CHAPTER I

A PIC Microcontroller Framework

Introduction
✔ Microcomputer?
– A computer in which the processing unit is a
microprocessor
– Usually - a general purpose computer (or PC)
✔ Embedded Controller
– is a controller (or computer) that is embedded
into some device for some purpose other than
to provide general purpose computing
Introduction
✔ Microcontroller?
– The microcontroller could be called a "one-chip
solution". It typically includes:
• CPU (central processing unit)
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• EPROM/PROM/ROM (Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory)
• I/O (input/output) - serial and parallel
• timers
• interrupt controller
Five Broad Markets
✔ Consumer segment
– Home appliances, Entertainment equipment
✔ Automotive
– Keyless entry, Anti-lock braking, Airbag, etc.
✔ Office Automation
– PC, Keyboards, copiers, printers
✔ Telecommunications
– Cellular phones, pagers, answering machine
✔ Industrial Products
– Door locks, automatic faucets, industrial machine
Microcontroller VS. Microprocessor

3% (75Millions)
97%
(2.5 Billions)

Microcontroller Microprocessor

* John B. Peatman
Microcontroller Unit Shipments
 Worldwide 8-Bit Microcontroller
Market Share - Units
No.
No. 1990
1990 Rank
Rank 1991
1991 Rank
Rank 1992
1992 Rank
Rank 1993
1993 Rank
Rank 1994
1994 Rank
Rank 1995-96
1995-96 Rank
Rank 1997/8/9
1997/8/9 Rank
Rank
11 Motorola
Motorola Motorola
Motorola Motorola
Motorola Motorola
Motorola Motorola
Motorola Motorola
Motorola Motorola
Motorola
22 Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Microchip
Microchip
33 NEC
NEC NEC
NEC Intel
Intel NEC
NEC NEC
NEC SGS-Thomson
SGS-Thomson ST-Micro
ST-Micro
44 Intel
Intel Intel
Intel NEC
NEC Hitachi
Hitachi Philips
Philips NEC
NEC NEC
NEC
55 Hitachi
Hitachi Hitachi
Hitachi Philips
Philips Philips
Philips Intel
Intel Microchip
Microchip Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
66 Philips
Philips Philips
Philips Hitachi
Hitachi Intel
Intel Microchip
Microchip Philips
Philips Philips
Philips
77 Matsushita
Matsushita Matsushita
Matsushita Matsushita
Matsushita SGS-Thomson
SGS-Thomson Zilog
Zilog Zilog
Zilog Siemens
Siemens
88 National
National SGS-Thomson
SGS-Thomson SGS-Thomson
SGS-Thomson Microchip
Microchip SGS-Thomson
SGS-Thomson Hitachi
Hitachi Toshiba
Toshiba
99 Siemens
Siemens Siemens
Siemens National
National Matsushita
Matsushita Matsushita
Matsushita Fujitsu
Fujitsu Hitachi
Hitachi
10
10 TI
TI TI
TI TI
TI Toshiba
Toshiba Hitachi
Hitachi Intel
Intel Zilog
Zilog
11
11 Sharp
Sharp National
National Zilog
Zilog National
National Toshiba
Toshiba Siemens
Siemens Fujitsu
Fujitsu
12
12 Oki
Oki Toshiba
Toshiba Toshiba
Toshiba Zilog
Zilog National
National Toshiba
Toshiba Atmel
Atmel
13
13 Toshiba
Toshiba Sony
Sony Siemens
Siemens TI
TI TI
TI Matsushita
Matsushita National
National
14
14 SGS-Thomson
SGS-Thomson Sharp
Sharp Microchip
Microchip Siemens
Siemens Ricoh
Ricoh TI
TI Sanyo
Sanyo
15
15 Zilog
Zilog Oki
Oki Sharp
Sharp Sharp
Sharp Fujitsu
Fujitsu National
National Matsushita
Matsushita
16
16 Matra
Matra MHS
MHS Zilog
Zilog Sanyo
Sanyo Oki
Oki Siemens
Siemens Temic
Temic TI
TI
17
17 Sony
Sony Microchip
Microchip Matra
Matra MHS
MHS Sony
Sony Sharp
Sharp Sanyo
Sanyo Sony
Sony
18
18 Fujitsu
Fujitsu Matra
Matra MHS
MHS Sony
Sony Sanyo
Sanyo Oki
Oki Ricoh
Ricoh Intel
Intel
19
19 AMD
AMD Fujitsu
Fujitsu Oki
Oki Fujitsu
Fujitsu Sony
Sony Oki
Oki LG
LG Semicon
Semicon
20
20 Microchip
Microchip Sanyo
Sanyo Fujitsu
Fujitsu AMD
AMD Temic
Temic Sharp
Sharp Samsung
Samsung

