

23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (60o) 75. (80 or 150 or 220) 76. (1.00)
26. ((a) 60 (b) 60 )
o o
27. (b)
28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (a)
34. (b)
35. (A  P,Q,R,S ; B  Q ; C  P,Q,R,S ; D  P,Q,R,S)
36. (c) 37. (c,d) 38. (b)
39. (A  P,R ; B  Q,S ; C  P,R,T ; D  Q,S)
40. (a,b,c) 41. (c) 42. (c)
43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (c)
ANSWER KEY 109

Answer Key
CHAPTER - 09 WAVE OPTICS

EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 1.(a) 2.(a) 3.(a) 4. (b)

5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 5.(c) 6.(75.00) 7.(600) 8.(6.00)
9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (c)
13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (d)
17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (180) 21. (600) 22. (630) 23. (24)
24. (30x10-5) 25. (450) 26. (4)
25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (b)
27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
28. (b) 29. (b) 30.(a) 31. (a) 31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (c)
32.(d) 33.(d) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (24.00) 38. (7.00)
35. (c) 36.(d) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (10.00) 40. (3.00) 41. (48.00) 42. (4.00)
39. (a) 40.(c) 41.(a) 42. (a) 43. (462.00) 44. (3060)
43. (d) 44.(c) 45.(c) 46. (c)
47. (3.00) 48.(a) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (b) 52.(c) 53.(c) 54. (c)
55. (1.3) 56.(b) 57. (a) 58. (b)
59. (a) 60.(c) 61. (c) 62. (c)
63. (d) 64.(b) 65.(d) 66. (c)
67. (c) 68.(c) 69.(c) 70. (a)
71. (a) 72.(3.00) 73. (a) 74. (b)
75. (c) 76.(a) 77. (b) 78. (d)
ANSWER KEY 110

CHAPTER - 09 WAVE OPTICS

EXERCISE - 3: EXERCISE - 4:
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTION PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 1. (90)

5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 2. (2 cm about point Q on side CD,  = 1.0016)
9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a)
13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c)
17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d)
9. (a p,s; b  q; c  t; d r,s,t)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (c)
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 10. (b) 11. (a,b,c) 12. (a,c) 13. (c,d)
29. (b) 30.(d) 31. (c) 32. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a)
33. (c) 34.(b) 35.(a) 36. (a) 16. (a,b) 17. (b,d)
37. (a) 38.(c) 39.(d) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42.(b) 43.(b,d) 44. (a,c)
45. (a,d) 46.(a,c,d) 47.(b,c) 48. (2.00)
49. (6.00) 50.(3.00) 51. (d) 52. (a)
53. (a) 54.(c) 55.(c) 56. (b)
57. (a) 58.(b) 59.(c) 60. (c)
61. (d) 62.(a) 63.(b) 64. (b)
65. (b) 66.(d)
67. (a p; b  q, s; c  q, s; d r)
68. (a  r; b  s; c  p; d  q)
69. (a  q; b  p; c  p; d  q)
70. (a) 71. (c) 72. (a) 73. (a)
74. (c) 75. (c)