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NODIA CBSE Question Bank Social Science 10th

NODIA CBSE Chapter-wise Question Bank includes every question from all 63 sets of papers of the last 20 years (2024-2005). It is based on a chapter-wise format as per the syllabus issued by CBSE on 23 March, 2024. It includes MCQs, very short, short and long type questions as per new exam pattern. It contains more case study questions than any other book. This question bank highlights knowledge and skill based questions to prepare the subject thoroughly. It will help you study and practice well.

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76% found this document useful (42 votes)

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NODIA CBSE Question Bank Social Science 10th

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CBSE 2026
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Including Case Based Questions

CLASS 10

Chapter-wise Question Bank

Based on Previous 20 Years 63 Papers

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CBSE Social Science Class 10 Question Bank
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Contents
CBSE Examination 2025 5-14
History
CHAP 1. The Rise of Nationalism In Europe 15-56
CHAP 2. Nationalism In India 57-96
CHAP 3. Making of a Global World 97-122
CHAP 4. Print Culture and the Modern World 123-152

Geography
CHAP 5. Resources and Development 153-182
CHAP 6. Forest and Wildlife Resources 183-206
CHAP 7. Water Resources 207-240
CHAP 8. Agriculture 241-280
CHAP 9. Mineral and Energy Resources 281-308
CHAP 10. Manufacturing Industries 309-346

Political Science
CHAP 11. Power-sharing 347-370
CHAP 12. Federalism 371-400
CHAP 13. Gender, Religion and Caste 401-426
CHAP 14. Political Parties 427-452
CHAP 15. Outcome of Democracy 453-480

Economics
CHAP 16. Development 481-510
CHAP 17. Sectors of the Indian Economy 511-542
CHAP 18. Money and Credit 543-574
CHAP 19. Globalization and the Indian Economy 575-606

MAP Work
CHAP 20. Map Work 607-636

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CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER 2025

Class - 10th
Social Science
Time : 3 Hour Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions :
1. The question paper comprises Six Sections – A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37 questions in the
Question paper. All questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – From questions 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Question no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 2 marks each.
Answer to each question should not exceed 40 words.
4. Section C contains Q.25 to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. Answer to
each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Section D – Question no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks each. Answer to
each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Section E – Questions no from 34 to 36 are case based questions with three sub questions and are of 4
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 100 words.
7. Section F – Question no. 37 is map based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37a from History (2 marks)
and 37b from Geography (3 marks).
8. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few
questions. Only one of the choices in such questions must be attempted.
9. A separate question has been provided for visually impaired candidates in lieu of questions having visual
inputs, maps etc. Such questions are to be attempted by Visually impaired students only. In addition to
this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

SECTION-A
2 The growth of digital technology has greatly influenced
globalization. Which of the following is its main benefit?
(a) Increased Communication Cost
1 Read the following developmental goals and choose the (b) Limited Access to Information
correct option of goals related to a student studying in (c) Enhanced Connectivity
university: (d) Slower Transaction Speed
(i) Good opportunities for research.
Ans
(ii) Opportunities to pursue higher education abroad.
(iii) Opportunities for independence. Digital technology’s rapid expansion underpins
(iv) Opportunities for good employment. globalization by fundamentally enhancing connectivity
Options : worldwide. Improved communication platforms allow
(a) Only (i) (ii) and (iii) are correct. instantaneous information sharing, collaboration, and
(b) Only (iii), (ii) and (iv) are correct economic integration. This streamlined interaction
(c) Only (i) (ii) and (iv) are correct fosters cultural exchange and market expansion,
(d) All of the above making “enhanced connectivity” the definitive benefit,
and solidifies answer “c” as the most appropriate option.
Ans
Thus (c) is the correct option.
ypically, a university student’s main developmental aims
encompass academic research opportunities, higher 3 Read the following sources of loan carefully and choose
education abroad, and promising employment prospects. the correct option related to formal sources of credit:
Although personal independence matters greatly, it is (i) Commercial Bank
not always viewed as a formal development objective. (ii) Landlords
Therefore, the correct goals are (i), (ii), and (iv). (iii) Government
Thus (c) is the correct option. (iv) Money Lender

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page 6 CBSE CLASS 10 Social science Chapterwise PYQ

Options : 6 The World Bank’s development report is prepared on

(a) (i) and (iii) are correct the basis of the following :
(b) (ii) and (iv) are correct (a) Per capita income
(c) (i) and (ii) are correct (b) National income
(d) (ii) and (iii) are correct (c) Freedom
Ans (d) Life Expectancy

Formal credit sources include Commercial Banks Ans

and the Government because they are regulated by The World Bank classifies countries primarily using Per
legal institutions and have standardized interest rates. Capita Income. Its World Development Reports rely
Landlords and Moneylenders are informal lenders on average income indicators (e.g., GNI per capita) to
without standardized or regulated terms. Hence, only categorize economies and assess overall development
(i) and (iii) qualify as formal sources.. levels. Hence, (a) is correct.
Thus (a) is the correct option. Thus (a) is the correct option.

4 Choose the correct option to fill the blank: 7 Read the table given below carefully and answer the
question that follow:
Sector Criteria Used
Primary, Secondary …………… Country Gross Life Years of HDI
and Tertiary National Expec- Schooling Rank
Organized and Nature of Employment Income tancy of People in the
Unorganized Sector Activities (GNI) at Aged 25 World
per Birth and Above (2021-
(a) Nature of social activities capita 22)
(b) Nature of political activities (2017
(c) Nature of production activities PPP) in
(d) Nature of government activities US $
Ans A 12,578 76.4 10.8 73
The classification into primary, secondary, and tertiary B 6590 67.2 6.7 132
sectors depends on the type of production: extracting C 3851 65.7 6.4 149
raw materials (primary), manufacturing and processing D 4624 66.1 4.5 161
(secondary), and delivering services (tertiary).
E 3877 68.4 5.1 143
Meanwhile, the organized and unorganized sectors
are defined by employment conditions, wages, and F 5472 72.4 7.4 129
regulations. Which of the following countries has high per capita
Thus (c) is the correct option. income, life expectancy at birth and high rank in human
development among the given five countries?
5 Choose the odd one out from the following options (a) A
regarding the sectors of economy: (b) E
(a) Pilot, Driver, Gardener (c) C
(b) Fisherman, Teacher, Lawyer (d) D
(c) Engineer, Professor, Farmer
(d) Doctor, Teacher, Lawyer Ans

Ans Country A has the highest per capita income (US

$12,578), the greatest life expectancy (76.4 years), and
Options (a), (b), and (c) each include at least one the most favorable HDI rank (73). Therefore, it clearly
occupation from the primary sector (like Fisherman, leads in development indicators among the listed
Farmer, Gardener) and/or secondary or tertiary countries..
activities. In contrast, option (d) includes only service- Thus (a) is the correct option.
sector jobs (Doctor, Teacher, Lawyer). Hence, (d) is the
odd one out regarding economic sectors.
Thus (d) is the correct option.

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CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER 2025

8 In which year the Constitution amendment providing 11 Which of the following is an example of horizontal
for 33% representation of women in the local self- power sharing in Indian democracy?
government system in India was made? Choose the (a) Division of power between Central and State
correct option. Governments
(a) 1990 (b) Division of power between Rural and Urban
(b) 1984 Governments
(c) 1992 (c) Division of power among different organs of the
(d) 1989 government
Ans (d) Division of power among Legislature, Executive
and Judiciary
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, passed
in 1992, introduced 33% reservation for women in local Ans
self-government (Panchayati Raj institutions and urban Horizontal power sharing distributes authority among
local bodies) in India. different government organs—Legislature, Executive,
Thus (c) is the correct option. and Judiciary—ensuring checks and balances. In
contrast, vertical power sharing occurs between
9 In a democratic country the government provides different levels of government (Central, State, Local)..
important friendly relations with the help of citizens and Thus (d) is the correct option.
experts. Which one of the following is correct option of
this process? 12 How does the Indian federal structure promote balanced
(a) The government is capable of determining policies governance across the nation? Choose the most suitable
on its own. option from the following:
(b) Citizens feel empowered to determine policies. (a) By allowing states to exercise complete autonomy
(c) Corporate projects interest over government in every sphere
policies. (b) By ensuring a division of power between centre and
(d) The government has no interest in being answerable. states
Ans (c) By allowing all decision-making processes under
the Union Government
In a democratic system, governments consult citizens (d) By ensuring powers of local bodies remain supreme
and experts, enabling broad participation and
collaborative decision-making. Consequently, citizens Ans
feel a sense of ownership and empowerment in policy India’s federal structure balances governance by distributing
formation. powers between the central government and various states,
Thus (b) is the correct option. preventing over-centralization. This division fosters local
autonomy while maintaining national unity.
10 Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched? Thus (b) is the correct option.
List-I (Region) List-II (Regions)
13 Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A)
(a) Rashtriya Janta Dal - Uttar Pradesh and Reason (R):
(b) Janta Dal (Secular) - Bihar Read both the statements and choose the correct option:
Assertion (A) : The French speaking community
(c) Rashtriya Lok Dal - Assam
was given its representation in comparison to Dutch
(d) Biju Janta Dal - Odisha speaking community in Belgium.
Ans Reason (R) : Dutch speaking community got the benefit
of economic development and education much later.
Biju Janata Dal (BJD) is a prominent regional party Which of the following is correct?
in Odisha. Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) is mainly from (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct
Bihar, Janata Dal (Secular) is influential in Karnataka, (b) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the
and Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD) operates largely in Uttar correct explanation of (A)
Pradesh. Hence, only (d) is correctly matched. (c) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the
Thus (d) is the correct option. correct explanation of (A)
(d) (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct

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page 8 CBSE CLASS 10 Social science Chapterwise PYQ

Ans Options :
Both statements are true: historically, French speakers (a) Tea
had more representation, and Dutch speakers benefited (b) Coffee
from economic development later. However, the delayed (c) Jute
development does not fully explain why French speakers (d) Cotton
initially held greater representation; it largely stemmed Ans
from historical and political privileges, not solely from
Coffee is widely grown in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and
economic factors.
Kerala. It thrives in cool, shaded highlands receiving
Thus (c) is the correct option.
sample rainfall. These conditions—particularly in
14 Match Column-I with Column-II and choose the Karnataka’s hilly regions—favor coffee’s growth. Tea also
correct option : needs rainfall and slopes, but coffee specifically requires
shade trees, making coffee (option b) the correct major
Column-I Column-II cash crop here.
(Minerals) (Features) Thus (b) is the correct options
A. Copper (i) Used in manufacturing
steel and paints 16 A researcher is examining a soil type which is formed by
B. Bauxite (ii) Used in manufacturing of the weathering of volcanic rock and is rich in minerals.
aircraft Which one of the following soils is it?
(a) Red soil
C. Mica (iii) Used in electric cables
(b) Alluvial soil
D. Iron ore (iv) Used in aluminium (c) Black soil
production (d) Desert soil
A B C D Ans
(a) (i)-(iii)-(iv)-(ii) Black soil (also called Regur soil) originates from weathered
(b) (ii)-(i)-(iii)-(iv) volcanic basalt rock in regions like the Deccan Plateau.
(c) (iv)-(ii)-(i)-(iii) Renowned for its dark color and high mineral content—
(d) (iii)-(iv)-(ii)-(i) especially lime, iron, and magnesium—it retains moisture
Ans effectively, making it ideal for cotton cultivation and fitting
the description provided in the question.
Copper (A) → (iii) Used in electric cables
Thus (c) is the correct option.
Copper’s high conductivity and ductility make it ideal
for wiring. 17 Arrange the following events in chronological order and
Bauxite (B) → (iv) Used in aluminium production choose the correct option:
Bauxite is the primary ore from which aluminium is I. The Treaty of Vienna
extracted. II. The beginning of Napoleonic Wars
Mica (C) → (ii) Used in manufacturing of aircraft III. Proclamation of the Prussian King William I as
Mica’s excellent insulating and heat-resistant properties German Emperor
find specialized uses (e.g., insulating materials) in IV. Proclamation of French Emperor William II as the
various industries, including aeronautics. King of Italy
Iron ore (D) → (i) Used in manufacturing steel and Options :
paints (a) I, III, IV and II
Iron ore is the main raw material for steel production, (b) II, IV, I and III
and iron oxides are also used as pigments in paints. (c) II, I, IV and III
(d) III, II, IV and I
15 Identify the crop with the help of information given in
the box: Ans
1. This crop is a major cash crop in india. The Napoleonic Wars began around 1803 (II), followed
2. It is cultivated mainly in the states of Karnataka by the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 (I). Italy’s unification
and Tamil Nadu. under Victor Emmanuel II (mistakenly referenced as
3. It is known for its aroma. William II happened in 1861 (IV). Lastly, in 1871, King

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CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER 2025

William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor By censoring newspapers, they suppressed dissent
(III). Hence, the order is II, I, IV, III. and shaped public opinion in their favor. This strategy
Thus (c) is the correct option. helped maintain their authority and stifled anti-colonial
sentiments, ensuring minimal challenges to British
18 Look at the given picture and identify the name of the economic and political interests.
painter of this painting from the following options: Thus (a) is the correct option.

20 Why was the silk route considered a good example of

vibrant pre-modern trade? Choose the most appropriate
option:
(a) Due to movement of silk cargoes
(b) Due to flow of silver and gold
(c) Due to linkage of China and Australia
(d) Due to trade and cultural exchange
Ans
Beyond merely transporting silk, the Silk Route
facilitated extensive trade and the exchange of religions,
technologies, and cultural practices among civilizations
across Asia, Europe, and parts of Africa. This rich blend
of commerce and cultural interaction exemplifies the
vibrancy and significance of pre-modern global trade
networks.
Thus (d) is the correct option.

Section B
Options :
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
(b) Abanindranath Tagore
(c) Debindeanath Tagore 21 (A) “Planning is the widely accepted strategy for
(d) Satyendranath Tagore judicious use of resources.” Explain the statement.
o
Ans
(B) “Equitable distribution of the resources has become
Abanindranath Tagore, founder of the Bengal School essential for a sustained quality of human life.”
of Art, is renowned for iconic works such as “Bharat Explain.
Mata.” His style combined Indian traditional motifs
Ans
with a revivalist approach. This painting’s theme and
artistic style align closely with Abanindranath Tagore’s (A) Planning balances resource distribution by assessing
signature techniques, regional needs and availability, preventing overuse
Thus (b) is the correct option. or misuse. It promotes sustainable development
through coordinated policies, matching resource
19 How did the British East India Company use Print potential with human expertise. This systematic
Culture to promote its interests in India? Choose the approach ensures equitable utilization, preserving
correct option: resources for future generations and prosperity.
(a) By censoring the Indian newspapers o
(b) By funding the regional language newspapers (B) Equitable resource distribution prevents
(c) By encouraging the development of independent concentration of wealth, fosters social harmony,
Press and reduces conflicts. It guarantees basic necessities
(d) By using print media to spread eastern culture for all, bridging inequalities between regions
Ans and communities. Fair allocation safeguards
livelihoods, supports balanced development, and
The British East India Company imposed strict controls
upholds the shared welfare of humanity globally.
on the press to curb any nationalist or critical voices.

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page 10 CBSE CLASS 10 Social science Chapterwise PYQ

22 How did the feminist movements help to enhance the 26 Describe the steps taken by French revolutionaries to
role of women in public life? Explain. create a sense of national unity and belonging.
Ans o
Describe the historical factors that contributed to the
Feminist movements advocated education, political emergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans.
participation, and economic independence for women.
Ans
They challenged patriarchal norms, expanded women’s
access to public spaces, and demanded equal rights. French revolutionaries implemented various measures
Through collective action, these efforts redefined societal to forge a collective national identity among the French.
expectations, fostering inclusivity, empowerment, and They standardized the language, replaced regional
gender equity worldwide. dialects, and promoted a unified vernacular. They
instituted national symbols and patriotic festivals,
23 Explain the role of public facilities in social development. encouraging citizens to identify with a common heritage.
Ans They also reformed education to emphasize republican
values and shared civic virtues systematically.
Public facilities, including healthcare, education,
o
transport, and infrastructure, are subsidized or free,
The emergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans
ensuring broad accessibility. They reduce economic
can be attributed to several historical factors. The
barriers, improve living standards, and enhance social
decline of the Ottoman Empire created power vacuums
equity. By offering essential services, governments
and intensified competition among various ethnic
strengthen human capital, fostering inclusive growth
groups. Long-standing ethnic and religious differences,
and overall development.
exacerbated by imperial policies and external rivalries,
24 Why was the Indian subcontinent significant to trade fueled aspirations for self-determination. Additionally,
networks before European intervention? Explain? nationalist ideologies and romanticism fostered collective
identities and rivalry among neighboring states.
Ans
The Indian subcontinent’s strategic location bridged 27 Examine the measures taken by the government to
East and West, offering key trade routes. Its abundant make agriculture profitable in India.
resources, including spices, textiles, and precious Ans
stones, were highly sought after. This thriving exchange To enhance agricultural profitability, the government
of goods and ideas enriched global commerce. Cultural introduced HYV seeds, improved irrigation, and
links also flourished. mechanization for increased productivity. MSP ensures
fair prices for farmers, and subsidies on seeds, fertilizers,
Section C and other inputs lower costs. Schemes like PM-KISAN
and Kisan Credit Cards provide financial support, while
25 How did the trade policy implemented in 1991 rural infrastructure development, including better roads
stimulated the globalization in India? Explain with and storage facilities, reduces wastage and enhances
example. market access for farmers.
Ans 28 Explain the role of opposition in democracy.
1991 reforms liberalized trade attracting foreign Ans
investments and integrating India globally. French In a democracy, opposition plays a crucial role by
revolutionaries unified citizens by standardizing providing checks and balances against government
language, symbols, and celebrations, forging national power. It holds the ruling party accountable through
identity. Balkan nationalist tensions arose from ethnic critique, alternative policy proposals, and public
diversity, historical rivalries and declining empires. debate. The opposition represents diverse viewpoints,
Democratic opposition ensures accountability and ensuring inclusivity. Moreover, it fosters transparency,
protects rights. Government policies, via reforms and encourages policy innovation, and ultimately
infrastructure investments, stimulate economic growth strengthens democratic institutions by challenging
and inclusive development. Overall, measures drive potential abuses of power, thus enhancing overall
progress. democratic governance.

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CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER 2025

29 Examine the role of Government policies in promoting joined protests, boycotting foreign cloth and
economic growth in India. picketing liquor shops. Muslim and Hindu leaders
often coordinated efforts, bridging communal
Ans divisions. The movement spread nationwide,
Government policies in India have significantly encompassing regions like the Northwest Frontier
promoted economic growth by implementing reforms Province under Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
that liberalize markets, attract foreign investments, and Even industrial workers in cities supported the
enhance infrastructural development. Policies such campaign, organizing strikes. Gandhi’s march to
as deregulation, privatization, and trade liberalization Dandi symbolized self-reliance and dignity. This
foster competitive business environments. In addition, inclusiveness, involving people from different castes
targeted social programs, improved education, and and classes, reinforced national consciousness,
digital initiatives have spurred innovation, increased undermined British authority, and strengthened
productivity, and contributed to sustainable, inclusive the collective demand for independence and
economic development. This sustains national growth. eventual complete Indian freedom.

Section D
31 (A) “It would be beneficial to develop sustainable way
to meet the growing energy demand in India.”
Support the statement by giving suitable arguments.
30 (A) Explain the role of Gandhiji in the Non-cooperation o
Movement with examples. (B) “We have to use a planned and sustainable manner
o to conserve our minerals.” Support the statement
(B) How did the Civil Disobedience Movement able to by giving suitable arguments.
bring all communities together in India? Explain Ans
with examples.
(A) Developing sustainable energy sources is vital for
Ans India’s growing demand. Renewable options like
(A) Gandhiji’s leadership in the Non-Cooperation solar, wind, and hydro can reduce reliance on finite
Movement began in 1920. He encouraged Indians fossil fuels, curb environmental degradation, and
to boycott British institutions, schools, courts, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Encouraging
goods. Through peaceful protest and satyagraha, decentralized power generation, especially in rural
he united diverse social groups. Gandhi wore areas, fosters energy access and local economic
khadi and urged the use of Indian products, thus growth. Adopting energy-efficient technologies
challenging the British economic system. By LED lighting, smart grids, and better insulation
withdrawing cooperation, he sought to weaken further minimizes consumption. Government
British authority without resorting to violence. incentives, such as tax benefits for renewable
He mobilized peasants, workers, and students, energy projects, spur private investment and
emphasizing self-reliance and moral discipline. innovation. Involving communities through
Notable examples include the boycott of foreign awareness campaigns ensures public participation
cloth, picketing of liquor shops, and renunciation and acceptance. This integrated approach
of British titles. This movement spread across rural creates jobs, protects public health by reducing
and urban India, raising political consciousness and air pollution, and preserves ecological balance.
instilling a sense of unity. Ultimately, it exposed the Ultimately, sustainable energy development
vulnerability of British rule and laid groundwork strengthens the nation’s long-term energy security
for independence and future campaigns. while safeguarding the environment.
o o
(B) The Civil Disobedience Movement, launched by (B) Mineral resources are finite and require careful,
Gandhi in 1930, expanded unity among diverse sustainable management. Planned extraction
Indian communities. By breaking the Salt Laws, practices, with strict oversight and regular impact
Indians from various social, religious, and regional assessments, help prevent over-exploitation
backgrounds found a common cause against unjust and environmental damage. Using advanced
British taxation. Women, students, and peasants technologies in mining like precision drilling
and automated processes can reduce wastage and

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page 12 CBSE CLASS 10 Social science Chapterwise PYQ

pollution. Rehabilitation of mined areas through 2. Democracy does not appear to be successful in
reforestation and land reclamation safeguards reducing economic inequality.
biodiversity and soil fertility. Encouraging However, democracy cannot be rejected due to
recycling and the use of alternative materials eases these reasons:
pressure on virgin resources. Policies that enforce (a) Economic development of a country does not
stringent environmental regulations and penalize solely depend on the system of governance
irresponsible mining activities are crucial. Public- but also on factors like population size,
private partnerships can fund research in efficient global situations, and cooperation from other
mining methods and waste reduction. Educating countries.
local communities and industries about responsible (b) Democracy is not a guaranteed way to ensure
resource usage promotes collective accountability. economic development, but we can expect it
This holistic approach ensures mineral availability not to lag behind dictatorships in this respect.
for future generations and maintains ecological (c) Democracy is preferred because of its multiple
balance. positive outcomes.
(d) The gap between democracy and non-
32 (A) “Democracy elevates humans from the status democracy in terms of development is small,
of subject to citizen.” Justify the statement with so we can expect democracy to perform better
suitable arguments. in the long run.
o
(B) “Democracy and Development go together”. Justify 33 (A) Analyse the role of credit in rural economy.
the statement with suitable arguments. o
Ans (B) Analyse the differences between formal and
(A) Democracy elevates humans from the status of informal sectors of credit.
subject to citizen: Ans
1. It stands much superior to any other form of (A) Credit plays a vital role in the rural economy by
government in promoting dignity and freedom enabling farmers to purchase seeds, fertilizers,
of citizens. and equipment, thus ensuring timely sowing
2. The passion for respect and freedom are the and harvesting. It also helps meet urgent family
basis of democracy because throughout the expenses like healthcare and education. Through
world this principle has been recognized. formal institutions (banks, cooperatives) and
3. All citizens have equal rights in electing their microfinance setups, rural borrowers can access
leaders, meaning they participate in decision- loans at relatively lower interest rates. This reduces
making as responsible citizens, which affects dependence on traditional moneylenders who
them all. often charge exorbitant rates, leading to debt traps.
4. The fact that people are complaining is itself With adequate credit, farmers can adopt modern
a testimony to the success of democracy, farming techniques, diversify into allied activities
showing that people have developed awareness (like dairy or poultry), and enhance productivity.
and the ability to expect and critically analyze Government schemes such as Kisan Credit Cards
power holders. promote hassle-free credit for small and marginal
5. Respect to and equal treatment of women are farmers. Strengthening rural credit delivery further
being recognized in democracy all over. stimulates agricultural growth, raises income levels,
6. Democracy has empowered and strengthened and boosts overall rural development.
the claims of weaker sections and o
disadvantaged groups. (B) The formal credit sector comprises banks,
o cooperatives, and other regulated financial
(B) Democracy and development go together: This may institutions overseen by the Reserve Bank of India.
not be entirely true due to the following reasons: These entities generally offer loans with lower
1. If we consider all democracies and all interest rates and structured repayment terms.
dictatorships for fifty years (1950-2000), Documentation and collateral requirements,
dictatorships have shown a slightly higher rate however, can make access challenging for many
of development. rural borrowers. In contrast, the informal sector—

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CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER 2025

moneylenders, landlords, traders—provides quick within their jurisdiction and act as a link between
and flexible loans without strict paperwork. Yet, high them and the zilla parishad.
interest rates and exploitative practices often lead to (ii) A municipal corporation generally governs larger
persistent debt cycles. While formal credit ensures urban areas and cities with more population, while
transparency and borrower protection, its reach is municipalities manage smaller towns. The head of
sometimes limited by procedural complexities and a municipal corporation is known as the mayor,
geographical constraints. Government initiatives like whereas in a municipality, the head is referred to as
Jan Dhan Yojana and financial inclusion drives aim the municipal chairperson or commissioner.
to extend formal banking services to marginalized (iii) Local government promotes democracy by:
communities. Balancing both sectors can help (a) Decentralizing authority, which brings
address diverse rural credit needs. governance closer to the people,
(b) Involving citizens in decision-making at the
Section E grassroots level,
(c) Addressing local issues directly, and
34 Read the following source and answer the questions that (d) Ensuring transparency and accountability, which
follow: supports equitable development in society.
Local Self Government
35 Read the source given below and answer the questions
The local government structure goes right up to the
that follow:
district level. A few gram panchayats are grouped
New Forms of Publication
together to form what is usually called a panchayat samiti
With the setting up of an increasing number of printing
or block or mandal. The members of this representative
presses, visual imagery could be easily reproduced in
body are elected by all the panchayat members in that
multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced
area. All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district
images for mass circulation. Poor wood engravers who
together constitute the zilla (district) parishad. Most
made woodblocks set up shop near the letterpresses,
members of the zilla parishad are elected. Members
and were employed by print shops. Cheap prints
of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of that district and some
and calendars, easily available in the bazaar, could
other officials of other district level bodies are also its
be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of
members. Zilla parishad chairperson is the political
their homes or places of worship. These prints began
head of the zilla parishad.
shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition,
Similarly, local government bodies exist for urban
religion and politics, and society and culture. By the
areas as well. Municipalities are set up in towns. Big
1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published
cities are constituted into municipal corporations.
in journals and newspapers, commenting on social
Both municipalities and municipal corporations are
and political issues. Some caricaturists ridiculed the
controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s
educated Indians’ fascination with Western tastes and
representatives. Municipal chairperson is the political
clothes, while others expressed the fear of social change.
head of the municipality. In a municipal corporation,
The new imperial caricatures lampooned the nationalists
such an officer is called the mayor.
as well as nationalist cartoons criticising imperial rule.
This new system of local goverment is the largest
(i) How did the development of printing technology
experiment in democracy anywhere in the word.
improve the visual image?
(i) Explain the relationship between gram panchayats
(ii) How did Raja Ravi Varma contribute to the mass
and panchayat samitis.
circulation of art in India?
(ii) How is the structure of municipal corporation
(iii) How did visual print culture help shape the 19th
different from municipality?
century social landscape? Explain.
(iii) How does the local government structure promote
Ans
democracy? Examine.
(i) The growth of printing technology made it possible
Ans
to produce and distribute visual materials—such
(i) Gram panchayats operate at the village level, while as images and cartoons—on a large scale. Multiple
panchayat samitis function at the intermediate copies could be created quickly and affordably,
or block level. Panchayat samitis coordinate and making these visuals accessible to a much broader
oversee the activities of various gram panchayats audience.

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page 14 CBSE CLASS 10 Social science Chapterwise PYQ

(ii) Raja Ravi Varma’s artwork, especially his mythological human interference, demonstrating how spiritual
paintings, reached a wide public through inexpensive beliefs directly support ecological conservation.
prints and calendars. This approach helped circulate (2) Tribal customs treat certain trees and animals as
his art extensively, bringing it into everyday spaces sacred, imposing taboos against harming them.
like homes and shops. These cultural practices help maintain biodiversity,
(iii) Visual print culture, popularized through as minimal exploitation and respectful use of
newspapers and journals, offered commentary on resources keep forest ecosystems intact.
social and political issues of the time. By doing (3) Wildlife maintains ecological balance by supporting
so, it not only reflected societal changes but also food chains, pollination, and seed dispersal.
influenced public opinion and fostered debate Preserving diverse species safeguards natural habitats,
within the community. prevents resource depletion, and ensures ecological
resilience—crucial for sustaining human needs and
36 Read the given source and answer the questions that environmental health for future generations.
follow:

SECTION-F
Sacred Groves – wealth of diverse and rare species
Nature worship is an age old tribal belief that prescribes
the principle that all creations of nature have to be
37 (i) Two places (A) and (B) have been marked on the
protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin
given political outline map of India. Identify them
forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forest
with the help of the following information and write
of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts
their correct names on the line drawn near them:
of large forests have been left untouched by the local
(a) The place where the Session of Indian National
people. Any interference with them is banned. They
Congress was held in 1927.
believe that any breach of this practice might have to
(b) The place where Gandhiji broke the Salt Law.
face the wrath of the local deities. The Munda and the
(ii) On the same political outline map of India, locate
Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia
and label any three of the following with suitable
latifolia) and kadamba (Anthrocephalus cadamba) trees,
symbols:
and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar revere the tamarind
(a) A major dam on the Chenab River.
(Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees
(b) Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh.
which they believe to be abode of gods and goddesses.
(c) A major Software Technology Park located in
Indian society comprises several cultures, each
Karnataka.
with its own spiritual methods of conserving nature and
(d) A major Sea Port located in Odisha.
natural resources. Sacred qualities are often ascribed to
springs, mountain peaks, plants, and animals, which are Ans
closely protected. With varied forms of marriages and
human groupings, many tribes feed daily and tread as a
part of their day to day routine. In and around Simlipal
Sanctuary in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck (krishna),
nilgai, and peacock can be seen. People protect them
and do not kill them. Religious beliefs, taboos, and folk
songs played a major role in biodiversity conservation.
(1) How do sacred groves show the inter-connectivity
of spirituality and ecology?
(2) How do tribal practices promote conservation of
forests?
(3) Why is conservation of wildlife important for all of
us? Explain.
Ans
(1) Sacred groves embody the idea that nature is sacred and
must be preserved. By attributing divine significance
to forests, local communities protect them from EN

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page 15

CHAPTER
1
The Rise of Nationalism In Europe

SUMMAR
13. Balance of Power : A condition in which
political or military strength is divided
between two countries or groups of countries.
1. Absolutist : A form of monarchical government 14. Blood and Iron policy : Bismarck’s policy
centralised, militarised and repressive. for the unification of Germany adopted by
2. Utopian : A vision of society so ideal that the Prussian monarchy ignoring the Prussian
it is unlikely or exaggerated imagination to Parliament.
actually exist. 15. Bilateral : Involving two countries came
3. Plebiscite : A direct vote by which all the in condition of mutual support under an
people of a region are asked to accept or agreement executed.
reject a proposal. 16. Bourgeoisie : It means the middle class. It is
4. Suffrage : The right to vote. derived from a French word meaning ‘City
5. Conservatism : The political belief that dwellers’.
society should change as little as possible. 17. Buffer State : A small country located
6. Feminist : A person who supports the belief between two powerful states that helps keep
that women should have the same right and peace between them.
opportunities as men. 18. Ceasefire : A temporary suspension of war/
7. Ideology : System of ideas that reflects a battle.
particular social and political vision. 19. Movements : A group of people working
8. Ethnic : Connected with or belonging to a together to advance their shared political or
nation, race or tribe that shares a cultural social ideas.
tradition. 20. Multiracial State : A state made of people
9. Allegory : When an abstract idea (for of many races. For example, before birth of
instance, greed, envy, freedom, liberty) is nation states several states of Europe were
expressed through a person or a thing. An multi-racial states.
allegorical story has two meanings, one literal 21. Nationalism : The sense of unity felt by people
and other symbolic. who share a common history, language and
10. Statue of Liberty : It has been put in Paris, culture.
the capital of France. It personified liberty 22. Pact : A formal written or oral agreement
as a female figure. It has the torch of between two or more countries, individuals
Enlightenment in one hand and Charter of or parties.
the Rights of Man in the other. 23. Policy of Containment : The action or policy
11. Act of Union A document signed by authorities of preventing the expansion of a hostile
in England and Scotland that formed United country or its influence.
Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. 24. Policy of Encirclement : The policy of forming
12. Authoritarianism : Favouring or enforcing a cordon of allies around a country, pursued
strict obedience to authority, especially in international politics.
that of the state at the expense of personal 25. Protectorate : A weak country under the
freedom. protection and partial control of a strong
country.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

26. Convention : An agreement between or among 43. Giusepee Mazzini : He was a great Italian
states covering particular matters, especially revolutionary, nationalist and freedom fighter.
less formal than a treaty. He founded two secret societies (Underground
27. Federation : The action of forming states Societies) Young Italy and Young Europe.
into a single group with some kind of central 44. Frederic Sorrieu : He was a French artist in
organisation. 1848, who prepared a series of four prints
28. Humanism : A Renaissance cultural visualising his dream of a world made up of
movement which turned away from medieval democratic and social republics.
scholasticism and revived interest in ancient
Greek and Roman thoughts.
29. Humanitarianism : Concerned with or seeking
to promote human welfare. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
30. Liberalism : The 19th century European
doctrine of the middle class encouraging
greater political participation and economic 1. From which of the following countries
opportunity for members of their class. Giuseppe Garibaldi belonged to?
31. Capitalism : An economic system in which (a) Austria
a country’s businesses and industry are (b) Italy
controlled and run for profit by private (c) Greece
owners rather than by the government. (d) Spain
32. National Assembly : Renamed Estates Ans OD 2024
General in France after French Revolution of (b) Italy
1789.
33. Romanticism : A belief focused on emotions, 2. Match the following and choose the correct
institutions and mystical feelings to inculcate option.
spirit of nationalism among people.
(Leader) (Role)
34. Andreas Rebmann : He was a German
journalist and a member to Jacobin Club. A. Victor 1. Chief Minister of
35. Carl Welcker : He was a famous politician in Emmanuel II Italy
Frankfurt Parliament (Prussia/Germany). B. Guiseppe 2. Young Italy
36. Count Camillo de Cavour : He was most Mazzini Movement
popular leader, Chief Minister of Sardinia
C. Guiseppe 3. Conquered the
(Italy) Piedmont.
Garibaldi Kingdom of
37. Duke Metternich : He was supporter of
Sicillies
absolute monarchy and Jhancellor of Austria.
38. Ernest Renan : He was a great French D. Count Cavour 4. Proclaimed as
philosopher, who prounded essential of a king of Unified
nation. Italy
39. Friedrich Wilhlem-IV : He was monarch or (a) A - 1, B - 4, C - 3, D - 2
king of Prussia (the most powerful state of (b) A -2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3
Germany). (c) A - 4, B - 2, C - 3, D - 1
40. Friedrich List : He was a great German (d) A - 1, B - 4, C - 2, D - 3
economist. Ans OD 2023
41. General Von Boon : He was Chief Commander
of the Prussian Army. (c) A - 4, B - 2, C - 3, D - 1
42. Giusepee Garibaldi : He was a great Italian 3. Arrange the following events in chronological
nationalist and freedom fighter. order and choose the correct option from the
following :

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page 17

I. Treaty of Constantinople (a) Both, (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
II. Defeat of Napoleon correct explanation of (A).
III. Unification of Italy (b) Both, (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not
IV. Unification of Germany the correct explanation of (A).
Options : (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(a) I, II, IV and III (d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(b) II, III, I and IV Ans OD 2024
(c) II, I, III and IV
(d) IV, I, III and II (a) Both, (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).
Ans OD 2024

(c) II, I, III and IV 7. Identify the personality-

• He was an English poet, peer and
4. Who among the following was the founder of politician.
‘Young Europe’ underground secret society • He organised funds and later went to
in Berne? fight in the war.
(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi • He died of fever in 1824.
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini • He fought on behalf of the Greeks against
(c) Count Cavour the Ottoman empire.
(d) Otto Von Bismark (a) Lord Byron (b) Napoleon
Ans SQP 2022 Term 1
(c) Friedrich
(d) Metternich
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
Ans Comp 2023
5. In the above picture of sorrien’s utopian (a) Lord Byron
vision, the saints, angle and Christ symbolise-
8. Which of the following was the result of the
Act of Union, 1707?
(a) Unification of Germany
(b) Unification of the kingdom of Great
Britain
(c) Unification of Italy
(d) Unification of Vietnam
Ans SQP 2022 Term 1

(b) Unification of the kingdom of Great

Britain

9. Arrange the following events in the correct

(a) Equality among people
sequence and select correct option.
(b) Fraternity among nations
1. Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of 4
(c) Freedom of nations
paintings.
(d) Resentment against nations
2. French Revolution.
Ans OD 2020 3. Napoleon was defeated.
(b) Fraternity among nations 4. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the
king of united Italy.
6. Assertion (A) : The most serious source of (a) 3, 4, 1, 2
nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was (b) 2, 3, 1, 4
Balkan. (c) 1, 2, 3, 4
Reason (R) : A large part of the Balkan was (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
under the control of Ottoman Empire.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans OD 2020, SQP 2018

(a) A-1834, B-Otto von Bismarck
(b) 2, 3, 1, 4 (b) A-1830, B-The Bourbon kings
(c) A-1824, B-Lord Byron
10. Which of the following aspect best signifies (d) A-1815, B-Austrian chancellor duke
this image? Metternich
Ans Delhi 2018

(d) A -1815 B -Austrian chancellor duke

Metternich.

13. Study the picture and answer the following

question-

(a) A map explaining the sea routes used in

18th century by Europeans
(b) A map celebrating the British Empire.
(c) A map showcasing the importance of
British Empire.
(d) A map expressing the British ambitions
of contouring the world.
Ans Foreign 2019
Who designed the cover of German almanac?
(b) A map celebrating the British Empire.
(a) Otto von Bismarck
11. Which of the following countries were involved (b) Andreas Rebmann
in the Three Wars with Prussia and ended (c) Giuseppe Mazzini
with victory and unification of Germany? (d) Napoleon
(a) Austria, Poland and France
(b) Austria, Denmark and France Ans Comp 2021

(c) Austria, Turkey and France (b) Andreas Rebmann

(d) Austria, England and France
14. Which of the following option(s) is/are
Ans SQP 2022 Term 1
correct about Balkan nationalism?
(b) Austria, Denmark and France I. The Balkan region became part of the
conflict because of the Ottoman Empire.
12. Complete the following table with the correct II. The region comprised of ethnic groups
information regarding congress of Vienna. included Greeks, Serbs, Montenegro, etc.
Name of Held Hosted Main III. British and ethnic nationalities struggled
Meeting in by Objective to establish their identity.
(year) Options:
(a) I and II
Congress A-? B-? To settle the
(b) II and III
of Vienna lost peace in
(c) Only II
Europe
(d) Only 1

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page 19

Ans SQP 2022 Term 1

18. Which of the following treaty recognized
(a) I & II Greece as an independent nation?
(a) Treaty of Sevres
15. Assertion (A) : The growth of revolutionary (b) Treaty of Versailles
nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle (c) Treaty of Lausanne
for independence amongst the Greeks which (d) Treaty of Constantinople
began in 1821.
Reason (R): Greece was suffering under Ans SQP 2021

subjugation of the Ottoman Empire. (d) Treaty of Constantinople

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A. 19. Study the picture and answer the following
question -
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false.
Ans OD 2014

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the

correct explanation of A.

16. Why did the weavers in Silesia revolt against

contractors in 1845? Identify the appropriate
reason from the following options.
(a) Contractors did not pay their dues
(b) Contractors appointed few on high posts
(c) Contactors used government policies
(d) Contractors gave them loans on high
interests Each letter dropping out of Napoleon’s bag
Ans OD 2012 bears-
(a) The names of the territories he lost.
(a) Contractors did not pay their dues
(b) The names of the territories he conquered.
17. Identify the personality- (c) The names of his soldiers.
• Two female allegories of France and (d) The names of those who had these letters.
German. Ans Foreign 2007
• They stood as personifications of the
(a) The names of the territories he lost.
‘Republic’ and ‘Liberty’.
• These allegories remind the public of the 20. Which one of the following was not included
national symbol of unity and to persuade in the ‘Napoleonic Code’ of 1804 ?
them to identify with it. (a) Privilege based on birth
• They were portrayed that they game the (b) Abolished the feudal system
abstract idea of a nation in a concrete (c) Right to property
form. (d) Equality before law
(a) Germania and Artistia
(b) Germania and Christia Ans � Comp 2021

(c) Marianne and Germania (a) Privilege based on birth

(d) Marianne and Christia
21. Identify the correct statement with regard to
Ans Delhi 2009, 2007
the ‘Zollverein’ from the following options:
(c) Marianne and Germania (a) It was a coalition of Prussian states
formed to manage political alliances.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) Its aim was to bind the Prussia politically (d) Rationalism
into an association. Ans SQP 2022 Term 1
(c) It was a Custom Union at the initiative of
Prussia. (b) Liberalism
(d) It helped to awaken and raise national 25. Arrange the following events in the correct
sentiment in Europe. sequence and select correct option.
Ans SQP 2022 Term 1 1. Fall of Napoleon.
(c) It was a Custom Union at the initiative 2. Napoleon invades Italy.
of Prussia. 3. The defeat of Napoleon by Britain,
Russia.
22. Assertion (A) : In Britain the formation 4. Napoleon lost the battle of Leipzig.
of the nation-state was not the result of a (a) 3, 4, 1, 2
sudden upheaval or revolution. (b) 2, 4, 3, 1
Reason (R) : The first clear expression of (c) 2, 4, 1, 3
nationalism came with the French Revolution (d) 2, 1, 3, 4
in 1789. Ans Delhi 2012
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A. (c) 2, 4, 1, 3
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the 26. Complete the following table with correct
correct explanation of A. information regarding Acts of Union-
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false. Name of Year Leads to Passed
Act the creation by the
Ans OD 2006
of parliament
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the of
correct explanation of A Acts of 1707 A - ? B-?
23. Complete the following table with the correct Union
information- (a) A-Unification of Germany, B-England
and Italy
Column A Column B (b) A-Unification of Italy., B-Scotland and
A-? Giuseppe Mazzine Germany
King of united Italy in B - ? (c) A-The Act of Union, B-England and
1861 Scotland
(d) A-Vienna Peace Settlement, B-Scotland
(a) A-Austrian chancellor, B-Lord Byron
and Italy
(b) A-Australian chancellor, B-Napoleon
(c) A-President of Prussia, B-Otto von Ans Foreign 2018

Bismarck (c) A -United kingdom of Great Britain., B

(d) A-Italian Politician,B-Emmanuel - II. -England and Scotland.