Based on unit shipment volume, Source: Dataquest, July 2000

Motorola 68HC11 & PIC
Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC)

✔ PIC Microcontroller
– Manufactured by Microchip Technology
– 8-bit RISC microcontroller
– Embedded (hidden or buried) intelligence
– Available with a range of capabilities, 12-16 bit
instruction, 8-44 pin part
– Packaged in both DIP and surface-mount packages
– Low cost
PIC - Typical Application
32kHZ

Serial
EEPROM
MSSP TIMER1

USART
A/D
MCU
CCP
PORTB

I/O
PIC – WIDE POPULARITY
✔ Fast
– Performance 8-bit, microcontroller
– Executes most of the instructions in 0.2us or five instructions per
second (20MHz clock)
✔ Smart
– Set of development tools
✔ Quick
– Time to develop/market (Flash/OTP)
✔ Cool
– Low power consumption
✔ Smooth
– Upward migration
PIC – WIDE POPULARITY (Cont.)
✔ Instruction set
– Small - 35 instructions
✔ Integration of operational features
– Power-on reset and brown-out protection
– Watchdog timer
– Support four clock options
• RC
• X-TAL/Ceramic resonator
• High-speed OSC
• Low Power
PIC – WIDE POPULARITY (Cont.)
✔ Programmable timer Options
✔ Interrupt control
– Up to 12 independent interrupt source
✔ Powerful output pin control
– Drive a load of up to 25 mA
✔ I/O port expansion
– Built-in serial peripheral interface can make use of
standard shift-register to add number of I/O pins
PIC – WIDE POPULARITY (Cont.)
✔ Serial Programming via two pins
– Low cost programmer
✔ Flash/EPROM/OTP/ROM options
✔ Free (http://www.microchip.com)
– MPLAB
– Assembler and Simulator
– Manuals
– Application notes
Memory Technology
FLASH Memory
✔ Standard product family
– Short lead times
✔ Programmed by designer
✔ In-Circuit Re-programmable
– Can be erased and reprogrammed
✔ In-Circuit Debugging capability
– Can be used on any package or die
✔ Most flexible solution
✔ Highest relative cost at same geometry

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

Memory Technology
OTP/EPROM Memory
✔ Parts available off the shelf
– Short lead times
✔ Lower cost than FLASH at same
geometry
✔ Programmed by designer
✔ In-Circuit Programmable
✔ More flexible than ROM

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

 Memory Technology
ROM Memory
✔ Not off the shelf
– Designer must provide code
– Long lead times
✔ Programmed at the factory
✔ Least flexible solution
✔ Lowest cost solution
– Initial NRE (mask charge)
– Minimum quantities required

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

Memory Selection

✔ CHOOSE FLASH for debugging &

development of both products
– For Mass Distribution Product
• Use OTP in initial production
– Lower cost yet provides opportunity to change code
• Once code stabilizes convert to ROM
– Realize full cost savings

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

 Memory Technology
ROM EPROM FLASH
16Kw PIC18CRXX*
PIC18CRXX PIC18C252 PIC18F252*

PIC18C242 PIC18F242*
8Kw PIC16CR76*
PIC16C76 PIC16F876

PIC16CR73* PIC16C73 PIC16F873

4Kw
PIC16CR63 PIC16C63

PIC16F870*
2Kw PIC16CR72 PIC16F872*
PIC16C72
* Planned
*From Microchip Seminar 2000
 Development Tools
✔ Need to have complete tool solution
– Language Tools for code development
• Assemblers
• C-Compilers
– Simulator
– Emulator
– Debugger
– Programmer
✔ Need a tool that integrates them all together

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

PICmicro MCU Development Tools*

MPLAB®
Integrated Development Environment
Built-in Source Level Project
Editor Debugger Manager
Languages Simulators Emulators Programmers Third Party
MPASM MPLAB-SIM MPLAB-ICE C Compilers†
®
Assembler Simulator 2000 PRO MATE II
Hi-Tech, IAR,
CCS
MPLINK
MPLIB MPLAB-ICD
PICSTART®
MPLAB-C17
ICEPIC† Plus
MPLAB-C18

† Third Party Tool

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

 PICmicro MCU Development Tools
Language Products
✔ MPASM
– Microchip Universal Macro Assembler
– Supports all PICmicro MCUs
✔ MPLINK
– Create executable files from object files created by
MPASM or MPLAB-C17/C18
– May use libraries stored by MPLIB
✔ MPLIB
– Groups relocateable objects created by MPASM or
MPLAB-C17/C18

