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Lecture 2

The document discusses transducers and ultrasonic testing. It defines transducers, piezoelectric effect, types of transducers, sensitivity and resolution. It also covers acoustic impedance, Snell's law, critical angles, and ultrasonic testing methods like pitch-catch and through-transmission.

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133 views22 pages

Lecture 2

The document discusses transducers and ultrasonic testing. It defines transducers, piezoelectric effect, types of transducers, sensitivity and resolution. It also covers acoustic impedance, Snell's law, critical angles, and ultrasonic testing methods like pitch-catch and through-transmission.

Uploaded by

Aslaoui
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

UT Basics
In this lecture we will know:
➢ What is transducer ?
➢ Piezoelectric effect
➢ Types of transducers
➢ Sensitivity and resolution of transducers
➢ Acoustic impedance
➢ Snell’s law
➢ First critical and second critical angles
➢ UT methods

24 Nov 1998 2
TRANSDUCERS (Probes)
The components which transmit ultrasound
waves and receive them from the material to
inspect the material
Piezoelectric Effect
The conversion of electrical pulses to
mechanical vibrations and the conversion
of returned mechanical vibrations back
into electrical energy.

24 Nov 1998 3
Types of
Transducers

According
According
to no. of
to angle
crystals

Straight Angle beam Single Dual


beam (45°,60°,70°) element element

Longitudinal
wave
Angle beam Transducer
➢ Produces a shear wave
➢ Used to inspect sheet, plate, Pipe, welds, or tubing.

Single Element Transducer


➢ Sender only
➢ Receiver only
➢ Sender and Receiver

Double Element Transducer


➢ one sender and the other
receiver
Transducers consist of :
1. case: consist of metal housing
That contains all the following parts
2. Backing Material:
made of epoxy, rubber or Plastics
3.Electrodes: Are primarily silver or
gold deposited on piezoelectric
element.
4.Crystal (piezo Electric element)
5. Wear face: Thin layer made of
Lucite, Ceramic or Quartz wear
plate.

24 Nov 1998 6
The Capability Of Transducer:
➢ Sensitivity: The ability of the system to
identify small discontinuities

➢ Resolution: The ability of the system to


separate between two discontinuities
which are close together

Frequency

F  F 
So, Increasing the frequency
(Decreasing the wavelength)

➢ Improve the sensitivity


➢ Improve the Resolution
➢ Reduce the penetration

Transducer Frequency can vary from 0.5 Mhz


to over 75 Mhz

24 Nov 1998 8
Transducer Diameter (Size)
Increasing the transducer diameter

➢ Sensitivity is reduced
➢ Less beam spread

Transducers can vary in size from


0.125 to 1.0 inch
Interface
It is the boundary between two
different mediums
➢water and steel
➢plastic and steel
➢steel and air

Are the whole waves which transmit


from the transducer enter the
material by 100% ??

NO
Acoustic impedance
Resistance to travel of sound waves
within a material.
Measured in kg / m2 x sec
Reflected
Acoustic impedance knows
us how much of sound waves
will be transmitted or
Interface
reflected through the material

Impedance = Density x Velocity


Transmitted
The impedance ratio = Z2 / Z1
Z2 : impedance for the second medium
Z1:: impedance for the first medium
For example
sound waves traveling from water to steel
would result in the following:

Z2 = 4,563,000
Z1 = 149,000
4,563,000 / 149,000 = 30.6

The impedance ratio is 30.6

How we can know the percentage of


transmitted and reflected waves?
From the reflection formula

Therefore
% Sound Reflected + % Sound Transmitted = 100%
% Sound Transmitted = 100% ‫ ــــ‬% Sound Reflected

24 Nov 1998 13
Calculate the percentage of transmitted
waves for the following:
Impedance of Steel = 4.560
Impedance of Tungsten = 9.980

The wave is transmitted from Tungsten to


steel

24 Nov 1998 14
SNELL'S LAW

θ
I θ
R

VI

V
Where:
R
θ R

θI = Angle of incidence
θR = Angle of reflection or refraction
VI = Velocity of incident wave
VR = velocity of refracted or reflected wave
SNELL'S LAW
For example
Angle of Incidence=10°
Angle of Refraction=?
Sound Velocity of First Material=V1
Sound Velocity of Second=V2
First Critical Angle
➢ The first critical angle will
occur when the refracted
longitudinal wave reaches 90
degrees.
➢ Only shear waves are
transmitted through the
second material
Second Critical Angle
➢ When the shear sound
wave reaches 90 degrees of
refraction.
➢ When the second critical
angle is reached, the shear
waves travel parallel to the
surface of the material called
surface waves
At first critical angle, all the longitudinal waves
are disappeared and became the whole waves
which transmitted through the second medium
are shear waves
❖ First critical angle range ( 27º - 57º )

At second critical angle, all the shear waves are


disappeared and became the whole waves which
transmitted through the second medium are
surface waves
❖ second critical angle range ( < 57º )
Ultrasonic Testing Methods
➢ To get useful levels of sound energy into a
material, the air between the transducer and
the test material must be removed
➢ This is referred to put couplant
➢ The used couplant such as oil, grease or a
gel is applied between the transducer and
the part.
Ultrasonic Testing Methods
1. Pitch-Catch Technique
➢ Its acts as duel crystal technique but
with separate two transducers

Transmitter Receiver Transducer


Transducer
Ultrasonic Testing Methods
2.Through-Transmission
➢ Two transducers located on
opposing sides of the test
specimen are used. One
transducer acts as a transmitter,
the other as a receiver. 11

➢ Discontinuities in the sound path T R

will result in a partial or total


loss of sound being transmitted
and be indicated by a decrease
in the received signal amplitude.
T R

➢ Through transmission is useful


2

in detecting discontinuities that


are not good reflectors, and
when signal strength is weak. It
does not provide depth
information.
Questions?

Thanks
24 Nov 1998 22

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