Ans SQP 2020, Delhi 2014
27. Proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony
(d) A-Italian Politician,B-Emmanuel - II. held at Versailles.
(a) William I
24. Identify the ideology under which people
(b) William II
demanded freedom of markets in early-
(c) Henry VII
nineteenth-century Europe.
(d) Louis IV
(a) Romanticism Ans SQP 2022 Term 1
(b) Liberalism
(a) William I
(c) Socialism

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page 21

28. Which among the following best signifies 1. Title of this caricature is “The Club of
the idea of liberal nationalism of nineteenth Thinkers”.
century Europe ? 2. he plaque on the left bears the inscription:
(a) Emphasis on social justice ‘The most important question of today’s
(b) State planned socio-economic system meeting: How long will thinking be
(c) Freedom for individual and equality allowed to us?”
before law 3. This was a caricature of meeting called
(d) Supremacy of State oriented nationalism. by liberals.
Ans OD 2020
4. This caricature was created in 1820.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are
(d) Supremacy of State oriented nationalism. correct?
29. Assertion (A) : Serfdom and bonded labour (a) A. 1 only
were abolished in Habsburg dominion and (b) 2 only
Russia. (c) Both 1 and 2
Reason (R): Monarchs had realised that (d) 1 , 2 and 4
revolution could be resisted only by granting Ans Comp 2019

concessions to liberal nationalist rebels. (d) 1 , 2 and 4

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A. 32. “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the catches cold”. Who among the following said
correct explanation of A. this popular line?
(c) A is true but R is false. (a) Giuseppe Mazzini
(d) Both A and R are false. (b) Matternich
(c) Otto Von Bismarck
Ans Delhi 2011, 2009
(d) Guiseppe Garibaldi
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the Ans OD 2020, SQP 2014
correct explanation of A.
(b) Matternich
30. Which of the following revolutions is called as
the first expression of nationalism? 33. Which of the following is not a part of the
(a) French Revolution ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ ?
(b) Russian Revolution (a) England
(c) Glorious Revolution (b) Poland
(d) The Revolution of the liberals (c) Scotland
Ans Delhi 2020 (d) Ireland
(a) French Revolution Ans Comp 2021

(d) Ireland
31. Consider these statements about the Image
given below 34. Identify the correct statement with regard to
‘The Act of Union -1707’ from the following
options.
(a) The British monarchy surrendered the
power to English Parliament.
(b) The British parliament seized power from
Ireland.
(c) The formation of the ‘United Kingdom of
Great Britain’.
(d) The British nation was formed as a result
of a war with Scotland and Wales.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans SQP 2021

more superior and independent of men by
(c) The formation of the ‘United Kingdom of the society, because of their enthusiastic
Great Britain’. performance in liberal movement.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
35. Who among the following was proclaimed as correct explanation of A.
the ‘German Emperor’ in 1871 ? (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
(a) William I correct explanation of A.
(b) Otto von Bismarck (c) A is true but R is false.
(c) Kaiser William (d) Both A and R are false.
(d) Count Cavour
Ans Comp 2017
Ans Comp 2021
(c) A is true but R is false.
(a) William I
38. Why was Otto von Bismarck considered as
36. Match the column A and column B and the chief architect of German unification ?
choose the correct option. Choose the correct option from the following:
Column A Column B (a) He allianced with Italy and France for the
unification process.
A Giuseppe 1. Ruler of an Italian
(b) He granted autonomy to Prussia with
Mazzini princely house
Conservatives.
B King 2. Revolutionary who (c) He carried the nation-building process
Victor tried to unify Italy with the army and the bureaucracy.
Emmanuel (d) He carried Libera list and Romantic
II scholars for cultural movement.
C Chief 3. led an army of Ans Comp 2020
Minister volunteers to Rome to
(b) He granted autonomy to Prussia with
Cavour fight the last obstacle
Conservatives.
to the unification of
Italy, the Papal States 39. Choose the correct statement about the
where a French garrison image given bellow.
was stationed.
D Giuseppe 4. Through a tactful
Garibaldi diplomatic alliance with
France he succeeded in
defeating the Austrian
forces in 1859

(a) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 4
(b) A - 4, B - 1, C - 2, D - 3 (a) This image was painted by artist Lorenz
(c) A - 3, B - 2, C - 1, D - 4 Clasen.
(d) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3 (b) This image was painted by artist Julius
Ans Foreign 2019, 2017 Hübner
(d) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3 (c) Germania guarding the Rhine was the
title of this painting.
37. Assertion (A) : The issue of extending (d) Philip Veit, was the artist who have made
political rights to women was a controversial this painting.
one within the liberal movement.
Reason (R) : Women were considered

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Ans OD 2012
of four prints made up of ‘Democratic and
(b) This image was painted by artist Julius social republic’ ?
Hübner (a) The people of America and Europe men
and women of all ages.
40. Who among the following leaders formed a (b) Social classes marching on a long train
secret society called ‘Young Italy’ ? (c) Offering homage to the statue of unity.
(a) Victor Emmanuel II (d) None of the above
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Count Cavour Ans Delhi 2018, OD 2012

(d) Giuseppe Garibaldi (c) Offering homage to the statue of unity

Ans Comp 2020
44. The postage stamp shows the female
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini allegory - Marianne. Which country does she
represents?
41. Arrange the following events related to
the formation of nation-state of Britain in
chronological order :
I. Act of Union between England and
Scotland.
II. English Parliament seized power from
Monarchy.
III. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the
United Kingdom.
IV. Catholic revolt against British dominance.
Options :
(a) III – I – II – IV
(b) I – II – III – IV
(c) IV – I – II – III
(d) II – I – IV – III (a) France
(b) Germany
Ans Comp 2020
(c) Britain
(d) II – I – IV – III (d) Italy
Ans SQP 2016
42. Identify the personality-
• He was a French philosopher. (a) France
• He insisted on social capital.
• According to him, nations are not formed 45. Which one of the following statements is true
by common language, race and religion. about nation-states?
• According to him liberty would be lost (a) Citizens share a common sense of shared
if there was only one law and only one identity or history.
master. (b) Nation-state is a state ruled by one
(a) Renan absolute ruler.
(b) Atto Von Bismarck (c) Commonness is forged through linguistic
(c) Carl Wekker factor only
(d) Carbonari (d) Nation-states are directly ruled by the
people and based on heterogenization of
Ans OD 2014
society.
(d) Carbonari Ans Foreign 2010

43. Which of the following was NOT visualised (a) Citizens share a common sense of shared
by Frederic Sorrieu in his first print of series identity or history.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

46. Assertion (A) : King Victor Emmanuel II (d) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the
tried to unify the Italian states through war. citizens of a region are asked to accept or
Reason (R) : In the eyes of the ruling elites reject a proposal.
of this region, a unified Italy offered them Ans SQP 2017
the possibility of economic development and
political dominance. (d) Plebiscite
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the 49. Identify the class
correct explanation of A. • They owned states in the countryside and
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the also town houses.
correct explanation of A. • They spoke French for purposes of
(c) A is true but R is false. diplomacy and in high society.
(d) Both A and R are false. • Their families were often connected by
Ans OD 2005 ties of marriage.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the (a) Liberals middle class
correct explanation of A (b) Aristocrats
(c) 3rd Estate
47. Choose the correct option from column A (d) Nationalists
and column B - Ans Foreign 2020

Column A Column B (b) Aristocrats

A. Broken 1. Symbol of the 50. Which among the following best signifies
chains German empire – the idea of liberal nationalism of nineteenth
strength century Europe?
B. Breastplate 2. Readiness to fight (a) Emphasis on social justice
with eagle (b) State planned socio economic system
C. Sword 3. Being freed (c) Freedom for individual and equality
before law
D. Rays of the 4. Beginning of a new (d) Supremacy of state oriented nationalism
rising sun era
Ans OD 2016
(a) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 4
(b) A - 4, B - 1, C - 2, D - 3 (c) Freedom for individual and equality
(c) A - 3, B - 1, C - 2, D - 4 before law
(d) A - 2, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1 51. Arrange the following events in the correct
Ans Comp 2014 sequence and select correct option.
(c) A - 3, B - 1, C - 2, D - 4 1. Unification of Germany.
2. Acts of Union.
48. Select the correct definition to define the term 3. Unification of Italy.
‘Plebiscite’. 4. Vienna Peace Settlement.
(a) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which only (a) 1, 2, 3, 4
the female members of a region are asked (b) 2, 3, 4, 1
to accept or reject a proposal. (c) 2, 4, 3, 1
(b) Plebiscite is a direct vote by the male (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
members of a region are asked to accept Ans Delhi 2013
or reject a proposal.
(c) Plebiscite is a direct vote by only a (c) 2, 4, 3, 1
chosen few from the total population of 52. Which of the following was not the objective
a particular region to accept or reject a of Treaty of Vienna 1815 ?
proposal.

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page 25

(a) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to (a) A - 2, B - 3, C - 1, D - 4

power. (b) A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1
(b) France lost the territories it had annexed (c) A - 3, B - 1, C - 2, D - 4
under Napoleon. (d) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 4
(c) A series of states were set up on the Ans Foreign 2018
boundaries of France to prevent French
expansion in future. (d) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 4
(d) The main intention was to restore the 55. What were the consequences of the July
liberal democratic order that had been revolution of 1830 ?
overthrown by Napoleon. (a) A constitutional monarchy with Louis
Ans Comp 2021 Philippe at its head was installed in
(d) The main intention was to restore the France
liberal democratic order that had been (b) Uprising in Brussels took place which
overthrown by Napoleon led to Belgium breaking away from the
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
53. Who is shown in this picture sitting on knees? (c) Both a and b
(d) None of the above
Ans Comp 2020

(c) Both a and b

56. Identify the group of people who had -

• Commitment to oppose monarchical
forms that had been established after the
Vienna Congress
• Willingness to to fight for liberty and
freedom.
• They saw the creation of nation-states
as a necessary part of this struggle for
freedom.
(a) Conservatives
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini (b) Liberal nationalist
(b) Giuseppe Garibaldi (c) Revolutionaries
(c) Victor Emmanuel II (d) None of the above
(d) Cavour
Ans OD 2012
Ans Delhi 2010, SQP 2008
(c) Revolutionaries
(b) Giuseppe Garibaldi
57. Which among the following was the main
54. Match column A and column B and choose reasons for the weavers to revolt against
the correct option. contractors in Silesia, in 1845?
Column A Column B (a) Contractors reduced their payments
drastically.
A. Absolutist 1. A vision of society (b) They stopped the supply of the raw
B. Utopian 2. A form of government material to them.
C. Plebiscite 3. A system of direct (c) They refuse to place orders for finished
vote textiles.
(d) It was the wave of revolution.
D. Suffrage 4. A system of holding
election

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Delhi 2017, 2015

60. Choose the incorrect matched option from
(a) Contractors reduced their payments column A and B
drastically
Column A Column B
58. Select the name of painter in following image? (a) Frederic Sorrieu A british artist
(b) Wolfe Tone Struggled for
Ireland
(c) Lord Byron An english poet
(d) Karol Karpinski A polish music
composer
Ans OD 2007
(a) Frederic Sorrieu - A british artist

61. What happened to Poland at the end of 18th

century. Select the correct option?
(a) Poland achieved independence at the end
of the 18th century.
(b) Poland came totally under the control of
(a) Napoleon Russia and became part of Russia.
(b) Hübner (c) Poland became the part of East Germany.
(c) Delacroix (d) Poland was partitioned at the end of
(d) Lorenz Clasen the 18th century by three Great Powers:
Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Ans SQP 2011
Ans SQP 2011
(c) Delacroix
(d) Poland was partitioned at the end of the
59. Consider the following statements - 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia,
1. During 1789 paintings of females appeared Prussia and Austria
as symbols of liberty.
2. Female figure in France was named as 62. Identify the event-
Marianne. • The first clear expression of nationalism
3. Germania was depicted by Kaiser William in France.
I. • The transfer of sovereignty from the
4. The idea behind Marianne was to monarchy to a body of French citizen.
represent the French nation as people’s • A new French Flag, the tricolour was
nation. chosen to replace the former royal
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? standards
(a) 1, 2 and 3 • The liberation of the people of Europe
(b) 2 and 3 from despotism.
(c) 1, 2 and 4 (a) Unification of Germany
(d) 1 and 4 (b) Greek struggle for independence
(c) French Revolution 1789
Ans Foreign 2010
(d) Revolutions in Europe
(c) 1, 2 and 4 Ans Foreign 2009
(c) French Revolution 1789.

63. Which one of the following statement is false

regarding the Act of Union 1707?

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page 27

(a) It was an agreement between England Ans Delhi 2020

and Scotland (c) A political philosophy that stressed the

(b) It was an agreement between England importance of tradition, established customs
and Ireland and institutions and preferred gradual
(c) It resulted in the formation of the ‘United development to quick change.
Kingdom of Great Britain’
(d) It gave England control over Scotland 66. Arrange the following events of world history
in increasing order of their date of occurrence
Ans Comp 2014
1. Unification of Italy
(b) It was an agreement between England 2. Vienna Peace Settlement
and Ireland 3. Napoleon wars begin
4. Unification of Germany
64. Which of the following aspect best signifies (a) 3, 2, 1, 4
this image? (b) 2, 3, 4, 1
(c) 2, 4, 3, 1
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
Ans Foreign 2015

(a) 3, 2, 1, 4

67. Which one of the following was not

implemented under the Treaty of Vienna of
1815?
(a) Restoration of Bourbon dynasty
(b) Setting up series of states on the
boundaries of France
(c) Restoration of monarchies
(a) Round table conference at London (d) Diluting the German confederation of 39
(b) Constituent Assembly of India states
(c) The Frankfurt Parliament in the church of Ans Delhi 2010
St. Paul
(d) Diluting the German confederation of 39
(d) The Hall of Mirrors of Versailles
states
Ans OD 2019, 2012
68. Identify the major aspect that helped in the
(c) The Frankfurt Parliament in the church
formation of a nation-state in Britain.
of St. Paul
(a) In 1688, the monarch of Britain fought
65. Which of the following is the correct definition war with English Parliament.
of Conservatism? (b) The Parliament through a bloodless
(a) A direct vote by which all the people revolution seized power from the
of region are asked to accept or reject a monarchy.
proposal. (c) The British nation was formed as a result
(b) A government that has no restraints on of a war with Ireland and Wales.
the power exercised. (d) The formation of a nation-state in Britain
(c) A political philosophy that stressed the was the result of many revolts.
importance of tradition, established Ans SQP 2022 Term 1
customs and institutions and preferred (b) The Parliament through a bloodless
gradual development to quick change. revolution seized power from the monarchy.
(d) It was a political association who founded
a women’s journal.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

69. ‘Nationalism’, which emerged as a force in for all citizens.

the late 19th century, means (4) Imposition of internal custom duties and
dues will continue to exist in France.
(a) strong devotion for one’s own country
(a) (2) and (3)
and its history and culture.
(b) (2) and (4)
(b) strong devotion for one’s own country
(c) (1) and (3)
without appreciation for other nations.
(d) (3) and (4)
(c) strong love for one’s own country and
hatred for others. Ans Foreign 2018, SQP 2011

(d) equally strong devotion for all the (c) (1) and (3)
countries of the world.
72. Study the picture and answer the question
Ans OD 2016
that follows.
(a) strong devotion for one’s own country
and its history and culture

70. Study the picture and answer the question

that follows:

Who among the following has painted this

image of Germa
(a) Nathaniel Currier
(b) Lorenz Clasen
(c) Edward Bailey
Which of the following aspects best suits the (d) Richard Saltonstall Greenough
‘sword’ in the image?
(a) Heroism Ans Foreign 2017

(b) Symbol of Strength (b) Lorenz Clasen

(c) Readiness to Fight
(d) Symbol of freedom 73. With reference to the cause of Silesian
Weavers consider the following statements--
Ans Delhi 2014
1. The cause of the silesian weavers uprising
(c) Readiness to Fight was the contractors cheating on the
weavers.
71. Which of the following statements about the
2. The contractors who supplied the weavers
‘French Revolution’ are correct?
raw materials and gave order for finished
(1) After the end of the French Revolution
materials reduced the payments of the
it was proclaimed that it was the people
weavers.
who would henceforth constitute the
Which one of the above statement(s) is/are
nation and shape its destiny.
correct?
(2) France will have a constitutional
(a) 1 only
monarchy and the new republic will be
(b) 2 only
headed by a member of the royal family.
(c) Both 1 and 2
(3) A centralised administrative system will
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
be put in place to formulate uniform laws

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page 29

Ans Comp 2007

correct explanation of A.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false.
74. Match the columns and choose correct option.
Ans SQP 2019
Column -I Column -II
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
A. 1797 1. Vienna Peace correct explanation of A.
Settlement
77. What was the result of the activities and
B. 1814 2. Invasion of Italy
campaigns held at the Jacobin clubs?
C. 1821 3. Revolution in Europe (a) prepared the way for the French armies
D. 1848 4. Struggle for to move to different countries
Independence in Greek. (b) they brought about unrest in the society
(c) they brought about crime and destruction
(a) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 4
(d) there was immediate peace
(b) A - 4, B - 1, C - 2, D - 3
(c) A - 3, B - 2, C - 1, D - 4 Ans Delhi 2013

(d) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3 (a) prepared the way for the French armies

Ans Comp 2012
78. Following image is the personification of
(d) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3 Germany commonly associated with the
Romantic Era and the Revolutions of 1848.
75. Which of the following is not a feature or
belief of ‘Conservatism’ ?
(a) Conservatives believe in established,
traditional institutions of state and policy.
(b) Conservatives stressed the importance
of tradition and preferred gradual
develop¬ment to quick change.
(c) Conservatives proposed to return to the
society of pre-revolutionary days and
were against the ideas of modernisation
to strengthen monarchy.
(d) Conservatives believed in the monarchy,
church, and other social hierarchies.
Ans OD 2009
Identify its name from among the following
(c) Conservatives proposed to return to
options.
the society of pre-revolutionary days and
(a) Marianna
were against the ideas of modernisation to
(b) Philip Viet
strengthen monarchy
(c) Germania
76. Assertion (A) : The Balkan area became an (d) La Italia
area of intense conflict. Ans SQP 2022 Term 1
Reason (R) : The Balkan states were fiercely
(c) Germania
jealous of each other and each hoped to gain
more territory at the expense of the others. 79. Identify the personality -
Codes : • She was a political activist.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the • She was an elected member of Frankfurt
correct explanation of A. parliament.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the • She founded a political association who

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

was feminist in nature. (a) 2 and 3

• She founded a women’s journal. (b) 2 and 4
(a) Otto Peter (c) 1 and 3
(b) Carl Welcker (d) 3 and 4
(c) Frederic sorrien Ans Comp 2023
(d) Guiseppe Mazzini
(c) 1 and 3
Ans Delhi 2020, 2016

(a) Otto Peter 83. Assertion (A) : Italy was divided into seven
states, of which only one was ruled by an
80. What did Napoleon do to make the system Italian princely house.
efficient and rational in France? Reason (R) : The north was under the
(a) in the administrative field he had domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
incorporated revolutionary principles (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
(b) brought about different reforms correct explanation of A.
(c) worked on military (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
(d) worked on the financial conditions correct explanation of A.
Ans SQP 2013
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false.
(a) in the administrative field he had
incorporated revolutionary principles Ans Delhi 2020

(c) A is true but R is false

81. Which of the following was a part of the
Napoleonic Code? 84. Which of the following is not associated with
1. The feudal system was abolished. the revolt of 1848 in Paris?
2. Guild restrictions were removed. 1. Small producers in towns were often
3. Weights and measures were standardised. faced with stiff competition from imports
4. A common national currency was of cheap machine-made goods from
introduced. England.
(a) Only 1 and 2 2. Food shortages and widespread
(b) Only 2 and 3 unemployment brought the population of
(c) Only 3 and 4 Paris out on the roads.
(d) All the above 3. National Assembly proclaimed a
Ans Foreign 2014
constitutional monarchy, granted suffrage
to all adult males above 21.
(d) All the above. 4. Men and women of the liberal middle
82. Which of the following statements about the classes combined their demands
‘French Revolution’ are correct? for constitutionalism with national
1. After the end of the French Revolution unification.
it was proclaimed that it was the people (a) 1 and 2
who would henceforth constitute the (b) 2, 3 and 4
nation and shape its destiny. (c) 3 and 4
2. France will have a monarchy and will be (d) Only 4
headed by a member of the royal family. Ans SQP 2018
3. A centralised administrative system will (c) 3 and 4
be put in place to formulate uniform laws
for all citizens. 85. Which of the following aspect best signifies
4. Imposition of internal custom duties and this image of ‘Germania’ ?
dues will continue to exist in France.

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page 31

the Hungarians
Which one of the above statement(s) is/are
correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans Delhi 2007

(a) 1 only

88. Consider the following statements -

1. Balkans was a region of geographical and
ethnic regions.
(a) Heroism and Justice 2. A large part of Balkans was free from the
(b) Folk and Cultural Tradition Ottomon empire.
(c) Austerity and Asceticism 3. The dismembering of Ottomon empire
(d) Revenge and Vengeance with its Balkan states became a scene of
Ans OD 2012
big power rivalry.
4. Balkan states were jealous of each other.
Heroism and Justice Which of the above statements are correct?
86. Which of the following is associated with the (a) 1, 3 and 4
‘Revolution of the liberals 1848’ ? (b) 1, 2 and 3
1. Unlike the revolt of poor in France it was (c) 1 and 4
led by educated middle class in Ottoman (d) 2 and 3
empire. Ans Comp 2009

2. Men and women of the liberal middle (a) 1, 3 and 4

classes combined their demands
for constitutionalism with national 89. Study the picture and answer the question
unification that follows:
3. Demands for the creation of a nation-
state on parliamentary principles – a
constitution,freedom of the press and
freedom of association.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) Only 3
Ans Delhi 2014, 2009

87. With reference to unification of Italy consider

the following statements. Which of the following aspect best signifies
1. Cavour who led the movement to the above image?
unify the regions of Italy was neither a (a) Romanticism
revolutionary nor a democrat. (b) Conservatism
2. After the unification of Italy, the (c) Federalism
Habsburg rulers had more autonomy to (d) Feminism

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans SQP 2019, 2012 Ans SQP 2020

(a) Romanticism During the nineteenth century, the conditions

in Europe were such that people in large
90. Arrange the following events of German numbers fled to America.
unification in increasing order of their date (1) Poverty and hunger were common in
of occurrence Europe and cities were crowded and
1 Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected the demand deadly diseases were widespread.
of all German national assembly (2) Religious conflicts were common and
2. The Frankfurt parliament convened in religious dissenters were persecuted.
the Church of St Paul. (3) By the eighteenth century, plantations
3. Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed worked by slaves captured in Africa were
as the new German emperor. growing cotton and sugar for European
4. Three wars over 7 years with Austria, markets.
Denmark and France was fought.
(a) 3, 2, 1, 4 93. Why were big European powers met in Berlin
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1 in 1885?
(c) 2, 1, 4, 2 Ans OD 2018
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
All the major European states were invited
Ans Delhi 2010
in Berlin Conference in 1885. The conference
(c) 2, 1, 4, 2 was organised by Otto Von Bismarck, first
Chancellor of Germany. The European powers
met to decide the carving up of Africa among
them. The states were Germany, Spain,
VERY SHORT QUESTIO Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, France and
Great Britain. No African was invited to this
91. How did the ‘Treaty of Constantinople’ of conference.
1832 recognize Greece as an independent 94. The French used school textbooks in Vietnam
nation? Explain. to justify colonial rule. Explain.
Ans OD 2023
Ans SQP 2018

The Treaty of Constantinople was signed in The French used school textbooks in Vietnam
August 1832 and it recognised Greece as an to glorify themselves and justify colonial rule:
independent nation. Some of the terms of the (1) The Vietnamese were represented in the
treaty are: text books as primitive and backward.
(1) The Great powers ratified this treaty and (2) They were shown capable of manual
fixed the terms concerning the border labour but not of intellectual reflection;
between the Greece and Ottoman Empire. They could only work in the fields but
It ended the war between the Ottomans not rule themselves. They were ‘skilled
and the Greeks and gave recognition to copyists’ but not creative.
Greek independence. (3) School children were told that only French
(2) The withdrawal of Leopold to occupy the rule could ensure peace in Vietnam.
throne of Greece was an instrumental
event that led to the signing of this treaty 95. Describe any three consequences of liberal
in the presence of the officials of Great revolution of 1848.
Powers like Britain and France. Ans Foreign 2014

92. Why did Europeans flee to America in (1) It provided a base to the unification of
nineteenth century ? Explain. Germany and Italy.

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page 33

(2) It abolished serfdom and bonded labour Ans Foreign 2014

both in the Habsburg domination and Economists began to think in terms of the
Russia national economy. They talked of how the
(3) The Habsburg rulers granted more nation could develop and what economic
autonomy to the Hungarians. measures could help for this nation together.
Friedrich List, Professor of Economics at the
96. Which values are attached to a national University of Tubingen in Germany wrote
state? that a free economic system is the only means
Ans Delhi 2018 to engender national feelings.
The values attached to a national state are : 100. Explain in short how Ireland was incorporated
(1) Sacrifices for nation. into United Kingdom in 1801.
(2) Proud of nation’s past and present.
(3) Respect for national anthem and national Ans Comp 2005

flag. Ireland was a country divided between

(4) Proud of nation’s brave personalities. Catholics and Protestants. The English
helped trickily the Protestants of Ireland to
97. Describe main characteristics of Bismarck impose their dominance over Catholics who
and his political policy. were in majority there. Catholics revolted
Ans SQP 2019, 2017 against British (Protestants) dominance but
Bismarck was a great statesman, conservative, were brutally suppressed. Last bid of revolt
Prussian Diet, leader of the ruling group and was organised by Wolfe Tone and his United
Prime Minister to the king of Germany in Irishmen in 1798 but their efforts were also
1861. failed. Thus, Ireland was forcibly incorporated
Some main characteristics of his political into the United Kingdom in 1801 C.E.
policy were as given below : 101. Explain the role of women in the nationalist
(1) He was a staunch enemy to liberals/ struggles of Europe of the liberals.
liberalism.
(2) He opposed democracy and supported Ans OD 2009

monarchy. (1) Women formed their own political

(3) He contributed considerably in unification associations.
of Germany. His “Blood and Iron” policy (2) They founded newspapers and took part
became famous through his strengthening in political meetings and demonstrations.
military power of the state. (3) However, they were still denied the right
to vote.
98. What were the impacts of Act of Union (4) They could not enter the Frankfurt
Scotland ? Parliament as representatives but
Ans Delhi 2010 attended only as observers.
The Impacts of the ‘Act of Union on Scotland 102. ‘The issue of extending political rights to
were:: women was a controversial one within the
(1) Formation of the United Kingdom of liberal movement, in which large numbers
Great Britain. of women had participated actively over the
(2) Dominance of English members in British years.’ Explain the statement with the help
Parliament. of suitable examples.
(3) Suppression of Scotland’s distinctive
culture and political institutions. Ans Delhi 2012, 2017

(1) The issue of extending political rights to

99. Write short note on the role of economists in women was a controversial one within the
awakening of nationalism.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

liberal movements in which large number in Italy. The branches of this party were
of women had participated actively over set-up all over Italy with 50,000 members
the years. dedicated to cause of unification of Italy. Its
(2) Though women had formed thier motto was “God, People and Italy”.
own political associations, published
newspapers and taken part in political 106. Write short notes on Zollverein and
meetings and demonstrations but they Romanticism.
were denied suffrage. Ans SQP 2011

(3) When the Frankfurt Parliament convened (1) Zollverein : It was a custom union.
in the Church of St. Paul, women were It was formed in 1834 to abolish tariff
admitted only as observers to stand in barriers and reduce the number of
the visitors’ gallery. currencies from over 30 to two. It created
103. Write any three values which are considered a wave of economic nationalism and
very important in democratic structure but thus, strengthened the wider nationalist
are suppressed in monarchy. sentiments.
(2) Romanticism : It was an artistic, literary
Ans Foreign 2009
and intellectual movement that originated
Following values are suppressed in monarcy in 18th century to develop a particular
or in despotic rule but are of praise in form of nationalist sentiment. It glorified
democracy i.e. democratic set up : folk art and vernacular language.
(1) Personal freedom.
(2) Right to equality. 107. Write the characteristics of European
(3) Right to express his/her opinion freely. nationalism which emerged after 1830s.
(4) Equality before law. Ans Comp 2023, Delhi 2011

104. Explain any three features of Frankfurt Nationalism in Europe after 1830s:
Parliament. (1) The sense of unity that they belong to
one country, sharing a common history,
Ans OD 2010
language and culture.
(1) In the German region, a large number of (2) It was developed in extreme nationalism
political associations came together in through romantic imagination and
the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote national feeling.
for an all-German National Assembly. (3) It was neither exclusive nor chauvinistic.
(2) On 18th May 1848, 831 elected
representatives marched in a festive 108. What do you understand by the following
procession to take their places in the two concepts :
Frankfurt Parliament convened in the (1) Conservatism
Church of St. Paul. (2) A Modern State
(3) They drafted a Constitution for a German Ans SQP 2014

nation to be headed by a monarch subject (1) Conservatism : It was a political

to a Parliament. philosophy that stressed importance
105. Who founded ‘Young Italy’ an when ? Write of tradition, established institutions
about it in brief. and customs and preferred gradual
development to quick change. Generally
Ans Foreign 2019
people considered it negative philosophy.
Giuseppe Mazzini founded in 1832 “Young Some people condemned it as enemy of
Italy” in the city of Marseilles in France. It progress.
was a new party to take revolutionary works

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(2) A Modern State : It relates to a Ans Delhi 2011

centralised power that exercises sovereign (1) Habsburg Empire included many regions
control over a clearly defined territory such as Tyrol, Austria, Sudetenland and
e.g., modern U.K., France etc. Bohemia.
(2) The aristocracy spoke German and in the
109. Explain the significance of portraying nations provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
as female figures by the European artists of (3) In Hungary, half of the population spoke
the 18th and 19th centuries. Magyar and other local dialects.
Ans OD 2019 (4) In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
Since it is difficult to comprehend abstract 112. Differentiate between the concept of a modern
ideas as ‘nation’ so the 18th and 19th state and a nation state. How did the sense of
centuries’ artists personified ‘nation’ as a common identity develop in Europe ?
female figure. Ans Foreign 2013
The figure was not the image of any person
in life but a female figure having its own (1) In a modern state a centralised power
attributes, which came to be an allegory exercised sovereign control over a clearly
representing a nation. defined territory. It had been developing
For example Marianne, which represented over a long period of time in Europe.
French nation and attributes of liberty such (2) A nation state was one in which the
as broken chain, red cap, etc. Similarly majority of its citizens and not only its
Germania was imagined as the allegory rulers, came to develop a sense of common
of German nation, a female figure wearing identity and shared history or descent.
a crown of oak leaves which represented (3) This commonness was forged through
heroism. struggles, through the actions of the
leaders and the common people and did
110. Discuss the role of any two great personalities not exist from time immemorial.
of Italy in its unification and welfare.
113. The artist has portrayed Garibaldi as holding
Ans OD 2013
on to the base of the boot, so that the King
(1) Role of Garibaldi : He was a great patriot, of Sardinia-Piedmont can enter it from the
organiser and liberal of Italy. He organised top. Look at the map of Italy once more.
a force named “Red-Shirts”. His forces What statement is this caricature making?
defeated the powerful Austrian forces
and liberated Naples and Sicily. After
achieving his mission of Italy’s liberation
and unification, this selfless patriot took
to the peaceful life of a peasant.
(2) Role of Victor Emmanuel : Victor Emmanuel
was the son of Charles Albert who belonged
to the royal family of Savoy. He was regarded
as the body of Italy. He annexed Venetia
and Rome (The Papal territories). Thus, he
completed the task of unification of Italy
which was left incomplete by Cavour.

111. How was the Habsburg Empire a patchwork

of many different regions and peoples in Ans OD 2018
Europe ? Explain. According to the picture, the boots
epitomized the kingdom of two Sicily that

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

remained in Southern Italy. Garibaldi (3) Italy was unified in 1861 and Victor
succeeded in gaining these kingdoms and Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of
subsequently, handed over them to king of United Italy.
Sardinia-Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II. He (4) Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put
was proclaimed the emperor of the united together a programme for a unitary
Italy. The picture shows the role played by Italian Republic.
Garibaldi in unifying Italy. (5) The unification of Italy was a result of
many wars. Through a tactful diplomatic
alliance with France by Chief Minister
Cavour.
SHORT Answer QUESTIO (6) Garibaldi joined the fray.

116. How did Greek war of independence mobilise

114. Explain the measures and practices nationalist feelings among the educated elite
introduced by the French revolutionaries to across Europe? Explain.
create a sense of collective identity amongst Ans Delhi 2020
the French people.
The Greek war of independence mobilise
Ans SQP 2021 nationalist feelings among the educated elite
The French revolutionaries took many across Europe are discussed below :
important steps to create a sense of collective (1) Greek nationalists received support from
identity among the French people which were: other Greeks living in exile.
(1) Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and (2) Many western Europeans had a natural
le citoyen (the citizen) emphasising the sympathy due to the ancient Greek
notion of a united community enjoying culture.
equal rights under a constitution. (3) Greece was viewed as a part of Europe
(2) A new French flag, a tricolour replaced that had been annexed by Ottomans and
the royal standard. now needed to be liberated.
(3) The Estates General was renamed the (4) Greece perceived as the foundation and
National Assembly and was elected by a cradle of civilisation in Europe by poets
group of active citizens. and artists and this led to a rise in
(4) New hymns, oaths and martyrs nationalist consciousness.
commemorated in the name of the nation. (5) The treaty of Constantinople of 1832
(5) A central administrative system made recognised Greece as an independent
uniform laws for the entire nation. nation.
(6) Discouraging regional dialects and
117. Why did merchants moved to the countryside
promoting French as a common language
Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth
of the nation.
centuries ? Explain.
Ans SQP 2020
115. “Like Germany, Italy too had a long history
of political fragmentation”. Explain. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
Ans SQP 2021 merchants from the towns in Europe began
Yes, it is true that Italy had a long history of moving to the countryside, supplying money
political fragmentation. It is said so because to peasants and artisans, persuading them to
– produce for an international market.
(1) Italians were scattered over several (1) The urban crafts and trade guilds were
dynastic states powerful and did not allow the merchants
(2) Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an to expand production within towns.
Italian princely house. (2) These were associations of producers that
trained craftspeople, maintained control

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page 37

over production, regulated competition converted the democracy of these countries

and prices, and restricted the entry of into royal living standard. In 1804 he made a
new people into the trade. constitution named as Napoleon Constitution
(3) The rulers granted different guild the which made several changes in the life of
monopoly right to produce and trade in French people. There were the following three
specific products. main reasons:
It was therefore difficult for new merchants to (1) The load of taxes were increased on the
set up business in towns. Hence, they turned people.
to the countryside. (2) The enquiry was set up on newspapers.
(3) Young ones were compelled to take their
118. How had Napoleonic code exported to the jobs in military.
regions under French control? Explain with On the basis of three main reasons
examples. mentioned above, the public understand
Ans Delhi 2019 Napoleon as their enemy. In later period the
Napoleonic code exported to the regions army of Britain, Russia, Prasha and Austria
under the French control : (Germany) unitedly fought against Napoleon
(1) It did away with all privileges based on in the battle of Waterloo where he was
birth. defeated. He died in Saint Helena Island.
(2) It established equality before the law. 120. Why did the achievement of national unity
(3) It secured the right to property. in Germany and Italy not result in the
(4) Abolished feudal dues. establishment of republics in these countries?
Through a return to monarchy, Napoleon
had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in Ans OD 2012, 2009

France, but in the administrative field he Although the unifications took place in
had incorporated revolutionary principles Germany and Italy, yet the republics could
in order to make the whole system more not be established in these countries. The
rational and efficient. In Dutch Republic, main reasons are given below. :
Switzerland, Italy and Germany, Napoleon (1) The people in both the countries wanted
simplified administrative divisions, abolished freedom from the foreign rule. They were
the feudal system and freed peasants from not against their own kings. Moreover,’the
serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, kings of both the countries were quite
guild restrictions were removed. Transport popular among their people.
and communication systems were improved. (2) The Prime Ministers of both the countries
Peasants, artisans, workers and new were the main figures in the unification
businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom. of their respective countries. But both of
Businessmen and small-scale producers of them were loyal to their kings and were
goods, in particular, began to realise that not in favour of establishing republics in
uniform laws, standardised weights and their countries. (iii) The leaders of both
measures, and a common national currency these countries had views that their
would facilitate the movement and exchange of interests would be better safeguarded by
goods and capital from one region to another. their own kings. They themselves were
not in favour of harming their kings. On
119. How did the local people in the areas the other hand, they helped to restore
conquered by the Napoleon react to France and strengthen their national monarchies.
rule ? Explain.
Ans SQP 2009
121. Which social groups came in the forefront
in bringing socio-political change in the
Napoleon conquered France, Poland, continent of Europe ? Answer the question
Switzerland, Italy and Germany. He

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

by examining their role in the national influenced almost the entire world.
movement in Europe. Ans Delhi 2010
Ans Comp 2013
These are liberty, equality and fraternity.
(1) During the process of industrialisation (1) Liberty : It means freedom of speech
new social groups came into existence and expression. It is a most important
in Europe. For example working class political pillar of democracy. Generally
people and people of middle class which in democracy right to liberty is given or
were mainly from industrialists, traders granted to all citizens.
and the people engaged in service sector. (2) Equality : It means being equal. After liberty
(2) Upto the last decades of the 19th century it is the second most important principle
the size of these new social groups in mid of democracy. Due to it every citizen is
and Eastern Europe was limited. considered equal and it favours equality
(3) After the end of privileges of elite classes for all and does not like discrimination
of Europe the thoughts of unity became between people on the basis of gender,
popular among the educated and liberal colour, religion, region, status etc.
middle classes of entire Europe. (3) Fraternity : It means brotherliness. It
strengthen the mutual relation between
122. Why was the decade of 1830s known as great people. Due to it love, affection, co-operation
economic hardship in Europe? Explain any etc. are promoted among the people of a
three reasons. nation. It helps in success of democracy.
Ans Foreign 2014
124. Describe the events of French Revolution
(1) The sense of unity developed through which had influenced the people belonging to
cultural movement bearing nationalist other parts of Europe.
sentiment. Artists and poets focussed on
emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Ans SQP 2020

They wanted to create a sense of shared The following events of French Revolution
cultivate heritage, a common cultural had influenced the people belonging to the
past as the basis of nation. other parts of Europe :
(2) Nationalist movements become aggressive (1) The political and constitutional changes
because monarchy did not accept their that came in the wake of the French
demands of forming republics with Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty
political rights and freedom of speech from the monarchy to National Assembly
to all people as in Germany, France and — a body of French citizens.
Italy. The frequent repressive measures (2) The revolution proclaimed that it was the
had made grossly upset to revolutionaries. people who would henceforth constitute
(3) Diplomatic alliances were formed and the nation and shape its destiny.
several tactics resorted to establish (3) When the news of the events in France
republics but under monarchy as it was reached the different cities of Europe,
difficult to bring democracy in its full students and other members of educated
shape in the presence of conservatism middle classes began setting up Jacobin
pervaded all over Europe. clubs. Their activities and campaigns,
prepared the way for the French armies
123. Which three ideas of French Revolution which moved into Holland, Belgium,
inspire the democratic all over the world ? Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.
Write about these ideas in brief also. With the outbreak of the revolutionary
o wars, the French armies began to carry
Name and explain those three major the idea of nationalism abroad.
principles of 18th century Europe, which

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page 39

125. Explain with examples the three barriers (i) Absence of freedom of markets
that are responsible to economic growth in (ii) State imposed restrictions on
Vietnam. movement of goods and capital.
Ans Delhi 2019
(iii)Time consuming calculations resulting
from difference in currency, weight
There were several barriers to economic and measurement in the thirty-nine
growth in Vietnam : states.
(1) High population level in Vietnam (2) Zollverein customs union of 1834 tried
hindered the growth of the country. to overcome these shortcomings in the
(2) Another barrier was low agricultural following ways :
productivity. To reduce rural poverty and (i) An initiative of Prussia and most of
increase agricultural productivity it was the German states.
necessary to carry out land reforms as the (ii) Abolition of tariff barriers
Japanese had done in 1890s. But sufficient (iii)Reduction of number of currencies
employment could not be generated as (iv) Creation of a network of railways
expected.
(3) Extensive indebtedness among the 128. “Nationalism spreads when people begin to
peasants because of less funds. believe that they are all part of the same
(4) The French colonialists did little to nation.” Support the statement.
industrialise Vietnam and in the rural Ans Delhi 2011
areas, landlordism spread and the
standard of living declined. (1) The sense of collective belonging came
partly through the experience of united
126. Who was Count Camilo De Cavour ? Mention struggles:
any two of his contributions. (2) Variety of cultural processes through
Ans SQP 2019
which nationalism captured people’s
imagination.
Cavour was the Chief Minister of the kingdom (3) History and fiction, folklore and songs
of Piedmont and Sardinia. Following are the helped with promotion of nationalism.
contributions of Cavour : (4) Literature also helped to arouse national
(1) His main aim was to emancipate Italy feelings.
from Austria. (5) The idea of nationalism also developed
(2) He led the movement of Italian unification through the celebration of regional
tacts and diplomacy. festivals.
(3) Through a tactful diplomatic alliance (6) As the national movement developed,
with France by the Chief Minister nationalist leaders became more and
Cavour, Sardinia - Piedmont defeated the more of icons and symbols in unifying and
Austrian forces in 1859. inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.
(4) This defeat of Austria paved the way for
unification of Italy. 129. Describe any three problems faced by the
French in the sphere of education in Vietnam.
127. Mention any two economic obstacles that the
liberal nationalists wanted to overcome ? In Ans Foreign 2017

what ways did the Zollverein customs union The French faced the following problems in
of 1834 try to overcome these shortcomings ? the sphere of education in Vietnam :
Ans Comp 2008
(1) After receiving western education, the
Vietnamese might question colonial
(1) Following were the economic obstacles domination as it was done by Indians
that the liberal nationalists wanted to in India under British rule. They would
overcome : become aware of the western democracies

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

and would put forward various demands Ans Delhi 2010

before the French government. (1) Romanticism refers to a cultural

(2) Educated Vietnamese might demand Movement which sought to develop a
various white collar jobs or better- particular form of national sentiment.
paid jobs such as the jobs of teachers, (2) Romantic artists and poets generally
policemen, etc. which were being done criticised the glorification of reason
by the French citizens called colons living and science and focussed on emotion,
in Vietnam. Thus, there was opposition intention and mystical feeling.
from the French citizens to give education (3) Their effort was to create a sense of
to the Vietnamese. shared collective heritage, a common
(3) The elites in Vietnam were under the culture past, as the basis of nation.
powerful influence of the Chinese culture. Some German romantics believed that
It was necessary for the French to counter through folk songs, folk poetry and folk
this influence too. dances, the true spirit of the nation be
popularised. German culture was to be
130. What was Frederic Sorrieu’s Utopian vision ? discovered among common people.
Discuss the three expressions that he depicted
in his famous ‘First Print’. 132. Discuss in brief the reaction of the local
Ans OD 2019, 2015
population against the administrative
changes introduced by Napoleon in order to
In his Utopian vision, Sorrieu saw the make it more efficient.
countries of Europe as nation states having
their own flags and national costumes. Ans Delhi 2017

In the ‘First Print’, he depicted a procession A mixed reaction was witnessed against
of people of different groups paying homage administrative changes enforced by Napoleon.
to the Statue of Liberty. This gives following (1) People in states like Holland and
expressions : Switzerland and those urban people living
(1) The procession led by the US shows that in Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw
the other countries should also become appreciated French armies as harbingers
nation-states like the US and Switzerland. of liberty.
(2) The tricolour flags in the hands of the (2) Increase in taxation, censorship, forced
people of France inspire other countries conscription of youth etc., measures
for revolution to become nation-states. enforced by Napoleon were criticised.
(3) The flags of different colours in the hands These had reduced people’s freedom to
of German people show the need of unity. minimum.
(4) The fourth group, formed by other (3) Administrative changes like removal of
countries, moving towards the Statue of privileges based on birth, equality before
Liberty, shows the final goal of becoming the law, abolition of feudalism, removal
nation-states. of guided restrictions etc., could not
(5) The depiction of Christ, saints and angels appease the people there.
symbolizes fraternity among the nations
of the world. 133. Explain the process of unification of Itally.
Ans SQP 2009

(1) Italy was scattered over severai dynastic

states as well as the multi-national
131. How did Romanticism seek to develop a Habsburg Empire.
particular form of nationalist sentiments (2) After the failure of the 1848 revolutionary
during 18th century ? Explain. uprisings, King Victor Emmanuel II of

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page 41

Sardinia-Piedmont took upon himself the Ans OD 2011, SQP 2014

task of unification of Italy. (1) Unlike in Germany and Italy or France,

(3) Sardinia-Piedmont entered into a formation of nation-state in Britain was
diplomatic alliance with France. With the not an outcome of any revolution.
help of France, it succeeded in defeatng (2) Before 18th century, no British nation-
the Austrian forces in 1859. state existed. The British nation was the
(4) In 1860, regular troops, along with a large result of a long and gradual political,
number of armed volunteers, marched cultural and economic processes.
into South Italy and the kingdom of the (3) The Parliament in Britain obtained
Two Sicilies. They succeeded in driving power from the monarch in a long-run
out the Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor ideological conflict and Britain emerged
Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of as a nation-state.
United Italy. (4) A new and enlarged British nation was
forged by propagating English culture in
134. Why did the achievement of national unity the nearby state. Ireland and Scotland
in Germany and Italy not result in the were the examples.
establishment of republics in these countries?
Ans Foreign 2017
136. Describe any four dissimilarities between the
process of unification of Italy and Germany.
Although the unifications took place in
Germany and Italy, yet the republics could Ans OD 2020

not be established in these countries. The (1) The German unification was not
main reasons are given below. : supported by armed volunteers. In
(1) The people in both the countries wanted Italian unification, Garibaldi had won the
freedom from the foreign rule. They were support of local peasants to drive out the
not against their own kings. Moreover,’the Spanish rulers.
kings of both the countries were quite (2) No secret societies were formed so as to
popular among their people. achieve the goal of unification of Germany.
(2) The Prime Ministers of both the countries But in Italy, Mazzini formed Young Italy.
were the main figures in the unification (3) Italian unification was completed 10 years
of their respective countries. But both of before Germany was united.
them were loyal to their kings and were (4) Germany, in its unification had to fight
not in favour of establishing republics in against France and Austria, while in
their countries. (iii) The leaders of both Italian unification Cavour had a tactful
these countries had views that their diplomatic alliance with France to defeat
interests would be better safeguarded by Austria.
their own kings. They themselves were (5) Bismarck followed the policy of ‘Blood
not in favour of harming their kings. On and Iron’ for German unification, while
the other hand, they helped to restore Cavour used his excellent diplomatic
and strengthen their national monarchies. skills in Italian unification.