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

PICmicro MCU Development Tools
MPLAB-C17 & MPLAB-C18
✔ Microchip compiler for PIC17CXXX and
PIC18CXXX PICmicro MCUs
✔ ANSI compatible
✔ MPASM/MPLINK/MPLIB
– Compatible at object level
– Supports relocatable objects
✔ Reliable Code Generators
✔ Free 30 day copies available on the web
www.microchip.com
*From Microchip Seminar 2000
 PICmicro MCU Development Tools
MPLAB-SIM
✔ Supports all PICmicro MCUs
✔ Discrete event simulator instruction based
✔ MPLAB compatible
– Unlimited breakpoints
– Unlimited trace points
– Examine/modify registers
– Watch variables
– Time stamp
– Stimulus injection
✔ Available electronically FREE

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

 PICmicro MCU Development Tools
MPLAB-ICD In-Circuit Debugger
9”
9” Modular
Modular Cable
Cable MPLAB -ICD Header
MPLAB-ICD Header PIC16F877
PIC16F877

MPLAB -ICD Module

MPLAB-ICD Module
RS -232
RS-232
Cable
Cable

+9V
+9V
Power
Power Supply
Supply
Cable
Cable
MPLAB-ICD Demo
MPLAB-ICD Demo Board
Board
*From Microchip Seminar 2000
 PICmicro MCU Development Tools
MPLAB-ICD Features
✔ Uses MPLAB IDE and PC serial port
✔ Real-time code execution, Variable Watching
✔ Single Step, One Hardware Breakpoint
✔ 3.0V to 5.5V, 32kHz to 20MHz
✔ Small system impact using only 2 I/O pins
✔ Uses actual oscillator and other peripherals
✔ Every PIC16F87X is a debugger

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

PICmicro MCU Development Tools
MPLAB-ICE 2000
Host
Host to
to Pod
Pod Cable
Cable *Emulator
*Emulator Pod
Pod

*Processor
Processor
Module
Module
Flex
Flex Circuit
Circuit
Cable
Cable
*Device
*Device
Adapter
Adapter

*SOIC
*SOIC
Transition
Transition
*Each component Socket
Socket
ordered separately

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

 PICmicro MCU Development Tools
MPLAB-ICE System Components
✔ Emulator pod (required)
• MPLAB-ICE 2000, full-featured system
✔ Processor module (required)
• PICmicro specific support (contains the flex circuit cable)
✔ Device adapter (required)
• PICmicro and package specific support (DIP, PLCC, and
PQFP/TQFP)
✔ Transition socket (optional depending on package)
• Required for SOIC, SSOP, PQFP, & TQFP
• Transitions pin-out from Device Adapter to
specific surface mount package
*From Microchip Seminar 2000
Emulator/Debugger Comparison Chart
Features MPLAB-ICE ICEPIC MPLAB-ICD
Real Time Full speed Limited Full Speed
Emulation
Communication Printer Port Serial Serial Port
Port
Code Coverage Yes None None
Profiling
Programmable Yes No No
Clock
Low voltage Yes (2.0V) No Yes (3.0V)
Monitor Internal Yes No No
Registers (Except 16C5X)
Time Stamp Yes No No
Complex Break and Yes No No (Single
Trigger Bkpt)
Requires Chip No No Yes
Resources

*From Microchip Seminar 2000

Development Systems
PICSTART Plus Development Programmer
RS -232 Serial
RS-232 Serial ✔ Low-cost Development
Interface
Interface Programmer
9V
9V DC
DC Input
Input
✔ Upgrades done in MPLAB
PICSTART Plus software. Firmware upgrades
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMER

POWER Power
Power ONON occasionally required for new
ACTIVE
Programmer PICmicro MCU sub-families
Programmer
Active
Active ✔ Uses serial programming
algorithms for all ICSP
capable devices
✔ Also runs under Windows
NT!
40 -Pin ZIF Socket to accommodate
40-Pin
PICmicro
PICmicro MCUs from 88-- to 40 -pins. 68
40-pins. -pin
68-pin
PLCC
PLCC can
can be
be programmed
programmed withwith anan adapter
adapter
*From Microchip Seminar 2000
Microchip Technology Inc.
The Embedded Control Solutions Company®
High Voltage
Precision High Voltage
Precision I/O’s
Voltage I/O’s
Voltage
Reference
Reference

Amplifiers Filters A/D

Amplifiers Filters A/D
PICmicro
Microcontroller

Power
AC Power Power
Management
Management
- Regulators
Battery - Regulators
- Supervisory LCD
- Supervisory LCD
Drivers
Drivers

Serial NV Interface
SRAM Serial NV Interface
SRAM Memory Products
Memory Products
Digital LED
Digital LED
Peripherals Drivers
Peripherals Drivers