Chapter

Mechanics of Materials
2 ▪2 . CONCEPT OF STRESS
CONCEPT OF STRESS

2.1 Normal Stress

2.2 Shearing Stress
2.3 Bearing Stress in Connections
2.4 Allowable Stress and Factor of Safety
2.5 Stress Under General Loading
2.6 General and Typical States of Stress

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023

 2.1 Normal Stress

▪ In the simplest qualitative terms, stress is the intensity of internal

force. Force is a vector quantity and as such has both magnitude
and direction. Intensity implies an area over which the force is
distributed. Therefore, stress can be defined as

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 2.1 Normal Stress
▪ To introduce the concept of a normal stress, consider a
rectangular bar subjected to an axial force (Figure 1.1a). An axial
force is a load that is directed along the longitudinal axis of the
member. Axial forces that tend to elongate a member are termed
tension forces, and forces that tend to shorten a member are
termed compression forces.

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 2.1 Normal Stress

▪ the stress acts on a surface that is perpendicular to the direction of the

internal force. A stress of this type is called a normal stress, and it is
denoted by the Greek letter s (sigma). To determine the magnitude of
the normal stress in the bar, the average intensity of internal force on
the cross section can be computed as

▪ where A is the cross-sectional area of the bar.

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 2.1 Normal Stress
▪ The normal stress at a particular point may not be equal to the average
stress but the resultant of the stress distribution must satisfy:

▪ When the bar is stretched, the resulting stress are tensile stress, if the bar
is compressed, the stress are compressive stress. Sign convention of the
normal stress is : tensile stress as positive and compressive stress as
negative.
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 2.1 Normal Stress

Stress unit

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 Example 2.1

▪ A solid 0.5-in.-diameter steel hanger rod is used to hold up one end of a

walkway support beam. The force carried by the rod is 5,000 lb.
Determine the normal stress in the rod. (Disregard the weight of the rod.)

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 Solution

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 Example 2.2

▪ Given: A solid circular post ABC (see figure) supports a load 𝑃1 =

2500 𝑙𝑏 acting at the top. A second load P2 is uniformly distributed
around the shelf at B. The diameters of the upper and lower parts
of the post are𝑑𝐴𝐵 = 1.25 𝑖𝑛 and 𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 2.25 𝑖𝑛., respectively.
Find:
a) The normal stressing the upper part of the post?
b) If it is desired that the lower part of the post have the same
compressive stress as the upperpart, what should be the magnitude of
the load P?

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 Solution

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 Example 2.3
▪ Two solid cylindrical rods (1) and (2) are joined together at flange
B and loaded, as shown in Figure P1.3/4. If the normal stress in
each rod must be limited to 40 ksi, determine the minimum
diameter required for each rod.

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 Solution

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 2.2 Shear Stress
▪ Three kinds of shearing stresses:
• Direct shear (mostly due to normal loads) – discussed in this chapter
• Torsional shear (mostly due to torsional loads) – discussed later.
• Shear stress or flexural shear (due to transverse loads) – discussed later.
The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is defined as the shear of
the section and is equal to the load P.

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 Example 2.4
▪ For the connection shown in Figure P1.18, determine the average shear
stress produced in the 3/8- in. diameter bolts if the applied load is P =
2,500 lb.

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 Solution

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 Example 2.5
▪ For the clevis connection shown in Figure P1.17, determine the
maximum applied load P that can be supported by the 10-mm-diameter
pin if the average shear stress in the pin must not exceed 95 MPa.

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023

 Solution

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 2.3 Bearing Stress
• Bearing stress: is a compressive stress that occurs as a result of contact
(point or surface) between two loaded members.

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the points of contact or bearing
surfaces of the members they connect.

• The resultant of the force distribution on the surface is equal and

opposite to the force exerted on the pin. Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing stress,

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 2.3 Bearing Stress

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 Example 2.6
▪ The rectangular bar is connected to the support bracket with a circular
pin, as shown in Figure P1.27. The bar width is w = 1.75 in. and the bar
thickness is 0.375 in. For an applied load of P = 5,600 lb, determine the
average bearing stress produced in the bar by the 0.625-in.-diameter pin.