135. In some scholar’s view, Great Britain was the 137. Give four examples to explain the way the
model of nation or nation-state. Justify the artists represented a nation in the nineteenth
view. century, in Europe.
o o
How was the formation of nation-state in “The female figure became an allegory of
Britain different from that of rest of the the nation in Europe in the 18th and 19th
Europe ? Discuss. centuries.” Justify the statement.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Delhi 2019

139. Describe any five economic hardships faced
(1) In the 18th and19th centuries Europe, by Europeans during the mid-nineteenth
the artists personified a nation, i.e., they century.
represented a nation as a person. They o
chose female (not the real one) figure to The period between 1830-48 is called the age
represent a nation. of revolutions in Europe and characterised by
(2) The female figure, in itself, contained hunger and hardship? Give any five reasons.
ideas like liberty, justice and republic. Ans Delhi 2012
(3) In France, the female figure (Marianne)
represented the idea of people’s nation. Europe saw the worst days from 1830 to 1848.
These figures were marked on coins and Hunger, hardship, revolt and revolution of
stamps. the liberals made economic condition worst.
(4) In Germany, this work was done in the There was enormous increase in population
form of Germania. In Germany, oak all over Europe.
stands for heroic acts, so Germania wore (1) There were more seekers of job than
a crown of oak leaves. employment in most of the countries.
(2) Small producers in towns were often
138. Explain the conditions that were viewed faced with stiff competition from imports
as obstacles to the economic exchange and of cheap machine-made goods from
growth by the new commercial classes during England.
the nineteenth century in Europe. (3) Textile industry was most affected by
o England’s industrialisation.
Which conditions were viewed as obstacles to (4) The rise of food prices or a year of bad
economic exchange and growth by the new harvest led to wide-spread pauperism in
commercial classes during Napoleon’s rule ? towns and villages.
State. (5) The year 1848 was such a year. Food
Ans Comp 2010
shortages and widespread unemployment
brought the population of Paris out on
During the nineteenth century, Europe faced the roads which forced Louis Philippe
many great obstacles to economic exchange flee.
and growth by the commercial classes due to
the following reasons : 140. Through a focus on any two European
(1) There was enormous increase in countries, explain how nations developed
population all over Europe. over the 19th century.
(2) Population from rural areas migrated to Ans SQP 2018

the cities to live in overcrowded slums In the nineteenth century, nations developed
and could not afford to fulfil the basic in many ways. For example :
needs. (1) (i) Italy emerged after the long drawn
(3) Unemployment increased. In most wars between the forces of Sardinia-
countries, there were more job seekers Piedmont and those who ruled over
than employment. the different parts of Italy such as
(4) Cheap machine-made goods from Austria, Spanish, etc.
England were giving stiff competition to (ii) But, it was only through the successful
small producers of European towns. diplomatic engineering of Cavour
(5) The prices of food inflated manyfolds due that the milatary could attain the
to bad harvest. It led to a widespread end result.
pauperism in European towns. (2) (i) Britain, on the other hand, did not
have any history of bloodshed.

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(ii) There the one ethnic group — and succeeded in winning the support of
English, exerted its power over the locals to drive out Spanish rulers.
other ethnic groups —Scottish, Irish (3) Mazzini :
etc. of the land. (i) He had sought to put together a
(iii)The English abolished their national coherent programme for a Unitary
symbols, political institutions, Italian Republic.
national dresses and other cultural (ii) He had also formed a secret society
identities. called ‘Young Italy’ for dissemination
(iv) The English put them to follow the of his goal.
British flag, national symbol and
anthem, etc. 143. How has French artist Frederic Sorrieu,
visualised in his first print of the series of his
141. Write any five points to show the importance dream of democratic and republic.
of Giuseppe Garibaldi. o
Ans SQP 2012, 2010
What do you know about Frederic Sorrieu?
Discuss four prints prepared by him expressing
Role of Garibaldi in unification of Italy : his vision.
(1) Garibaldi headed the armed volunteers
who fought for unification of Italy. Ans Comp 2006

(2) The Kingdom of Two Sicilies was ruled Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who
over by the Spanish rulers. Garibaldi prepared a series of four prints visualising his
wanted to win the support of the local dreams of world made up of democratic and
Italian peasant population. social republic.
(3) In 1860, Garibaldi marched into the (1) The first print of the series, show the
South Italy and the Kingdom of Two peoples of Europe and America—men
Sicilies and succeeded in winning the and women of all ages and social classes-
support of the local peasants. He drove marching in a long train. These offering
out the Spanish rulers. homage to Statue of Liberty as they pass
(4) The peasant masses who had supported by it.
Garibaldi in southern Italy had never (2) Second print is that of allegory of
heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La liberty in female figure holding torch of
Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife! enlightenment in one hand and Charter
(5) In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was on Rights of Man on the other.
proclaimed the king of United Italy. (3) The third print is that of shattered
remains of the symbols of absolutist
142. Discuss the role of Mazzini, Cavour and institutions.
Garibaldi in the unification of Italy. (4) The fourth print refers to his utopian
Ans Foreign 2009 vision in which the peoples of the world
(1) Cavour : are shown marching together on the path
(i) He led the movement to unify the of development. It is a vision of world
regions of Italy. peace and prosperity.
(ii) Through a tactful diplomatic alliance
with France, engineered by Cavour, 144. How was a nation visualized in the eighteenth
Sardinia—Piedimont succeeded in and nineteenth centuries in Europe ? Explain
defeating the Austrian forces. with the help of two suitable examples.
(2) Garibaldi : He gathered a large number of Ans OD 2016
armed volunteers and marched into South (1) Artists represented nations as a female
Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies figure which did not stand for any

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

particular woman but gave the abstract the elected deputies of parliament? What
idea of the nation a concrete form. interpretation of democratic processes is the
(2) Thus, female figures became an allegory of artist trying to convey?
a nation. During the French Revolution,
artists used female figures to portray
ideas such as liberty, justice and republic
through symbols.
(3) In France, she was christened Marianne
underlining the idea of a people’s nation
with characteristics drawn from those of
liberty and republic.
(4) Her statues were erected in public places
to remind the people of unity and persuade
them to identify with it. Her images were
Ans Comp 2008
also marked on coins and stamps.
(5) In Germany, ‘Germania’ became the (1) In this caricature, Bismarck is holding
allegory of the nation wearing a crown of and elected representatives of waving a
German oak leaves, as the German oak hunter in the air, which is a symbol of
stood for heroism. autocracy. It demonstrates that the rest
of the elected representative of parliament
145. What is this caricaturist trying to depict? representatives are fearful of him.
(2) In order to show him reverence, the
representatives bowed down under the
benches of the parliament.
(3) The caricature puts Bismarck on a higher
pedestal and shows that he is ruling the
roost of the parliament.
(4) The revolutionary artist is trying to
narrate democracy through a sarcastic
caricature. It shows that democracy
existed for the sake of name. In reality,
the power and influence of Bismarck
Ans Delhi 2020 ruled the parliament.
This caricature aims to depict the true
characteristics of the conservative monarchies
of the nineteenth century Europe. As a
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
matter of fact, the ideals of liberalism and
147. Explain the process of formation of ‘United
individual freedom did not flourish. In this
Kingdom of Great Britain’.
picture, the club involved thinkers are they
sitting in a club but they do not have the Ans OD 2024

power to express their thoughts as reflected (1) There was no British nation prior to
by the cloth tied on their mouths. This is the eighteenth century. The primary
the most effective way to project that the identities of the people who inhabited the
people did not have the freedom of thought British Isles were English, Welsh, Scot or
or speech in those times. Irish
(2) The formation of the nation-state was
146. Describe the caricature. How does it represent
not the result of a sudden upheaval or
the relationship between Bismarck and
revolution

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(3) The formation of the nation-state was the of the liberal middle classes combined
result of a long-drawn-out process. As the their demands for constitutionalism with
English nation steadily grew in wealth national unification.
it was able to extend its influence over (2) They took advantage of the growing
other nations of the islands popular unrest to push their demands
(4) The English parliament was the for the creation of a nation-state on
instrument through which a nation-state, parliamentary principles, a constitution,
with England at its centre, came to be freedom of the press and freedom of
forged association.
(5) The Act of Union (1707) between (3) In the German regions a large number of
England and Scotland that resulted in political associations whose members were
the formation of the United Kingdom of middle-class professionals, businessmen
Great Britain and prosperous artisans came together in
(6) Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote
the United Kingdom in 1801. A new for an all German National Assembly.
‘British nation’ was forged through (4) While the opposition of the aristocracy
the propagation of a dominant English and military became stronger, the
culture. social basis of Parliament eroded. The
Parliament was dominated by the middle
148. How did the ideology of ‘liberalism’ affect the classes who resisted the demands of
Europe in early nineteenth century? Explain. workers and artisans and consequently
Ans Delhi 2020, OD 2024
lost their support. In the end troops were
(1) The term liberalism derives from the called in and the assembly was forced to
Latin root liber which means free disband.
(2) It stood for freedom of the individual and (5) The issue of extending political rights to
equality for all before the law but they women was a controversial one within the
were against universal suffrage liberal movement, in which large numbers
(3) It stood for the end of autocracy and of women had participated actively over
clerical privileges the years.
(4) It stood for constitution and representative (6) Women had formed their own political
government through parliament associations, founded newspapers and
(5) It also stressed the inviolability of private taken part in political meetings and
property demonstrations.
(6) It stood for the freedom of markets and
the abolition of state-imposed restrictions 150. “The first clear expression of nationalism
on the movement of goods and capital came with the ‘French Revolution’ in 1789.”
Examine the statement.
149. Why was the period of 1848 considered as
Ans OD 2017
phase of the revolution of the Liberals in
Europe ? It is true that “the first clear expression of
Ans SQP 2020 nationalism came with the ‘French revolution’
Events of February, 1848 in France had in 1789”.
brought about the abdication of the monarch (1) Till 1789, France was a full-fledged
and a republic based on universal male territorial state under the rule of absolute
suffrage had been proclaimed. monarch. The political and constitutional
(1) In other parts of Europe where independent changes that came during the rise of the
nation-states did not yet exist, such as French Revolution, led to the transfer of
Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro- sovereignty from monarchy to the body of
Hungarian Empire, men and women French citizen.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) The revolution proclaimed that it was the (3) Duties were often levied according to the
people who would hence forth constitute weight or measurement of the goods.
the nation and shape its destiny. The above conditions were also viewed as
From the beginning, the French obstacles to economic exchange and growth
revolutionaries introduced various by the new commercial classes.
measures and practices that could create As a result of the above circumstances
a sense of collective identity, and a feeling Zollverein was formed in 1834 at the initiative
of nationalism among the French people. of Prussia and was joined by most of the
The community was enjoying equal rights German States.
under the constitution. It was formed for the creation of a unified
(3) A new French flag, the tri-colour, was economic territory allowing the unhindered
chosen to replace the former royal movement of goods, people and capital.
standard. The Estates General was It created a national unity in economic
deleted by the body of active citizens matters at a time when Germany was
and renamed as National Assembly. New divided. It accustomed German states to co-
hymns were composed, oaths were taken operate without Austria who had not become
and martyrs were commemorated, all in a member of zollverein. It was the beginning
the name of nation. of German unity. Thus, economic nationalism
(4) Regional dialects were discouraged and strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments
French, as it was spoken and written in in Germans as well as in Europe.
Paris, became the common language of
the nation. 152. “The idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment
The revolutionaries further declared that of nationalism in the first half of the 19th
they would help other people of Europe century became a narrow creed with limited
to become free nations. When the news of ends.” Examine the statement.
the events of France reached different cities Ans Foreign 2011

of Europe, students and other members (a) The nature of nationalism in the last
of educated middle classes began setting quarter of the nineteenth century was as
up Jacobin Clubs. Their activities and mentiond below :
campaigns prepared the way for the French (i) It no longer retained its idealistic
armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, liberal-democratic sentiment of the
Switzerland and much of Italy in 1790s. first-half of the century but became a
Thus, with the outbreak of revolutionary narrow creed with limited ends.
wars, nationalism spread. in the entire (ii) During this period nationalist groups
Europe. became increasingly intolerant of each
151. How did a wave of economic nationalism other and ever ready to go to war.
strengthen the wider nationalist sentiment (b) The example of this narrow creed
growing in Europe ? Explain. with limited ends was Balkans area as
mentioned below :
Ans Delhi 2019, SQP 2017
(i) A large part of the Balkans was under
The main features of the economic condition the control of the Ottoman Empire.
of the German speaking regions in the first- However, with the weakening and
half of the nineteenth century were as follows: disintegration of the Ottoman Empire,
(1) Napoleon’s administrative measures the nationalist tensions emerged in the
had created out of countless small area. Its European subject nationalities
principalities a confederation of 39 states. broke away and declared their
(2) Each of these possessed its own currency, independence.
weights and measures.

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(ii) The people of the Balkans argued 154. How did nationalism develop through culture
that they were once independent in Europe ? Explain.
before the foreign powers controlled o
them. So their object was to regain Describe the cultural process through which
their lost independence. nationalism captured people’s imagination.
(c) Results : Rivalries of the European Ans SQP 2015, 2011
powers and among the Balkan states
led to a series of wars in the region and Culture played an important role in creating
finally the First World War. the idea of nation in Europe in the following
ways :
153. “The Habsburg Empire that ruled over (1) Art and poetry, stories and music helped
Austria-Hungary, was a patchwork of many in shaping nationalist feeling in Europe.
different regions and people.” Justify the (2) Romanticism, a cultural movement,
statement with suitable examples. sought to develop a particular form of
Ans Comp 2016
nationalist sentiments. For example, ‘The
massacre at Chios’ by Eugene Delacroix,
(1) In mid-eighteenth century, there was no appealed to the emotions of Greek.
‘nation-states’ as we know them today. (3) German philosopher, Johann Gottfried
(2) Germany, Italy and Switzerland Herder said that true German culture
were divided into kingdoms, duchies could be discovered among the common
and cantons whose rulers had their people through folk songs, folk poetry
autonomous territories. and folk dances that express the true
(3) Even Eastern and Central Europe were spirit of the nation.
under autocratic monarchies within the (4) ‘Das Volk’ portrayed the German culture.
territories of which lived diverse people. (5) ‘Karol Kurpinski’ celebrated nationalist
(4) They did not see themselves as sharing a movement through folk dances and
collective identity or a common culture. operas.
Different languages were spoken. People (6) Allegories were developed such as
belonged to different ethnic groups. Marianne and Germania.
(5) The Habsburg Empire that ruled over (7) Vernacular languages strengthened the
Austria-Hungary was a patchwork of nationalist feelings.
many different regions and people which
included the Alpine regions — the Tyrol 155. How did a wave of economic nationalism
Austria and the Sudetenland as well strengthen the wider nationalist sentiment
as Bohemia where the aristocracy was growing in Europe ? Explain.
predominantly German-speaking. Ans Foreign 2020
(6) In Hungary, half of the population spoke
Magyar and other local dialects. The main features of the economic condition
(7) In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. of the German speaking regions in the first-
Within the boundaries of the empire, a half of the nineteenth century were as follows:
mass of subject peasant people also lived. (1) Napoleon’s administrative measures
had created out of countless small
principalities a confederation of 39 states.
(2) Each of these possessed its own currency,
weights and measures.
(3) Duties were often levied according to the
weight or measurement of the goods.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

The above conditions were also viewed as Balkans also became an area of big power
obstacles to economic exchange and growth library.
by the new commercial classes. (5) Each European power such as Russia,
As a result of the above circumstances Germany, England, Austria-Hungary was
Zollverein was formed in 1834 at the initiative keen countering the hold of other powers
of Prussia and was joined by most of the over Balkans and this led to a series of
German States. wars eventually the First World War.
It was formed for the creation of a unified
economic territory allowing the unhindered 157. Explain any five social and administrative
movement of goods, people and capital. reforms introduced by Napoleon in the
It created a national unity in economic regions under his control.
matters at a time when Germany was Ans Comp 2013, 2008

divided. It accustomed German states to co- Napoleon finished the imperialism and
operate without Austria who had not become reformed social and administrative rule in the
a member of zollverein. It was the beginning regions under his control. For this purpose he
of German unity. Thus, economic nationalism took the following steps:
strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments (1) He made the administration logical and
in Germans as well as in Europe. successful.
156. Why was the Balkans the most serious source (2) He wrote a book named as Napoleon
of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 ? Constitution in 1806 with the help of
Explain any four reasons ? which he abolished the special rights
o which were given to the people on the
Why did nationalist tension emerge in the basis of birth. According to him, all are
Balkans? Explain any four reasons. equal in the eyes of law. The right of
capital and asset is equal to all.
Ans OD 2012
(3) Napoleon made the administrative
For the following reasons, Balkans was the constitution simple. He abolished the
most serious source of nationalist tension in dictatorship.
Europe after 1871 : (4) He set free the peasants from Zamindari
(1) Balkans were a region of geographical and land slavery.
and ethical variations comprising modern (5) In the towns he set free to all union
day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, labours and small and petty labourers.
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, (6) He improved all the laws regarding
Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose transport and communication.
inhabitants were known as Slays. (7) He approved and released weights and
(2) A large part of the Balkans were under measurement scales similar in the whole
the control of the Ottoman Empire. regions. He also released the naional
The spread of the ideas of romantic currency in all regions.
nationalism in the Balkan together with
the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire 158. How was the history of the development of
made this region very explosive. nationalism in England different from the
(3) As the different Slavic nationalities rest of Europe ?
struggled to define their identity and Ans Delhi 2007

independence, the Balkan area became Different pattern of nationalism in Engand:

an area of intense conflict. We can make crystal clear the different
(4) The Balkan states were jealous of each pattern of nationalism in England in the
other and each hoped to gain more following points :
territory at the expense of each other.

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(a) Emergence of nationalism here was (6) Both had to battle against Austria.
not the result of sudden revolution or (7) The unifications in both the countries
uprising. were not accomplished by the people but
(b) There was no British nation prior to by the rulers themselves.
the 18th century. England is inhabited (8) After their liberation and unification, both
by different ethnic groups, i.e. English, Germany and Italy became monarchies
Welsh, Scots and Irish. instead of the republics.
(c) These ethnic groups had their own (9) The Prime Ministers of Germany and
cultural and political traditions. English Italy, Bismarck and Cavour respectively,
group, out of them steadily grew up in made much contribution in the
power, wealth and importance and it unification of their respective countries
extended its influence over others. through the diplomatic moves and wars.
(d) In 1688, through a bloodless revolution, (10) Though the democratic and
the English parliament seized power from revolutionary leaders and people played
monarchy and became the instrument to vital role in the unification of these
set-up a nation-state with England at its countries, yet they were loyal to their
centre. respective kings.
(e) By the Act of Union in 1707 Scotland was
incorporated in United Kingdom. 160. Discuss the general characteristics of the
(f) Though the Irish Catholics were against a nationalist movement in Poland.
union with England, Ireland was forcibly Ans OD 2013

incorporated into the United Kingdom Poland in the 17th century was a fairly big
in 1801. Thus, it was the parliamentary state. Her neighbours Russia, Austria and
action and not revolution or war that Prussia were very hostile and fought long and
was the instrument through which bloody wars with her. Consequently Poland
United Kingdom was forged into a strong was divided thrice and by 1795, she ceased to
democratic state. be an independent state.
159. What were the similarities between the (1) Thus, Poland disappeared as an
process of unification of Germany and Italy ? independent country. The idea of Polish
Write in detail. position was not new (it had already
taken place thrice 1772, 1793 and 1795).
Ans Foreign 2019
(2) Czar Nicholas I, who was a terrible
The main points of similarity between the autocrat, mercilessly suppressed the
unification of Germany and Italy: patriotic Polish. According to Grant and
(1) Both the countries (Italy and Germany) Temperly this iron rule ran twenty five
were divided into small states which years unabated.
lacked unity. (3) Alexander-I granted a constitution to
(2) Napoleon Bonaparte encouraged Poland but the monarch gave up his
(indirectly) unification and nationalism liberalism and became an arch reactionary
in these two countries. when he came under the reactionary
(3) The Vienna Congress (of 1815) again influence of Metternich (of Austria). He
divided these countries into smaller died in 1825.
states. (4) The revolutionaries of Poland (within
(4) Both suffered the reactionary policies of Russia) started their movement but
Austria. Nicholas-I mercilessly crushed the Polish
(5) Efforts (by the revolutionaries) were when they revolted in 1830. About 45,000
made in 1830 C.E. and 1848 C.E. but Polish were banished from their home
failed. country.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(5) Inspite of so partitioned, Polish kept alive resistance. Polish was used for church
their national feelings through music and gatherings and all instructions.
languages. For example, Karol Kurpinski (4) French language brought a collective
celebrated the national struggle through identity among the French people.
his operas and music. He transformed folk
dances like the polonaise and mazurka 162. Discuss the characteristics of the nationalist
into nationalist symbols. The use of movement in Greece.
Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the Ans Delhi 2015, 2014

struggle against Russian dominance. Characteristics of Nationalist Movement in

161. How did nationalism develop through culture Greece :
in Europe ? Explain. (1) The people of Greece (Greek) started
o their war of independence in 1820,
“Culture has played an important role in against Turkey or Ottoman Empire. The
the development of nationalism in Europe much-awaited opportunity came in 1821
during eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.” when Ali Pasha, the Turkish Governor of
Support the statement with examples. Janina, quarrelled with the Sultan and
went to war with him. Prince Hypsilanti
Ans Comp 2019
was defeated in the battle at Moldavia by
Culture played an important role in creating thel _Irks and the movement fizzled out
the idea of the nation : are and poetry for a short time.
stories and music helped express and shape (2) The war, developed into one of mutual
nationalist feelings. Romanticism help in exterminations, and was conducted on
developing a particular form of nationalist both sides with the utmost ferocity and
sentiments. blood-curdling atrocities. For the first
(1) The Romantic artists focused on emotions, six years (1821-28) the powers did not
intuition and mystical feelings in order intervene and Greeks were left to their
to create a sense of a shared collective own efforts. Metternich was against
heritage, a common cultural past, as the giving help to revolutionaries and had to
basis of a nation. fight alone.
(2) German philosopher Johann Gottfried (3) To prevent independent action on the
tried to popularise the true spirit of the part of Russia, Metternich induced
nation through folk songs, folk poetry France and Czar Nicholas I to combine
and folk dances. with England in forcing an armistice on
(3) The emphasis on Vernacular language the Sultan, and compelling him to accept
and the collection of local folklore was to the joint mediation of the allied powers.
recover an ancient national spirit and to (4) Conference was held in London in July,
carry the modern nationalist message to 1827 and a joint note was accordingly
large audiences who were mostly illiterate. despatched to Turkey to grant autonomy
For example, in Poland which had been but the Sultan refused to accede to the
partitioned by the Great Powers, national proposals of armistice and granting
feelings were kept alive through music autonomy to Greece. Thereupon the allied
and language. The use of Polish was seen fleets of France and England completely
as symbol of the struggle against Russian destroyed the Turkish fleet at Navasino
dominance. After the failure of an armed after a fierce encounter on 20th October,
rebellion against Russian rule, many 1827.
members of the clergy in Poland began (5) This victory encouraged the Greeks
to use language as a weapon of national to secure their liberation. But apart
from this, all the advantages of joint

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page 51

intervention were reaped by Russia alone. (4) Thereafter the task of unification of
Lord Canning was dead and his policy Germany was taken over by Prussia and
was reversed by Duke of Wellington who its chief minister, Otto von Bismark who
now became the British Prime Minister. was architect of modern Germany.
England was still officially at peace with (5) Bismark followed a policy of ‘blood and
Turkey. iron’. He carried out his plans with the help
(6) By the Convention of London in 1832 the of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
new kingdom of Greece was placed under Within a period of seven years, three
the joint guarantee of the powers and wars were fought with Denmark, Austria
Prince Otto of Baveria was selected as its and France. These wars ended in Prussian
king. victory and completed the process of
(7) The Greek afforded the first example unification.
of the victory of nationalism against (6) Ultimately in January 1817, in the Hall
the reactionary policy of the Congress of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, The
of Vienna and as such it struck a blow Prussian King William I was proclaimed
to Metternich’s system. Secondly, it German Emperor. Thus, unification of
demonstrated the common interest of Germany was completed.
the European powers and the practical
possibility of a resusmcitation of the
Christian states. CASE BASED QUESTIO
163. Describe the process of unification of
Germany. 164. Read the extract and answer the questions
Ans SQP 2007, OD 2005 that follow:
After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved Ernst Renan, ‘What is a Nation?’: In a
away from an association with democracy and lecture delivered at the University of Sorbonne
evolution. Nationalist sentiments were often in 1882, the French philosopher Ernst Renan
mobilised by conservatives for promoting state (1823-92) outlined his understanding of what
power and achieving political domination makes a nation. The lecture was subsequently
over Europe. Thus, Germany and Italy were published as a famous essay entitled ‘Qu’ est-
unified as nation states as mentioned below : cequ’ une nation?’ (‘What is a Nation?’).
(1) Thirty nine German States were grouped In this essay Renan criticises the notion
together in an organisation known as suggested by others that a nation is formed
German Confederation. by a common language, race, religion, or
(2) In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein territory: ‘A nation is the culmination
was established. It allowed free trade of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and
among its members. It created a real devotion. A heroic past, great men, glory, that
national unity in economic matters. is the social capital upon which one bases a
(3) In May 1848, a large number of political national idea. To have common glories in the
associations decided to vote for an all- past, to have a common will in the present,
German National Assembly at Frankfurt to have performed great deeds together, to
and drafted a constitution for a German wish to perform still more, these are the
Nation to be headed by a monarchy essential conditions of being a people. A
subject to a parliament. The offer was nation is therefore a large-scale solidarity...
made to Prussian King but it was rejected Its existence is a daily plebiscite... A province
by him. Thus, the liberal initiative to is its inhabitants; if anyone has the right to be
nation building failed. consulted, it is the inhabitant. A nation never
has any real interest in annexing or holding

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

on to a country against its will. The existence Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815,
of nations is a good thing, a necessity even. European governments were driven by a spirit
Their existence is a guarantee of liberty, of conservatism. Conservatives believed that
which would be lost if the world had only one established, traditional institutions of state
law and only one master. and society – like the monarchy, the Church,
Questions : social hierarchies, property and the family
1. What do you mean by the term Nation? – should be preserved. Most conservatives,
2. Write any two requirements for the however, did not propose a return to the
formation of a nation. society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather,
3. How does a heroic past helps in the they realised, from the changes initiated by
formation of a nation? Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact
Ans strengthen traditional institutions like the
monarchy.
1. A country or all the people in a country. Questions :
2. Population and Territory are two 1. What was the core concept of the
requirements to form a nation. Napoleonic Code?
3. A heroic part gives a sense of pride and 2. Who were the new middle class in
identity to a people. This helps in the Europe?
formation of a nation. 3. What do you meant by conservatism?
165. Read the sources given below and answer the Ans
questions that follows: 1. The Napoleonic Code defined the concept
The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the of equality before the law and secured the
Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges right to property. This code abolished
based on birth, established equality before the the feudal system and freed peasants
law and secured the right to property. This from serfdom and manorial dues as well
Code was exported to the regions under as improvement in the transport and
French control. In the Dutch Republic, in communication system.
Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon 2. The growth of industrial production
simplified administrative divisions, abolished and trade in Europe led to emergence of
the feudal system and freed peasants from commercial classes whose existence was
serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, based on production for the market. In its
guild restrictions were removed. Transport wake, new social group came into being
and communication systems were improved. such as a working class population and
Peasants, artisans, workers and new middle classes population. The middle
businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom. class population were industrialists,
businessmen, professionals.
In Western and parts of Central Europe the 3. A political philosophy that stressed the
growth of industrial production and trade importance of tradition, established
meant the growth of towns and the emergence of institutions and customs, and preferred
commercial classes whose existence was based gradual development to quick change is
on production for the market. Industrialisation called conservatisn.
began in England in the second half of the
eighteenth century, but in France and parts 166. Read the sources given below and answer the
of the German states it occurred only during questions that follows:
the nineteenth century. In its wake, new
Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-
social groups came into being: a working-class
century Europe were closely allied to the
population, and middle classes made up of
ideology of liberalism. The term ‘liberalism’
industrialists, businessmen, professionals.

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derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. Ans

For the new middle classes liberalism stood 1. The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the
for freedom for the individual and equality of Latin
all before the law. Politically, it emphasised 2. Conservatives believed that established,
the concept of government by consent. traditional institutions of state and
Since the French Revolution, liberalism had society – like the monarchy, the Church,
stood for the end of autocracy and clerical social hierarchies, property and the family
privileges, a constitution and representative – should be preserved.
government through parliament. Nineteenth- 3. Conservative regimes did not tolerate
century liberals also stressed the inviolability criticism and dissent, and sought to curb
of private property. activities that questioned the legitimacy of
autocratic governments.
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815,
European governments were driven by a spirit 167. Read the extract and answer the questions
of conservatism. Conservatives believed that that follow:
established, traditional institutions of state and To be revolutionary at this time meant a
society – like the monarchy, the Church, social commitment to oppose monarchical forms
hierarchies, property and the family – should that had been established after the Vienna
be preserved. Most conservatives, however, Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
did not propose a return to the society of Most of these revolutionaries also saw the
pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, creation of nation-states as a necessary
from the changes initiated by Napoleon, part of this struggle for freedom. One such
that modernisation could in fact strengthen individual was the Italian revolutionary
traditional institutions like the monarchy. Giuseppe Mazzini, born in Genoa in 1807, he
It could make state power more effective became a member of the secret society of the
and strong. A modern army, an efficient Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent
bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution
of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more
autocratic monarchies of Europe. underground societies, first, Young Italy in
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne,
autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism whose members were like-minded young men
and dissent, and sought to curb activities from Poland, France, Italy and the German
that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic states. Mazzini believed that God had intended
governments. Most of them imposed censorship nations to be the natural units of mankind.
laws to control what was said in newspapers, So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork
books, plays and songs and reflected the of small states and kingdoms. It had to be
ideas of liberty and freedom associated with forged into a single unified republic within a
the French Revolution. The memory of the wider alliance of nations. This unification
French Revolution nonetheless continued to alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
inspire liberals. One of the major issues taken Following his model, secret societies were
up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised set up in Germany, France, Switzerland
the new conservative order, was freedom of and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless opposition
the press. to monarchy and his vision of democratic
Questions : republics frightened the conservatives.
1. What is the literal meaning of ‘liberalism’ ? Metternich described him as ‘the most
2. What was the belief of Conservatives? dangerous enemy of our social order’. As
3. Why Conservative regimes was conservative regimes tried to consolidate their
characterised by the autocrats? power, liberalism and nationalism came to

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

be increasingly associated with revolution in capital upon which one bases a national idea.
many regions of Europe such as the Italian To have common glories in the past, to have a
and German states, the provinces of the common will in the present, to have performed
Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland. These great deeds together, to wish to perform still
revolutions were led by the liberal-nationalists more, these are the essential conditions of
belonging to the educated middle-class elite, being a people. A nation is therefore a large-
among whom were professors, schoolteachers, scale solidarity .......... Its existence is a daily
clerks and members of the commercial plebiscite .......... A province is its inhabitants;
middle classes. The first upheaval took place if anyone has the right to be consulted, it is
in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings the inhabitant. A nation never has any real
who had been restored to power during the interest in annexing or holding on to a country
conservative reaction after 1815, were now against its will. The existence of nations is a
overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who good thing, a necessity even. Their existence
installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost
Philippe at its head. ‘When France sneezes,’ if the world had only one law and only one
Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe master.”
catches cold.’ The July Revolution sparked an Questions :
uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium 1. Explain what Ernst Renan understands
breaking away from the United Kingdom of should be the attributes of a nation.
the Netherlands. 2. What do you mean by the concept of
Questions : ‘modern state’ ? How does it differ from
1. In which place the Italian revolutionary ‘nation-state’ ?
Giuseppe Mazzini was born? Which Ans
secret society was joined by Giuseppe
Mazzini? (1) According to Ernst Renan, following are
2. What was the basis of Italian unification? the attributes of a nation :
When did the first upheaval took place? (i) A nation is a large-scale solidarity.
3. What is the belief of Mazzini on nation? (ii) A nation does not annex or hold on to
a country against its will.
Ans (iii)The existence of a nation is a
1. The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe guarantee of liberty.
Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807 (2) (i) By a ‘modern state’ we mean a state
AD. He joined the secret society of the in which a centralised power exercises
Carbonari. sovereign control over a clearly
2. (i) The liberty was the basis of Italian defined territory. In other words, the
unification. ruler and the citizens have different
(ii) The first upheaval took place in identities in a modern state.
France in July 1830. (ii) The concept of nation-state differs
3. Mazzini believed that God had intended from modern state in the way that in
nations to be the natural units of a nation-state, both the citizens and
mankind. the rulers had a common identity and
shared history. This common identity
168. Read the following extract taken from the was established through struggles of
textbook and answer the questions that the leaders and the common people.
follow :
169. Read the following extract taken from the
“A nation is the culmination of a long past
textbook and answer the questions that
of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion. A
follow :
heroic past, great men, glory, that is the social

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“Nature has created men and women to carry feelings. Their effort was to create a sense
out different functions .......... Man, the of a shared collective heritage, a common
stronger, the bolder and freer of the two, has cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
been designated as protector of the family,
The 1830s were years of great economic
its provider, meant for public tasks in the
hardship in Europe. The first half of the
domain of law, production, defence. Women,
nineteenth century saw an enormous increase
the weaker, dependent and timid, require the
in population all over Europe. In most
protection of man. Her sphere is the home,
countries there were more seekers of jobs than
the care of the children, the nurturing of the
employment. Population from rural areas
family .......... Do we require any further proof
migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded
that given such differences, equality between
slums.
the sexes would only endanger harmony and
destroy the dignity of the family.” In other parts of Europe where independent
Questions : nation-states did not yet exist – such
1. What are Carl Welcker’s views about the as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-
liberty and equality for women ? Hungarian Empire – men and women of the
2. How did women contribute in the liberal liberal middle classes combined their demands
movement in Germany in 1848 ? for constitutionalism with national unification.
Ans They took advantage of the growing popular
unrest to push their demands for the creation
1. Following are Carl Welcker’s views about
of a nation-state on parliamentary principles
liberty and equality for women :
– a constitution, freedom of the press and
(i) He does not consider women to be
freedom of association.
capable of performing many public
Questions :
tasks. He considers women to be
1. What are the other aspect of idea of
weaker, timid and dependent.
nationalism?
(ii) He thinks that women need protection
2. What do you meant by economic hardship
of men. In his view, if women are
in Europe?
given liberty and equality, the dignity
3. What were the demand of Liberals?
of the family will be endangered.
2. Following were the contributions of women Ans
in the liberal movement in Germany, in 1. The development of nationalism did
1848 : not come about only through wars and
(i) A large number of women activiely territorial expansion. Culture played
participated in the liberal movement. an important role in creating the idea
They formed political associations and of nationalism. Romanticism is most
published newspapers. accepted cultural movement which helped
(ii) They actively participated in political and expressed the nationalist feelings in
meetings and demonstrations. Europe.
2. The economic hardship in Europe refers
170. Read the sources given below and answer the to most of the European countries during
questions that follows: 1830s faced more seekers of jobs than
Let us look at Romanticism, a cultural employment. Small producers in towns
movement which sought to develop a particular were often faced with stiff competition
form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic from imports of cheap machine-
artists and poets generally criticised the made goods from England, where
glorification of reason and science and focused industrialisation was more advanced than
instead on emotions, intuition and mystical on the continent.

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Ch 1 : The Rise of Nationalism In Europe CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

3. In the year of 1848, in many European Ans

countries liberal middle classes were 1. The reason behind Germany, Italy and
emerged. They took advantage of the Switzerland not being a nation state is
growing popular unrest to push their that these countries were divided into
demands for the creation of a nation- Kingdoms, Duchies and Cantons, whose
state on parliamentary principles. rulers had their autonomous territories.
2. Yes, there were nation states in Europe till
171. Read the source given below and answer the the mid 18th century. Eastern and Central
questions that follow. Europe were under autocratic monarchies
within the territories of diverse peoples.
What we know today as Germany, Italy and
They did not see themselves as sharing a
Switzerland were divided into kingdoms,
collective identity or a common culture.
Duchies and Cantons whose ruler had their
3. The Habsburg Empire ruled over
autonomous territories. Eastern and Central
Austria-Hungry was a patchwork of many
Europe were under autocratic monarchies
different regions and peoples. It included
within the territories of which lived diverse
the Alpine regions, the Tyrol, Austria and
peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing
the Sudetenland as well as Bohemia. Its
a collective identity or a common culture.
also included the provinces of Lombardy
Often, they even spoke different languages
and Venetia.
and belonged to different ethnic groups. The
Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-
www.nodia.i
Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of
many different regions and peoples. It included
the Alpine regions-the Tyrol, Austria and
the Sudetenland as well as Bohemia, where
the aristocracy was predominantly German
speaking. It also included the Italian speaking
provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
In Hungary, half of the population spoke
Magyar while the other half spoke a variety
of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke
Polish. Besides these three dominant groups,
there also lived within the boundaries of the
empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples
Bohemians and Slovaks to the North,
Slovenes in Carniola, Croasts to the South
and Roumans to the East in Transylvania.
Such differences did not easily promote a
sense of political unity. The only tie binding
these diverse groups together was a common
allegiance to the emperor.
Questions :
1. What was the reason behind Germany,
Italy and Switzerland not being a nation
state?
2. Were there any nation - states in Europe
till the mid 18th Century. How?
3. Describe the Habsburg Empire.