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 Solution

P = 5,600 lb
A= td ⇒ (0.625-in)(0.375-in)

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 2.4 Allowable Stress and Factor of Safety

▪ Structural members or machines must be designed such that the

working stresses are less than the ultimate strength of the material. The
factor of safety, ns, is the ratio of maximum load that produces failure
of the member to the load allowed under service conditions:

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 2.4 Allowable Stress and Factor of Safety

▪ The allowable load is also called the service load or working load.
This ratio, must always greater than unity, ns >1. The factor of safety
may also be defined by:

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 2.4 Allowable Stress and Factor of Safety
▪ The allowable stress is also known as the applied stress, working stress, or design
stress, and it represent the required strength.
▪ Factor of safety considerations:
• uncertainty in material properties
• uncertainty of loadings
• uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
• types of failure
• maintenance requirements and deterioration effects
• importance of member to structures integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function

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 2.4 Allowable Stress and Factor of Safety
▪ Selection of a factor of safety:
1. 1:25 to 2 for known materials used under controllable conditions and
subjected to loads and stresses that can be readily determined with
certainty. It is used where low weight is a particularly important
consideration
2. 2 to 3 for average materials operated in ordinary environments and
subjected to loads and stresses that can be determined
3. 3 to 4 for average materials used in uncertain environments or
subjected to uncertain stresses.

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 2.5 Stress Under General Loading

▪ • A member subjected to a general combination of loads is cut into two

segments by a plane passing through Q.
▪ • The distribution of internal stress components may be defined as,

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 2.5 Stress Under General Loading
▪ • The double subscript notation is interpreted as follows: The first subscript
indicates the direction of a normal to the plane or face on which the stress
component acts; the second subscript relates to the direction of the stress
itself.
▪ • Equality of Shearing Stresses: We now examine properties of shearing
stress by studying the equilibrium of forces. For equilibrium, an equal and
opposite internal force and stress distribution must be exerted on the other
segment of the member.• Stress components are defined for the planes cut
parallel to the x, y and z axes. For equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses
are exerted on the hidden planes.• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the

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2.5 Stress Under General Loading

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 2.6 General and Typical States of Stress
▪ 1. Triaxial Stress: when the element is subjected only to stresses𝜎𝑥, 𝜎𝑦,
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑧 ( 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 0), acting in mutually perpendicular directions
is said to be in a state of triaxial stress. Such a state of stress can be
written as,

▪ An example of equal triaxial compression is found in a small element

of liquid under static pressure.

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 2.6 General and Typical States of Stress
▪ 2. 2-D or Plane stress: in this case only the x, and y faces are subjected
to stresses𝜎𝑥, 𝜎𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜎𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 =𝜏 𝑧𝑦 = 0. The plane stress
matrix is written as,

▪ 3. Pure Shear: In this case, the element is subjected to plane shearing

stresses only Fig. Typical pure shear occurs over the cross sections and
on longitudinal planes of a circular shaft subjected to torsion.

▪ 4. Uniaxial Stress: When normal stresses act along one direction only,
the one dimensional state of stress is referred to as a uniaxial tension or
compression.
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 Problem 2.7
▪ A clevis-type pipe hanger supports an 8-indiameter pipe as shown in Figure P1.29. The
hanger rod has a diameter of 1/2 in. The bolt connecting the top yoke and the bottom
strap has a diameter of 5/8 in. The bottom strap is 3/16-in.-thick by 1.75-in.-wide by 36-
in.-long. The weight of the pipe is 2,000 lb. Determine the following:(a) the normal
stress in the hanger rod(b) the shear stress in the bolt(c) the bearing stress in the bottom
strap

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 Solution

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 Problem 2.8
A simple lap joint with bolts of diameter d and plates of thickness t is to support
a load p as shown in fig. calculate
a) The normal stress at the critical section a-a
b) The shear stress in the bolts.
c) The bearing stress between the bolts and the plates

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 Solution

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Instructor:saad al-balta 2023