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CHAPTER
2
Nationalism In India

SUMMAR
14. Individual Satyagraha : Launched by Gandhiji
in 1940. Selected individuals broke the laws
of making anti-war speeches in public and
1. Boycott : The refusal to deal and associate
offered themselves for arrest.
with people or participate in activities or buy
15. Gopal Krishna Gokhale : A moderate leader
and use things; usually a form of protest.
of Indian National Congress. Gandhiji
2. Picket : A form of demonstration or protest
considered him as his political Guru.
by which people block the entrance to a shop,
16. John Morley : Secretary of the State of
factory or office.
India at the time of introduction of Morley-
3. Begar : A kind of labour get done by forcibly
Minto Reforms which introduced for separate
and without any payment.
electorates for Hindus and Muslims, to make
4. Nationalism : Patriotism, a feeling of
success the ‘Divide and Rule Policy’.
collective belonging to one’s nation; sharing
17. Lord Minto : Governor-General of India in
common feelings of identity.
1909.
5. Nation-states : A state having common
18. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi : Leader
territory and inhabited by people sharing
of Indian National Movement from 1920-
common language, race, culture etc.
1947 called The Father of the Nation and
6. Martial Law : Law of military government.
propounder of Gandhism.
When martial laws are imposed, ordinary
laws are suspended.
7. Stayagraha : A method of agitation and
protest, based on truth and non-violence. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
This was first introduced by Gandhiji in
Indian national movement.
8. Forced Recruitment : In colonies people were 1. Which one of the following pairs regarding
often compelled to join the army and fight Indian nationalism is correctly matched?
war on behalf of the colonial rulers. Leaders Contribution
9. Khadi : Handspun handloom material.
(a) Sardar Patel : Hindustan
10. Dominion Status : Status enjoyed by other
Socialist
dominions of British Commonwealth such as
Republican Army
Australia or Canada.
11. Rowlatt Act : A law or tool of repression (b) Bhagat Singh : Swaraj Party
passed by the British Government on 18th (c) C.R. Das : Bardoli
March, 1919. Satyagraha
12. Dandi : A place in the western coast of (d) Jawahar Lal : Oudh Kisan
India in Gujarat where Gandhiji broke the Nehru Sabha
Salt Law in course of the Civil Disobedience
Movement. Ans OD 2024

13. Civil Liberties : Rights and freedom enjoyed

by a citizen. (d) Jawahar Lal : Oudh Kisan
Nehru Sabha

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

2. Who among the following brought out (c) Bhagat Singh

‘Bengal Gazette; the first weekly newspaper? (d) B.R Ambedkar
(a) Bipin Chandra Pal Ans Delhi 2020
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Gangadhar Bhattacharya (a) Balgangadhar Tilak
(d) Raja Rammohan Roy 7. Which one of the following option best
Ans OD 2023 signifies this picture?
(c) Gangadhar Bhattacharya

3. Which of the following was the reason for

calling off ‘the Non-cooperation Movement’
by Gandhiji?
(a) Pressure from the British Government
(b) Second Round Table Conference
(c) Gandhiji’s arrest
(d) Chauri-Chaura incident
Ans SQP 2021

(d) Chauri-Chaura incident (a) Indian workers march in south Africa

1913.
4. Who among the following wrote the Vande
(b) The Boycott of foreign cloths 1922.
Mataram?
(c) Chauri Chaura Movement.
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
(d) Dandi March lead by Mahatma Gandhi.
(b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
(c) Abindranath Tagore Ans SQP 2018, 2010

(d) Dwarkanath Tagore (a) Indian workers march in south Africa

Ans OD 2020 1913.
(b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay 8. Arrange the following events in the ascending
year of their occurrence :-
5. Certain events are given below. Choose the
1. Poona Act
appropriate chronological order :
2. Mahatma Gandhi got arrested
1. Coming of Simon Commission to India
3. Gandhi Irwin Pact
2. Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore
4. Bhagat singh and two others were
Session of INC.
sentenced to death
3. Government of India Act, 1919
Options :
4. Champaran Satyagraha
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3
Choose the correct option :
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1
(a). 3 - 2 - 4 - 1
(c) 4, 2, 3, 1
(b) 1 - 2 - 4 - 3
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3
(c) 2 - 3 - 1 - 4
(d) 4 - 3 - 1 - 2 Ans Comp 2023

Ans OD 2020 (b) 2, 3, 4, 1

(d) 4 - 3 - 1 - 2 9. Which one of the following was published by
Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
6. Who among the following published ‘Punjab
(a) Sambad Kaumudi
Kesri’ ?
(b) Shamsul Akhbar
(a) Balgangadhar Tilak
(c) Punjab Kesari
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Chandrika

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Ans Delhi 2020

12. Study the following picture and choose the
(a) Sambad Kaumudi correct option :

10. Assertion : In 1917, Gandhiji organised a

satyagraha to support the peasants of the
Kheda district of Gujarat.
Reason : The peasants were affected by crop
failure and plague epidemic. They could not
pay the revenue and were demanding that
revenue collection be relaxed.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
(a) Women were neither encouraged
assertion
nor allowed to join national freedom
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false
movement.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false
(b) For the first time women joined nationalist
Ans OD 2020, SQP 2018 processions in masses.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (c) Britishers were not very much concerned
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. about such movements.
(d) Women were forced to join the freedom
11. Arrange the following events in the correct movements.
sequence-
Ans SQP 2015
1. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from
South Africa. (b) For the first time women joined nationalist
2. Congress gave its support to Khilafat processions in masses.
Movement.
13. Assertion : Rich peasants became enthusiastic
3. Dandi March
supporters of the Civil Disobedience
4. Mahatma Gandhi travelled to champaran
Movement, organising their communities
in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle
and at times forcing reluctant members to
against the oppressive plantation system.
participate in the boycott programmes.
Options :
Reason : However, they were deeply happy
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3
when the movement was called off in 1931
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1
with revenue rates being lowered.
(c) 4, 2, 3, 1
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3
reason is the correct explanation of
Ans Delhi 2010 assertion
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false
(d) Both assertion and reason are false
Ans Foreign 2018

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

and participated in protest marches, (1) In the countryside the rich peasants of
manufactured salt and picketed foreign Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh were active in
cloth and liquor shops. the movement. They were badly hit by
the trade depression and falling prices. At
120. Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a last they became enthusiastic supporters
powerful symbol that could unite the nation? of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Explain. (2) Many of the poor peasants were the
Ans OD 2016, 2013 small tenants. They were cultivating land
Salt March and its importance : Salt being a they had rented from the landlords. As
commodity of every individual’s consumption, the depression continued, they found it
and further, being its undepleting stock in difficult to pay their rent. As a result, they
the seas and ocean; it was a gross atrocity joined a variety of radical movements,
on part of the British Government to impose which were often led by socialists and
tax on it and take it under public sector. It communists.
was, therefore, a good opportunity to disclose (3) The business classes reacted against
malafide intention of the foreign government colonial policies during the civil
before masses of India. We see that Mahatma disobedience movement. They wanted
Gandhi had launched that Dandi March on protection against imports of foreign
13th March, 1930 C.E. abiding by democratic goods. Hence, they supported the civil
means as under : disobedience movement and refused to
(1) He had sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin buy or sell imported goods.
stating eleven demands. (4) The civil disobedience movement
(2) These demands were wide ranging some witnessed the large scale participation of
were general and some specific. These women. They came out of their homes
were concerning interests of all sections and participated in protest marches.
of Indian society. They picked foreign clothe and liquor
(3) Demand of removal of tax on salt was one shops. Many of them went to jail also.
among those demands. (5) The plantation workers in Assam defied
(4) It was specifically mentioned that in case, the authorities. They left the plantations
Government appears unwilling to negotiate and headed towards home. They thought
on demands by 11 March, Congress would that Gandhi Raj was near. Everybody
launch a civil disobedience campaign. As would be given land in their own villages.
the British government gave no response 122. Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement
to these demands, Gandhi was all right launched in 1920 ? Why did Gandhiji call off
in launching Dandi March–a 375 km. the movement in 1922?
long march from Sabarmati Ashram to
the coastal town of Gujarat (Dandi). Ans Foreign 2011

On these counts, Dandi March was an Causes of launching the Non-Co-operation

effective symbol of resistance against Movement (1920-22) :
colonialism as it could gather nationwide (1) Breach of trust committed by the
support of Indian masses. It-was an open British Government after World War I,
challenge to the British laws. enforcement of Rowlatt Act, unruly killing
of peaceful demonstrators busy with
121. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement making their action-plan at Jallianwala
come into force in various parts of the Bagh in Amritsar (Punjab) and so-called
country? Explain with examples. biased reforms effected in Montague-
Ans Foreign 2016 Chelmsford Reforms.

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(c) Subhas Chandra Bose Ans OD 2017

(d) Mahatma Gandhi (a) A - 12th March 1930 to 6th April 1930,
Ans SQP 2016
B - British salt monopoly.

(c) Subhas Chandra Bose 22. Identify the incident-

• Happened on April 13, 1919 in the
19. Identify the Agitation - northern state of India
• Also known as “Pure Soul Force”. • People were protesting against the
• It was not a physical force. government’s new repressive measures
• A person engaged in this agitation shall • Some people come to attend the annual
not seek the destruction of the opponent. baisakhi fair
• Played a vital role in the freedom of India. • The objective of such act was to “produce
(a) Jallianwalla Bagh Movement a moral effect”
(b) Satyagraha Options :
(c) Dandi Andolan (a) Second Round Table Conference
(d) Quit India movement (b) Dandi March
Ans OD 2013, Delhi 2017 (c) Jallianwalla Bagh Incident
(b) Satyagraha (d) Chauri Chaura Incident
Ans SQP 2007
20. Arrange the following in the correct sequence
of occurrence: (c) Jallianwalla Bagh Incident
1. Dandi March 23. Arrange the following events in the correct
2. Kheda Satyagraha sequence-
3. Champaran Satyagraha 1. Quit India movement launched
4. Arrival of Gandhiji 2. Muslim League Established
Options : 3. Death of Lala Lajpat Rai
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1 4. Formation of federation of Indian
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1 Chamber of commerce and industries
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 Options
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 (a) 1, 4, 2, 3
Ans Comp 2021 (b) 2, 3, 4, 1
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 (c) 4, 2, 3, 1
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3
21. Complete the following table with the correct Ans Foreign 2014
information-
(c) 4, 2, 3, 1
Event Headed by Lasted Protest
From to Against 24. Identify the movement-
• Started by Mahatma Gandhi supporting
Dandi Mahatma A-? B-?
to bring the Hindus and Muslims together.
March Gandhi
• Was started to support the khalifa of
(a) A - 12th March 1930 to 6th April 1930, Turkey.
B - British salt monopoly • A decision was taken in Calcutta congress
(b) A - 12th March 1921 to 6th April 19321, session 1920 to support it.
B - Irwin act • Muslim leaders like the brothers
(c) A - 12th March 1921 to 6th April 1922, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali,
B - Jaliyawala Incident discussed about it with Mahatma Gandhi.
(d) A - 12th March 1930 to 6th April 1931, Options
B - Rowlatt Act (a) Jallianwalla Bagh Movement

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) Khilafat Movement 28. Assertion : The council elections were

(c) Dandi Andolan boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
(d) Quit India movement Reason : In many places, merchants and
Ans Delhi 2017
traders refused to trade in foreign goods or
finance foreign trade.
(b) Khilafat Movement (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
25. Arrange the following in the sequence in reason is the correct explanation of assertion
which the events occurred: (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
1. Chauri-Chaura reason is not the correct explanation of
2. Khilafat Movement assertion
3. Second Round Table Conference (c) Assertion is true but reason is false
4. Civil Disobedience Movement (d) Both assertion and reason are false
Options : Ans Delhi 2010
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1 is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) 4, 2, 3, 1
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3 29. Arrange the following in correct sequence:
Ans OD 2012, 2010
1. Simon Commission
2. Rowlatt Act
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3 3. Adoption of Purna Swaraj by the Congress
26. Complete the following table with the correct Options
information- (a) 1, 2, 3
(b) 2, 3, 1
Act Passed by Date Implies (c) 3, 2, 1
A - ? Imperial B - ? Arrest of a (d) 2, 1, 3
legislative person without Ans Comp 2020
council warrant
(d) 2, 1, 3
(b) A - Rowlatt Act, B - February 1921
(b) A - Rowlatt Act, B - February 1919 30. Following portrait of Bal Gangadhar Tilak is
(c) A - Irwin Act, B - February 1921 surrounded by symbols of
(c) A - Irwin Act, B - February 1919
Ans Foreign 2008

(b) A - Rowlatt Act, B - February 1919

27. Identify the place from the details given

below:
• The place is known for salt satyagraha
• The place was chosen as the start of Civil
Disobedience Movement
• The place is situated in Gujarat.
Options :
(a) Jallianwalla Bagh
(b) Champaran
(c) Chauri-Chaura
(d) Dandi
Ans SQP 2019

(d) Dandi

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(a) Symbols of Freedom (c) Assertion is true but reason is false

(b) Symbols of Unity (d) Both assertion and reason are false
(c) Symbols of Equality Ans SQP 2007
(d) Symbols of Nationalism
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
Ans OD 2012 reason is not the correct explanation of
(b) Symbols of Unity assertion.

31. Assertion : In Awadh, the peasants were led 34. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
by Alluri Sitaram Raju. The Rowlatt Act:
Reason : The movement here was against 1. Martial law was imposed, and General
Oudh Kisan Sabha. Dyer took command.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and 2. Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide
reason is the correct explanation of satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt
assertion Act.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 3. Local leaders were picked up from
reason is not the correct explanation of Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was
assertion barred from entering Delhi.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false 4. It gave the government enormous powers
(d) Both assertion and reason are false to repress political activities.
Options
Ans Delhi 2018
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (b) 2, 3, 4, 1
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1
32. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
1. Chauri Chaura Incident
2. Khilafat Movement Ans Comp 2018

3. Jallianwala Bagh Incident (a) 2, 4, 3, 1

4. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India
35. Complete the table with the correct information:
Options
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 Round table Held in Meeting outcome
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1 conference
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 First round Nov The British
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3 table 1930-Jan government
Ans Foreign 2019, OD 2012 conference 1931 understood the
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 importance and
the need for the
33. Assertion : The Non-Cooperation Movement congress party to
gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons make any decision
in the cities. Second A-? This conference
Reason : As the boycott movement spread, round table was deemed a
and people began discarding imported clothes conference failure because
and wearing only Indian ones, production of of the many
Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. disagreements
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and among the
reason is the correct explanation of participants.
assertion
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but Third Nov- Dec B - ?
reason is not the correct explanation of round table 1932
assertion conference

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(a) A - Sep - Dec 1927, B - Government of Ans Comp 2016

India Act (1932) was passed (b) It is talking about the First World War
(b) A - Sep - Dec 1927, B - Government of
India Act (1935) was passed 38. Assertion : When Simon Commission arrived
(c) A - Sep - Dec 1931, B - Government of in India, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go
India Act (1935) was passed back Simon’.
(d) A - Sep - Dec 1931, B - Government of Reason : This happened as Mahatma Gandhi
India Act (1932) was passed was on Dandi March during that time
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Ans Delhi 2015
reason is the correct explanation of
(c) A - Sep - Dec 1931, B - Government of assertion
India Act (1935) was passed. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
36. Assertion : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay assertion.
wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the (c) Assertion is true but reason is false
motherland and it was later included in his (d) Both assertion and reason are false
novel Anandamath and widely sung during
the Swadeshi movement. Ans SQP 2019

Reason : Rabindranath Tagore painted his (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
famous image of Bharat Mata, which is
portrayed as an ascetic figure, who is calm,
composed, divine and spiritual. VERY SHORT QUESTIO
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion 39. Describe the role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but Andhra Pradesh during 1920s.
reason is not the correct explanation of Ans Delhi 2020
assertion
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a
(d) Both assertion and reason are false variety of special power and that he could
make correct astrological predictions and
Ans SQP 2013, OD 2011
heal people and he could survive even bullet
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. shots.
(1) Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed
37. This war was the first modern industrial that he was an incarnation of God.
war. It saw the use of machine guns, tanks, (2) Raju talked about the greatness of
aircraft, chemical weapons, etc. on a massive Mahatma Gandhi, and was inspired by
scale. These were all increasingly products of the Non-cooperation Movement. He
modern large scale industry. To fight the war, persuaded people to give up drinking and
millions of soldiers had to be recruited from wear khadi.
around the world and moved to the frontlines (3) However, Raju also asserted that India
on large ships and trains. could be liberated only by the use of
Analyse the above given information, force, not non-violence. The Gudem
considering one of the following correct rebels attacked police stations, attempted
option. to kill British officials and carried on
(a) It is talking about the Industrial War guerilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.
(b) It is talking about the First World War
(c) It is talking about the Cold War 40. Why did the British Government appoint the
(d) It is talking about the Second World War Simon Commission ?

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Ans Delhi 2015

(2) National folk song were helpful in
Appointment of Simon Commission : Simon discovering one’s national identity.
Commission was appointed by the British (3) They were helpful in restoring a sense of
Government to fulfil its constitutional pride in one’s past.
aspirations. Firstly, Commission was to look
into the working of the government of India 44. What do you know about the Civil
Act of 1919 and to report its success and Disobedience Movement ?
failure in India. Secondly, Commission was Ans SQP 2012

also to submit a list of suggestions which Civil Disobedience Movement :

were essential to make political changes in (1) It was a movement revealing negligence
India, but this commission was without any and defiance towards the British laws.
representation from India. It was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in
41. Describe in brief the reactions of the people April, 1930.
immediately after Jallianwalla Bagh incident. (2) First successful mass movement.
(3) People from all sections participated role
Ans Comp 2021
of students; people, young and old joined.
(1) As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread,
the crowd took to streets in many North 45. Why did Mahatma Gandhi withdraw the
Indian towns. Non-Cooperation Movement ?
(2) There were strikes, clashes with the police Ans OD 2010

and attack on government buildings. Causes of Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation

(3) The government responded with brutal Movement: Some activists of the Non-
repression, seeking to humiliate and Cooperation Movement put a police station
terrorise the people. Satyagrahis resisted on fire at Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur), Uttar
with courage. Pradesh in which 21 policemen alived burnt.
42. Why did large sections of Muslims could Due to their foolishness a peaceful non-violent
not respond to the call for a united struggle movement turned into ugly violent movement.
through Civil Disobedience Movement ? Mahatma Gandhi, the priest of non-violence
decided immediately to withdraw the Non-
Ans Foreign 2014
Cooperation Movement.
Large sections of Muslims could not respond
to the call for a united struggle through Civil 46. Why did the Muslims fail to respond to,
Disobedience Movement because: the call of unified struggle during Civil
(1) They felt themselves alienated from the Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Congress after the decline of the Non- Ans OD 2014, 2009

Cooperation Khilafat Movement. During Civil Disobedience Movement

(2) They feared that their culture and Muslims did not take part in unified struggle.
identity would be submerged under the The main reason was that in the year 1933
domination of a Hindu majority. Rehmat Ali uttered the word Pakistan in
43. How did the revival of Indian folklore help to one meeting which grew the narrow and
develop the ideas of nationalism ? selfish feelings in the hearts of Muslims. It
was accepted by Mohammad Ali Jinna the
Ans Delhi 2016
leader of Mohammadans of Bharat. He put
(1) National folk gave a true picture of this feelings before the Muslims of India. On
traditional culture that had been this basis maximum muslims decided not to
corrupted by outside forces. take part in Civil Disobedience Movement.

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

47. “The Congress was reluctant to include (2) The peasants demanded reduction of land
the demands of industrial workers in its revenue and abolition of begar.
programme of struggle.” Analyse the reasons. (3) The tenants had no security of tenure
Ans Foreign 2015
and were regularly evicted from land.

The industrial working classes did not 51. How did the revival of Indian folklore help to
participate in the Civil Disobedience develop the ideas of nationalism ?
Movement in large numbers except in Nagpur Ans OD 2007
region. In 1930, thousands of workers-in
Chhotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi- (1) National folk gave a true picture of
caps and participated in protest rallies and traditional culture that had been
boycott campaigns. But the Congress was corrupted by outside forces.
reluctant to include worker’s demands as part (2) National folk song were helpful in
of its programme of struggle because it felt discovering one’s national identity.
that this would alienate industrialists. The (3) They were helpful in restoring a sense of
Congress also hoped that this would divide pride in one’s past.
the anti-imperial forces. 52. What did the image of Bharat Mata painted
48. Mention any three efforts made by Gandhiji by Abanindranath Tagore portray ?
to get Harijans their rights. Ans Delhi 2014

Ans Foreign 2017 (1) Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic

(1) He called the untouchables, Harijans or figure.
the children of God. (2) She is calm, composed, divine and
(2) He organised satyagraha to secure them spiritual.
entry into temples and access to public (3) This mother figure came to be seen as
wells, tanks and schools. evidence of one’s nationalism.
(3) He persuaded upper castes to change (4) Mother figure shown as dispensing
their heart and give up the sin of learning, food and clothing.
untouchability. 53. When and where was Khilafat Committee
49. Why did Mahatma Gandhi perceive salt as a formed ? What was its objective ?
powerful symbol that unite the nation ? Ans Delhi 2012 2022

Ans SQP 2014 It was formed in March, 1919 in Bombay. Its

Gandhiji perceived salt as a powerful symbol objective were as follows :
that united nation because, (1) To defend the temporal powers of the
(a) Salt was something consumed by the rich Khalifa of Turkey, the spiritual head of
and the poor alike Islamic world.
(b) It was the most essential items of food (2) To avert a harsh peace treaty (as was
(c) The tax on salt and the government approached) which was to be imposed on
monopoly over its production revealed the the Ottoman empire.
most oppressive face of the British rule. 54. Who designed the Swaraj Flag ? What were
50. What led to the spread of Non-Cooperation the features of this flag ? How was it used as
movement to the countryside ? Explain any a symbol of defiance ?
three factors. Ans Delhi 2017 2016 2015 2012

Ans Foreign 2011 (1) In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the

(1) The peasants had to do begar at landlord’s Swaraj Flag.
farm without any payment.

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page 67

(2) It was given a tricolour (red, green and (1) Salt was something consumed by the rich
white) and had a spinning wheel in the and the poor alike, and it was one of the
centre representing the Gandhian ideal of most essential items of food.
self-help. (2) The tax on salt and the government
(3) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during monopoly over its production, as
marches became a symbol of defiance. Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the
most oppressive face of British rule.
55. Explain the ideas of Gandhiji as he expressed (3) All classes within Indian society could
in the famous book ‘Hind Swaraj’ regarding identify with it and everyone could be
Non- Cooperation. brought together in a united campaign.
Ans SQP 2015
58. Which folk tales were published by Natesa
In his book, Hind Swaraj, Gandhiji gave Sastri ? Highlight the main point of his
reasons for the success of the British rule thinking.
in India and how the Non-Cooperation
Movement could make it to collapse. Ans Delhi 2016, OD 2015

(1) In his views, the British rule was (1) Natesa Sastri published a massive four
established in India with the co-operation volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The
of Indians and had survived only because Folklore of Southern India.
of this co-operation. (2) He believed that folklore was national
(2) If Indians refused to cooperate, the literature. It was the most trustworthy
British rule would collapse within a year. manifestation of people’s real thought
(3) The success of Non-Cooperation and characteristics.
Movement would bring Swaraj for the (3) Ideas of nationalism developed through
Indian people. a movement to revive Indian folklore. In
late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists
56. Evaluate the contribution made by Bankim began recording folk tales sung by bards.
Chandra Chattopadhyay towards Swadeshi
Movement. 59. Explain any three features of the peasant
Ans Delhi 2016
movement organised in Awadh in the second
decade of the 20th century.
Following contributions were made by o
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay towards What were the main demands of the peasants
Swadeshi Movement: of Oudh ?
(1) The image of Bharat Mata was first created
by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Ans OD 2016, 2015, 2014

(2) In the 1870s, he wrote Vande Matram’ as (1) The peasant movement organised in
a hymn to the motherland. Awadh in 1920, demanded reduction of
(3) Later it was included in his novel, revenue, abolition of begar and social
Anandamath’ and widely sung during the boycott of oppressive landlords.
Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. (2) In many places local leaders told peasants
that the Gandhiji had declared that no
57. Why did Mahatma Gandhi choose ‘Salt Tax’ taxes were to be paid and land was to be
to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement ? redistributed among the poor.
Explain three reasons. (3) The name of the Mahatma was being
Ans Foreign 2017, Delhi 2009 invoked to sanction all actions and
Mahatma Gandhi choose ‘Salt Tax’ to launch aspirations.
the Civil Disobedience Movement because :

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

were calm and peaceful. They were not India has not only deprived the Indian people
angry or violeut. of their freedom but has based itself on the
exploitation of the masses and has ruined
142. Read the following passage and answer the India economically, politically, culturally and
questions that follow : spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India
Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi must sever the British connection and attain
does not inflict pain on the adversary, he Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.
does not seek his destruction. In the use of Questions :
Satyagraha, there is no whatever. Satyagraha 1. When was this pledge to be taken ?
is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance 2. Explain the rights of the Indian people
of the soul. That is why this force is called which they should have got.
Satyagraha. The soul is informed with 3. Who was the President of Congress when
knowledge. In its burns the flame of love... the decision was taken to celebrate 26
Non-violence is the supreme Dharma. January, 1930 as Independence Day ?
Questions : 4. Why must India sever the British
1. Who spoke these words ? connection and attain Purna Swaraj ?
2. Explain the differences between physical Explain briefly : [Delhi 2010 Foreign)
force and soul-force, with examples. Ans. :
Ans Ans
1. Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the 1. On 26th January, 1930.
Nation. 2. Right to equality, Right to freedom,
2. The soul force or faculty is the blue-print Right to freedom of religion, Cultural
with specifications and direction upon and educational rights, Right against
which body has to function. The British exploitation and Right to constitutional
had barred souls of India people to live remedies viz. Fundamental rights or basic
even a common life. Under legislations rights for human living.
passed all biased by them. Gandhiji 3. Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru was the
wants to say that it is time to introspect President of Congress when decision was
and review the blue-print so as political taken to celebrate 26th January, 1930 as
projects be completed. In brief, physical Independence Day.
force is subservient to soul force but just 4. India had been suffering miserably under
after independence won, we, all Indians the British colonial rule. The basis of
have given-up Satyagraha and what we are foreign Government was imperialism. The
doing is mere mimesis of western culture government was based on exploitation
nothing else but based on perception. of the Indian resources and people,
therefore, it had ruined India politically,
143. Read the passage given below and answer the economically, culturally and spiritually.
questions that follow : The leaders of freedom struggle of India
We believe that it is the inalienable right of decided that their country must sever
the Indian people, as of any other people, to its connection with such a government
have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their or country and work for complete
toil and have the necessities of life, so that independence. A pledge for complete
they may have full opportunities of growth. independence or Purna Swaraj was taken
We believe also that if any government in this pledge that was clearly stated that
deprives a people of these rights and oppresses people of India had a right to abolished
them, the people have a further right to alter such government.
it or to abolish it. The British Government in

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page 69

65. What was the impact of the First World War unnecessary, since they wanted to contest
on the economic conditions in India ? the election.
Ans Foreign 2016
68. Which social evils were opposed by Gandhiji?
Following were the impacts of the First World o
War on the economic condition in India : Which social elements according to Gandhiji
(1) The British was at one of the two sides in are against the democratic values?
the war. The war created huge expenditure Ans Foreign 2015, OD 2012
on arms that forced government to
generate more revenue by imposing taxes. According to Gandhiji following social
(2) Custom duty and other taxes were elements are against the democratic values :
increased. (1) Communalism.
(3) It was for the first time that the British (2) Casteism of politics.
government introduced income tax. (3) Religious communalism.
(4) Election on the basis of communalism.
66. Discuss the role of South India in the Non- (5) Favour unjustice laws.
Cooperation Movement.
Ans
SHORT Answer QUESTIO
Foreign 2017

The role of South India in Non-Coperation

Movement:
(1) Opening of national schools in Madras 69. Describe any three causes that led to the
Presidency. Non-Cooperation Movement.
(2) Boycott of working with the Carnatic Ans OD 2024
Textile Mills.
(3) Movement conducted by C. The three causes that led to the Non-
Rajagopalachari in Andhra Pradesh and Cooperation Movement were:
Tamil Nadu. (1) The Rowlatt Act - After the First World
(4) Non-Cooperation Movement led by T. War, the British government passed the
Prakasam and P. Sitaramayya. Rowlatt Act authorising the arrest and
imprisonment of anyone without trial.
67. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the (2) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy - On April 13,
‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February, 1919, General Dyer ordered his troops
1922? Explain any three reasons. to open fire without warning on the
unarmed crowd gathered at Jallianwala
Ans OD 2017
Bagh protesting peacefully.
Causes of withdrawal of Non- Cooperation (3) The Khilafat Movement - The Sultan
Movement are as follows : of Turkey was deprived of all authority
(1) Some activists of Non-Cooperation after Turkey’s defeat in the First World
Movement set a police station on fire War. To restore his position, the Khilafat
at Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur), Uttar Movement began under the leadership of
Pradesh in which 21 policemen were the Ali Brothers - Mohammad Ali and
burnt alive. Shaukat Ali.
(2) Gandhiji felt that people of India were
70. Describe any three causes of ‘Civil
not ready for a nation-wide movement
Disobedience Movement’.
of mass struggle and felt that he should
withdraw the movement. Ans OD 2024

(3) Moreover, many members of the Indian Exploring the causes of the Civil Disobedience
National Congress felt that the Non- Movement allows us to comprehend the
Cooperation Movement was tiresome and

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

the fight was against injustice then physical the Muslims, therefore; joined Congress
force was not necessary to fight against the through their Khilafat Committee.
oppressor. The works or Satyagraha were as (2) They did not cast their votes in the elections
under : held to the legislature and started teaching
(1) 1916 : He organised Champaran institutions like Jamia Millia, Aligarh
Satyagraha in Bihar. It was against the Muslims High School etc.
oppressive plantation system. (3) Hakim Ajmal Khan was voted as chairman
(2) 1917 : He organised Satyagraha to support to Congress and the great Urdu poet
the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat. Maulana Hasrat Mohani proposed that
(3) 1918 : Mahatma Gandhi went to Swaraj should be defined as complete
Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha independence.
Movement amongst cotton mill workers. (4) When Turkish revolutionaries led by
Mustafa Kamal Pasha abolished Khilafat,
102. What was Satyagraha ? Explain the three Indian Muslims also withdrew their
main Satyagrahas launched by Gandhiji in support from Congress as their purpose
India. was achieved.
o
Which three early Satyagrahas were organised 104. ‘Some icons and symbols were used for
by Mahatma Gandhi ? unifying the people and sparking in them the
o feeling of nationalism.’ Give two evidences to
Mention the three movements based on support above statement.
Satyagraha, organised by Mahatma Gandhi Ans Delhi 2017, 20111
on his return to India from South Africa.
Following are the two evidences :
Ans OD 2017, Delhi 2015 2011
(1) The image of Bharat Mata came to be
The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power identified with India, the motherland. She
of truth and the need to search for truth. was painted by Abanindranath Tagore
It was suggested that if the cause was true, as an ascetic figure calm, composed,
the fight was against injustice then physical divine and spiritual. Later the image
force was not necessary to fight against the was painted by many other artists and
oppressor. acquired different forms. In one image
Following are the three main Satyagrahas Bharat Mata is shown with a trishul,
launched by Gandhiji in India : standing beside a lion and behind an
(1) 1916–Gandhiji travelled to Champaran in elephant, both symbols of power.
Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle (2) The flag became a symbol of nationalism.
against the oppressive plantation system. During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal
(2) 1917–Organisation of Satyagraha a tricolour flag was designed with eight
Movement to support the peasants of lotus flowers representing eight provinces
Kheda district of Gujarat. of the British India and a crescent
(3) 1918–Organisation of Satyagraha amongst moon representing Hindus and Muslims.
Ahmedabad Cotton Mill workers. Gandhiji also designed the Swaraj Flag in
1921.
103. Discuss the role of the Muslims in the Non-
Cooperation Movement. 105. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in
Ans Delhi 2014
this chapter with the image of Germania in
Chapter 1.
The Role of the Muslims in the Non-
Cooperation Movement : Ans SQP 2014

(1) As Congress was agree to run Khilafat and (1) The image of Germania was the symbol
Non-Cooperation Movements together, of German nation. Whereas, the image of

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Ans Delhi 2020

76. Explain with examples the role of industrialists
The roles of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil in the freedom struggle of India.
Disobedience Movement’ are discussed below: Ans Delhi 2011
(1) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful
symbol that could unite the nation. The After launching Non-cooperation Movement
idea was to make the demands wide- by Gandhiji–causes
ranging, so that all classes within Indian (1) Foreign goods were boycotted, i.e., liquor,
society could identify with them and shops, packeted item, foreign cloth etc.
everyone could be brought together in a (2) Traders refused to sold foreign good.
united campaign. The most stirring of all (3) Man acceptance at national level.
was the demand to abolish the salt tax. During this time, it is Indian industry
(2) Salt was something consumed by the rich which support the cause and production of
and the poor alike, and it was one of the Indian goods responsible for demands went-
most essential items of food. The tax on up. Indian Industrialist like Jamuna Lal Bajaj,
salt and the government monopoly over J.R.D., Tata and G.D. Birla group supported
its production, Mahatma Gandhi revealed the movement by fullfinally the national need
the most oppressive face of British rule. by keeping national interest. The Indian
(3) The poor peasantry was asked to pay industry was in promitive stage technically
more taxes when they could hardly afford but it was supporting the national cause too
to meet their ends. This infuriated poor large extent at national level. French and
peasants and they came in huge numbers London based companies were active to fulfil
to support Gandhiji and his followers. there vested interest and earn profit margin
It was because of them that Civil by creating forceful law and circumstances
Disobedience Movement could become a infront of manufacturers and consumer base.
mass movement. 77. Mention any three shortcomings of the Indian
75. What do you know about the Lucknow Pact Act of 1919.
of 1916? Write its importance in history of Ans SQP 2014, 2010

India. Shortcomings of the Indian Act of 1919: The

Ans SQP 2017 Act failed to fulfil the aspirations of the people
The pact signed between the Indian National in India. Rules under it were only a method
Congress and the Muslim League in Lucknow of further draining India of her wealth and
in 1916 is known as Lucknow Pact. The of prolonging her servitude. These provisions
both political parties agreed to merged their are summed up as under :
differences and to give a united fight to (1) Powers to the Provinces was dissolved
colonial government. but Governor General in Council at the
The importance of Lucknow Pact : Centre was given exclusive power to
(1) It could re-unite moderate and extremist decide at his will, the stately affairs.
leaders of the Indian National Congress. (2) It was the Governor-General and not the
(2) Controversies between the Congress courts which decided whether a particular
and the Muslim League were settled in subject was Central or Provincial.
amicable milieu. (3) Electorates were divided on communal
(3) A united scheme of constitutional reforms basis.
was agreed between Congress and Muslim (4) Dyarchy or dual system of administration
League and it was also decided to put was introduced in the provinces.
before the British government to jointly 78. Which were the two types of demands
implements those demands. mentioned by Gandhi ji in his letter to
viceroy Irwin on 31 January 1930. Why was

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

60. Who organized the Depressed Classes the people so Gandhiji relaunched the Civil
Association and what were the aims of this Disobedience Movement.
association ?
o 63. Describe any two suggestive measures taken
Who organised the Depressed Classes by the British administration to clamp down
Association and with what aims ? on nationalists.

Ans Delhi 2016 2015

Ans Delhi 2014

(1) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organized the The British suggested the following three
Depressed Classes Association. measures to clamp down on nationalists :
(2) The main aims of this association were : (1) Provision Government of India Act 1935
(a) Reserved seats in educational : In this act provinces and princely states
institutions. were given autonomy to decide their own
(b) Separate electorate that would choose government and draft constitution for
dalit members for legislative councils. governance. The Congress Committee
rejected this act of 1935. According to this
61. Describe the incidence of Jallianwala Bagh Act the elected members were ineffective
Massacre. and unreal.
Ans SQP 2020
(2) The Cripps Mission was sent to India
in March 1942 under the chairmanship
On 13 April the famous Jallianwala Bagh of Sir Stafford Cripps to win the co-
incident took place. operation of the Indian people in the
(1) A large crowd had gathered in the World War II. British people had become
enclosed grounds of Jallianwala Bagh very precarious due to-Hitler’s attack.
to make a peaceful protest against the
repressive measures of the government 64. Discuss the role of women in the revolutionary
and also to attend the annual Baisakhi movement.
fair. Ans SQP 2019
(2) Being from outside the city, many
villagers were unaware of the martial law (1) Women led by Surya Sen raided the port
that had been imposed. of Chittagong on April 18, 1930 and seized
(3) General Dyer entered the area, blocked armoury. These were Pritilata Wadedar
all the exit points and opened fire on the and Kalpana Dutt, Suniti Chaudhary,
innocent crowd, killing hundreds. Shanti Ghose etc.
(2) Pritilata attacked upon the European
62. Explain the reasons for relaunching the Civil club in Chittagong. She was injured and
Disobedience Movement by Gandhiji. committed suicide to escape arrest.
Ans Delhi 2011
(3) Suniti Chaudhary and Shanti Ghose shot
dead District Magistrate of Tripura.
The Civil Disobpdience Movement was (4) In Calcutta University, Bina Das made
relaunched in 1932. Reasons for relaunching an attempt on the life of Stanley Jackson,
of movement are as under : the Governor of Bengal.
(1) Failure of talks in the 2nd Round Table
Conference.
(2) Country was passing through unrest.
There were strikes by railway workers in
1930 and dock workers in 1932. Peasants
were facing high taxation and poverty.
(3) The Viceroy refused to meet Gandhiji or
take any steps to relieve the measures of

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page 73

As such, his proposals were rejected both by Non-cooperation Movement slowdown in

the Congress and the Muslim League. cities due to the following reasons.
1. Though all were agree to boycott wear
82. What were the three local issues in which the machinery clothes but khadi was not
Gandhiji experimented his technique of in sufficient quantity. Khadi does not give
Satyagrah during the years 1917-18 ? How good look in personality to wear. So the
were these issues resolved ? rich persons specially in cities did not use
o Khadi.
How did Gandhiji resolve the issue of 2. Student specially in cities and the
Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad through teachers wanted to boycott the British
his unique method ‘Satyagrah’ ? (Government) Schools but the congress
Ans OD 2017 could not open sufficient number of
(1) Champaran Satyagrah : The first schools to satisfying the need. Ultimately
experiment started in 1917 with Indigo teachers and students again began
farmers who were encouraged to raise trickling back to government schools. The
their voice against oppressive rules of lawyers wanted to leave court but there
the British planters. Gandhiji got that was a problem before them that what
demands sanctioned by the inquiry occupation will they opt then. So the
commission set-up for that purpose. lawyers and judges could go back to join
(2) Kheda Satyagrah : Second experiment their previous occupation in government
was again made with farmers of Kheda in court.
Gujarat where even after a severe famine 84. Which were the two types of demands
befallen and crop failure took place, mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to viceroy
the British officials were realising land Irwin on 31 January 1930. Why was abolitions
revenue at the highest ,rates. Finally, of salt tax most stirring demand ? Explain.
recovery was waived-off and issue was
resolved. Ans OD 2013

(3) Ahmedabad Satyagrah : Third On 31 January 1930 Mahatma Gandhi

experiment was made with mill workers wrote a latter to viceroy Irwin in which he
in Ahmedabad (Gujarat). Here, Gandhiji mentioned the demands of the people which
resorted to the fast technique along with were as follows:
workers and thus, the British Government (1) Salt tax should be removed.
had to increase wages upto 35% including (2) There should be impartial judgement
certain reforms in working conditions against the police cruel violence on
which were also effected. civilians.
(3) Non-cooperation Movement should be
83. Explain any three reasons for the slow-down stopped.
of Non-cooperation movement in cities. Salt tax movement was most stirring
Ans Delhi 2013 because this tax effected all the civilians.
Non-Cooperation movement was started by M.K. Gandhi wanted to bring all members of
Mahatma Gandhi. Some leaders of congress all societies in the movement. The production
party were re-elected to participate in the of salt was the major part of the government
Co-operation. They were feared that it might deprissing activities. So the removal of salt
lead to popular violence. In December 1921 tax was one of the eleven demands put
there was a session held in Nagpur in which forward by Gandhiji before viceroy Irwin.
the discussion was made on this topic. All
were agree and all join the same. But this

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

discontent brewing amongst the Indian railway and steamer strike, they were
population. Some of the key factors that caught by the police and brutally beaten
sparked this movement include: up.
(1) Salt Tax: The British salt tax was a
severe burden on the Indian population, 72. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement
particularly the poor. The British unfold in the cities and towns of India?
monopoly over the production and sale of Ans SQP 2022 Term 2

salt was seen as a stark example of their The Non-Cooperation Movement unfold in
exploitative economic policies. the cities and towns of India by the following
(2) Simon Commission: The commission, ways:
sent to India in 1928 to recommend (1) The movement started with middle-class
constitutional reforms, was boycotted participation in the cities.
and widely criticized by Indians for its (2) Thousands of students left government-
all-British composition. controlled schools and college.
(3) Demand for Purna Swaraj: The Indian (3) Many teachers resigned.
National Congress’s declaration of Purna (4) Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
Swaraj, or total self-rule, on 26th January (5) The council elections were boycotted in
1930, was a critical precursor to the Civil most provinces except Madras.
Disobedience Movement. (6) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor
(4) Repression by British Government: The shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in
harsh and repressive measures taken by huge bonfires.
the British government, including the
Rowlatt Act, further fuelled the anger 73. Describe the implications of First World War
and frustration. on the economic and political situation of
India.
71. Workers of Assam had their own
Ans OD 2020
understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the
nation of Swaraj’. Explain with examples. The First World War created a new political
and economic situation in India.
Ans OD 2023
(1) It led to huge increase in defence
For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj expenditure, Custom duties were
meant the right to move freely in and out raised,income tax was introduced to
of the confined space in which they were finance the war.
enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with (2) Villagers were called upon to supply
the village from which they had come. soldiers, forced recruitment in rural areas
(1) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, caused widespread resentment.
plantation workers were not permitted to (3) Prices of essential commodities doubled
leave the tea gardens without permission, between 1913 and 1918 leading to extreme
and in fact, they were rarely given such hardship to the common people.
permission. (4) In 1918-19, 1920-21 crops failed in many
(2) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation parts of India resulting in acute food
Movement, thousands of workers defied shortage.
the authorities, left the plantations and (5) Influenza epidemic spread. According to
headed home. the census in 1921, 12-13 million people
(3) They believed that Gandhi Raj was perished due to famines and epidemics.
coming, and everyone would be given
land in their villages. 74. Describe the role of poor peasantry in the
(4) They, however, never reached their ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’
destination. Stranded on the way by a

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page 75

89. In which session of Congress, Non- (2) It suggested that if the cause was true, if
Cooperation Movement was adopted ? What the struggle was against injustice, then
were the plans of Gandhi to launch Non- physical force was not necessary to fight
Cooperation Movement ? against the oppressor.
Ans OD 2018
(3) Without being aggressive a satyagrahi
could win the battle.
In the Nagpur session of Congress, in (4) This could be done by appealing to the
December 1920, Congress adopted Non- conscience of the oppressors instead of
Cooperation Movement that was proposed forcing them to accept truth through the
by Gandhi. use of violence.
Gandhi proposed that :
(1) Non-Cooperation Movement should 92. What was the Rowlatt Act of 1919 ? Explain
unfold in stages. the reaction of the people against the Rowlatt
(2) Titles awarded by the government should Act.
be surrendered. o
(3) Indians should boycott civil services, How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people
army, police, courts, schools and foreign in India? Explain with examples.
goods. Ans Delhi 2013 2011
(4) In case government uses repression, a full
Civil Disobedience Movement should be Rowtatt Act was an oppressive Act introduced
launched. by the British government in 1919. It gave
the government enormous powers to repress
90. Explain any four factors to show how did the political activities and allowed detention of
First World War help in the growth of the political prisoners without trial for two years.
National Movement in India. Indians disapproved this Act in the following
Ans Foreign 2011
ways :
(1) Rallies were organised in various cities,
The First World War helped in the growth workers went on strike in railways,
of the national movement in India in the workshops and offices were closed down.
following ways : (2) A peaceful protest meeting was organised
(1) Heavy loss of men and material created at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
new political and economic situations in (3) Gandhiji started a hartal against this
the country. unjust law on 6th April, 1919.
(2) During the war, the villagers were forcibly (4) Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saif-ud-din Kitchlew
recruited in army and had to do begar were arrested.
that led to widespread anger among (5) Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred
Indians. against the arrest of these leaders.
(3) War created huge expenditure on arms
that forced government to generate more 93. What was the main issue behind the Khilafat
revenue by imposing taxes. Movement? Why did Gandhiji support this ?
(4) Failure of crops at the same time and Ans Delhi 2011
no support from the government created
extra discontentment among the people. (1) (a) In the First World War, at the end,
Turkey was defeated. There were
91. Explain the idea of Satyagraha. rumours that a harsh treaty is to be
Ans OD 2011
imposed on the Khalifa, the spiritual
head of the Muslims all over the
(1) The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the world.
power of truth and the need to search for
truth.

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

abolitions of salt tax most stirring demand? (1) According to Gandhiji, there should be
Explain two stages during the Non-Cooperation
Ans Delhi 2013
Movement:
(a) In the first stage, there should be
On 31 January 1930 Mahatma Gandhi surrender of titles that the government
wrote a latter to viceroy Irwin in which he awarded and boycott of civil services,
mentioned the demands of the people which army, police, courts, legislative
were as follows : councils, schools and foreign goods.
1. Salt tax should be removed. (b) In case of repressive policy by the
2. There should be impartial judgement government, a full civil disobedience
against the police cruel violence on campaign would be launched in the
civilians. second stage.
3. Non-Cooperation movement should be (2) Through the summer of 1920, Mahatma
stopped. Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured
Salt tax movement was most stirring extensively, mobilising popular support
because this tax effected all the civilians. for the movement. In the months between
M.K. Gandhi wanted to bring all members of September and December there was an
all societies in the movement. The production intense tussle within the Congress i.e.,
of salt was the major part of the government between the supporters and the opponents
deprissing activities. So the removal of salt of the movement.
tax was one of the elven demands put forward (3) The differences were resolved at the
by Gandhi ji before viceroy Irwin. Congress session at Nagpur in December
79. Explain any three measures taken by 1920. After a compromise was worked
the British administration to uprise the out, the Non-cooperation programme was
movement started against the Rowlatt Act” adopted and it took the shape of a mass
movement.
Ans Delhi 2013, 2011

On 6th April 1919 after the First World War 81. When and why was the Cripps Mission sent
Indians were in the mood that British Govt. to India? Point out any two main defects
will give award to Indians but government responsible for its failure.
announced Rowlatt Act hurriedly without Ans Comp 2009
thinking its repercussion. This act was based The Cripps Mission was sent to India in March
upon voters right and communalism. 1942 under the chairmanship of Sir Stafford
1. In this Act the revolutionists were sent to Cripps to win the co-operation of the Indian
impression for two years without asking people in the Second World War. In fact, the
any reasons. position of the British in 1942 had become
2 The imprisoned person could not suit file very precarious because of Hitler’s attacks so
in the court against it. they wanted to enlist the co-operation of the
3. No one can assemble at the place against Indians.
the govt. rules nor take part in procession. Cripps Mission talks failed because of the
80. How could Non-cooperation become a following defects :
Movement? Give your opinion. (1) He rejected the Congress proposal for the
formation of a national government during
Ans Foreign, 2015
the war.
The Non-cooperation became a Movement in (2) He was not prepared to give any assurance
the following way: of granting independence to India even
after the war.

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page 77

98. Poor peasants kept themselves away from 100. What prevented the working class from
Congress and Civil Disobedience Movement. participating in the Civil Disobedience
Why ? Movement ?
Ans OD 2006
o
State any two hopes and expectations of
The poor peasantry had the following reasons the industrial working class from the Civil
to keep themselves away from Congress and Disobedience Movement. Explain any two
the Civil Disobedience Movement : reasons why the Congress was not interested
(1) They were badly hit by the Economic in including their demands.
Depression. Many of the poor peasants
were working on small cultivated rented Ans Delhi 2011

land of landlords. (1) The industrialists and businessmen like

(2) Due to lower incomes, during the Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D.
Depression, they could not pay their Birla had profusely supported the Civil
rents, and wished their rent payments to Disobedience Movement. This prevented
be remitted. workers to come close to Congress and
(3) This led to the rift between poor- movements initiated by the party.
peasant and rich landlords who had (2) The working class, except from the
already supported the Congress and Civil Nagpur, did not participate in the Civil
Disobedience Movement. Disobedience Movement.
(4) Due to this, the poor peasants kept away (3) But inspite of that, some workers adopted
from Congress and joined variety of Gandhian ideas of boycotting foreign
radical movements, often led by socialists goods as a part of their own movements
and communists. against low wages and poor working
conditions.
99. Why did the peasants join the Civil (4) Also, Congress was reluctant to include
Disobedience Movement in India? workers’ demands as part of its programme
o of struggle. As this could have countered
Evaluate any three features of the peasant industrialist’s demands and as a result,
movement during Civil Disobedience it would have alienated them from active
Movement in India. participation.
Ans Delhi 2011
101. When did Mahatma Gandhi return from
Peasants joined the Civil Disobedience South Africa? State any two important works
Movement for the following reasons : or Satyagrahas which Mahatma Gandhi did
(1) Peasants were hard hit by the economic immediately after his arrival in India.
crises and falling prices of the cash crops. o
They found it difficult to pay government How did Mahatma Gandhi successfully
revenue, hence there was widespread anger organise Satyagraha movements in various
and resentment among the peasants. places just after arriving in India? Explain
(2) The peasants joined the movement due to by giving three examples.
high rents and variety of other cesses that
were demanded by the landlords. Ans Foreign 2011

(3) The peasants demanded reduction in In January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned
revenue, abolition of begar and social from South Africa. After that he played an
boycott of oppressive landlords. active role in India’s freedom struggle.
(4) They wanted the unpaid rent to the The idea of satyagraha emphasised the
landlords to be remitted. power of truth and the need to search for truth.
It suggested that if the cause was true and

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

85. “The two-nation theory was a total Ans Foreign 2013

falsification of the entire history of the Indian The participation of Dalits in the Civil
people.” Explain the statement. Disobedience Movement was limited on
Ans Foreign 2014, 2012
account of following reasons:
(1) Congress had ignored Dalits for the fear
(1) Firstly, during a long stay and intermixing of offending the Sanatanis, conservative
of thousands of years the Hindus and the high caste Hindus.
Muslims had developed a common culture (2) Mahatma Gandhi was of the opinion that
especially during the medieval times. Swaraj would not come for a hundred
They had almost become one people. years if untouchability was not abolished.
(2) Secondly, suffering commonly under one (3) He called them, i.e., the ‘Harijans’, lived
foreign power, they had developed many with them and himself cleaned toilets to
common traits. They fought shoulder to dignify the work of sweepers.
shoulder in the Great uprising of 1857 (4) Many dalit leaders however demanded
and when they were hunted, caught and reserved seats in educational institutions
imprisoned and led on trial and hanged and separate electorate. So dalit
on a common platform they became one participation in Civil Disobedience
people. Movement was limited. They did not
(3) Thirdly, when in the 20th century, the whole heartedly took part in it.
nationalist movement became a mass
movement all the people were cemented 88. The response of the Muslim community was
into one nation. lukewarm to the Civil Disobedience. Why?
o
86. How did ‘Salt March’ become an effective tool “Some of the Muslim political organisations
of resistance against colonialism ? Explain. in India were lukeworm in their response to
Ans OD 2015 the Civil Disobedience Movement.” Examine
As the demands not were not fulfilled, Gandhiji the statement.
started march from his ashram in Sabarmati Ans Delhi 2016, 2013
to the Gujarat coastal town of Dandi. He was It was because,
accompanied by his 78 trusted followers. The (1) After the Non-Cooperation Movement,
march continued for 24 days about 10 miles a relations between Hindus and Muslims
day. During the march Gandhiji explained to worsened as each community organised
the people, the meaning of swaraj and urged religious processions, provoking Hindu-
them to defy the British laws. On reaching Muslim communal clashes and riots.
Dandi on 6 April, he ceremonially violated (2) The Congress members were seen as
the salt law, manufacturing salt by boiling associates of Hindu religious nationalist
sea water. This was the beginning of the Civil groups like Hindu Mahasabha.
Disobedience Movement. People were asked (3) When Civil Disobedience Movement
to refuse co-operation as well as to break started, there was an atmosphere
colonial laws. Thousands of people broke of suspicion and distrust between
the salt law and demonstrated in front of communities. Muslims feared that they
government salt factories. Thus, Salt March would be submerged under the domination
became an effective tool of resistance against of a Hindu majority in Independent India.
colonialism. (4) The important differences were over the
87. Why was the participation of Dalits in the question of representation in the future
Civil Disobedience Movement limited? Assemblies that were to be elected.

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page 79

Bharat Mata was the symbol of Indian (4) One way of doing this, he felt, was to take
nation. up the Khilafat issue, and use it as an
(2) Both the images inspired nationalists who opportunity to bring Muslims under the
worked very hard to unify their respective umbrella of a unified national movement.
countries and to attain a liberal nation. (5) At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in
(3) But the image of Bharat Mata is different September 1920, he convinced the leaders
from that of Germania, in the sense that over the need to start a Non-Cooperation
former reflects the religious basis of its Movement in support of Khilafat as well
making. as for Swaraj.
(4) The image of Bharat Mata became a
controversial figure and also indirectly
played role in spread of communalism LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
in pre-independent India. On the other
hand, the image of Germania did not 108. How did the Business class relate itself to the
have any such controversy attached to it. Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with
106. Write a brief essay on women’s participation examples.
in the Civil Disobedience, Movement of 1930. Ans OD 2023

Ans Delhi 2009 (1) Indian merchants and industrialists were

(1) In 1930, women participated on a large keen on expanding their businesses and
scale in Civil Disobedience Movement. reacted against colonial policies that
(2) During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands restricted business activities.
of women came out of their homes to (2) They wanted protection against imports
listen to him. of foreign goods, and a rupee sterling
(3) They participated in protest marches, foreign exchange ratio that would
manufactured salt and picketed foreign discourage imports.
cloths and liquor shops. Many went to jail. (3) To organise business interests, they funned
(4) In urban areas, these women were from the Indian Industrial and Commercial
high-caste families, in rural areas, they Congress in 1920 and the Federation of
came from rich peasant households. They the Indian Chamber of Commerce and
considered service to nation as a sacred Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
duty of women. (4) Led by prominent industrialists like
Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D.
107. Describe the different factors that shaped the Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial
political situation in the late 1920s. control over the Indian economy and
o supported the Civil Disobedience
Which factors shaped the Indian politics by Movement
the late 1920s? Explain. (5) They gave financial assistance and refused
Ans Delhi 2017 to buy or sell imported goods.
(6) Most businessmen wanted to flourish in
(1) The widespread movement against the
trade without constraints.
Rowlatt Act was started, but was still
confined to cities and towns., 109. Highlight the reasons for the growth of
(2) Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to nationalist tensions in the Balkan region
launch a more broad-based movement in before the First World War.
India.
Ans SQP 2020, OD 2018
(3) But, he was certain no such movement
could be organised without bringing the (1) The Balkans was a region of geographical
Hindus and Muslims together. and ethnic variation comprising modern-

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) The aim of the Khilafat movement (3) In many placls, merchants and traders
was to defend the Khalifa’s temporal refused to trade in foreign goods or
powers. finance foreign trade.
(2) (a) To defend Khalifa’s temporal powers, (4) As more and more people wore Indian
a Khilafat committee was formed. Few cloths, the production of Indian textile
Muslim leaders consulted Gandhiji mills and handloom went up.
for his support.
(b) Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity 96. Who was Baba Ramchandra ? What were
to bring Muslims under the umbrella the problems of peasants in Awadh ?
of a unified national movement and Ans Foreign 2019, 2008

gave his consent to support this Baba Ramchandra was a peasant leader in
movement at the Calcutta session of Awadh. He was a sanyasi, who had earlier
the Congress. been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. He led
94. How did the tribals of the ‘Gudem Hills of a movement against the talukdars (landlords)
Andhra Pradesh interpret Swaraj’ ? What of Awadh.
was the differences between the beliefs and The peasants of Awadh had the following
practices of their leader, Alluri Sita Ram problems :
Raju ? (1) Talukdars and landlords of Awadh
demanded high rents and a variety of
Ans Delhi 2011
other cesses from the peasants.
For the tribal peasants, Swaraj meant an end (2) Peasants had to do ‘begar’ and work at
to begar, access to forests and non-payment landlord’s farms without any payment.
of taxes. (3) As tenants, they had no security of
(1) Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed to be tenure. They were regularly evicted so
inspired by Gandhiji. He persuaded that they could acquire no right over the
people to adopt Khadi and non-violence leased land.
but in practice, he asserted use of violence
as a means of struggle. 97. Mention three reasons by which the rich
(2) He was of the opinion that India could be peasant communities took active participation
liberated only by the use of force. in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(3) Under his leadership, the rebels attacked Ans Delhi 2009

police station, attempted to kill British The rich peasant communitiesr–Patidars of

officials and carried on guerilla warfare Gujarat and Jats of U.P. participated in the
for achieving Swaraj. Civil Disobedience Movement due to the
95. What was the impact of Non-Cooperation following reasons :
Movement on economy ? (1) These rich peasants used to produce
o commercial crops. As the prices fell and
Describe briefly any three economic effects of trade depression occurred, their incomes
Non-Cooperation Movement. lowered very much.
(2) They could not pay government’s revenue
Ans OD 2009
demands.
(1) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor (3) Government refused to reduce the revenue
shops picketed and foreign cloths burnt demand.
in huge bonfires. (4) This enraged the rich peasants and they
(2) The import of foreign cloths halved became active in the Civil Disobedience
during 1921 and 1922, its value dropped Movement as they thought that fight
from Rs. 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. for Swaraj was a struggle against high
revenue.

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page 81

could not afford it and therefore, could Ans SQP 2021

not boycott mill cloth for very long. Gandhiji started the Non-cooperation
(2) Similarly, boycotting British institutions movement of 1921 because:
also posed a problem as there were no (1) According to Gandhiji, the British
alternative national institutions to fulfil rule was established in India with the
the educational needs. cooperation of Indians and had survived
(3) As a result, students and teachers began only because of this cooperation. So the
trickling back to government schools and time has arrived to withdraw cooperation
lawyers joined back work in government from the British.
courts. (2) After returning from Africa in 1915
Gandhiji launched some local satyagraha’s
112. How did Non-Cooperation movement start but he was looking for an opportunity to
with participation of middle class people in launch a national level movement against
the cities? Explain its impact on the economic the Britishers.
front. (3) First World War added to the misery
Ans OD 2018 of the Indian people. Heavy taxes, high
Non-cooperation movement started with prices, famines, and epidemics made
middle class participation in the cities : people’s life miserable.
(1) This movement was launched by Gandhiji (4) British in India passed the Rowlatt act
in 1920. Its aims were to show resentment even after opposition by Indian Leaders.
to actions considered oppresive like This act curbed political activities
Jallianwala Bagh and Rowlatt Act. and allowed the detention of political
Thousands of students left government prisoners.
controlled school and colleges. (5) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the
(2) Teachers, Headmasters resigned and injustice done to Punjab made Indians
lawyers gave up their legal practices. angry which needed to be avenged.
(3) The council elections were boycotted in 114. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women
most provinces except made as where the to hold any position of authority within the
justice party, the party of non-Brahmans organisation ? How did women participate in
felt that entering power the council was Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
one way of gaining.
Impact on Economic Front Ans Delhi 2018

(1) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor Gandhiji was convinced that it was duty of
shops picketed, and foreign clothes were a woman to look after her family and home,
burnt hugely. they should be good mothers and good
(2) In many areas, traders and merchants wives. And for a long time the Congress
refused to trade in foreign goods and was reluctant to allow women to hold any
sometimes they even refused to finance position of authority within the organisation.
foreign trade. The import of foreign trade Women’ participation took its way in the
halved between 1921 and 1922. following ways :
(3) As the boycott movement spread, people (1) During Gandhi Ji’s Salt March thousands
used only Indian clothes and began of women came out of their houses to
to discard foreign clothes. As a result, listen to him.
production of Indian textile mills and (2) They participated in protest marches,
handloom went up largely. manufactured salt and picketed foreign
cloth and liquior shops.
113. Why did Gandhiji start Non-Cooperation (3) Many women were arrested and were sent
Movement? Explain. to jail. In urban areas these women were

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

14. Identify the appropriate reason for the was declared illegal, and a series of measures
formation of the Swaraj Party from the had been imposed to prevent meetings,
options given below : demonstrations and boycotts.
(a) Wanted members of Congress to return (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
to Council Politics. reason is the correct explanation of
(b) Wanted members of Congress to ask for assertion
Purna Swaraj for Indians. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(c) Wanted members of Congress to ask reason is not the correct explanation of
Dominion State for India. assertion
(d) Wanted members of Congress to oppose (c) Assertion is true but reason is false
Simon Commission. (d) Both assertion and reason are false
Ans SQP 2020 Ans OD 2017

(a) Wanted members of Congress to return (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
to Council Politics. reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
15. Match the following items given in Column A
with those in Column B. Choose the correct 17. Arrange the following in correct sequence:
answer from the options given below: 1. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
2. Gandhi sent letter to Viceroy Lord Irwin.
Column A Column B
3. Violation of Salt Act. by Mahatma
A. Supervision of 1. Japan Gandhi.
functioning of Options :
banks. (a) 1, 2, 3
B. First Asian 2. Henry Ford (b) 2, 3, 1
country to be (c) 3, 2, 1
Industralised. (d) 2, 1, 3
C. Pioneer of the 3. Secularism Ans Foreign 2020

system of mass (b) 2, 3, 1

production.
18. Study the picture and answer the question
D. No official 4. Reserve Bank of
that follows:
religion, India
constitution
does not give
any special
status.
Options
(a) A – 4, B – 1, C – 3, D – 2
(b) A – 4, B – 1, C – 2, D – 3
(c) A – 2, B – 1, C – 3, D – 4
(d) A – 2, B – 3, C – 4, D – 1
Ans Delhi 2009

(b) A – 4, B – 1, C – 2, D – 3
Identify the man who is sitting fifth from
16. Assertion : Gandhiji entered into Gandhi- right?
Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931. (a) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Reason : Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
Nehru were both put in jail, the Congress

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any payment (begar). Peasants had no government forced people to join the
security of tenure, thus being regularly army. It caused widespread resentment
evicted so that they could acquire no and anger amongst the people. It set the
right over the leased land. The demands stage for the Great Depression.
of the peasants were reduction of revenue, (5) There was spread of influenza epidemic
abolition of begar and social boycott of which contributed to the hardships of
oppressive landlords. In 1920, Jawahar the people. The war weakened the gold
Lal Nehru began talking to the villagers standard.
and formed ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’. Within
a month, 300 branches had been set up in 119. “The Civil Disobedience Movement was
the villages. different from the Non-co-operation
(2) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, Movement.” Support the statement with
a militant guerrilla movement spread in examples.
the early 1920s against the closure of Ans Delhi 2016

forest areas by the colonial government, Civil Disobedience Movement : It was a

preventing the tribal people from entering movement revealing negligence and defiance
the forests to graze their cattle, or to towards the British law. It was launched by
collect fuelwood and fruits. They felt that Mahatma Gandhi in April 1930.
their traditional rights were being denied. Following were the four features of Civil
When the government forced them to Disobedience Movement:
contribute begar for road building, the (1) The Civil Disobedience Movement was
hill people revolted. Their leader Alluri a unique movement. Gandhiji found in
Sitaram Raju, inspired by Mahatma salt a motivating and powerful symbol
Gandhi, persuaded people to wear Khadi that could unite the nation against the
and give up drinking. He asserted that government monopoly over its production.
India could be liberated by the use of In the beginning, the issue of salt looked
force. ordinary, however, it provide the most
118. How had the ‘First World War’ created stirring one.
economic problems in India? Explain with (2) The Civil Disobedience Movement
examples. was slightly different from the Non-
cooperation Movement. During the Civil
Ans OD 2019
Disobedience Movement people were
The economic effects of the First World War asked not only to deny co-operation with
were: the British but also to break colonial
(1) The First World War led to huge laws.
expenditures in defence. These (3) The Civil Disobedience Movement spread
expenditures were to be financed by like wild fire. The strong wind of the
increasing the taxes and by raising movement re-energised all the classes of
custom duties. the nation. Salt law was broken, foreign
(2) During the time of the First World War, cloth was boycotted and liquor shops
crop failure resulted in acute shortage of were picketed, peasants declined to pay
food. revenue and Chaukidari taxes.
(3) During the war, the food prices increased, (4) The refulgence of the Civil Disobedience
they almost doubled between 1913 and Movement blended the colonial
1918. This increased the hardships of the government. One of the most important
people of India. features of this movement was the large
(4) Villages were called upon to supply scale participation of women. Thousands
soldiers. At some rural places, the colonial of women come out of their homes

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, (2) Poor peasants : Joined the movement
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, because they found it difficult to pay
Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, whose rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the
inhabitants were broadly known as the landlord to be remitted.
Slays. (3) Business class : They reacted against
(2) The spread of the ideas of romantic colonial policies that restricted activities
nationalism in the Balkans together because they were keen on expanding
with the disintegra-tion of the ottoman their business and for this they wanted
Empire made this region very explosive. protection against imports of foreign
All through the nineteenth century the goods. They thought that Swaraj would
Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen cancel colonial restrictions and trade
itself through modernisation and internal would flourish without restrictions.
reforms but with little success. (4) Industrial working class : They did not
(3) As the different Slavic nationalities participate in large numbers except in
struggled to define their identity and the Nagpur region. Some workers did
independence, the Balkan area became participate in, selectively adopting some
an area of intense conflict. of the Gandhian programme, like boycott
(4) Each power–Russia, Germany, England, of foreign goods, as a part of their own
Austro-Hungary–was keen on countering movements against low wages and poor
the hold of other powers over the Balkans, working conditions.
and extending its own control over the (5) Women : There were large scale
area. participation of women in the movement.
(5) This led to a series of wars in the region They participated in protest marches,
and finally the World War I. manufactured salt, and picketed foreign
cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
110. The Civil Disobedience Movement saw the
participation of different social classes and 111. The middle classes played an important role
groups. Give reasons for the participation of in the Non-Cooperation Movement in the
the following: cities. Explain. Why do you think that the
(1) rich peasants movement slowed down in the cities?
(2) poor peasants Ans OD 2019, 2017
(3) business classes
(4) industrial working classes Middle classes played an important role in
(5) women. the Non-cooperation movement in the cities :
(1) Thousands of students left the
Ans Compt 2019
government-controlled schools and
The reasons for the participation of various colleges, head¬masters arid teachers
social classes and groups in Civil Disobedience resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal
Movement are as follows: practices.
(1) Rich peasants : Rich peasant communities (2) The council elections were boycotted in
like patidars of Gujrat and the jats of most provinces except Madras.
Uttar Pradesh joined the movement (3) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor
because, being producers of commercial shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in
crops they were hard hit by the trade huge bonfires.
depression and falling prices. Due to the The movement in the cities gradually slowed
refusal of the government to reduce the down for a variety of reasons :
revenue demand made them fight against (1) Khadi cloth was more expensive than
high revenues. mass-produced mill cloth and poor people

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page 85

(2) Dyarchy’s introduction in the Bengal Ans OD 2015

province under so-called Montague- 1. Gandhiji’s simple saintly life and his style of
Chelmsford Reforms. convincing the masses in local languages
(3) Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire made him extremely popular as a leader.
in Turkey. Khalifa disowned. 2. His undisputed leadership and magnetic
Cause for calling off the Non-Cooperation personality helped to coordinate and
Movement: The movement came to a unite the movement.
sudden halt. Things went out of hand when 3. His policy of non-violent Satyagraha
the police personnel in Chauri-Chaura at brought millions into the struggle. For
Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh fired at example, the Champaran Satyagraha
the Congress volunteers. In retaliation, the brought the peasants into the struggle.
infuriated mob set police station on fire and 4. He launched three powerful mass
killed 22 policemen. It led to the immediate movements—Non-Cooperation
suspension of the movement by Gandhiji. Movement, Civil Disobedience and Quit
India. They influenced millions of Indians
123. Describe the Peasant Rebellion in Awadh belonging to all sections of the society
during the Non-Cooperation Movement. to show bravery, self-confidence and to
Ans Foreign 2018 take up revolutionary passive resistance
(1) The peasants of Awadh during the against the British rule.
movement were led by Baba Ramchandra. 5. His new method of agitation like hartals,
He was a Sanyasi and had earlier worked boycott, civil disobedience, non-payment
in Fiji as indentured labour. of taxes, etc., appealed to the masses.
(2) The peasants’ movement was started to 6. Under his guidance, Indians withstood
demand reduction of revenue, abolition of brutal repression and willingly accepted
begar and social boycott of landlords. imprisonment, lathi charges and bullets
(3) During the movement at many places for the sake of freedom.
Nai-Dhobi bandhs were organised. It 7. Through his programmes of social reform,
was organised to deprive landlords of the charkha, cottage industries and his fight
services of even washermen and barbers. against untouchability; the Harijans and
(4) The movement was against taluqdars and depressed classes joined the freedom
landlords who charged high revenue from struggle and these efforts provided
the peasants. millions with employment.
(5) In 1920, Jawahar Lal Nehru formed 8. His deep commitment to Hindu-Muslim
‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’ to help the peasant unity and his secular ideals persuaded
to drive out them from the clutches of the every community to unite for the noble
landlords. Within a month 300 branches cause of freedom.
had been set up in the villages. 9. His support to the Ahmedabad mill
(6) The movement spread quickly. In 1921, workers’ strike in 1918 and his Satyagraha
the houses of taluqdars and merchants against the Rowlatt Act kept him in close
were attacked, bazaars were looted and touch with the masses. He became Father
grain hoards were taken over. of the Nation.
10. He was the first Indian nationalist leader
124. How did Gandhiji bring the masses into the who identified his life and his manner of
National Movement ? living with that of the common people
o and earned the title of ‘Mahatma’. He was
How as the freedom struggle for India’s only political thinker whose Gandhism
independence was converted into a Mass got exclamation all over the world.
movement by M. K. Gandhi?

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans The most stirring of all was the demand

1. The idea of satyagraha means the power to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something
of truth and the need to search for truth. consumed by the rich and the poor alike,
It also suggested that if the cause was and it was one of the most essential items
true, if the struggle was against injustice, of food. The tax on salt and the government
then physical force was not necessary to monopoly over its production, Mahatma
fight the oppressor. Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive
2. Mahatma Gandhi in l9l9 decided to face of British rule.
launch a nationwide satyagraha against Questions :
the proposed Rowlatt Act. It gave the 1. Why did Tory government set up Simon
government repressive powers, and Commission?
allowed detention of political prisoners 2. Why did Lord Irwin announced dominion
without trial for two years. Due to this status?
episode most of the people gathered in 3. Why did Gandhiji find in salt is a powerful
the Jallianwala Bagh. symbol of unity?
3. The paragraph talks about the Non- Ans
Cooperation-Khilafat Movement. It was
started in January 1921. Various social 1. The new Tory government set up the
groups participated in this movement Simon Commission in response to examine
each with its own specific aspiration. All the state of Indian constitutional affairs
of them responded to the call of Swaraj and also in response to the nationalist
but the term meant different things to movement.
different people. 2. All parties including the Congress and
the Muslim League against the Simon
136. Read the sources given below and answer the Commission arrival to India in 1928 and
questions that follows: participated in the demonstrations and
greeted commission with slogan ‘Go Back
Against this background the new Tory
Simon’. In an effort to win them over, the
government in Britain constituted a Statutory
Viceroy, Lord Irwin announced a vague
Commission under Sir John Simon. Set up
offer of dominion status for India.
in response to the nationalist movement, the
3. Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful
commission was to look into the functioning
symbol that could unite the nation
of the constitutional system in India and
because it is consumed by the rich and
suggest changes. The problem was that the
the poor alike, and it was one of the most
commission did not have a single Indian
essential items of food.
member. They were all British.
137. Read the sources given below and answer the
When the Simon Commission arrived in
questions that follows:
India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan
‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Let us look at Romanticism, a cultural
Congress and the Muslim League, participated movement which sought to develop a particular
in the demonstrations. In an effort to win form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic
them over, the viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced artists and poets generally criticised the
in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion glorification of reason and science and focused
status’ for India in an unspecified future, and instead on emotions, intuition and mystical
a Round Table Conference to discuss a future feelings. Their effort was to create a sense
constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress of a shared collective heritage, a common
leaders. The radicals within the Congress, led cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra
Bose, became more assertive. The 1830s were years of great economic

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page 87

(2) The government, on the other hand, a sense of collective belonging during the
followed a policy of repression. They Indian freedom struggle ?
humiliated and terrorised people. Ans Delhi 2011, OD 2017
Satyagrahis were forced to rub their
noses on the ground. They were forced to Through a variety of cultural processes people
crawl on the streets and salam all sahibs. belonging to different communities, regions
People were flogged. Some villages around or languages developed a sense of collective
Gujranwala in Punjab were bombed. As belonging. Some of them are as follows :
the violence spread, Gandhiji called off (1) Images : Abanindranath Tagore painted
the movement. his famous image of Bharat Mata.
Bharat Mata was portrayed as an ascetic
128. Method of reinterpretation of history figure. She is calm, composed, divine and
was followed to encourage the feeling of spiritual. Devotion to this mother figure
nationalism.” Give any three arguments to came to be seen as evidence of one’s
support this statement. nationalism.
o (2) Songs : In 1870s, Bankim Chandra
How did the ‘Reinterpretation of history’ wrote Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to
created a feeling of nationalism in India ? motherland. Later it was included in his
Give four points. novel Anandmath’. This song was widely
Ans Delhi 2011
sung during the Swadeshi Movement in
Bengal.
Reinterpretations of history created a feeling (3) Folklore : The historians recorded
of nationalism in India in the following ways : folktales and folksongs giving the true
(1) By the end of nineteenth century, many picture of traditional culture that had
Indians began feeling that to instill a sense been corrupted and damaged by the
of pride in the nation, Indian history had outside forces. In order to restore a sense
to be thought about differently. of pride, their preservation was essential.
(2) The British saw Indians as backward (4) Flags : During the Swadeshi movement
and primitive, incapable of governing in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green,
themselves. In response, Indians began yellow) was designed. By 1921, Gandhiji
looking into the past to discover India’s designed the Swaraj flag. Carriying
great achievements. the flag holding aloft , during marches,
(3) They wrote about the glorious became a symbol of defiance.
developments in ancient times when (5) Reinterpretation of history : The Indian
art and architecture, science and historians wrote about the glorious
mathematics, religion and culture, law development in ancient time when art and
and philosophy, crafts and trade had architecture, science and mathematics,
flourished. religion and culture, laws and philosophy,
(4) This glorious time, in their view, was craft and trade had flourished. And now
followed by a history of decline, when all these declined due to the policies of
India was colonised. the colonial government.
(5) These nationalist histories urged the
readers to take pride in India’s great 130. “Ideas of nationalism also developed through
achievements in the past and struggle to a movement to revive Indian folklore.”
change the miserable conditions of life Support the statement with four examples.
under the British rule. o
How did the idea of nationalism develop
129. How did the people belonging to different through a movement to revive Indian folklore
communities, regions or languages develop ? Give three points.

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

125. Assess the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act
National Movement with special reference to (1919) due to the following reasons :
the methods adopted by him. (1) They had hoped that after the war
Ans Delhi 2014, 2009
their hardships would be over and the
government would take steps to improve
When India was ruled by the Britishers, their condition.
the Indians were torched by them directly (2) On the other hand, the government got
or indirectly. In such conditions Mahatma the Rowlatt Act passed in the Imperial
Gandhi to arrived here from South Africa. He Legislative Council against the united
studies the conditions thoroughly. He took the opposition of the Indian members.
help of non-violence to improve the condition (3) The Act gave the government enormous
of Indians. He put his views before Indians. powers to repress political activities. It
He put agitation before Britishers to reform allowed detention of political prisoner-
the condition. Among all the movements led without trial for two years.
by Gandhiji following were important: (4) These provisions meant the suspension of
(1) Salt March : On 12 March 1930 Gandhiji two principles of justice–trial by jury and
started salt march from Sabarmati habeas corpus the rights safeguarding
Ashram (Ahmedabad) to Dandi 240 kms against illegal imprisonment.
the Costal belt of Gujarat. Thousands of (5) The Rowlatt Act was considered as black
people come to meet Gandhiji. This was law and the Indians under the leadership
the mark of Civil Disobedience Movement of Gandhi decided to oppose it.
against British Government.
(2) Champaran : Gandhiji launched the 127. Describe the incident and impact of the
Satyagrah to inspire the peasants to Jallianwala Bagh.
struggle against the oppressive plantation Ans Foreign 2015
system.
(3) Kheda : He launched the Kheda Satyagrah The reasons/events leading to the Jallianwala
to support the peasants who were not in Bagh massacre were as mentioned below :
a position to pay the revenue due to the (1) In March 1919, Rowlatt Act was passed
crop failure. despite the united opposition of the
(4) Role of women in the Civil Disobedience Indian members. It gave powers to the
Movement : Gandhi had made a special government to detain political prisoners
appeal to women to present people from without trial for two years.
going to the shops selling foreign clothes (2) Gandhiji decided to start non-violent civil
and liquor. Women participated in protest disobedience against Rowlatt Act with a
marches. Rural women from rich families pertal on 6 April, 1919.
reach there and joined the movement. (3) On 10 April, 1919, police firing on peaceful
(5) Again in 1918 A.D. Gandhiji intervened procession in Amritsar led to widespread
in the mill worker’s strike at Ahemedabad attacks on banks, post offices and railway
and helped them to get their pay raised stations.
for which he had started a fast unto (4) On 12 April, 1919, Martial Law was
death. imposed and General Dyer took command.
Effects :
126. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch a (1) After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre
nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed crowds took to the streets in many North
Rowlatt Act? Explain any three reasons. Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes
Ans OD 2017
with the police and attacks on government
buildings.

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page 89

(2) The Congress was feared of offending the to find a way to relate this abstract idea
conservative high-caste Hindus in her of freedom to more concrete issues of
fold. everyday life.
(3) Many Dalit leaders were keen on a
different political solution to the problems
of the community.
(4) They believed political empowerment CASE BASED QUESTIO
would resolve the problem of their social
disability.
(5) Ambedkar organised the Dalits into the 135. Read the sources given below and answer the
‘Depressed Class Association’ in 1930 questions that follows:
and demanded separate electorate at the
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in
Second Round Table Conference.
January 1915. As you know, he had come
(6) The issue between Gandhi and Ambedkar
from South Africa where he had successfully
over the separate electorate for Dalits
fought the racist-regime with a novel method
was resolved under the Poona Pact in
of mass agitation, which he called satyagaha.
September 1932.
It suggested that if the cause was true, if the
(7) Mahatma Gandhi gave the name Harijan
struggle was against injustice, then physical
to Dalit and advocated for better place in
force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
the society.
Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive,
a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-
violence.

134. What was the response of the Congress On l3 April a large crowd gathered in the
leaders to Lord Irwin’s proposals in October enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Some
1929 ? came to protest against the government’s
new repressive measures. Other had come to
Ans Foreign 2017
attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Being from
(1) The Simon Commission was opposed outside the city, many villagers were unaware
with a nation-wide protest. of the martial law that had been imposed.
(2) The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, in an effort to Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points,
win over the protestors, announced a and opened fire on the crowd killing hundreds.
vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India
in an unspecified future and a Round The movement started with middle-class
Table Conference to discuss future participation in the cities. Thousands of
constitution. students left government-controlled schools
(3) The Congress leaders were not satisfied and colleges, headmasters and teachers
with this announcement. resigned and lawyers gave up their legal
(4) The Redicals within the Congress led by practices. The council elections were boycotted
Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra in most provinces except Madras.
Bose became more assertive. Questions :
(5) The Lahore Conference of the Congress 1. What do you mean by the idea of
was held in 1929, presided over by Satyagraha?
Jawaharlal Nehru. 2. By which episode most of the people
(6) In this conference, the demand of ‘Purna gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh?
Swaraj’ for India was formalised. 3. Which movement was talking about in
(7) As the celebrations failed to attract the paragraph? What does it mean to the
much attention, Mahatma Gandhiji had people?

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

from high caste families. e.g., Sarojini Ans Comp 2018

Naidu, Satyavati Devi, Kamla Nehru Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful
etc. In rural areas they came from rich symbol that could unite the nation.
peasant household. (1) On 31st January, 1930 he sent a letter
(4) Women broke doors of shops, came on the to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands,
roads and helped the movement leaders. one of which was the demand to abolish
(5) In Bombay, a large section of women of Salt Tax.
Gujrati community was influenced by (2) Salt was one of the most essential food
Gandhiji’ idealism and participated in items consumed by the rich and poor
National Movement. Bengal being the alike. The tax on salt and the government
nervecentre of female education in India, monopoly over its production was
increased the women’s participation in considered an oppression on the people
nationalism. In 1930 women rallied before by the British Government.
Bethune College, Calcutta in support of (3) Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was an
Gandhiji’s Civil Disobedience Movement. ultimatum and if his demands were not
fulfilled by March 11, he had threatened
115. Why did Gandhi decide to launch a nationwide to launch a civil disobedience campaign.
‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt (4) So, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous
Act (1919)? How was it opposed? Explain. Salt March accompanied by 78 of his
Ans Comp 2018 trusted volunteers. The march was over 240
Provisions of Rowlatt Act. The Rowlatt Act miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati
was passed despite the united opposition of to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.
the Indian members of Imperial Legislative (5) The volunteers walked for 24 days, about
Council. 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear
(1) The Act gave the government enormous Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped,
powers to oppress political agitations. and he told them what he meant by
(2) It had allowed the detention of political Swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy
prisoners without trial for two years. the British.
There was no provision for appeal. (6) On 6th April, he reached Dandi,
The passing of this Act aroused large-scale and ceremonially violated the law,
indignation. manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
Gandhiji’s Reaction. Gandhiji, who had This marked the beginning of the Civil
formed a Satyagraha Sabha earlier, called for Disobedience Movement.
a country-wide protest against the proposed 117. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement
Rowlatt Act. Throughout the country, spread to the countryside and drew into
6 April 1919 was observed as a National its fold the struggles of peasants and tribal
Humiliation Day. Gandhiji wanted a non- communities? Elaborate.
violent civil disobedience against such unjust
laws. Hartals and rallies were organised in Ans Comp 2018 , OD 2017

various cities. Workers went on strike in The movement spread to the countryside
railway workshops. Shops were closed down. also. It drew into the struggles of peasants
Communication, railway, telegraph lines were and tribals from different parts of India.
disrupted. The movement was non-violent (1) In Awadh, the peasants’ movement led by
but proved to be effective. Baba Ramchandra was against talukdars
and landlords who demanded extremely
116. Why was the ‘Salt March’ considered high rents and a variety of other cesses
an effective symbol of resistance against from the peasants. Peasants were forced
colonialism? Explain. to work in landlords’ farms without

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page 91

hardship in Europe. The first half of the 138. Read the extract and answer the questions
nineteenth century saw an enormous increase that follows:
in population all over Europe. In most
In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909)
countries there were more seekers of jobs than
Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule
employment. Population from rural areas
was established in India with the cooperation of
migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded
Indians, and had survived only because of this
slums.
cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate,
In other parts of Europe where independent British rule in India would collapse within a
nation-states did not yet exist – such year, and swaraj would come. How could non-
as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro- cooperation become a movement? Gandhiji
Hungarian Empire – men and women of the proposed that the movement should unfold
liberal middle classes combined their demands in stages. It should begin with the surrender
for constitutionalism with national unification. of titles that the government awarded, and a
They took advantage of the growing popular boycott of civil services, army, police, courts
unrest to push their demands for the creation and legislative councils, schools, and foreign
of a nation-state on parliamentary principles goods. Then, in case the government used
– a constitution, freedom of the press and repression, a full civil disobedience campaign
freedom of association. would be launched. Through the summer of
Questions : 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured
1. What are the other aspect of idea of extensively, mobilising popular support for the
nationalism? movement. Many within the Congress were,
2. What do you meant by economic hardship however, concerned about the proposals. They
in Europe? were reluctant to boycott the council elections
3. What were the demand of Liberals? scheduled for November 1920, and they feared
Ans that the movement might lead to popular
violence. In the months between September
1. The development of nationalism did and December there was an intense tussle
not come about only through wars and within the Congress. For a while there seemed
territorial expansion. Culture played an no meeting point between the supporters and
important role in creating the idea of the opponents of the movement. Finally, at
nationalism. Romanticism is most accepted the Congress session at Nagpur in December
cultural movement which helped and 1920, a compromise was worked out and the
expressed the nationalist feelings in Europe. Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.
2. The economic hardship in Europe refers The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement
to most of the European countries during began in January 1921. Various social
1830s faced more seekers of jobs than groups participated in this movement, each
employment. Small producers in towns with its own specific aspiration. All of them
were often faced with stiff competition responded to the call of Swaraj, but the term
from imports of cheap machine- meant different things to different people.
made goods from England, where The movement started with middle-class
industrialisation was more advanced than participation in the cities. Thousands of
on the continent. students left government-controlled schools
3. In the year of 1848, in many European and colleges, headmasters and teachers
countries liberal middle classes were resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal
emerged. They took advantage of the practices. The council elections were boycotted
growing popular unrest to push their in most provinces except Madras, where the
demands for the creation of a nation- Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans,
state on parliamentary principles. felt that entering the council was one way of

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

gaining some power-something that usually The import of foreign cloth halved between
only Brahmans had access to. The effects of 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from 102
non-cooperation on the economic front were crore. In many places merchants and traders
more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, refused to trade in foreign goods or finance
liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread,
in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth and people began discarding, imported clothes
halved between 1921 and 1922, its value and wearing only Indian ones, production of
dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
In many places merchants and traders refused Questions :
to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign 1. Explain the role of ‘Justice Party in
trade. As the boycott movement spread, and boycotting of Council elections’
people began discarding imported clothes 2. How was the effect of ‘non-cooperation
and wearing only Indian ones, production of on the economic front dramatic’.
Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. 3. Explain the effect of ‘Boycott movement
Questions : on foreign textile trade’.
1. What was the declaration of Mahatama Ans
Gandhi in his famous book Hind Swaraj
(1909 AD)? 1. The Justice Party members were non-
2. How was the Non-Cooperation Movement Brahmans and so far had not been able to
started? win elections, as the Brahman candidates
always won. They thought it was a
Ans golden opportunity for them to enter the
1. Mahatma Gandhi declared that British councils. So, they decided not to boycott
rule was established in India with the council elections.
cooperation of Indians. It had survived 2. The effects of Non-Cooperation on the
only because of this cooperation. economic front were more dramatic
2. The Non-Cooperation movement began because the movement was started with
with the surrender of titles that the middle class participation in the cities.
government awarded. A boycott of Thousands of students left government
civil services, army, police, courts and controlled schools and colleges,
legislative councils, schools, and foreign headmasters and teachers resigned and
goods. lawyers gave up their legal practices.
3. The effects of ‘Boycott Movement’ on
139. Read the source given below and answer the foreign textile trade were foreign goods
question that follows. were boycotted, liquor shops picketed
The movement started with middle-class and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonefires.
participation in the cities. Thousands of
140. Read the extract and answer the questions
students left government-controlled schools
that follow:
and colleges, headmasters and teachers
resigned and lawyers gave up their legal ‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it
practices. The council elections were boycotted is the weapon of the weak, but the power
in most provinces except Madras, where the which is the subject of this article can be
Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, used only by the strong. This power is not
felt that entering the council was one way of passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense
gaining some power-something that usually activity. The movement in South Africa was
only Brahmans had access to. The effects of not passive but active... ‘Satyagraha is not
non-cooperation on the economic front were physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict
more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted. pain on the adversary; he does not seek his

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destruction... In the use of satyagraha, there 141. Read the extract and answer the questions
is no whatever. Satyagraha is pure soul- that follow:
force. Truth is the very substance of the soul.
On 6 January 1921, the police in United
That is why this force is called satyagraha.
Provinces fired at peasants near Rae Bareli.
The soul is informed with knowledge. In it
Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to go to the place
burns the flame of love. ...Non-violence is
of firing, but was stopped by the police.
the supreme dharma... ‘It is certain that
Agitated and angry, Nehru addressed the
India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force
peasants who gathered around him. This is
of arms. The British worship the war-god
how he later described the meeting: ‘They
and they can all of them become, as they are
behaved as brave men, calm and unruffled in
becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of
the face of danger. I do not know how they
millions in India can never carry arms. They
felt but I know what my feelings were. For a
have made the religion of non-violence their
moment my blood was up, non-violence was
own...’
almost forgotten – but for a moment only.
Questions :
The thought of the great leader, who by God’s
1. What do you mean by passive resistance?
goodness has been sent to lead us to victory,
2. To what extent do you feel that Truth
came to me and I saw the kisans seated and
should be called the force of Satyagraha?
standing near me, less excited, more peaceful
3. What was the difference between the
than I was and the moment of weakness
gandhian and British way of dealing the
passed, I spoke to them in all humility on
Satyagraha in India?
non-violence. I needed the lesson more than
Ans they and they heeded me and peacefully
1. Passive resistance commonly refers to dispersed.’
actions of non-violent protect or resistance Questions :
to authority. It is widely used by Mahatma 1. How did the peasants who gathered
Gandhi during the independence struggle around Nehru near Rae Bareli behave
in India. Sometime it has been called as when he addressed then?
‘the weapon of the weak’. 2. To what extent do you feel that the
2. Satyagraha is not physical force. A demands of the peasants of Rae Bareli
satyagrahi does not inflict pain on were correct?
the adversary, hedoes not seek his 3. Explain what did Nehru mean when he
destruction in the use of satyagraha there said. I needed the lesson more than they.
is no whatever. Thus, Satyagraha is pure Ans
soul-force. Truth is the very substance of
1. The peasants behaved as cool, calm
the soul. That is why this force is called
and brave men. They were not excited
satyagraha.
or angry. They heard Nehru’s speech
3. It is certain that India cannot rival Britain
peacefully.
in force of arms. The British worship the
2. The peasants of Rae Bareli were strongly
war-god and they can all of them become,
protested against about corruptions
as they are becoming, bearers of arms.
exploitation, etc and held meetings
The hundreds of millions in India can
at different places. They protested
never carry arms. They have made the
peacefully. But British Police opened
religion of non-violence their own. By this
fired to them.
the satyagraha was bound to ultimately
3. JL Nehru needed the lesson of non-
triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that
violence more than the peasants. Nehru
this dharma of non-violence could unite
was angry, excited and overcome by
all Indians.
violence for a moment. But the peasants

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans OD 2012
132. Explain the Khilafat Movement. Why did
Nationalism developed through revival of the Gandhiji consider it important to support
Indian folklore in the following ways : the Khilafat Movement ?
(1) Nationalists gathered Indian folktales o
sung by bards as well as legends Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a
(2) They felt the need to preserve this folk nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
tradition to discover national. VOW and Rowlatt Act, 1919? Explain.
restore a sense of pride in one’s past. o
(3) In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore began Explain the issue behind the Khilafat
collecting ballads, nursery and myths and Movement.
led the movement for folk revival. Ans Foreign 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014
(4) In Madras, Natasha Shastri published
a massive four volumes of Tamil folk (1) The First World War had ended with the
tales, The Folklore of Southern India’. defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
He believed that folklore was national (2) There were rumours that a harsh peace
literature, it-was most trustworthy of treaty was going to be imposed on the
people’s thoughts and characteristics. Ottoman emperor the spritual head of
(5) The nationalists travelled villages to the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
gather folk songs, folk tales and legends (3) To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers,
and considered them to give a true picture a Khilafat Committee was formed in
of tradition and culture that had been Bombay in March 1919.
corrupted and damaged by the outside (4) After the Rowlatt Act, Mahatma Gandhi
forces. felt the need to launch a wide-spread
movement in India.
131. Why did Mahatma Gandhi perceive ‘salt’ as (5) To bring the Hindus and Muslims closer,
a powerful symbol that can unite the nation ? he felt, to take the Khilafat issue.
Ans Foreign 2011
(6) Muslim leaders Muhammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali, began discussing with
Mahatma Gandhi perceived ‘salt’ as a Gandhiji the possibilities of a united
powerful and effective symbol of resistance mass action on the issue.
against colonialism and to unite the nation (7) Later at Calcutta Session in September
because of the following reasons : 1920, Gandhiji convinced the leaders in
(1) Salt was the thing consumed by the rich Congress, to start a Non-Cooperation
and poor alike. Movement in support of Khilafat.
(2) It was one of the most essential ingradients
of food in India. 133. Trace the events that led to Poona Pact
(3) According to Gandhiji, the tax on salt between Gandhi and Ambedkar. What was
and the government’s monopoly over its impact on the Dalits ?
its production could reveal the most o
oppressive face of the British rule. Examine the background of the Poona Pact
(4) By the successful ‘Salt March’, Gandhiji of 1932 in the light of differences between
showed down upon the British colonial Gandhiji and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
government in his own Satyagraha way. o
(5) The Salt March, indeed, was the most Explain the background of the Poona Pact
significant symbol of resistance against of 1932.
colonialism. The breaking of law had far Ans Delhi 2017, OD 2016 , SQP 2015
reaching effect on colonialism. All other
British symbols became target of anger. (1) The Congress had ignored the inclusion
of untouchables or the Dalits till 1930.

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144. Read the passage given below and answer the Suddenly, he found himself calm and
questions that follow : cool when his consciousness recollected
Gandhi’s divine leadership that had
On 6 January, 1921, the police in United
trained people upon how to make
Provinces fired at peasants near Rae Bareli.
balanced temperament as required for
Jawahar Lal Nehru wanted to go to the place
each circumstance. A moment before they
of firing but was stopped by the police. Agitated
were attacking taluqdars and merchants
and angry, Nehru addressed the peasants who
but just then fistening to him so patiently
gathered around him. This is how the later
as if nothing, they had committed.
described the meeting.
Instead of scolding them, he therefore,
“They behaved as brave men, calm and felt himself low than them.
unruffled in the face of danger. I do not know 3. The peasants behaved as brave men calm
how they felt but I know what my feelings were. and unruffled in the face of danger.
For a moment my blood was up, non-violence 4. Though the peasants were unruffled in the
was almost forgotten but for a moment only. face of police firing in United Provinces.
The thought of the great leader, who by God’s Jawaharlal Nehru was angry and agitated
goodness has been sent to lead us to victory, for a moment, he had forgotten the
came to me, and I saw the Kisans seated and message of non-violence preached by
standing near me, less excited, more peaceful Gandhiji.
than I was and the moment of weakness 4. (i) The peasants of Oudh agitated
passed. against exorbitarily high rent and
I spoke to them in all humility on non-violence reven1 demand. They had to do begar
I needed the lesson more than they and they in landlords’ terms, without any
heeded me and peacefully dispersed.” payments. They also resisted against
Questions : eviction from land.
1. What is the source of the above passage ? (ii) The peasants had to do begar, had to
2. What were Nehru’s feelings and how did work in landlord’s farm, without any
he change them ? payment.
3. How did the peasants who gathered (iii)They also resisted against forced,
around Jawaharlal Nehru near Rae Bareli eviction from land.
behave when he addressed them ? 5. Explanation of the feeling of J.L. Nehru
4. Explain what did Nehru mean when he : In the beginning for a moment Nehru
said, “I needed the lesson more then was agitated and angry about the police
they”. firing. For a moment his blood boiled and
5. Why the peasants of Oudh agitating non-violence was almost forgotten but
against the Taluqdars and the landlords? the site of the Kisan (peasants) standing
6. Explain the feeling of J. L. Nehru, while around him (J.L. Nehru) in a calm and
addressed the peasants. peaceful manner made him realise, that
he needed a lesson on non-violence more
Ans than the Kisan (peasants).
1. Jawaharlal Nehru : A Biography, Vol. I
(Quoted by Sarvapalli Gopal). 145. Read the passage given below and answer the
2. Initially, his feelings were like that of questions that follow :
an angry and a man irritated when he Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind.
heard that some leaders of Kisan Sabha, Freedom is the imprescriptable birth right of
in course of Non-Co-operation Movement all .......... to the altar of this revolution we
in 1921; had attacked taluqdars and have brought our youth as incense, for no
merchants and looted bazaars. sacrifice is too great for so magnificent a

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Ch 2 : Nationalism In India CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

cause. We are content. We await the advent

of revolution. Inquilab Zindabad.
Questions :
1. From whose writing has this extract been
taken ?
2. Do you agree with the statement that
‘revolution is the inalienable right of
mankind’ ?
3. Why have the youth been compared to
incense ?
4. What slogan did they adopt ? What does
it mean ?
Ans
1. During his trial for throwing bomb in
the Assembly Hall, Amar Saheed Bhagat
Singh had given this statement.
2. Yes, with changing time the needs of
the people also change. In fact, change
is a natural law. So, when the needs of
the society do not suit to the present
situation, it has to raise voice. This is
not possible for a single man to bring
a desired change at a large scale. So,
revolution is necessary for basic changes
and this cannot be taken off from the
people.
3. Bhagat Singh was one of the founders
of the Hindustan Socialist Republican
Army. This organisation was formed of
youths who believed India can win its
independence only by using power. In this
course they have to sacrifice their lives
for this magnificent cause. An incence is
something which burns itself but spreads
a pleasant smell in the surroundings. So,
Bhagat Singh referred to their comerades
as incense.
4. They adopted the slogan Inquilab
Zindabad’ i.e. up with the revolution.
Inquilab is a Urdu word meaning
‘revolution’, ‘Zindabad’ means ‘stay
alive’.

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CHAPTER
3
Making of a Global Wolrd

SUMMAR
13. Flexible or Floating Exchange Rates : Rates
determined by demand and supply forces of
the open market without any intervention on
1. Silk Routes : Routes used for silk trading in part of government.
ancient India. 14. Trade : It refers to move or carry a person,
2. Cowries : The Hindi Cowdi, used as a form of goods, baggage etc., for value addition and
currency in ancient times. profit earning motive.
3. Corn Law : Under pressure from landed 15. Favourable Balance of Trade : Export value –
groups, the government restricted the import Import value = Favourable Balance of Trade.
of corn. This law was popularly known as the 16. Unfavourable Balance of Trade : Import value
Corn Law. – Export Value = Unfavourable Balance of
4. Plebiscite : A direct vote by which all the Trade.
people of a region are asked to accept or 17. Local Trade : It is carried in cities, towns or
reject a proposal, public consensus. villages.
5. Dissenter : One who rejects to accept 18. Composition of Trade : Type of goods
established beliefs and practices. exported and imported during a year.
6. Indentured Labour : A bonded labourer 19. Globalization : Merger of economy of
under contract to work for an employer for a individual countries into global economy.
specific period. 20. Privatisation : Ownership, control and
7. Trade Surplus : It is a situation under which management of private sector on almost all
value of exports is more than imports. erstwhile public sector (phase-wise).
8. Assembly line production : The assembly 21. Liberalisation : Removal of trade barriers
line is a manufacturing process in which by relaxation of trade laws, imports etc. For
interchangeable parts are added to a product example; creation of SEZs with making labour
in sequential manner to create a finished laws lenient so as to give way to contract/
product. indentured labour system.
9. Tariff : A list of duties imposed on imports 22. W.T.O. : World Trade Organization.
on exports. These are levied at the point of 23. Multi-lateral agreements : Agreements
entry, i.e., at the border or the airport. formulated by group of countries.
10. G-77 : Formed in 1960’s by developing nations 24. World Bank : An International financial
of third world countries to raise demand institution that meets to credit demand of
before UNO to create a new international member nations to UN.
economic order. 25. Bilateral Agreement : Trade agreement
11. Exchange Rates : Value contrast and between two countries (two way
calculation of international currencies documentation).
mostly US dollar is assumed as standard for 26. Import Quotas : Quantity fixation of goods
exchange. meant for import.
12. Fixed Exchange Rates : When exchange rates 27. Export Quotas : Ceiling on quantity to be
are fixed and government’s intervention to exported imposed by the Government.
prevent sudden fluctuation in them. 28. Spaghetti : A type of noodle popular in Italy.

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MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS SOCIAL

STANDARD BASIC SCIENCE
SCIENCE
Class 10 Class 10 Class 10 Class 10

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

POLITICAL INFORMATION
GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Class 10 Class 10 Class 10
Class 10

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

ARTIFICAL
HOME INTELIGENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Class 10 Class 10 Class 10

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MATHEMATICS PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY

Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11

COMPUTER
SCIENCE ACCOUNTANCY ECONOMICS BUSINESS
STUDIES
APPLIED
MATHEMATICS
Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11

ENGLISH HINDI ENGLISH HINDI

CORE CORE ELECTIVE ELECTIVE GEOGRAPHY
Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11

History POLITICAL
SCIENCE SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY
HOME
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MATHEMATICS PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY

Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

COMPUTER
SCIENCE ACCOUNTANCY ECONOMICS BUSINESS
STUDIES
APPLIED
MATHEMATICS
Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

ENGLISH HINDI ENGLISH HINDI

CORE CORE ELECTIVE ELECTIVE GEOGRAPHY
Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

History POLITICAL
SCIENCE SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY
HOME
SCIENCE
Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS SOCIAL

STANDARD BASIC SCIENCE
SCIENCE
Class 9 Class 9 Class 9 Class 9

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

POLITICAL INFORMATION
GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Class 9 Class 9 Class 9
Class 9

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ARTIFICAL
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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

29. El Dorado : Imaginary land of great wealth. 3. When was the active coastal trade linked the
Fabled land of gold. Indus Valley Civilisations with present day
30. The Canal Colonies : The colonies/areas West Asia?
irrigated by new canals, where peasants from (a) As early as 500 BCE
different parts of Punjab settled. (b) As early as 1000 BCE
31. Rastafasia : A Jamaican sect, the members of (c) As early as 2000 BCE
which regarded blacks as the chosen people. (d) As early as 3000 BCE
32. Hosay : A riotous- carnival in Trinidad when Ans Delhi 2020
workers of all races and religions join to
celebrates. (d) As early as 3000 BCE
33. Coolie : Unskilled native labourers. Indentured 4. Assertion : There was a collapse of the system
Indian labourers were often referred to as of fixed exchange rates and the introduction
‘Coolie’ in Trinidad. of a system of floating exchange rates.
34. Chutney Music (Popular Music in Trinidad) Reason : From the 1960s, the rising costs
: Supposed to be the result of cultural fusion. of its overseas involvements weakened the
35. Rinderpest : Cattle plague–a fast spreading US’s finances and competitive strength. It
disease among cattle. could not command confidence as the world’s
36. Entrepreneur : One who undertakes principal currency.
commercial enterprise with chance of profit (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
or loss. Starts enterprise by himself I herself reason is the correct explanation of
at his I her own risk. assertion.
37. Plantation : Estate for cultivation of cash (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
crops like tea, coffee, cotton, tobacco, reason is not the correct explanation of
sugarcane etc. assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO Ans Foreign 2020

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and

reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
1. Why did Europeans flee to America in 19th
century? Identify the correct reason from the 5. Identify the personality-
following options: • He was a journalist and explorer.
(a) Poverty and diseases • He was sent by the New York herald to
(b) Due to gold rush find Livingston, who had been in Africa
(c) To escape from the French Revolution for several years.
(d) As an aftermath of the Vietnam War • He investigated African terrains and
Ans OD 2023 mapped different regions.
• His explorations helped the conquest of
(a) Poverty and diseases
Africa.
2. How much span of time can be referred for Options
globalisation? (a) Otto von Bismarck
(a) Since the last 25 years (b) Andreas Rebmann
(b) Since the last 50 years (c) Sir Henry Morton Stanley
(c) Since the last 75 years (d) Napoleon
(d) Since the last 100 years Ans Delhi 2018, 2012

Ans Comp 2023 (c) Sir Henry Morton Stanley

(b) Since the last 50 years

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page 99

6. Which one of the following option best Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
signifies this picture?
A. Silk routes 1. Institution set-up
to finance postwar
reconstruction.
B. G-77 2. Carnival in
Trinidad
C. Canal 3. Pre-modern trade
colonies links
D. World Bank 4. Countries
demanding a
new international
economic order
E. Hosay 5. Semi-desert wastes
in the Punjab
transformed by
irrigation
(a) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2. E - 5
(a) Criminals. (b) A - 3, B - 4, C - 5, D - 1, E - 2
(b) Lost citizens of Central Africa. (c) A - 3, B - 4, C - 5, D - 1, E - 2
(c) Photograph of indentured labourers. (d) A - 5, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1, E - 2
(d) None of these. Ans Foreign 2007

Ans Foreign 2017 (c) A - 3, B - 4, C - 5, D - 1, E - 2

(c) Photograph of indentured labourers.
10. Arrange the following happenings in the
7. What ‘technology’ helped in transporting correct order-
perishable goods? 1. Mahatma Gandhi launched the civil
(a) Refrigerated aircrafts disobedience movement
(b) Refrigerated railways 2. First world war
(c) Refrigerated ships 3. Second world war
(d) Both (a) and (b) 4. Establishment of G-77
Options :
Ans SQP 2014
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3
(c) Refrigerated ships (b) 2, 1, 3, 4
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1
8. What was the form of currency used for more
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3
than a millennia ago?
(a) Cowdi or cowries Ans SQP 2012, OD 2007

(b) Rupaya (b) 2, 1, 3, 4

(c) Paisa
(d) Rupees 11. Assertion : The Portuguese and Spanish
conquest and colonisation of Antarctica was
Ans Comp 2010
decisively under way by the mid-sixteenth
(a) Cowdi or cowries century.
Reason : The most powerful weapon of the
9. Match the words in column A with suitable
Spanish conquerors was the germs such as
options in column B.
those of Swine flu that they carried on their
person.

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(iii)To finance war expenditures, Britain had (1) With the fall in prices US banks had also
borrowed liberally from the US. This slashed domestic lending and called back
meant that at the end of the war Britain loans.
was burdened with huge external debts. (2) Many houses and businesses collapsed.
(iv) The war had led to an economic boom, (3) Faced with falling incomes, many
i.e., to a large increase in demand, households were unable to repay the
production, prices and employment. loans. They had to give up their houses,
When the war boom ended production cars and other consumer durables.
contracted and unemployment increased. (4) Unemployment soared, people trudged
long distances looking for work.
80. Why was there a need for clearing lands in (5) Unable to recover investment and loans
Britain ‘during the 19th century ? Explain and repay depositors, thousands of banks
any three reasons. went bankrupt and were forced to close.
Ans Foreign 2017 By 1933, over 4000 banks had closed and
There was a great need felt in Britain to 110,000 companies had collapsed.
clear land tracts due to various reasons. Out
of those reasons only the three important
reasons are explained as under :
(i) Increasing demand of food-grains :
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
Population in Britain grow at a very fast
rate in the late phase of 18th century. 82. Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in
Due to high population the demands for Balkans after 1871 in Europe.
food-grains went up. To fulfil the need for Ans Delhi 2018
eatables, food-grains, vegetables, fruits
etc., land was cleared to expand the area (i) After 1871, explosive conditions prevailed
of farming. in Balkans area in Europe. The Balkans
(ii) Introduction and expansion of Railway : was a region of geographical and ethnic
It was not enough merely to clear lands variation comprising modern day
for agriculture. Railways were needed to Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
link the agricultural regions to the ports Macedonia, Crotia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
So land was cleared to lay new railway Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose
lines. inhabitants were broadly known as the
(iii)Homes and settlements : People had to Slays.
settle on the lands to bring them under (ii) In 19th century, the Ottoman Empire
cultivation. This meant building homes had sought to strengthen itself through
and settlements. modernisation and internal reforms but
with very little success.
81. Describe the effects of the Great Depression (iii)One by one, its European subject
of 1929 on the United States of America. nationalities broke away from its control
o and declared their own independence.
‘The US was severely affected by the Great (iv) The Balkan peoples based their claims
Depression of 1929.’ Justify the statement for independence or political rights on
with examples. nationality and used history to prove that
Ans Comp 2006 they had once been independent but had
subsequently been subjugated by foreign
United States was greatly affected by the
powers.
Great Depression of 1929.
(v) Hence, the rebellious nationalities in
the Balkans thought of their struggle as

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page 101

(d) Exporting small animals on the place of Options

bigger ones. (a) 1, 4, 2, 3
Ans Comp 2012
(b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) 2, 3, 1, 4
(b) Development of a new technology namely, (d) 2, 1, 4, 3
refrigerated ships.
Ans Foreign 2020
18. Why were Europeans attracted to Africa? (b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(a) Resources
(b) Weather 22. Which country introduced ‘Corn Laws’ to
(c) Economic development restrict the import of corn?
(d) All of the above (a) France
Ans Foreign 2007
(b) Germany
(c) Britain
(a) Resources (d) Spain
19. Assertion : Over the nineteenth century, Ans Comp 2014
British manufacturers flooded the Indian (c) Britain
market.
Reason : The value of Indian exports to 23. Assertion : The First World War involved
Britain was much higher than the value of the world’s leading industrial nations which
British imports to India. harnessed the vast powers of modem industry
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and to inflict the greatest possible destruction of
reason is the correct explanation of enemies.
assertion. Reason : It was the first modern industrial
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but war, which saw the use of robots and satellites
reason is not the correct explanation of on a massive scale.
assertion. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. reason is the correct explanation of
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. assertion.
Ans OD 2014
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. assertion.
20. In which state, British Government built (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
a network of irrigation, known as canal (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
colonies? Ans OD 2019, 2005
(a) Punjab (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Uttar Pradesh 24. When was the Global Agriculture Economy
(d) Bengal took shape?
Ans Delhi 2017, 2011
(a) 1790
(b) 1890
(a) Punjab (c) 1690
21. Arrange the following in correct sequence : (d) 1710
1. Formation of G-77 Ans Delhi 2009
2. Bretton Woods Conference. (b) 1890
3. Discovery of America
4. Great Depression

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

25. Complete the following table with the correct Options

information- (a) First world war
(b) Russian Revolution
Name of Year Held Led to the
(c) Glorious Revolution
Conference at establishment
(d) The Revolution of the liberals
of
Ans SQP 2019
United A-? B-? International
nations monetary (a) First world war
monetary fund
29. How many power blocks were involved in the
and financial
First World War?
conference
(a) 4
(a) A - 1944, B - Time Square, France (b) 2
(b) A - 1944, B - Bretton woods, New (c) 3
Hampshire (d) 5
(c) A - 1954, B - Bretton woods, New Hampshire
Ans Comp 2014
(d) A - 1954, B - Time Square, France
(b) 2
Ans SQP 2019

(b) A - 1944, B - Bretton woods, new Hampshire. 30. Arrange the following events in the correct
sequence-
26. Around the world, lands were cleared and 1. Great Irish potato famine
food production expanded to meet the ......... 2. Rinderpest arrived in Africa
demand. 3. Rinderpest arrived in cape
(a) American 4. Corn laws
(b) French Options :
(c) German (a) 1, 4, 2, 3
(d) British (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
Ans Foreign 2020 (c) 2, 1, 3, 4
(d) 1, 4, 2, 3
(d) British
Ans Foreign 2017
27. The First World War (1914-18) was mainly
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3
fought in?
(a) Asia 31. Who later joined the Allies during the First
(b) America World War?
(c) Europe (a) First World War
(d) Russia (b) Second World War
Ans OD 2011 (c) Third World War
(d) None of these
(c) Europe
Ans Comp 2014, 2012
28. Identify the event-
(a) First World War
• A major conflict fought between 1914
and 1918. 32. Which war is known as ‘Modern Industrial
• Fought between the allied powers and the War?
central powers. (a) First World War
• Some of the major battles during the (b) Second World War
war included the first battle of the (c) Third World War
marve, battle of the Somme, battle of (d) Non of these
Tannenberg, etc.

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Ans OD 2017

(a) First World War

33. Assertion : When the supply of wheat was

disrupted during the First World War, wheat
production in Canada, America and Australia
expanded dramatically.
Reason : Before the First World War, Asia
was a major supplier of wheat in the world
market.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) Power and authority
(b) Power and prestiges
Ans Delhi 2017
(c) Authority and dominance
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (d) Ascetic quality
Ans Delhi 2009
34. Which county’s status transformed from being
an international debtor to an international (a) Power and authority
(a) Britain
37. What does the ‘Silk Route’ refer to?
(b) France
(a) Present-day West Asia
(c) USA
(b) West-bound Chinese silk cargoes
(d) Spain
(c) Introduction of humble potato
Ans SQP 2020 (d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) USA Ans Comp 2005

35. Arrange the following in the chronological (b) West-bound Chinese silk cargoes
order : 38. Which was the tabled city of gold?
1. Kheda Satyagraha (a) Peru
2. Non-cooperation movement (b) Mexico
3. Simon commission (c) El Dorado
4. Rowlatt Act (d) Spain
5. Salt March
Ans Delhi 2010, OD 2012
Options :
(a) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 (c) El Dorado
(b) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1
39. Arrange the following in the correct sequence
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
of occurrence:
(d) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
1. Formation of World Bank
Ans Foreign 2015 2. Bretton Woods Conference
(d) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 3. The Great Depression
4. First World War
36. Study the picture and answer the question Options :
that follows: (a) 1, 4, 2, 3
What this picture of Bharat Mata depicts ? (b) 3, 4, 2, 1

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 1. Establishment of Depressed Class-

(d) 2, 1, 4, 3 Association
Ans SQP 2008
2. Indian Industrial and Commercial
Congress
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 3. “Purna Swaraj”
40. Which one of the following option best 4. Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement
signifies this picture? Options :
(a) 4, 1, 2, 3
(b) 4, 2, 3, 1
(c) 2, 3, 1, 4
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3
Ans OD 2012

(b) 4, 2, 3, 1

43. Certain events are given below.

Choose the appropriate chronological order :
1. Coming of Simon Commission to India
(a) Overseas trade in western Indian ocean. 2. Demand of Puma Swaraj in Lahore
(b) Indian indentured labourers. Session of INC
(c) Diggers at work in the Transvaal gold 3. Government of India Act 1919
fields. 4. Champaran Satyagraha
(d) Emigrants waiting to board the ship. Options
Ans Foreign 2020
(a) 3 - 2 - 4 - 2
(b) 3 - 3 - 4 - 2
(a) Overseas trade in western Indian ocean. (c) 4 - 2 - 1 - 3
41. Assertion : ‘Chutney music’, popular in (d) 4 - 3 - 1 - 2
Trinidad and Guyana, is another creative Ans Delhi 2010, 2008

contemporary expression of the post- (d) 4 - 3 - 1 - 2

indenture experience.
Reason : Some of the Naipaul’s early novels 44. Assertion : The railways, steamships, the
capture their sense of loss and alienation. telegraph were important inventions which
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and transformed the nineteenth-century world.
reason is the correct explanation of Reason : Colonisation stimulated new
assertion. investments and improvements in transport.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is not the correct explanation of reason is the correct explanation of
assertion. assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. reason is not the correct explanation of
Ans Comp 2023
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
reason is not the correct explanation of
Ans SQP 2007
assertion.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
42. Trace the growth of different strands of reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
National movement in India according to
their sequence of timing.

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45. Arrange the following in the chronological Which of the following aspect best signifies in
order : the above image?
1. Adoption of the Non-Cooperation (a) Silk Route
Programme (b) Industrialisation
2. Lahore Congress session (c) World War
3. Dandi March (d) Irish Potato Famine
Options : Ans OD 2012, 2009
(a) 1, 2, 3
(b) 2, 3, 1 (a) Silk Route
(c) 2, 1, 3 48. Assertion : During the Great Depression,
(d) 1, 3, 2 agricultural regions and communities were
Ans Foreign 2005 worst affected.
(a) 1, 2, 3 Reason : The fall in agricultural prices was
greater and more prolonged than that in the
46. Complete the following table with the correct prices of industrial goods.
information- (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of
Wars Duration Fought between
assertion.
1. First A-? Allies and (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
world war central powers reason is not the correct explanation of
2. Second 1934-1945 B - ? assertion.
world war (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) A - 1914-1918, B - Between axis powers
and allies Ans SQP 2007

(b) A - 1924-1928, B - Between axis powers (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
and allies reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) A - 1924-1928, B - Allies and central
powers
(d) A - 1914-1918, B
powers
- Allies and central
VERY SHORT QUESTIO
Ans Comp 2017
49. “The Silk route was a good example of
(a) A - 1914-1918, B - Between axis powers vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links
and allies between distant parts of the world.” Explain
the statement with any two examples.
47. Study the picture and answer the question
Ans OD 2024
that follows:
(1) Trade of spices from India and Southeast
Asia to Europe and in return trade of
precious metals such as gold and silver
from Europe to Asia.
(2) At the same time, Christian missionaries
travelled same route to Asia.

50. State the basic and main objectives of New

Economic Policy.
Ans Comp 2023

Main objectives of the New Economic Policy:

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(i) It was to reduce domestic inflation and 55. Why can the First World War be termed
improve the balance of payment. as first modern industrial war ? Give three
(ii) To improve efficiency and productivity reason.
and put the economy back on the path of Ans Comp 2006
growth with social justice.
It is called an account of following reasons:
51. Which factors were responsible for price rise of (a) It saw the use of machine guns, tanks,
foodgrains in Britain in late nineteenth century aircrafts etc., which were all products of
was/were ? modern large scale industries
Ans Comp 2021
(b) The scale of total death and destruction
was very large
The factor responsible for the rice of (c) To carry millions of soldiers, large
foodgrains were : warships and railway trains were required
(i) Increasing demand for agricultural which could be manufactured in large
products scale industries
(ii) Increasing demand of foodgrains
(iii)Increasing population 56. Define liberalisation. Mention two components
of liberalisation.
52. List some few food items that travelled from
Ans OD 2012
far away places to India.
Ans OD 2020
Liberalisation : It is condition of relaxation
of all rules and regulations restricting earlier,
(i) Tomato and sweet potatoes the growth of the private sector.
(ii) Potatoes and groundnuts Two components of Liberalisation :
(iii)Maize and chillies (i) It allows private sector to run those
53. Name the three international institutions that industrial activities, restricted earlier to
work for the implementation of Globalisation. public sector.
(ii) The relaxation of all rules and regulations,
Ans Delhi 2014, SQP 2010
which restrict the growth of private
The three international institutions are : sector.
(i) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
(ii) World Bank 57. What do you mean by the term GPL ?
Ans Delhi 2017, 2015
(iii)WTO
The GPL stands for Globalisation,
54. Define the concept of : Privatisation and Liberalisation. We can
(a) Market explain these three words/terms in the
(b) Economic barometer following way :
Ans SQP 2018 (i) Globalisation : Merger of economy of
individual countries into global economy.
(a) Market : A market is a place where
(ii) Privatisation : Ownership, control and
the exchange of goods takes place. At
management of private sector on almost
this place generally several sellers and
all erstwhile public sector (phase-wise).
many customers bargain. They sale and
(iii) Liberalisation : Removal of trade barriers
purchase various articles and services
by relaxation of trade laws, imports etc.
also.
For example, creation of SEZs, with making
(b) Economic barometer : Advancing
labour laws lenient so as to give way to
international trade of a country leads to
contract/indentured labour system.
its economic prosperity and is therefore,
considered to be the economic barometer 58. What do you know about WTO ? Write
of a country. about it in brief (short).

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Ans SQP 2019, 2017

61. Examine different factors which led people
WTO : It stands for World Trade Organisation. to migrate to the continents of America and
It was set-up in 1995 at Geneva, Switzerland. Australia in the nineteenth century.
There was an international institution already Ans Delhi 2017
working as an organisation of the UN. It was
called GATT—General Agreement on Tarrifs The following factors led people to migrate
and Trade. GATT was an old organisation to the continents of America and Australia in
set-up in 1947 just after two years of the birth the nineteenth century :
of UNO. In this way WTO replaced GATT in (i) Acquiring agricultural land and having
1995. Since then it is working independently, better accommodation in these continents
though attached with UN, upto some extent. was a powerful factor for the poor and
backward people of poor countries.
59. Write any three factors (values) which played (ii) Better trade, commerce and industrial
a crucial role in the decline export of Indian opportunities in America and Australia
textiles. also inspired the migrants from Asia,
o Africa and Latin America.
Which three factors are responsible for the
declining Indian textile export ? 62. Write any three negative aspects of
liberalisation and globalisation.
Ans Foreign 2010
Ans SQP 2012
Factors (values) which played crucial role in
declining export of Indian textile are listed Negative Aspects of Liberalisation and
below : Globalisation :
(i) Industrial Revolution of Europe. (i) Rate of unemployment increased below
(ii) Taxes on Indian textile goods. expectations
(iii)Duty free (without levying tax) textile (ii) Growth rate declined to 4% per annum
goods were sent to Indian markets at (2002-2003) from 8% in (1972-73)
comparable lower rate than Indian cotton (iii)The laws failed to reduce concentration of
made goods. economic power in the private sector
(iv) Public sector enterprises ran in severe
60. Why did Fixed Exchange Rate system losses to the tune of Z 203 crore due to
collapse in 1960s ? Give three reasons. corruption, inefficiency and ineffective
Ans Comp 2015
management.

(1) From the 1960s, the rising cost of its

overseas involvements weakened the US’s
finances and competitive strength. SHORT Answer QUESTIO
(2) The US dollar now no longer commanded
confidence as the world’s principal
63. Describe the role of different religious groups
currency.
in the development of anti-colonial feelings in
(3) It could not maintain its value in relation
Vietnam.
to gold. This led to the collapse of the
fixed exchange rates. Ans Delhi 2018

Religion played an important role in the

development of anti-colonial feeling :
(i) Vietnamese religious beliefs were a
mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and
local practices. When French introduced
Christianity here, the Vietnamese reacted
sharply. It angered them.

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

22.4 percent, gems and jewellary 12.8 resulted in the turning of the African
percent, chemicals and related products people into labourers by the colonisers
9.76 percent, base metals 5.95 percent, who gave meagre wages to the people for
electronic items 10.94%, machinery 8.9%, large amount of manual work.
agriculture and allied products 5.84% in
2016-17. 102. Read the source given below and answer the
questions that follows:
101. Read the source given below and answer the
The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and
questions that follows:
colonisation of America was decisively under
In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading way by the mid-sixteenth century. European
disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a conquest was not just a result of superior
terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and firepower. In fact, the most powerful weapon of
the local economy. This is a good example of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional
the widespread European imperial impact on military weapon at all. It was the germs such
colonised societies. It shows how in this era as those of smallpox that they carried on their
of conquest even a disease affecting cattle, person. Because of their long isolation, America’s
reshaped the lives and fortunes of thousands original inhabitants had no immunity against
of people and their relations with the rest of these diseases that came from Europe. Smallpox
the world. Historically, Africa had abundant in particular proved a deadly killer. Once
land and a relatively small population. For introduced, it spread deep into the continent,
centuries, land and livestock sustained African ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It
livelihoods and people rarely worked for a wage. killed and decimated whole communities, paving
In late nineteenth-century Africa, there were the way for conquest.
few consumer goods that wages could buy. If Questions :
you had been an African possessing land and 1. Which two nations were the earliest
livestock - and there was plenty of both - you colonisers in America?
too would have seen little reason to work for a 2. What were some of the reasons due to
wage. which the colonisers easily established
Questions : their control over several parts of America?
1. What was Rinderpest? 3. How smallpox turned into death of native
2. What were the two main sources of people of America?
African economy for past centuries? Ans
3. How cattle plague affected the situation
of people in Africa? 1. Portugal and Spain were the earliest
nations that colonised America around
Ans mid-sixteenth century.
1. Rinderpest was a fast-spreading disease 2. The colonisers had superior firepower,
of cattle plague which led to the death military weapons and many advanced
of millions of cattle in African continent materials. But their most important
during the 1890s. weapon proved to be smallpox.
2. From several centuries, the African 3. The Spanish conquerors transmitted the
economy was primarily dependent on disease of smallpox to a large number of
land and livestock. The African people the native people in America which spread
were rarely seen working for the wages. rapidly in the continent. The native
3. The cattle plague proved to be disastrous people did not have immunity towards
for the African people as it led to the this disease and due to which there was
death of millions of livestock which were death of thousands of people because of
the source of livelihood for them. This this disease. It led to the eradication of

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page 109

easy to raise loans in US if everything (iii)Historians have identified several silk

was fine. routes, over land and by sea, knitting
(iii)By the year 1929 US overseas lenders together vast regions of Asia and linking
panicked at the first sign of trouble. They Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
stopped loans to the European countries They are known to have existed since
thus halting all production there. before the Christian Era and -thrived
(iv) The financial problems such as failure of almost till the fifteenth century. But
banks, collapse of currencies (the British Chinese pottery also travelled the same
pound-sterling), slump in agricultural and route, as did textiles and spices from India
raw material prices. The US government and Southeast Asia. In return, precious
doubled import duties to protect its metals —gold and silver — flowed from
economy and it proved to be another Europe to Asia.
severe blow to world trade.
69. Describe three types of flows or movements
67. What was the contribution of Christopher identified by the economists. What were the
Columbus? effects of these flows ?
Ans Comp 2017 Ans OD 2020, Delhi 2017

Christopher Columbus discovered the vast Three types of flows or movements are :
continent that later came to be known as the (i) Flow of trade (especially trade in goods),
Americas. With the discovery of Americas, (ii) Flow of labour,
started the cultural exchange with the (iii)Flow or movement of capital.
original inhabitants of a vast continent. Foods Effects of three types of flows :
like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet All three flows were closely interwoven and
potatoes, which were not known to people of affected people lives more deeply than ever
other continents, were introduced there and before. The interconnections could sometime
became a part of their daily diet. be broken—for example restriction on more
From the sixteenth century America’s labour migration than goods or capital flows.
vast lands and abundant crops and Yet it helps us understand, the nineteenth-
minerals began to transform trade and lives century world economy better to look at the
everywhere. Precious metals, particularly three flows together.
silver from mines located in present-day Peru
and Mexico, also enhanced Europe’s wealth 70. Write a short note on Indian entrepreneurs
and financed its trade with Asia. settled abroad.
Ans Foreign 2020
68. How did Silk Routes link the world ? Explain
with three suitable examples. (i) Some Indian bankers were Shikaripuri
o Shroffs and Nattu Kottai Chettiars.
Describe any three features of Silk Routes. They financed either their own funds or
borrowed funds from bankers in European
Ans Delhi 2012
countries. On exports of agricultural
Role and importance of Silk Routes in linking product, they also financed corporate
the world : offices or organisations in India. They
(i) The Silk Routes are a good example of financed in export of agricultural produces
vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural from Central and Southest Asia.
links between distant parts of the world. (ii) Traders and moneylenders of India like
(ii) The name ‘Silk Routes’ points to the Hyderabadi Indian traders opened their
importance of west-bound Chinese silk emporia or offices for sale in bulk quantity
cargoes along this route. in almost all seaports of colonies all over
Europe and Africa. They used to sell

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(ii) As a result, an early Anti-Christianity (i) It helps in free flow of goods and services
movement, Scholar’s revolt broke out in across the world due to reduction in trade
1868. This was led by the officials at the barriers.
Imperial Court. This was just because (ii) Free flow of technology and experience.
they were angered by the spread of (iii)Free flow of capital among the world
Christianity and French power. nations.
(iii)The French supressed this revolt but (iv) It helps up to some extent in free flow of
this uprising inspired the other patriots labour to different countries of the world.
to rise up against them. The role of Hao Steps taken by Government of India to
Hao movement led by Huynh-Phu-So promote Globalisation :
in 1939 in Mekong delta region is also 1. To promote globalisation and
significant in the development of anti- liberalisation, trade barriers have been
colonial movement in Vietnam. lifted up by the Government of India
since 1991 C.E. It is free trade policy
64. Describe the economic conditions of Britain adopted under pressure of Ministerial
after the ‘First World War’. Conference (law making body) of World
Ans Comp 2018 Trade Organisation (W.T.O.) viz. an
Britain, world’s leading economy in the pre- agency of United Nations Organisation
war period, faced a prolonged crisis after the (U.N.O.)
First World War. 2. We are exchanging technology and
(i) To finance war expenditure, Britain had experience with several countries of the
borrowed liberally from US. This meant world.
that at the end of the war, Britain was 3. Restrictions on imports and exports of
burdened with huge external debts. goods have been minimised. For example,
(ii) The war had disturbed Britain’s position taxes on imported goods have been
of dominance in the Indian market. In reduced.
India, the nationalist movement had 4. Central as well as state governments are
gathered strength and anti-British feeling encouraging investors from abroad to
had become stronger among common invest in India.
people. Promotion of Indian industries 66. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
had become one of the objectives of
the nationalist leaders, which adversely Ans Foreign 2013

affected industries in Britain. The main causes of the Great Depression

(iii)There was widespread increase in were as follows :
unemployment coupled with decrease in (i) Agricultural over-production : As the
agricultural and industrial production. agricultural prices were falling and there
Cotton production collapsed and export was decline in agricultural income, the
of cotton from Britain fell dramatically. farmers tried to increase their income by
(iv) Unable to modernize, Britain was finding more production. However, this resulted
it difficult to compete with U.S., Germany in further fall in prices. Farm products
and Japan internationally. rotted in the market for lack of buyers.
This created more hardships for the
65. Briefly discuss the merits of globalisation and farmers.
write three steps which have been taken by (ii) Financial dependence of many countries
government to promote it in India. on US and crisis : Many countries of the
Ans OD 2017, SQP 2010 world were dependent on US. They had
Merits of Globalisation : taken loans from that country. It was

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page 111

inherit land, as a result of which the others the world economy also meant a loss of
were pushed into the labour market. freedoms and livelihoods.
(iv) Europeans divided different regions of (ii) Division of Africa among imperialist
Africa among themselves. powers : In 1885, the big European powers
met in Berlin to complete the carving up
76. Explain the role of technology in shaping the of division of Africa between them.
world economy of the 19th century. (iii)Rise of colonial powers and sacrificing the
Ans Foreign 2012 interest of the colonial people : Britain
(i) Changes in transport and communication: and France made vast additions to their
Technology played a major role in all overseas territories in the late nineteenth
these developments. Railways, steam century. Belgium, Germany and US also
shipping, telegraph — were important became a colonial power.
inventions without which it was not 78. What is Group 77 ? Why did Group 77 countries
possible to imagine the transformation of demand a New International Economic Order?
nineteenth-century world. Explain.
(ii) Link in various markets of the world :
New investments and improvements in Ans OD 2017

transport; faster railways, lighter wagons The group of 77 developing countries which
and larger ships helped move food more organise themselves as a separate group to
cheaply and quickly from far away farms get benefit from the fast growth of western
to final markets. economies experience by them after Second
(iii)Impact on the meat trade : Till the World War in next twenty to twenty five
1870s, meat from America was shipped to years.
Europe in the form of live animals which Causes of demand of NIEO :
were then slaughtered in Europe. But live (i) The Group 77 countries (developing
animals took up a lot of ship space. Many countries) demanded a New International
also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight, Economic Order to get real control on
or became unfit to eat. So the prices of their own natural resources.
meat were very high and it was beyond (ii) To get more development assistance from
the reach of the European poor. Due to advanced or western countries.
high price, the demand and production (iii)To precure better or fair price for raw
was low. But the invention of refrigerated material.
ships made it possible to transport meat (iv) They also desired to obtained better
from one region to another. access for their manufactured goods in
developed countries’ markets.
77. Discuss the darker side of expanding
international trade and globalisation in late 79. Explain the impact of the First World War
19th century. on Britain.
Ans Comp 2009, 2005 Ans Delhi 2012

(i) Loss of Freedom and Livelihood : Trade (i) Post-war economic recovery proved
flourished and markets expanded in the difficult as the heavy expenditure on
late nineteenth century. But this was not the World War I weakened the British
only a period of expanding trade and economy.
increased prosperity. It is important to (ii) While Britain was preoccupied with
realise the darker side of this process. In war, industries had development in
many parts of the world, the expansion Japan and India. So now Britain had to
of trade and a closer relationship with face competition from - these countries
especially from Japan.

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

local agricultural produces, handicrafts, 73. What are the monetary reforms under the
curios and antiquity. New Economic Policy ?
Ans Delhi 2008
71. Enlist the reasons because of which need for
Under the new economic policy, several steps
new economic policy was felt in India. Also
have been taken. On the recommendations of
write its objectives.
Narasimham Committee, following reforms
Ans Comp 2014 have been adopted :
Reasons prompted the need of NEP : 1. Abolition of direct credit programme.
1. Increase in fiscal deficit. 2. Free determination of interest rate.
2. Increase in deficit of balance of payment. 3. Reconstitution of banking system.
3. Gulf crisis. 4. More freedom to banks.
4. Fall in exchange reserves. 5. Improvement in accounting system.
5. Rise in prices. 6. Reduction in liquidity ratio.
6. Poor performance of public sector
74. Discuss the positive aspects of globalisation
undertakings.
and liberalisation.
Main objectives of NEP :
1. Liberalisation of the economy. Ans SQP 2005

2. Dispensing with too many controls. Some Positive Aspects of Globalisation and
3. Expansion of private sector. Liberalisation :
4. Encouragement of private foreign (i) Globalisation and liberalisation have
investment. helped in rapid economic development.
5. Modernisation of agriculture. A large industrial base created and
6. Controlling fiscal deficit. industrial production increased.
(ii) Reduction in proportion of people living
72. What were the aspects of New Economic
below the poverty line.
Policy adopted in India ?
(iii)Self-sufficiency in food achieved.
Ans OD 2010 (iv) Savings mobilised.
1. A process of economic reforms was started (v) Resources for development generated.
here in July 1991. The main thrust of the (vi) A large pool of scientists and technically
new economic policy was on liberalization, skilled persons formed.
privatization and globalisation of the (vii) Export-oriented units established.
economy.
75. What were the main sources of attraction
2. All except four industries have been
for Europeans to come to Africa in the late
unlicensed. The limit of maximum
nineteenth century ? How did they exploit
investment of Z 100 corers by a company
their resources ?
has been removed. Most of the restrictions
put on direct foreign investment have Ans SQP 2017

been removed. Main sources of attraction for Europeans in

3. Limits on users of foreign exchange Africa were :
have been liberalized. As a step towards (i) Europeans were attracted to Africa due
privatisation, newer and newer areas are to its vast resources of land and minerals.
being opened for private sector. (ii) Europeans came to Africa hoping to
4. Now only five industries are reserved establish plantations and mines to
for public sector. As a step towards produce crops and minerals for export to
globalisation, the domestic industry Europe.
is being exposed to competition with (iii)Inheritance laws were changed so that
multinational companies. Imports of peasants were displaced from land : only
capital goods and technology is allowed. one member of a family was allowed to

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their attempts to win back their long lost household. So when merchants arrived and
independence which converted the region offered advances to produce goods for them,
into a battle ground. they happily agreed.
(i) In the 17th and 18th centuries, merchants
83. Illustrate with examples that food offers from the towns in Europe began moving
many opportunities of long-distance cultural to the countryside, supplying money to
exchange. peasants and artisans, persuading them
Ans Delhi 2018 to produce for an international market.
(i) Traders and travellers introduced food (ii) With the expansion of world trade and
crops to the lands they travelled. the acquisition of colonies in different
(ii) Many of our common foods, such as parts of the world, the demand for goods
potatoes, maize, soya, ground nuts, began growing. But merchants could not
tomatoes, chillies and sweet potatoes expand production within towns because
came from America. here urban crafts and trade guilds were
(iii)It is believed that noodles travelled West powerful.
from China to become ‘Spaghetti’ or (iii)These were associations of producers that
perhaps Arab traders took pasta to fifth trained craftspeople, maintained control
century Sicily (an island in Italy). Indian over production, regulated competition
‘Rotis’ have become ‘tortillas’ in Mexico, and prices, and restricted the entry of
America and western countries. new people into the trade.
(iv) Similar foods were also known in India (iv) Rulers granted different guilds the
and Japan, so the truth about their monopoly right to produce and trade in
origins may never be known. Yet such specific products. It was therefore difficult
guesswork suggests the possibilities of for new merchants to set up business in
long-distance cultural contact even in the towns.
pre-modern world. (v) So they turned to the countryside. In
(v) Europe’s poor people began to eat better the countryside, poor peasants and
and live longer with the introduction artisans who had lost their common
of potato. Poor people of Ireland had lands began working for merchants and
become so dependent that when disease produced goods and indirectly served the
destroyed the potato crops in 1840s, a international market.
large number of people died of starvation. 85. “The function and the shape of the family
84. “Even before factories began to dot the were completely transformed by life in the
landscape in England and Europe, there industrial city.” Clarify the statement with
was large-scale industrial production for an regard to urbanization that happened in
international market in the country side.” England in the 18th century.
Elucidate. Ans SQP 2018

Ans SQP 2018 In the 18th century, the family had been a
The 17th and the 18th century was a time unit of production and consumption as well
when open fields were disappearing and as of political decision-making. There was a
common ones were being enclosed. Cottagers big change in the older pattern.
and poor peasants, who had earlier depended (i) Ties between members of households
on common land for their survival gathering loosened, and among the working class
their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and the institution of marriage tended to
straw, had now to look for alternative sources break down.
of income. Many had tiny plots of land which (ii) Women of the upper and middle classes
could not provide work for all members of the in Britain, on the other hand, faced

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

increasingly higher levels of isolation, 87. Explain the statement ‘the food travels
although their lives were made easier by throughout the world’ with examples.
domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and Ans OD 2012
cared for young children on low wages.
(iii)Women who worked for wages had some The statement that ‘food travels throughout
control over their lives, particularly the world’ is a historical fact.
among the lower social classes. However, (i) Trade in goods including foodgrains
many social reformers felt that the family fetches long-distance cultural exchanges.
as an institution had broken down, and Traders and travellers introduced new
needed to be saved or reconstructed by crops to the lands, they travelled. Even
pushing these women back into their rare foodstuff in distant parts of the
homes. world might share common origins. Take
(iv) The city encouraged a new spirit of for example, spaghetti and noodles. It is
individualism among both men and believed that noddles travelled West from
women, and a freedom from the collective China to become spaghetti. Or, perhaps
values that were a feature of the smaller Arab traders took pasta to fifth century
rural communities. Sicily i.e. an island now in Italy.
(v) Men and women did not have equal access (ii) Similar food also known in India and
to this new urban space. As women lost Japan are as ancient in India that their
their industrial jobs and conservative origins may never be known. Such
people rallied against their presence guesswork suggests the possibilities of
in public spaces, women were forced to long-distance cultural contact even in the
withdraw into their homes. pre-modern world.
(iii)Many of our common foods, such as
86. Describe any five factors that led to the potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize,
end of the Bretton Woods system and the tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so
beginning of globalisation. on were not known to our ancestors until
Ans Comp 2015
about five centuries ago. These foods
were only introduced in Europe and Asia
(1) From the 1960s, the rising costs of its after Christopher Columbus incidentally
overseas involvements weakened the US’s discovered the vast continent that was
finances and competitive strength. later known as the Americas including
(2) The US dollar now no longer commanded North America, South America and the
confidence as the world’s principal Caribbean.
currency.
(3) US dollar could not maintain its value in 88. Why has the indentured labour system in
relation to gold. 19th century been described as a new system
(4) This eventually led to the collapse of of slavery ?
the system of fixed exchange rates and o
the introduction of a system of floating Nineteenth century indenture has been
exchange rates. described on a new system of slavery. Explain
(5) International financial system also three reasons.
changed in important ways. Developing Ans Delhi 2005
countries were forced to borrow from
western commercial banks and private (i) It was a world of faster economic growth as
lending institutions. well as greater misery, higher incomes for
(6) Industrial world was hit by unemployment. some and poverty for others, technological
MNCs turned to China due to its low- advances in some areas and new forms of
wages. exploitation in others.

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(ii) Most of the indentured workers migrated with indentured labourers during contract
in hope for a bright future but they were period.
exploited by the recruiting agent and by
the employer.
(iii)They had to pay a commission to the
recruiting agent.
(iv) The agents used to provide false 90. How was the food problem solved in Britain
information to the workers regarding after the scrapping of the ‘Corn Laws’ ?
their final destination, modes of travel, Explain.
the nature of work and living and working Ans OD 2010
conditions.
The, food problem was solved in Britain
(v) Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted
after scrapping of the ‘Corn Laws’ taking the
less willing migrants.
following three steps :
89. Write any three factors responsible for (i) Foodgrains and eatable items were
indentured labour migration from India. imported : After scrapping of the ‘Corn
Laws’, foodgrains, food items and various
Ans Comp 2015
types of eatable items were imported.
The main characteristics of indentured labour These items were more cheap than these
(bonded labourer under contract to work for could be produced within Britain. The
his or her employer for a specific period of traders and merchants of Britain started
time) migration from India are the following : importing cheap food from Australia,
(i) Domination and slavery was witnessed USA, Russia and some other eastern
in the world order. Europeans became European countries.
more and more wealthy while natives (ii) New shape was given to agricultural
of Asian and African countries suffered economy :
misery, exploitation and poverty all (a) In Britain global agricultural economy
simultaneously. was implemented. Large scale imports
(ii) It refers to large scale of labour flow or of foodgrains shaped way for global
migration to the West from the East agricultural economy.
of the world. Contract labour system (b) Food no longer came from a nearby
emerged. town or village but from thousands of
(iii)It reveals decline in cottage industries in miles way.
India, increase in rates of land revenue and (c) Large farms were created in Britain.
displacement of peasants by Europeans These farms were cultivated with the
to instal large scale industries there. help of new agricultural machines and
Problems likewise created by Europeans tools. They (farms) were linked by
in India, pressed Indian peasants to railway, roads and waterways.
migrate other countries as indentured (iii) Network of irrigation in colonies of
labourers. Britain : The British colonial government
(iv) It exhibits that labour demand was in India and other colonies built a
higher in Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam network of irrigation canals to transform
(Caribbean islands) and Mauritius and semi desert wastes into fertile agricultural
Fiji. lands that could grow wheat and cotton
(v) Middlemen emergence can be seen during for exports to Britain.
slave trade and contract labour system
adopted by Europeans. Slavery was all 91. Discuss the main characteristics related with
apparent from the behaviour made by First World Wartime transformation.
the British plantation owners and miners

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Delhi 2017, 2012

and India. So now Britain had to
Main characteristics of the First World War face competition from these countries
time transformations : especially from Japan.
(i) First modern industrial war : (a) The (iii)Heavy loan burden of USA : To finance
industrial interests of big powers gave it war expenditures, Britain had borrowed
birth. This war saw the use of machine liberally from the United States. This
guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, meant that at the end of the war, Britain
etc., on a massive scale. was burdened with huge external debts.
(ii) Great shortage of men of working age : (iv) Economic Depression : During war
Due to the First World War, most of the days prices of most of the commodities
killed and injured were men of working increase. After the First World War
age. These deaths and injuries reduced several industrial units were close down.
the able-bodied work-force in Europe. Unemployment increased. Exports of
(iii)Women workers entered in service sector several items decrease. Some banks,
: During the First World War period, insurance companies and financial
industries were restructured to produce institutions were force to declare
war-related goods. Entire societies were themselves bankrupt due to adverse
also reorganised for war viz. men went to impact of Economic Depression caused in
battle and women stepped into undertake USA from 1929 to 1933.
jobs (in factories, offices, of several
departments including schools, hospitals 93. What do you know about World Trade
and so on). Organisation? Explain.
(iv) Britain became a debtor and US became Ans Foreign 2020

an international creditor : The war World Trade Organisation (WTO)

shattered the markets. Europeans’ earlier 1. WTO was set-up by United Nations
maintained agricultural production was to promote international trade among
slumped. Money was borrowed from countries.
American Banks and US public. 2. Headquarter of WTO is located in
92. How did the First World War change the Geneva.
economic life of the people in Britain ? 3. It was established on January 1, 1995.
Explain. Till January 2002, 144 countries were its
members.
Ans SQP 2019
4. It replaced General Agreement on Trade
The changes occurred in Britain in the and Tariff (GATT) which was established
economic field after the First World War) : in 1948.
The First World War had great impact on 5. India became a member of WTO on
the economic life of Britain. We can explain January 1, 1995.
this in the following points : 6. It significantly influenced the liberalisation
(i) Heavy expenditure : Britain had to process in the world.
fight in the First World War on several 7. WTO is based on principle of
fronts and areas. He has to bear very discrimination-free trade and promotion
heavy expenditure during war years. The of fair competition among member
post war economic recovery proved very nations.
difficult for her. The world War First 8. Its most of the rules were framed on the
weakened the British economy. basis of persuasion and decisions taken
(ii) Industrial competition from Japan : by consensus. Ministerial Conference is
While Britain was preoccupied with its law making body but USA has saddle
war, industries had developed in Japan with hegemony there.

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9. WTO wants both import and export (a) Visible Changes :

quotas to be abolished and countries to 1. Better services in telecommunication
follow multinational agreements. sector, colour television sets and other
10. All members of WTO have adopted laws electronic goods at low prices.
and policies in order to comply with 2. Market for cold drinks and food
WTO rules. products taken Over by Pepsi, Coca-
Cola.
94. Why liberalisation has been adopted in (b) Invisible Changes :
India ? Mention freedoms given to private 1. India’s share in the trade of goods and
sector under it. Also enlist main measures services in the world has increased.
undertaken for liberalisation of economy in 2. Investment from foreign countries
our country since 1991. increased from Z 174 crores in 1991
Ans Comp 2011, 2007 to Z 9,338 crores in 2000.
India, has adopted liberalisation to achieve 3. We need foreign exchange to pay our
certain objectives. These are : imports (from 4,822 crores in 1991 to
(i) To make free the Indian industry from 1,59,924 crores in 2000).
needless and irksome controls. 4. New jobs created but not sufficient
(ii) To upgrade technology and to meet all the needs, specially in the
(iii)To develop international competitiveness. rural sector.
Freedoms provided to private sector by 5. Growth of industry not reached at its
liberalisation: expected level.
(i) Industrial licensing has been abolished 96. Describe any five measures of liberalisation
except for five priority industries. taken by the Government of India.
(ii) Number of public sector industries has
been reduced from 17 to 3. Ans Delhi 2019, OD 2012

(iii)Freed from regulation like permission for Measures of liberalisation taken by the
importing raw materials. Measures taken Government of India :
for liberalisation of Indian economy : (i) Exemption of industries from licensing :
Following measures have been taken for the The private sector has been freed to form
liberalisation of Indian economy : all industries except a few from any kind
1. Abolition of Industrial Licensing and of industrial licensing.
Registration. (ii) Permission to import raw material from
2. Concession from Monopolies Act. abroad : According to new economic
3. Freedom for expansion and production to policy the companies can import raw
industries. materials. In this case, government
4. Increase in investment limit of the small permission is not required.
industries. (iii)Extending investment limit of small
5. Freedom to import capital goods. industries : The restriction on investment
6. Freedom to import technology. by large business have been lifted.
7. Free determination of interest rates. (iv) Doing away with the concept of MRTP
: Now there are no MRTP companies.
95. Describe the main changes that took place These companies can take their own
due to Liberalisation and Globalisation. investment decision and expansion plans.
Ans OD 2011 (v) Expansion of industries : Now industries
We can classify the total changes that took are free to expand themselves according
place due to Liberalisation and Globalisation to the needs of market. Ceiling for capital
into the following two categories visible has been abolished.
Changes and invisible changes

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(vi) Reduction in the number of industries Reconstruction and Development (World

reserved for public sector : The number of Bank).
industries reserved for public sector has
been reduced from 7 to 3. Now private 98. ‘G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the
sector can also enter in core industries like activities of Bretton Woods Twins’. Explain
iron and steel, electricity, air transport, the statement with three arguments.
ship¬building, heavy machinery and o
some defence goods. Describe the circumstances responsible for
the formation of G-77.
97. What was the main aim of the post-war Ans SQP 2015
international economic system? Mention the
two Bretton Woods Institutions established It is rightly said that G-77 can be seen as a
in 1944 with their main objectives. reaction to the activities of Bretton Woods
Twins. This has the following reasons :
Ans Foreign 2017
(1) The Bretton Woods Twins — the IMF
(1) (i) The main aim of the post-war and the World Bank were dominated by
international economic system was to the former colonial powers. As a result,
preserve economic stability and full most developing countries did not benefit
employment in the industrial world. from the fast growth that the western
(ii) Economists and politicians drew two economies experienced in the 1950s and
key lessons from inter-war economic 1960s. So, they organised themselves
experience. First, an industrial society as a group—the group of 77 or G-77 to
is based on mass consumption. demand a new international economic
(iii)But to ensure mass consumption, order.
there was need for high and stable (2) Former colonial powers exploited the
incomes. Incomes could not be stable natural resources of developing nations
if employment was unstable. Thus, through the IMF and the World Bank.
stable incomes also require steady, (3) The developing nations organised
full employment. themselves into G-77 so as to gain real
(iv) Since markets alone could not control over their natural resources.
guarantee full employment, therefore, (4) They wanted to get more developmental
government would have to step in it to assistance and fairer prices for raw
minimize fluctuations of price, output materials.
and employment. Economic stability (5) They also .wanted a better opportunity
could be ensured only through the for their manufactured goods in the
intervention of the government. markets of developed nations.
(v) The framework of this programme was
agreed upon at the United Nations 99. ‘The impact of Great Depression of 1929 was
Monetary and Financial Conference different on the Indian rural and industrial
held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods society.’ Justify the statement.
in New Hampshire, USA. Ans Foreign 2018

(vi) The Bretton Woods system (1) The Great Depression of 1929 had a severe
inaugurated an era of unprecedented impact on India which was then under the
growth of trade and income for the rule of British Raj. The Government of
western industrial nations and Japan. British India adopted a protective trade
(2) Bretton Wood established two policy which though beneficial for the
institutions : (a) International Monetary United Kingdom, caused great damage
Fund, (b) The International Bank for to the Indian economy.

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(2) During the period of 1929-1937, exports the difference between its export and import.
and imports fell drastically crippling When the value of export exceeds the value of
seaborne international trade. The railway imports, it is called a favourable balance of
and the agricultural sector were the most trade. On the contrary, if the value of imports
affected. exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as
(3) Peasants and farmers suffered more than unfavourable balance of trade.
urban dwellers. Though, agricultural
India has trade relations with all the major
prices fell sharply, the colonial government
trading blocks and all geographical regions of
refused to reduce revenue demands.
the world. The commodities exported from
Peasants producing for the world market
India to other countries include gems and
were worst hit.
jewellery, chemicals and related products,
(4) Across India, peasants’ indebtedness
agriculture and allied products, etc.
increased. They used up their savings,
mortgaged lands and sold jewellery and The commodities imported to India include
precious metals to meet daily expenses. petroleum crude and products, gems and
(5) For urban India the depression was less jewellery, chemicals and related products,
grim because of falling prices. Those base metals, electronic items, machinery,
with fixed incomes like town dwelling agriculture and allied products. India has
landowners who received rents and middle emerged as a software giant at the international
class salaried employees found themselves level and it is earning large foreign exchange
better-off. Everything cost less. They through the export of information technology.
benefited by industrial investment which Questions :
grew because government had extended 1. What do you mean by international
tariff protection to industries. trade?
2. What is meant by favourable and
unfavourable balance of trade?
3. What are the commodities export and
CASE BASED QUESTIO imported by India in international trade?
Ans
100. Read the given source and answer the 1. The exchange of goods among people,
questions that follow : states and countries is referred to as
The exchange of goods among people, states trade. Trade between two countries is
and countries is referred to as trade. The called international trade.
market is the place where such exchanges 2. The balance of trade of a country is the
take place. Trade between two countries is difference between its export and import.
called international trade. It may take place When the value of export exceeds the
through sea, air or land routes. While local value of imports, it is called a favourable
trade is carried in cities, towns and villages, balance of trade. If the value of imports
state level trade is carried between two or exceeds the value of exports, it is termed
more states. Advancement of international as unfavourable balance of trade.
trade of a country is an index to its economic 3. Among the commodities in export the
prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the share of agriculture and allied products
economic barometer for a country. has been 8.64 percent, base metals
6.91 percent, gems and jewellery 17.02
As the resources are space bound, no country percent, chemicals and related products
can survive without international trade. 12.06 percent in 2016-17.
Export and import are the components of The commodities imported to India
trade. The balance of trade of a country is include petroleum crude and products

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and 3. The British government’s decision to
reason is the correct explanation of abolish the corn laws
assertion. 4. The decision of MNCs to relocate
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but production to Asian countries
reason is not the correct explanation of Options :
assertion. (a) 1, 4, 2, 3
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (b) 1, 1, 3, 4
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (c) 2, 3, 1, 4
Ans Foreign 2017
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3

(d) Both assertion and reason are false. Ans Delhi 2019, 2017

(c) 2, 3, 1, 4
12. When was the long-distance spread of disease
carrying germs traced? 16. Who was the pioneer of mass production?
(a) 4th century (a) John Winthorp
(b) 5th century (b) Sir Henry Morton Stanley
(c) 6th century (c) Henry Ford
(d) 7th century (d) None of these
Ans Comp 2014 Ans SQP 2005

(d) 7th century (c) Henry Ford

13. ‘Silk routes’ known to have existed before the 17. Study the picture and answer the following
.......... and thrived almost till the ......... . question :
(a) Christian era, 14 th century
(b) Christian era, 15 th century
(c) Christian era, 16 th century
(d) Christian era, 17 th century
Ans OD 2008

(b) Christian era, 15 th century

14. Economists identify three types of movement

of flows within international economic
exchanges which one type does not exist
among them?
(a) Flow of trade
(b) Flow of labour
(c) Flow of capital
(d) Flow of raw materials
Ans OD 2009

(d) Flow of raw materials

15. Arrange the following events in the correct Transportation of meat from America to
sequence- Europe was possible only after-
1. The great depression on the Indian (a) Reducing the tax of transportation.
economy (b) Development of a new technology namely,
2. The death of men of working-age in refrigerated ships.
Europe because of the world war (c) After exporting less amount of meat at a
time.

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number of communities and made the 3. In Bretton Woods Conference New

colonisation easier. Hampshire USA, decision were taken for
establishing World Bank and International
103. Read the given extract and answer the Monetary Fund (IMF) to preserve Global
following questions. economical stability and full employment
The Bretton Woods conference established in the industrial world.
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to These institutions would also deal with
deal with external surpluses and deficits of its surplus and deficit of member nations
member nations. The International Bank for and finance post war reconstruction.
reconstruction and development (popularly
104. Read the sources given below and answer the
known as the World Bank) was set up to
questions that follows:
finance post-war reconstruction: The IMF and
the World. bank are referred to as the Bretton The example of indentured labour migration
Woods institutions or sometimes the Bretton from India also illustrates the two-sided
Woods twins. The post-war international nature of the nineteenth-century world. It was
economic system is also often described as a world of faster economic growth as well as
the Bretton Woods system. The IMF and the great misery, higher incomes for some and
World Bank commenced financial operations poverty for others, technological advances
in 1947. Decision-making in these institutions in some areas and new forms of coercion in
is controlled by the Western industrial powers. others.
The US has an effective right of vote over key
Indian traders and moneylenders also followed
IMF and World Bank decisions.
European colonisers into Africa. Hyderabadi
The International Monetary System is the Sindhi traders, however, ventured beyond
system linking national currencies and European colonies. From the 1860s they
monetary system. The Bretton Woods system established flourishing emporia at busy ports
was based on fixed exchange rates. In this worldwide, selling local and imported curios
system, national currencies, for example, the to tourists whose numbers were beginning to
Indian rupees were pegged to the dollar at swell, thanks to the development of safe and
a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was comfortable passenger vessels.
anchored to gold at a fixed price of $35 per
Historically, fine cottons produced in
ounce of gold.
India were exported to Europe. With
Questions :
industrialisation, British cotton manufacture
1. What was the reason behind setting up of
began to expand and industrialists pressurised
International Monetary Fund?
the government to restrict cotton imports and
2. Describe the Bretton Woods System.
protect local industries. Tariffs were imposed
3. A significant decision was taken at Bretton
on cloth imports into Britain. Consequently,
Woods in New Hampshire. Explain.
the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to
Ans decline.
1. The IMF was set up to promote Questions :
International Monetary Cooperation. 1. What do you mean by indentured labour?
2. The Bretton Woods System was based 2. How did Indian traders flourished?
on fixed exchange rates. In this system, 3. Why did Indian cotton begin to decline?
national currencies viz. the Indian rupees Ans
were pegged to the dollar at a fixed
1. A bonded labourer under contract to
exchange rate.
work for an employer for a specific
The dollar itself was anchored to gold at
a fixed price of $ 35 per ounce of gold.

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Ch 3 : Making of a Global Wolrd CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

amount of time, to pay off his passage to capitalist world was trapped in the Great
a new country or home. Depression.
2. The Indian traders established flourishing Questions
emporia of busy ports worldwide, selling 1. Who were the countries directly involved
local and imported curios to tourists in the Second World War?
whose numbers were beginning to swell.
2. Who trapped the world in the Great
3. With industrialisation, British Cotton
Depression?
manufacture began to expand and
3. What was the duration of the Second
industrialists pressurised the government
World War?
to restrict cotton imports and protect
local industries. Tariffs were imposed on Ans
cloth imports into Britain. Consequently, 1. It was fought between the Axis Powers
the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to (mainly Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy)
decline. and the Allies (Britain, France, the Soviet
Union and the US).
105. Read the extract and answer the questions
2. The capitalist world trapped the world in
that follows:
the Great Depression.
The Second World War broke out a mere 3. It was for six years on many fronts, in
two decades after the end of the First World many places, over land, on sea, in the air.
War. It was fought between the Axis Powers
(mainly Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy) www.nodia.i
and the Allies (Britain, France, the Soviet
Union and the US). It was a war waged for
six years on many fronts, in many places,
over land, on sea, in the air. Once again
death and destruction was enormous. At
least 60 million people, or about 3 per cent
of the world’s 1939 population, is believed to
have been killed, directly or indirectly, as a
result of the war. Millions more were injured.
Unlike in earlier wars, most of these deaths
took place outside the battlefields. Many more
civilians than soldiers died from war-related
causes. Vast parts of Europe and Asia were
devastated, and several cities were destroyed
by aerial bombardment or relentless artillery
attacks. The war caused an immense amount
of economic devastation and social disruption.
Reconstruction promised to be long and
difficult. Two crucial influences shaped
post-war reconstruction. The first was the
US’s emergence as the dominant economic,
political and military power in the Western
world. The second was the dominance of the
Soviet Union. It had made huge sacrifices to
defeat Nazi Germany, and transformed itself
from a backward agricultural country into a
world power during the very years when the

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CHAPTER
4
Print Culture and the Modern World

SUMMAR
17. Despotism : A system of governance in which
absolute power is exercised by an individual
tyranny.
1. Autobiography : Story of one’s own life
18. Fatwa : A suo-motu decision by Mufti upon a
written by the author himself or herself.
complicated case.
2. Anthology : Collection of passages from
19. New Testament : Part of Bible concerned with
literature, especially poetry and song.
teachings of Christ and his earliest followers.
3. Scribes : Ancient and medieval copyist of
20. Vernacular Language : Language or dialect of
manuscripts.
the country, language spoken by a particular
Manuscript : Book or document written by
clan or group.
hand; author’s original copy-handwritten or
21. Biliotheque Blue : These are low priced small
typed, not printed.
books printed in France. These were printed
4. Perchment : Skin of animals like goat or sheep
on poor quality paper and bound in cheap
specially prepared for writing, printing etc.
blue covers.
5. Calligraphy : An art of beautiful and styled
22. Chapbook : Pocket books of comics, novels,
writing.
subject-notes. It was peddlar literature for
6. Vellum : A parchment made from the skin of
entertainment etc.
animals.
23. Society : An association of persons united by
7. Ballad : A historical account or folk tale in
common interests.
verse, usually sung or recited.
24. Print Culture : Newspapers, magazines,
8. Compositor : The person who composes the
printed literature including C.D. Roms,
text for printing.
Disks etc.
9. Galley : Metal frame in which types are
picked and fixed and the text composed.
10. Platen : Wooden or steel base to get
impression from type on paper. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
11. Taverns : Modern pubs or place where liquor
is sipped. 1. Which one of the following was NOT the
12. Heretical : Apostasy, beliefs other than reason for the popularity of scientific ideas
Christians or teachings of the church. among the common people in eighteenth
13. Seditions : Action, speech or writing be century Europe ?
presumed as against the Government. (a) Printing of idea of Isaac Newton
14. Inquisition : A former Roman Catholic court (b) Development of printing press
for identifying and punishing heretics. (c) Interest of people in science and reason
15. Protestant Reformation : A sixteenth century (d) Traditional aristocratic groups supported
movement to reform the Catholic Church led it.
by Martin Luther in Rome. Ans OD 2020

16. Almanac : Ritual calendar, Ephemeris. (d) Traditional aristocratic groups supported
it.

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Option:

(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) Johann Gutenberg
Ans Foreign 2008
(b) Maxim Gorky
(c) Menocchio
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (d) Jane Austen
16. Which of the following authors from New York Ans OD 2009, 2007
had perfected the power-driven cylindrical (a) Johann Gutenberg
press?
(a) Richard M. Hoe 20. Assertion : The production of handwritten
(b) George Eliot manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-
(c) Jane Austen increasing demand for books.
(d) Martin Luthar Reason : Chinese paper reached Europe via
Ans Comp 2021
the silk route.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(a) Richard M. Hoe reason is the correct explanation of
17. Arrange the following books in the ascending assertion.
order of the dates of their publication- (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
1. ‘Kesari’ written by Balgangadhar Tilak. reason is not the correct explanation of
2. ‘Gulamgiri’ written by Jyotiba Phule. assertion.
3. 1st printed edition of ‘The Ramcharitmanas (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
of Tulsidas’. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
4. ‘The Sambad Kaumudi’ published by Ans OD 2006
Ram Mohan Roy. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
Option: reason is not the correct explanation of
(a) 3, 1, 2, 4 assertion.
(b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) 4, 1, 3, 2 21. Which of the following countries had the
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 earliest kind of print technology?
Ans OD 2012, 2010
(a) China
(b) Korea
(b) 3, 4, 2, 1 (c) Japan
18. At which of the following places in India, first (d) All of these
printing press was established? Ans Foreign 2017
(a) Bombay (d) All of these
(b) Mardras
(c) Calcutta 22. What is calligraphy?
(d) Goa (a) Stylised writing
Ans Delhi 2005
(b) Poetry
(c) Textbooks
(d) Goa (d) Flower arrangement
19. Identify the personality- Ans SQP 2014
• Was a German goldsmith and inventor (a) Stylised writing
• Invented the first known printing press
• Was the son of a merchant 23. Which one of the following option best
• perfected the system by olive press in signifies this picture?
1448

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page 125

many of the practices and rituals of the Ans SQP 2011

Roman Catholic Church. (b) Shanghai

Reason :,T his led to a division within the
Church and to the beginning of the Protestant 13. In which of the following years, Buddhist
Reformation. missionaries from China introduced hand-
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and printing technology?
reason is the correct explanation of (a) 758-760 AD
assertion. (b) 772-774 AD
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (c) 768-770 AD
reason is not the correct explanation of (d) 776-778 AD
assertion. Ans Comp 2016

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (c) 768-770 AD

(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans OD 2012
14. Identity the picture-

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and

reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

11. Complete the following table with the correct

information-
Book Written Year Book is
by about
Ninety-Fire A-? 1517 B-?
Theses
Option:
(a) A - Martin Luther, B - He displayed his
unhappiness with the declined religious
practice
(b) A - Martin Luther, B - He displayed his
unhappiness with the Church’s sale of
indulgences
(b) A - Maxim Gorky, B - He displayed his
unhappiness with the declined religious (a) A page from the diamond sutra.
practice (b) A page taken from the Gutenberg bible.
(d) A - Maxim Gorky, B - He displayed his (c) A page taken from the Jikji.
unhappiness with the Church’s sale of (d) A page taken from the Ramcharit manas.
indulgences Ans OD 2009

Ans Comp 2015 (b) A page taken from the Gutenberg bible.
(b) A - Martin Luther, B - He displayed
15. Assertion : The first book that Gutenberg
his unhappiness with the Church’s sale of
printed was the Bible.
indulgences.
Reason : About 500 copies were printed and
12. Which of the following cities became the hub it took two years to produce them.
of the Western style-school culture printing? (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(a) Berlin reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Shanghai (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(c) Paris reason is not the correct explanation of
(d) Britain assertion.

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to newspapers that could counter the flow
edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine of information that damaged the image
that described itself as ‘a commercial paper of the colonial government.
open to all, but influenced by none’. So it 3. By the close of 18th century, a number
was private English enterprise, proud of its of newspapers and journals appeared in
independence from colonial influence, that print. There were Indians too, who began
began English printing in India. Hickey to publish Indian newspapers. The first
published a lot of advertisements, including to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette,
those that related to the import and sale of brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya,
slaves. But he also published a lot of gossip who was close to Rammohan Roy.
about the Company’s senior officials in India.
Enraged by this, Governor-General Warren 127. Read the sources given below and answer the
Hastings persecuted Hickey, and encouraged questions that follows:
the publication of officially sanctioned From the late nineteenth century, issues of
newspapers that could counter the flow of caste discrimination began to be written about
information that damaged the image of the in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba
colonial government. By the close of the Phule, the Maratha pioneer of low caste’
eighteenth century, a number of newspapers protest movements, wrote about the injustices
and journals appeared in print. There were of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871).
Indians, too, who began to publish Indian In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in
newspapers. The first to appear was the weekly Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
Bengal Gazette, brought out by Gangadhar in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote
Bhattacharya, who was close to Rammohun powerfully on caste and their writings were
Roy. read by people all over India.
Questions:
1. Which weekly magazine described itself Workers in factories were too overworked
as ‘a commercial paper open to all, but and lacked the education to write much about
influenced by none’. their experiences. But Kashibaba, a Kanpur
2. Why Governor-General warren Hastings millworker, wrote and published Chhote Aur
persecuted James Hickey? What did he Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links between
encourage regarding publication? caste and class exploitation. The poems of
3. What did happen by the eighteenth another Kanpur millworker, who wrote under
century regard printing? the name of Sudarshan Chakr between 1935
and 1955, were brought together and published
Ans
in a collection called Sacchi Kavitayan. By
1. From 1780, James Augustus Hickey the 1930s, Bangalore cotton millworkers set
began to edit the Bengal Gazette, up libraries to educate themselves, following
weekly magazine that described it self the example of Bombay workers. These were
as ‘a commercial paper open to all’ but sponsored by social reformers who tried to
influenced by none’. restrict excessive drinking among them, to
2. James Augustus Hickey published a lot bring literacy and, sometimes, to propagate
of advertisements including those that the message of nationalism.
related to the import and sale of salves.
But he also published a lot of gossip about After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom
the company’s senior officials in India. of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen
That is why Governor-General warren demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press.
Hastings persecuted Hickey. Governor- As vernacular newspapers became assertively
General Warren Hastings encouraged nationalist, the colonial government began
the publication of officially sanctioned debating measures of stringent control. In

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Options
(a) A – 4, B – 1, C – 3, D – 2
(b) A – 4, B – 1, C – 2, D – 3
(c) A – 2, B – 1, C – 3, D – 4
(d) A – 3, B – 4, C – 1, D – 2
Ans SQP 2020

(d) A – 3, B – 4, C – 1, D – 2

26. Arrange the following countries on the

basis of “Print technology” started in these
countries-
1. Japan
2. China
3. Korea
4. India
Option:
(a) 2, 1, 3, 4
(b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(a) Traditional family roles. (c) 4, 1, 3, 2
(b) Cultural impact of the west which has (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
turned the family upside down.
Ans Foreign 2017
(c) Destruction of proper family relations.
(d) Teaching women how to be obedient wires. (a) 2, 1, 3, 4
Ans OD 2017
27. At which place, Catholic priests printed the
(c) Destruction of proper family relations. first Tamil book in 1579?
(a) Cuttack
24. Which of the following classes emerged as a (b) Cochin
new reading class? (c) Calcutta
(a) Elite class (d) Madras
(b) Working class
Ans Delhi 2020, 2015
(c) Common people
(d) Peasantry class (b) Cochin
Ans Comp 2010
28. Assertion : The new reading culture was
(a) Elite class accompanied by a new technology.
Reason : From hand printing there was a
25. Match the following items given in column A gradual shift to mechanical printing.
with those in column B. Choose the correct (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
answer from the options given below : reason is the correct explanation of
Column A Column B assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
A. Rashsundari 1. Chhote Aur
reason is not the correct explanation of
Debi Bade Ka Sawal
assertion.
B. Sudarshan 2. Kesari (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Chakra (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
C. Kashibaba 3. Amar Jiban Ans OD 2012

D. Bal Gangadhar 4. Sacchi Kavitayen (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Tilak reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

SHORT Answer QUESTIO or saw a performance. Before the age of

print, books were not only expensive but
they could not be produced in sufficient
84. Examine any three effects of Print culture on
numbers. Now books could reach out to
the French Revolution.
wider sections of people.
Ans OD 2023 (3) Increase in literacy rate : Through the
The impact of the print culture on the French seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Revolution are: literacy rates went up in most parts
(1) Print created the possibility of the wide of Europe. Churches of different
circulation of ideas. Those people who denominations set up schools in Villages,
disagreed with established authorities carrying literacy to peasants and artis
could now print and circulate their ideas. As literacy and schools spread in European
Through the printed message, they could countries, there was a virtual reading mania.
persuade people to think differently.
86. “Print culture created the conditions within
(2) Print led to the faster mobilization of
which French Revolution occurred.” Support
the masses towards the political ideas of
the statement with suitable arguments.
freedom, liberty, justice and other ideals
for which French revolutionaries were Ans SQP 2019

fighting. Print culture created the conditions within

(3) Print also helped in highlighting the which French Revolution occurred.
draconian decisions of the established (1) Print popularized the ideas of the
political institutions like monarchs and Enlightenment thinkers.
people belonging to higher estates. This (2) They attacked the sacred authority of the
led to the awakening of the people, and Church and the despotic powers of the
they became a part of the revolution. state; thus, eroding the legitimacy of a
social order based on tradition. Voltaire
85. How had the printing press created a new
and Rousseau were widely read.
culture of reading in Europe? Explain with
(3) All values, norms and institutions were
examples.
re-evaluated and discussed by a public
Ans OD 2019 that was inquisitive, critical and rational.
With the introduction of the printing press, Hence, new ideas of social revolution
a new wave of print culture began in Europe. came into being.
(1) Low cost of production : With the printing (4) By the 1780s, Literature mocked the
press, a new reading public emerged. royalty and criticized their morality. This
Printing reduced the cost of books. The led to the growth of hostile sentiments
time mid labour required to produce each against the monarch.
book came down, and multiple copies
87. “Colonial administrators found ‘vernacular’
could be produced with greater ease.
novels a valuable source of information on
Books flooded the market, reaching out
native life and customs.” Prove the statement
to an ever-growing readership.
by giving three evidences.
(2) Accessibility of books : Access to
books created a new culture of reading. Ans SQP 2018

Earlier, reading was restricted to the “Colonial administration found ‘vernacular’

elites. Common people lived in a world novels a source of information on native life
of oral culture They heard sacred texts and customs.” This was useful information
read out, ballads recited, and folk tales to govern Indian society which had a large
narrated Knowledge was transferred variety of communities and castes.
orally. People collectively heard a story,

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page 129

37. Assertion : As literacy and schools spread in (b) Oral

African countries, there was a virtual reading (c) Text
mania. (d) Ballad
Reason : Churches of different denominations Ans SQP 2019
set up schools in villages, carrying literacy to
tribals. (a) Print
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and 42. Who wrote My Childhood and My University?
reason is the correct explanation of (a) Thomas Wood
assertion. (b) Maxim Gorky
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (c) George Eliot
reason is not the correct explanation of (d) Jane Austen
assertion.
Ans Foreign 2007
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (b) Maxim Gorky
Ans Foreign 2017
43. Who was James Lackington?
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) Publisher
38. What did Menocchio, the miller, do? (b) Painter
(a) Commissioned artists (c) Scholar
(b) Enraged the Roman Catholic Church (d) Reformer
(c) Wrote the Adages Ans OD 2016
(d) None of these (a) Publisher
Ans Comp 2011
44. What was Gutenberg’s first printed book?
(b) Enraged the Roman Catholic Church
(a) Ballads
39. Which class of people normally live i the (b) Dictionary
world of oral culture attain knowledge? (c) Bible
(a) Elite class (d) None of these
(b) Common people Ans Delhi 2020
(c) Working class (c) Bible
(d) Peasantry class
Ans OD 2014
45. In which of the two languages, 50 books were
published in 1674?
(b) Common people
(a) Konkani and Kanada
40. In which of the following countries, the rates (b) Malayalam and Manipuri
of literacy was very low till the 20th century? (c) Telugu and Tamil
(a) European contries (d) Oriya and Bhojpuri
(b) Asian countries Ans Foreign 2017
(c) American contries (a) Konkani and Kanada
(d) Australian contries
Ans Comp 2021
46. What were Penny Chapbooks?
(a) Ritual calendars
(a) European contries
(b) Journals
41. Which one of the following, created the (c) Newspapers
possibility of wide circulation of ideas, (d) Pocket-sized books
and introduced a new world of debate and Ans Comp 2019
discussion? (d) Pocket-sized books
(a) Print

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

47. Arrange the following in the correct sequence 50. Which one of the following began to edit the
of old tradition of handwritten manuscripts: ‘Bengal Gazette’ a weeklya magazine?
1. Vernacular languages (a) James Augustus Hickey
2. Persian (b) George Eliot
3. Arabic (c) Jane Austen
4. Sanskrit (d) William Bolts
Option: Ans Foreign 2006
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (a) James Augustus Hickey
(b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) 4, 1, 3, 2 51. Study the picture and answer the question
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 that follows:
Ans SQP 2005

(d) 4, 3, 2, 1

48. Assertion : There was intense controversy

between social and religious reformers and
the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like-widow
immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical
priesthood and idolatory.
Reason : The Deoband Seminary founded in
1867, published thousands upon thousands
off at was telling Muslim readers how to
conduct themselves in everyday lives, and
explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrines.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Which of the following best signifies the
reason is the correct explanation of above image?
assertion. (a) Jikji of Korea
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (b) A Portrait of Johann Gutenberg, 1584
reason is not the correct explanation of (c) Gutenberg Printing Press
assertion. (d) Pages of Gutenberg’s Bible
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Ans Comp 2018
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) Jikji of Korea
Ans OD 2010, 2017
52. Identify the personality-
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but • Was a miller of sixteenth century in Italy.
reason is not the correct explanation of • He reinterpreted the message of the Bible.
assertion. • He formulated a view of God and creation
49. Who among the following religious reformers that enraged the Roman catholic church.
wrote Ninty Five These criticising many • He was rauled up twice when the Roman
of the religious practices and rituals of the church began its inquisition to repress
Roman Catholic church? heretical ideas.
(a) Confucious Option:
(b) Kitagawa Utamaro (a) Johann Gutenberg
(c) Martin Luther (b) Maxim Gorky
(d) Hi-sang (c) Menocchio
(d) Jane Austen
Ans Delhi 2012
Ans OD 2012, Comp 2017
(c) Martin Luther
(c) Menocchio

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53. Complete the following table with correct VERY SHORT QUESTIO
information-
Name of Book Written By Language 57. How had novels been easily available to the
1. Ramcharitmanas A-? Awadhi masses in Europe during nineteenth century?
2. B - ? Gulamgiri Marathi Explain with examples.
Option: Ans Delhi 2019

(a) A - Tulsidas, B - Jyotiba Phule Novels have been easily available to the
(b) A - Tulsidas, B - Vinoba Bhave masses in Europe because of the following
(c) A - Kalidas, B - Vinoba Bhave reasons :
(d) A - Kaliidas, B - Jyotiba Phule (1) Invention of the printing press and other
Ans OD 2013 technological advancements were mainly
responsible for the growing popularity of
(a) A - Tulsidas, B - Jyotiba Phule
novels in Europe.
54. Assertion : Children became an important (2) Development in means of transportation
category of readers. and communication made it possible to
Reason : Primary education became send the copies of novels all over Europe.
compulsory from the late nineteenth century. (3) Setting up of public libraries or lending
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and libraries also made novels easily accessible.
reason is the correct explanation of
58. Interpret any one fear in the minds of religious
assertion.
authorities and monarchs about the printed
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
texts during 16th century in Europe.
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion. Ans SQP 2019

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Fear in the minds of religious authorities and
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. monarchs:
Ans SQP 2018 (1) They were apprehensive of the effects
that the easier access to printed word
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
would have on people’s minds.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(2) It was feared that there was no control
55. Who began to publish the weekly Bengal over what was printed.
Gazette? (3) Rebellious and irreligious thoughts and
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak ideas could spread.
(b) Gangadhar Bhattacharya (Any one)
(c) Raja Rammohun Roy
59. “Not everyone welcomed the printed book,
(d) Madan Mohan Malviya
and those who did also had fears about
Ans Delhi 2020
it.” Justify the statement by giving three
(b) Gangadhar Bhattacharya arguments.
Ans SQP 2018
56. At which of the following places, a children’s
press was set up in 1857? Arguments:
(a) England (1) Many were apprehensive of the effects
(b) Spain that the easier access to the printed word
(c) France and the wider circulation of books, could
(d) China have on people’s minds.
Ans Foreign 2009, OD 2011
(2) It was feared that if there was no control
over what was printed and read then
(c) France

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

rebellious and irreligious thoughts might Ans OD 2015, 2011

spread. Marco Polo was a great Italian explorer who

(3) If that happened the authority of visited China in the 13th century.
‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed. When he returned to Italy, he brought back
the technology of woodblock printing which
60. (1) Why was the traditional Chinese he had learnt in China.
‘accordion book’ folded and stitched at
the side ? 63. Who took hand printing from China to
(2) What do you know about the Buddhist Japan ? Give two demerits of copying of
Diamond Sutra ? manuscripts.
Ans Foreign 2017 Ans Delhi 2021

(1) As both sides of the thin, porous sheet Around 770 C.E., hand printing was taken
could not be printed, the traditional to Japan from China by the Buddhist
Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and missionaries.
stitched at the side. (a) Copying of manuscripts was very
(2) The Buddhist Diamond Sutra is the expensive and time consuming work
oldest Japanese book. It was printed in because it needs a lot of time to copy
868 C.E. It contains six sheets of text and anything.
woodcut illustrations. (b) Copying of manuscripts needs a lot of
labour by the person who is copying the
61. “The ‘Print Revolution’ had transformed the manuscript.
lives of people changing their relationship to
information and knowledge.” Analyse the 64. How did printing in Eruope shift from hand
statement. printing to mechanical printing ? Did it prove
Ans Delhi 2018
a revolution in printing.? Explain.
o
The ‘Print Revolution’ transformed the How did print culture develop in Europe ?
lives of people changing their relationship Explain.
to information and knowledge and with
institution and authorities. It influenced Ans Foreign 2019

popular perception and opened up new ways (1) In Europe, initially handwritten books
of looking at things : were produced. In the late thirteenth
(1) Printing reduced the cost of books. The century, Marco Polo brought woodblock
time and labour to produce each book printing to Europe, still books were not
came down and multiple copies were produced in required number.
being produced with greater ease. (2) In the early phasp of fifteenth century,
(2) Due to easy access to books, illiterate Gutenberg developed printing press
persons could listen to the sacred texts which brought a revolutionary change in
of religious books, folk tales and ballads book printing.
being recited. (3) Between CE 1450—CE 1550 printing
(3) Before print revolution, books were not presses were set-up in most of the European
only expensive but they could not be countries and thus the production of
produced in sufficient numbers. Now books boomed. In the second half of 15th
books can reach out to wider sections of century about 200 lakhs copies of books
people. were printed. This number went up to
2000 lakhs in the 16th century.
62. Who was Marco Polo ? What did the Italians Thus, we can say that shift from hand
learn from him regarding printing ? printing to mechanical printing led to the
print revolution.

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65. How did a new reading public emerged with critical commentary on tradition and
the printed press ? Explain. superstition.
o (2) Print culture created a new world of
How did Printing Press create a new reading debate and dialogue.
public? Explain. (3) The public became aware of the power or
Ans Comp 2023
reason and began to question all norms,
values and institutions.
The advent of printed press influenced the
culture of reading in the following ways : 69. A series of developments took place in the
(1) It reduced the book making cost and beginning of the twentieth century in print
increased the number of books produced. culture. What were they ?
Thus, readership increased manifold. Ans Comp 2021
(2) It created a new culture of reading. If
earlier there was a hearing public, now a (1) Methods of feeding paper improved.
reading public came into being. (2) The quality of printing plates became
(3) For those who could not read, printers better.
began publishing popular ballads and folk (3) Automatic paper reels and photoelectric
tales and books with picture illustration. controls of the colour register were
This give rise to a new group of readers. introduced.
(4) The accumulation of several individual
66. Why mass literacy of workers in Europe was mechanical improvements transformed
started in 19th century ? the appearance of printed texts.
Ans OD 2012, Delhi 2017
70. When did the first printing press come to
From 17th century onwards lending libraries India and write a brief story of its growth ?
existed in Europe. But in 19th century, Ans OD 2012
these lending libraries became responsible in
educating people of lower middle class, white These were written on palm leaves or on
collar workers, artisans etc. That’s why mass handmade paper. Wooden covers were sewn
literacy of workers was started in Europe. with such books. Protuguese missionaries
came first in the 16th century. They learnt
67. Why literacy rate among women was Konkani language and printed their teachings.
increased in Europe in 19th century ? Tamil Book was printed in 1579 at Cochin by
Ans SQP 2020
Catholics.

Literacy rate among women was increased 71. Describe the role of nationalist newspapers in
in Europe in 19th century because women spreading national feelings among the people
writers started to write and women started in the early 20th century.
to re-ad those writings. Penny magazines Ans Delhi 2017, 2015
were introduced for women which were (1) Nationalist newspapers grew in numbers.
manual teachings of proper behaviour and They reported on colonial misrule and
housekeeping. When novels were introduced encouraged nationalist activities.
in 19th century then women became very (2) The papers attempted to throttle
important readers of those novels. nationalist criticism and provoked
68. Give three arguments in support of the ‘print militant protest.
culture’. (3) When Punjab revolutionaries were
deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak
Ans Foreign 2009
wrote with great sympathy about them in
(1) It made the ideas of enlightened thinkers his ‘Kesari’. This led to his imprisonment
popular and their writing provided in 1908.

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(6) Revolutions like the American War of pain to some scholars like Erasmas
Independence, the French Revolution etc., because of deception to human eye
gave the thoughts of Liberty, Equality grossly depicted in them that pumped
and Fraternity to the whole world. ignorance of educated type-into minds of
(7) The spirit of nationalism and patriotism adolescents all over Europe.
made them to forget their differences (6) European literature was consisting of
and inspired them to smash the wheels the es on countryside (folk-tales, songs,
of oppression and exploitation that had stories, fabls), schooling, training, course
been crushing their very existence for books, books on entertainment, movies
several centuries. etc., and books on science, theology
(Bible of Gutenberg).
113. What were the important features of European
literature ? How did it help in spreading new 114. How did the printing and writing of Indian
or progressive ideas in the continent ? History during the late 19th and early 20th
Ans Delhi 2006, 2005
centuries prove a mixed blessing for the
Indian society ?
The Important Features of the European
Literature : Ans Foreign 2012

(1) The new literary works of different (a) Indians lost their confidence in their
European authors, poets and languages own capacity for self-government. Many
help a lot in promoting new and British officials and writers of the time
progressive ideas. For example this constantly advanced the thesis that
literature was concerned for social Indians had never been able to rule
injustice and nationalism. themselves in the past, that the Hindus
(2) The writers of modern Europe tried their and Muslims had always fought each
best to promote’realism and they tried other, that the Indians were destined
to avoid meagre idealism. Realism was to be ruled by the foreigners, that their
reflected very well in the works of Charles religion and social life were degraded
Dickens, Thomas Hardy in England, Leo and uncivilised, making them unfit for
Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev and Dostovsky in democracy or even self-government.
Russia and Baizac Flaubert, Emile Zola, (b) Many of the nationalist leaders pointed to
Anatole Frank in France. the cultural heritage of India with pride
(3) Human sufferings during World War-I were and referred the critics to the political
enormously increased. Events of pathos achievements of rulers like Ashoka,
sproating, thrilled hearts of sensitive Chandragupta Vikramaditya and Alban
people in society and they compelled to Some of the nationalists went to their
put their feelings on paper (Palm leaves extreme and began to glorify India’s past
or handmade). These sensitive people uncritically, ignoring its weaknesses and
of society according to their works were backwardness.
known as play-wrights, dramatists, poets, (c) Great harm was done, in particular,
philosophers, scientists, researchers etc. by the tendency to look up only to the
(4) Renowned authors like James Joyce heritage of ancient India while ignoring
(Ireland), Maicel Proust (France), the equally great achievements of the
Virginia Woolf (England) and Scott medieval period.
Fitzerald (USA) made their fortunes and (d) This encouraged the growth of communal
glory with the help of advanced printing sentiments among the Muslims. They
technology. began looking to the history of the Arabs
(5) Exuberance and overhead flow of books and the Turks for cultural and historical
like Chapbooks, Biliotheque Bleue caused

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page 135

nor write. It has been estimated that during (2) He thought that most of the books were
the first half of 15th century, there were only stupid, ignorant, slanderous, scandalous,
about 1,00,000 manuscripts in Europe. raving, irreligious and seditious.
(3) According to him, such books devaluate
79. Which Asian country was the major producer the valuable books.
of printed material in the 16th century and
why ? Give two reasons. 82. “With the printing press, a new public
Ans Foreign 2015
emerged in Europe.” Justify the statement.
o
In the 16th century, the major producer of How did access to books create a new culture
printed material was China that had the of reading ? Examine.
following reasons :
(1) From AD 594 onwards, book in China Ans Delhi 2019

were printed by rubbing. They had made (1) Access to books created a new culture of
innovations in ink, block printing and reading.
movable clay type. (2) Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites
(2) The Chinese were the first to invent while common people relied only on oral
the art of printing. They made wooden, culture i.e., knowledge was transferred
blocks to print letters. orally but now books were available
(3) By seventeenth century the uses of easily.
print diversified. New reading culture (3) It transformed the lives of people
developed. It accompanied a new changing their relationship to information
technology. Shanghai became the main and knowledge and with institution
centre of the new print culture. It catered and authorities. It influenced popular
to the west with its mechanical expertise perception and opened up new ways of
in printing. looking at things.

80. Name the hub of the new print culture in 83. Why did the Roman Catholic Church begin
China and describe it. to keep an Index of Prohibited Books from
Ans Comp 2007
the mid 16th century ?
o
(1) Shanghai became the hub of new print Why did the Roman Church begin to maintain
culture in China. an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558 ?
(2) In the late 19th century, the western
powers established mechanical printing Ans Foreign 2020

press in Shanghai. (1) Menocchio, a miller in Italy reinterpreted

(3) Then, the mechanical printing had started the message of Bible and formulated a
there. Shanghai had started catering to view of God and Creation and enraged
the western style schools. From hand the Roman Catholic Church.
printing there was a gradual shift to (2) When the Roman Church began its
mechanical printing. inquisition to repress heretical ideas,
Menocchio was hauled up twice and
81. Who was Erasmus ? What were his ideas on ultimately executed.
the published books that were coming out ? (3) The Roman Church troubled by such
Ans OD 2013, SQP 2010 effects of popular readings and questioning
Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic of faith, imposed severe controls over
reformer. publishers and booksellers and began to
(1) He criticised the printing book. maintain an Index of Prohibited Books
from 1558.

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

72. Examine the role of missionaries in the 75. Which values of French philosophers’ writings
growth of press in India. inspired the people of France to throw
Ans SQP 2012
Monarchy ?

The missionaries played a very significant Ans Comp 2017

role in the growth of press in India, in the The writings of the French Philosophers like
following ways : Rousseaou and Voltaire inspired democratic
(1) The printing press first came to Goa with idea all the world. They represented the
Portuguese missionaries in the mid-16th following values which inspire the people of
century. France to throw monarchy :
(2) Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed (1) They lay stressed on the value of equality
several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books for all.
had been printed in the Konkani and in (2) They also advocated the importance of
Kanara languages. liberty and fraternity.
(3) Catholic priests printed the first Tamil
book in 1579 at Cochin and the first 76. Write any three values due to which printed
Malayalam book in 1713. books became more accessible to common
people.
73. “It is difficult to imagine a world without Ans OD 2005
printed matter”. Justify the statement with
suitable arguments. Values due to which printed books became
more accessible to common people are:
Ans Foreign 2010
(1) Less cost of production of books.
Yes, it is really very difficult to imagine a (2) Open up of public libraries.
world without printed matter because : (3) Spread of education.
(1) Everywhere in our surroundings, we find
evidence of print, i.e., in books, journals, 77. Why were manuscripts not used widely ?
newspapers, prints of famous paintings, Give three possible reasons.
etc. Ans Delhi 2020, 2016

(2) We see printed materials in everyday things Manuscripts were not widely used. It is due
like theatre programmes, official circulars, to the following reasons :
calendars, diaries, advertisements, cinema (1) They were not easy to handle.
posters, government notifications, etc. (2) They were limited in numbers.
(3) The style of writing of every individual is
very different. The writing of some people
is very untidy.

74. Which values of print culture are responsible 78. Explain the main features of the first printed
for the growth of nationalism in India ? Bible.
Ans Delhi 2006 Ans SQP 2010

Values attached with the print culture that were First Printed book in Europe : The first
responsible for the growth of nationalism in India printed book, the Gutenberg Bible, was
are under : brought out in 1456. Until the invention of
(1) Print culture criticized the British policies printing, books were in manuscript form
of exploitation. viz. handwritten. Calligraphers copied them
(2) It awares the people about the and were mostly available in the libraries of
disadvantages of colonial rule. monasteries. Even people who could read,
(3) It spreads the democratic ideas like equality, had thus, very little access to books. The
fraternity and liberty among people. people most that time, could neither read

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page 137

(1) The new novels like ‘Indirabai’ had 90. How were the books prepared in India in
descriptions of domestic life. They showed different languages before used of modern
how people dressed, their religious beliefs printing press ?
and practices. Some of these books Ans Delhi 2015
were translated into English by British
administrators or Christian missionaries. The books preparation in various languages
(2) As outsiders, the British knew little in India before the use of modern printing
about life inside Indian households. The technology :
new novels in Indian languages often had (1) Palm leaves or handmade paper was used
descriptions of domestic life. for writing manuscript of books.
(3) They showed how people dressed, their (2) Wooden covers were tied or sewn with
forms of religious worship, their beliefs the pages of manuscript in Bhojpatra and
and practices, etc. bark.
(3) Calligraphy was revived to get other
88. Discuss in brief the development of printing copies of the manuscript.
culture in China. (4) Pages were duly illustrated as we could
Ans Foreign 2010
see a page from Diwan of Hafiz, 1824.
(5) This book making and writing process ran
(1) In the beginning, China had a system of unbanned and exclusive till introduction
hand printing in which paper was rubbed of print to the late nineteenth century.
against the inked surface of woodblocks.
(2) In the sixteenth century, the volume of 91. How did press play an important role in
print increased due to increase in the spreading modern Indian nationalism in the
number of textbooks required by the civil second half of the 19th century ?
services aspirants. Ans SQP 2017, 2012
(3) With the bloom in urban culture in the
seventeenth century, once again the use of (a) Press was the sole means of awakening
printed material increased. dormant people of India.
(4) Later on, China gradually moved from (b) Large numbers of nationalist newspapers
hand printing to mechanical printing. made their appearance during the second
half of the 19th century.
89. What is a manuscript ? Why were they not (c) In their columns, the official policies were
used widely ? constantly criticised, the Indian point of
Ans Comp 2023
view was put forward; the people were
asked to unite and work for national
Manuscript : Book or document written by welfare and ideas of self-government,
hand, author’s original copy handwritten democracy, industrialisation etc., were
or typed, not printed is called manuscript. popularised among the people.
In ancient India most of the books were in (d) The press also enabled nationalist workers
manuscript form. living in different parts of the country to
Causes of not widely use of manuscripts : exchange views with one another.
(1) They were limited in numbers hence not
accessible to all literate people. 92. Explain the attitude of the British
(2) Manuscripts were not easy to handled. It Government towards the Indian Press in the
was very difficult to take big volume of a 19th century. Explain the main reasons for
big book or volume or epic from one place such an attitude.
to another. Ans Foreign 2019
(3) Style of writing of every individual differs.
The hand writing of some people is very The attitude of the British
untidy. Government towards the Indian Press :

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) Restrictions were imposed on the Indian began educating their women folk at
Press upto 1835 by Charles Metcalfe. home and sent them to schools.
(2) The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 curbed (2) In East Bengal, in the early nineteenth
the freedom of Indian Press particularly century, Rashsundari Debi, a young
of the Indian language newspapers. married girl in a very orthodox household,
(3) The Act was repealed in 1882. learnt to read in the secrecy of her kitten.
(4) The press enjoyed considerable freedom Later, she wrote her autobiography Amar
for 25 years. Jiban, which was published in 1876. It
(5) After Swadeshi and Boycott movement of was the first full length autobiography
1905—in 1908 and 1910 repressive press published in the Bengali language. Soon,
laws were introduced. a large segment of it was devoted to
The main reason-to check the rising tide of the education of women. In the early
Indian nationalism and anti-British feelings twentieth century, journals, written for
among the Indians. and sometimes edited by women, became
extremely popular.
93. How did Martin Luther’s writings bring
reforms in religious field? Explain. 95. What were the chief characteristics of the
Ans OD 2016
earliest print culture in Japan ? Explain any
five.
1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a German o
monk, priest and professor of theology. Explain any three important characteristics
He wrote ‘Ninety Five Theses criticising of the print culture in Japan.
many of the practices and rituals of the
Roman Catholic Church. Ans SQP 2018

2. Luther taught that salvation is not earned (1) Buddhist monasteries from China
by good deeds but received only as a free introduced hand-printing technology into
gift of God’s grace through faith in Jesus Japan.
Christ as redeemer from sin. (2) The oldest Japanese book printed in AD
3. He believed in the infallibility of the Bible 868 is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra.
but challenged the authority of the Pope (3) In medieval Japan, poets and prose
of the Roman Catholic Church. writers were regularly published and
4. Luther’s theses were printed and books were cheap and abundant.
distributed widely in Germany. His (4) Printing of visual materials led to
translation of the New Testament sold increasing publishing practices. In the
5000 copies within a few weeks. late 18th century, in the flourishing urban
5. A National Church was established in circles city at Edo (Tokyo), illustrated
Germany and prayers began to be held in collections of paintings depicted urban
German language. It led to the beginning culture involving artists, courtesans and
of the Reformation Movement in, Europe. tea-house gathering.
(5) Books on women, musical instruments,
94. How did print culture affect women in the tea ceremony, flower arrangements,
nineteenth century India ? proper etiquettes were published.
Ans Foreign 2009
96. How did the uses of print diversify in China
(1) Lives and feelings of women began to by the 17th century ? Explain.
written in particularly vivid and intense o
ways. Women’s reading, therefore ‘By the seventeenth century, as urban culture
increased enormously in middle-class bloomed in China, the use of print diversified.’
homes. Liberal husbands and fathers Give any three facts to support the statement.

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page 139

o banks also made more accessible books to

How did a new reading culture bloom in the common people.
China ? Explain.
99. Why were the printed books popular even
Ans Delhi 2019, SQP 2016
among illiterate people ?
(1) By the 17th century, an urban culture Ans Foreign 2020
bloomed in China, the use of print
diversified. The printed books were popular even among
(2) Print was no longer used only by scholars the illiterate people due to following reasons :
and officials. (1) The common people lived in the world
(3) Merchants used print in their everyday of oral culture. They had sacred texts
life, as they collected trade information. readout, ballads recited and folk tales
Reading became a leisure habit. narrated. Knowledge was transferred
(4) Rich women also began to read and many orally generally to illiterate people.
of them began publishing their poetry (2) Illiterate people collectively heard a story,
and plays. saw a performance, some illiterate people
(5) Wives of scholar-officials published their were attracted by beautiful pictures
works and courtesans wrote about their printed on the books.
lives. (3) Even those who did not read could
certainly enjoy listening to books being
97. How had the earliest printing technology readout. So printers began publishing
developed in the world ? Explain. popular. ‘)allads and folk tales, and such
Ans Delhi 2012
books would be profusely illustrated
with pictures. These were then sung and
(1) The earliest kind of print technology was recited at gatherings in villages and in
developed in China, Japan, and Korea. taverns in towns.
(2) Up to 6th century, the print was used
only by scholar-officials. 100. What do you understand by Print
(3) Then the Buddhist monasteries Revolution? How did the idea of the scientists
introduced hand printing technology. and philosophers become more accessible
(4) Marco Polo brought woodblock printing to common man after beginning of this
from China to Italy. revolution in Europe ?
(5) The invention of the printing press proved Ans OD 2017, 2013
great miracle in spreading knowledge.
(1) Modern printing technology comprises not
98. Give three methods by which printed books only printing but also sizing and cutting
became more accessible to common people. of paper for the printed pages, binding
Ans Comp 2013, SQP 2011
the pages under stiff or soft cover, thus
producing a whole books, magazines and
The following three methods made printed newspapers with or without illustrations.
books more accessible to common people : (2) When there was no printing or even in the
(1) Less cost of production of the books. early stages of woodblock printing, books
(2) Printing of books in very large number. could not be produced as fast as in modern
(4) Opening of public libraries, books stall rotary renting machines that produced
and shops lending or selling books on the newspapers or even more modern
very less profit. automatic electronic printers. Modern
(5) Spread of education, availability of more printed materials can now be ready for sale
spare time to women at home and desire or distribution almost as soon as printing is
to spend leisure through reading books. complete.
Habit of taking books on loan from book

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

People would read scientists like Sir re¬interpret message of the Bible for
Issac Newton, Einstein, Galilio etc., and which he was warned twice and finally,
philosophers like Thomas Paine, Voltaire and the inquisition (Trial Court) pronounced
Jean Jacques Rousseau on books easily. Thus, sentence to death against him.
common people beyond their near-ones, were Example from India : Many conservative
also benefited from their ideas, laws, rules Hindu and Muslims put restriction upon
etc., all fairly explained therein. reading books by women and vulnerable
section of society. Only upper and middle
101. Invention of printing press by Johann classes and castes people were allowed reading
Gutenberg led to revolution in the realm of books.
ideas. Justify.
Ans Delhi 2018

Gutenberg Press : A break through in print

LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
technology occurred at Strasbourg, Germany
where Jahann Gutenberg developed the first 103. “Pariksha Guru is considered landmark in the
known printing press in 1430s. Gutenberg history of Hindi novel.” Justify the statement
developed metal types for each of the 26 with suitable arguments.
characters of the Roman alphabet and Ans SQP 2019
desired a way of moving them around as so
Pariksha Guru : The novel tells a story of the
to compose different words of the text. This
extravagance of Hindu bankers and traders.
came to be known as the moveable type
Its theme is not to adopt western culture.
printing machine, and it remained the basic
It propagated the following issues which no
print technology over the next 300 years.
other novel did before :
Books could now be produced much faster
(1) It cautioned young men of well to do
than was possible when each print block was
families about the ill effects of bad
prepared by carving a piece of wood by hand.
company.
The Gutenberg press could print 250 sheets
(2) It then shows how to live a practical
an one side per hour. The first printed by
life that preserves traditional values in
Gutenberg was the Bible and it took three
honour and dignity.
years to print 180 copies.
(3) Children are advised to read the
102. Why was there a strong criticism from some newspaper.
scholars against indiscriminate publication of (4) The author emphasised that modernity
all types of books ? should be embraced without giving up
middle class values.
Ans OD 2008
(5) The novel tries to teach the reader the
(1) Major cause of fear among them was ‘right way’ to live and expects all ‘sensible
that if there was no control over what men’ to be worldly-wise and practical, to
was printed and read, rebellious and remain rooted in the values of their own
irreligious thoughts might spread in that tradition and culture, and to live with
circumstances. dignity and honour.
(2) People of priest, monk and Bishop (6) In the novel we see the characters
categories and monarch took writers and attempting to bridge two different worlds
artists dangerous to their authority and through their actions: they take to
influence among people—as their value— new agricultural technology, modernise
would have gone down—when things trading practices, change the use of
they knew would be known to all. Indian languages, making them capable
(3) An example from Europe : Manocchio, of transmitting both Western sciences and
a miller in Italy had acquired ability to Indian wisdom.

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page 141

104. Distinguish between the themes of ‘Pride and immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical
Prejudice’ and ‘Jane Eyre’ novels written system, priesthood and idolatry.
by Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte (2) With the coming of print, mamas feared
respectively. that colonial rulers, would encourage
Ans Foreign 2018 , 2011
conversion. To counter this they
used cheap lithography presses. They
(1) For both, the novelists, Jane Austen and published Persian and Urdu translation
Charlotte Bronte, the main idea of novels of holy scriptures and printed religious
centered around women but both of them newspapers and tracts.
had different ideas and opinions. (3) Rammohun Roy published the ‘Sambad
(2) The first line of Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Kaumudi’ from 1821 and Hindu orthodoxy
prejudice’ states that “It is a universally commissioned the ‘Samachar Chandrika’
acknowledged truth, that a single man to oppose his opinions.
in possession of good fortune, must be (4) In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts
in want of a wife”. This observation of and newspapers proliferated, circulating
Austen can be simplified that women a variety of arguments.
were always preoccupied with perception (5) A number of Muslim sects and
of marriage and money. seminaries appeared each with a different
(3) In Charlotte Bronte’s ‘Jane Eyre’, young interpretation of faith, each keen on
Jane is shown as independent and assertive, enlarging its following and countering the
while girls of her time were expected to be influence of its opponents.
quite and well behaved. Jane at the age of
ten, protests against the hypocrisy of her 106. “Oral culture and print culture were
elders with startling bluntness. complimentary to each other.” Justify the
The novels of Jane Austen give us a glimpse of statement with any three suitable arguments.
the world of women in genteel rural society in o
early-nineteenth-century Britain. They make How did print bring the reading public and
us think about a society which encouraged hearing public closer ? Explain.
women to look for ‘good’ marriages and find o
wealthy or propertied husbands. Highlight any three circumstances that led to
This allows us to see the behaviour of the the intermingling of the hearing culture and
main charactrers, who are preoccupied with the reading culture.
marriage and money, as typifying Austen’s Ans Delhi 2016
society.
On the other hand, Charlotte Bronte’s (1) Earlier, reading was restricted to the
Jane Eyre, published in 1874, dealt with elites.
women who broke established norms of (2) With the printing press, books could
society before adjusting to them. Such stories reach out to wider sections of society. If
allowed women readers to sympathise with earlier, there was a hearing public, now a
rebellious actions. reading public came into being.
(3) Publishers had to keep in mind the wider
105. Explain the impact of print culture on the reach of the printed books. Even those
religious reforms in India during nineteenth who did not read, could enjoy listening to
century. the books being read out.
Ans Comp 2020
(4) So, printers began publishing popular
ballads and folk tales and such books
(1) Print led to intense controversies between would be profusely illustrated with
social and religious reformers and Hindu pictures.
orthodoxy over matters likes widow

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(5) These were then sung and recited at in political life in several country of Europe
gatherings in villages and in taverns in and other parts of the world also.
towns. The line that separated the oral It was Renaissance in terms of material
and reading cultures became blurred. progress but premature in terms of
(6) Now the hearing public and reading enlightenment. Its consequences were all
became intermingled. apparent in misuse of cognition, conception
and conation devices/skills, expertise,
107. Describe any five strategies developed by the efficiency, authority whatever, these are
printers and publishers in the 19th century to named. Creative and destructive powers
sell their products. equally found support of technological
Ans SQP 2012, 2009 change in print culture. Human minds as per
In the 19th century, printers and publishers temperament, genteel, aggressive or dull took
continuously developed new strategies to sell help from the print technology. Renaissance
their products. They were : was seen in the technological changes,
(1) 19th century periodicals serialised famous mechanical developments, industrial age and
novels, which gave birth to a particular its blind eyes that can see society divided in
way of writing novels. In 1863, Charles two classes i.e. capitalists and proletariats.
Dicken’s ‘Pickwick papers’ was serialised 109. How did print culture affect women in the
in a magazine. Magazines were attractive nineteenth century India ? Explain
to readers as these were illustrated and
cheap. Readers bought these magazines Ans Comp 2020

eagerly. Number of women readers swelled enormously

(2) In the 1920s England, popular works were in middle class homes. This was because of
sold in cheap series, called the Shilling the following reasons :
Series. (1) Many magazines and books were mainly
(3) The dust cover or book jacket .was written for women and published.
introduced to make the book more (2) The print culture gave the women some
attractive to the readers. amount of freedom to read and develop
(4) Books were printed in the offset press their own views on various issues
which could print books in six colours at especially those concerning women.
a time. (3) Issues such as women’s education,
(5) To sustain buying during the Great widowhood, widow re-marriage, etc.,
Depression in the 1930s, publishers came to be liberally debated in print.
brought out cheap paper back edition (4) Women novelist such as Jane Austen
which soon became a big hit. and Bronte Sisters in Europe and
Kailashbasini Debi and Pandita Ramabai
108. How did the invention of Printing Press help in India represented the new type of
the emergence of Renaissance ? women—a women with the power to
Ans Foreign 2019 think and with the ability to act with
Printing press increased the number of books, determination.
newspapers, magazines, pamphlet and other (5) As such, girls especially from the middle
reading material things. With the increasing classes, began to enrol in school in large
number of these things more people had easy numbers. In a words, the print culture
access to knowledge. The new knowledge heralded the arrival of a new woman.
increase rational thinking and helped a lot in
reduction of superstitions and orthodoxy in
the field of religion as well as society. Very
soon the new atmosphere began to emerged

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page 143

110. Describe the progress of print in Japan. autobiographies, anthologies of literary

Ans OD 2012, 2010
masterpieces, and romantic plays.
(3) Rich women began to read, and many
Brief description of print in Japan : women began publishing their poetry and
(1) Buddhist missionaries from China plays.
introduced hand-printing technology into Wives of scholar-officials published their
Japan around 768-770 C.E. The oldest works and courtesans wrote about their lives.
Japanese book, printed in 868 C.E. is the Effect of western technology in 19th century
Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six China :
sheets of text and woodcut illustrations. (1) Since handprinted started in China, books
Pictures were printed on textiles, playing began reaching to public comprising
cards and paper money. children (boys and girls),youths, adults
(2) In medieval Japan, poets and prose and senior people. All enjoyed interaction,
writers were regularly published, and intercourse, dissension with thoughts
books were cheap and abundant. of scientific, theological, prudential and
(3) Printing of visual material led to conative. Bureaucrats began coming
interesting publishing practices. In the through examinations like that of civil
late eighteenth century, in the flourishing service examinations held there.
urban circles at Edo (later to be known (2) School textbooks on western education
as Tokyo), illustrated collections of system came in glut to pollute Chinese
paintings depicted an elegant urban culture and well accommodated
culture, involving artists, courtesans and socialisation when Western powers
teahouse gatherings. established their roots in China.
(4) Libraries and bookstores were packed
with hand-printed material of various 112. How did the print material of Europe affected
types-books on women, musical the rise of nationalism in India ?
instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, o
flower arrangements, proper etiquette, How did print culture contribute to growth of
cooking and famous places. nationalism in India ?

111. Discuss the position of printing technology in Ans SQP 2007

17th century China. How was it affected by (1) The western education had been widening
western technology in 19th century ? the horizon of understanding a number of
o things among Indians.
How did the uses of print technology develop (2) It gave the educated Indians, a rational,
in China by the 17th century ? Explain. secular, democratic and national outlook.
Ans Delhi 2017
Western thinkers like Rousseau, Paine,
John Stuart Mill etc., greatly influenced
Development of Printing technology in 17th the Indian intelligentsia.
century China : (3) The Italian nationalists like Garibaldi,
(1) By the seventeenth century, as urban Mazzini and Cavour also greatly
culture bloomed in China, the uses of influenced them.
print diversified.Print was no longer used (4) When the educated Indians came in
just by scholars and officials. Merchants contact with the western education—, it
also used print in their everyday life, as opened their eyes.
they collected trade information. (5) Translation of western literature in Indian
(2) Reading increasingly becarrie-a languages also proved highly useful in
leisure activity. The new readership bringing about new awakening both in
preferred fictional narratives, poetry, the cities and the villages.

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

29. Which of the following countries possessed a 33. Which book of Jyotiba Phule was based on
huge bureaucratic system which recruited its the caste system?
personnel through Civil Service Examination? (a) Amar Jiban
(a) China (b) Istri Dharam Vichar
(b) Korea (c) Sacchi Kavitayen
(c) Japan (d) Gulamgiri
(d) Britain Ans Comp 2005

Ans Comp 2018 (d) Gulamgiri

(a) China
34. Complete the following table with the correct
30. Which of the following books is the oldest information-
Japanese book, printed in AD containing six Invented the First In Number of
sheets of text and woodcut illustrations? first known book he year copies still
(a) Diamond Sutra printing printed exist
(b) Harshcharita press
(c) Brihatsutra
A-? B-? 1455 49 copies
(d) Mrichkatika
of this
Ans OD 2010
book still
(a) Diamond Sutra exist
Option:
31. Who introduced the printing press in India?
(a) A - Maxim Gorky, B - Ninety-Fire Theses,
(a) French
(b) A - Maxim Gorky, B - Bible,
(b) Italian
(c) A - Johann Gutenberg, B - Bible,
(c) Portuguese
(d) A - Johann Gutenberg, B - Ninety-Fire
(d) None of these
Theses,
Ans Delhi 2009
Ans OD 2020
(c) Portuguese (c) A - Johann Gutenberg, B - Bible,
32. Assertion : Print and popular religious 35. At which of the following places, the Grimm
literature stimulated many distinctive Brothers spent years compiling traditional
individual interpretations of faith even among folk tales gathered from peasants?
little-educated working people. (a) France
Reason : Through the seventeenth and (b) England
eighteenth centuries, literacy rates went up (c) Germany
in most parts of Europe. (d) Spain
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Ans Delhi 2016
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion. (c) Germany
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 36. Which of the following is/are some of the
reason is not the correct explanation of best-known women novelist during 19th
assertion. century?
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (a) Jane Austen
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (b) George Eliot
Ans SQP 2016 (c) Bronte Sisters
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (d) All of these
reason is not the correct explanation of Ans SQP 2012, OD 2009

assertion. (d) All of these

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page 145

inspiration while their feet were living in in Europe and Americas. It made people
Indian land. able to understand importance of freedom.
(2) Playwrights, poets and authors like
115. Describe main aims and suggestions of the Shakespeare, Mathew Arnold, Abul
Press Commission of 1C.E. Fazal, Ayodhya Singh Upadhyay, Mulkraj
Ans Comp 2020 Anand, William Blake, Bharthari,
Press Commission, 1952 C.E. : The Bankim Chandra Chatterjee etc., were
Government of India appointed a Press products of that period.
Commission in 1952. It consisted of 11 (3) Cartoons, caricatures, several types
members and its Chairman was Justice G.S. of painting etc., indicate sensitivity of
Rajadhyaksha. It submitted its report in human minds to bring out even the most
1954. concealed and crypt human emotions.
Aims : (4) As far as enlightenment is concerned,
(1) To safeguard the freedom of Press. it remained confine to philosophers,
(2) To censure objectionable type of antropologists and philanthropists because
journalistic conduct. viruses of domination, imperialism, ego—
(3) To encourage a sense of responsibility to understand European (West)
and public service among the journalists. 117. Discuss briefly the growth of modern press in
(4) To keep under review developments likely 19th century in India.
to restrict the supply and discrimination
of news of public interest and importance. Ans OD 2010, 2008

(5) To improve methods of recruitment and The growth of modern press in 19th century
training for journalistic profession. India :
(6) To study developments in the Press and (1) Growth of press started with arrival of
suggest measures to check concentration print culture in India and that happened
of Press in a few hands. in later years of nineteenth century.
Suggestions : The Commission suggested the (2) Prior to arrival of print culture in India,
banning of cross-word puzzle competitions palm leaves or handmade paper were used
in the newspapers and periodicals. It for writing and copying manuscripts. So
also suggested that not more than 40% of prepared books were bound with wooden
the total space should be covered by the sheets.
advertisements. (3) The first print in India was the Bengal
Thus, it put teeth on the income aspects of Gazette, a weekly magazine, edited by
the printers in order to keep them submissive. James Augustus Hickey. Thereafter, its
Conclusion : Most of the suggestions of this Bangla edition was also published by
Commission were accepted by the Government some Bengali scholars under guidance of
of India and incorporated in law. Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
(4) Some other newspapers followed this
116. The books are considered an effective means trend and came into existence were—
of spreading progress and enlightenment. Amrit Bazar Patrika, Yugantar (Bengali)
Justify the statement how ? and Kesari (Marathi). Watchwords like
Ans SQP 2017 Vande Mataram, became jewel to each
(1) All revolutions like Protestant mouth during freedom struggle of India
Reformation, Union of England and under Father of the Nation.
Scotland, 1707, Declaration of American (5) Sambad Kaumudi (1821) by Raja Ram
Independence (USA formed) etc., events Mohan Roy, Samachar Chandrika
took place when the print culture spread magazines, Jan-i-Jahan Nama, Samsul
Akhbar—Persian newspapers, Bombay

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Samachar, Gujarat Newspaper were some An easy eloquence, effortless and animated,
other forms of the print culture and print carried me from one page to the next without
technology. my noticing it. A clock struck off the hours
in the silence of the shadows, and I heard
118. What were the effects of the spread of print nothing. My lamp began to run out of oil and
culture for poor people in nineteenth century produced only a pale light, but still I read on. I
India ? could not even take out time to raise the wick
o for fear of interrupting my pleasure. How
What was the impact of print culture on the those new ideas rushed into my brain! How
poor people of India during the 19th century? my intelligence adopted them!’
Ans Foreign 2019 Questions:
The effects of the spread of print culture for 1. How does the passage reflect the
poor people in nineteenth century India : immersive nature of reading of Mercier?
(1) Large scale printing maintained 2. Why did Mercier describe himself as a
reasonable prices for books and poor too virtual writer?
enjoyed reading. 3. How did reading influence Mercier’s
(2) Many of them got employment in printing intellectual capacity and his engagement
presses and print shops. with new concepts? Explain in any two
(3) The spread of print culture helped to points.
restrict excessive drinking among the Ans OD 2024
poor, to bring literacy, to give way to the 1. The thirst, hunger and focus of Mercier
shackles of caste system and to propagate reflect the immersive nature of reading.
the message of nationalism. 2. He gave voice to the people of the ideas
(4) They got aware of national, international and belief which he learnt from the spread
and local news through cheap printed of print material.
material. 3. Reading influenced Mercier’s intellectual
(5) With the Vernacular Press, the nationalist capacity and his engagement with new
ideas made home in the minds of poor concept in the following manner
people. (a) His heroes are transformed by the act
(6) Caste discriminations brought up through of reading.
print culture, associated poor people with (b) It has influenced in bringing
nationalist freedom struggle. enlightenment and destroying the
basis of despotism.

120. Read the source given below and answer the

CASE BASED QUESTIO questions that follows:
Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and
119. Read the following source carefully and grew up on a large agricultural estate. From
answer the questions that follow : his childhood, he had seen wine and olive
This is how Mercier describes the impact of presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of
the printed word, and the power of reading in polishing stones, became a master goldsmith,
one of his books: and also acquired the expertise to create lead
moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing on
‘Anyone who had seen me reading would have this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing
compared me to a man dying of thirst who technology to design his innovation. The olive
was gulping down some fresh, pure water.... press provided the model for the printing
Lighting my lamp with extraordinary caution, press, and moulds were used for casting the
I threw myself hungrily into the reading.

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page 147

metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By Then there were the romances, printed on
1448, Gutenberg perfected the system. The four to six pages, and the more substantial
first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 ‘histories’ printed on four to six pages and
copies were printed and it took three years to the more substantial ‘histories’ which were
produce them. By the standards of the time stories about the past. Books were of various
this was fast production. sizes, serving many different purposes and
Questions: interests.
1. Who was Gutenberg? Questions:
2. What were some of the professional skills 1. Evaluate briefly the term ‘Chapbook’.
acquired by Gutenberg? 2. Write a key difference between Biliotheque
3. What contribution was made by Bleue and Chapbook.
Gutenberg in the field of press? 3. Comment on the new forms of literature
Ans that were introduced in Europe to attract
new readers.
1. Gutenberg was a German inventor,
printer and goldsmith who invented the Ans
first-known printing press in the 1430s. 1. Chapbooks were the pocket size books
2. Gutenberg acquired the skills of polishing that were sold by travelling peddlars
stones, and also attained expertise in the called chapmen.
creation of lead moulds used for making 2. ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ are low priced small
trinkets. He became a master goldsmith books printed in France. There were
and designed several jewels. printed on poor quality paper and bound
3. Gutenberg led to the invention of the in cheap blue covers.
printing press. In his design, he made On the other hand, chapbooks were
the use of the casting metal types for the pocket size book, published in England.
letters of the alphabet. The first book These became popular from the time of
which was printed by the use of this the 16th century print revolution.
technology was the Bible. There were 3. The new forms of literature introduced in
more than 180 copies that got printed by Europe to attract the new readers were
this technique. • There were almanacs along with ballads
and Folktales.
121. Read the source given below and answer the • In England, chapbooks were carried by
questions that follow. petty peddlers and sold for penny.
New forms of popular literature appeared in • Biliotheque Bleue were low priced books
print, targeting new audiences. Booksellers sold in France.
employed peddlars who roamed around
122. Read the source given below and answer the
villages, carrying little books for sale. There
question that follows:
were almanacs or ritual calendars, along
with ballads and folktales. But other forms of The earliest kind of print technology was
reading matters, largely for entertainment, developed in China, Japan and Korea. This
began to reach ordinary readers as well. was a system of hand printing. From AD
594 onwards, books in China were printed by
In England, penny chapbooks were carried by
rubbing paper - also invented there - against
petty peddlars known as chapmen, and sold
the inked surface of woodblocks. As both sides
for a penny, so that even the poor could buy
of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed,
them. In France, were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’,
the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was
which were low-priced small books printed on
folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled
poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue
craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable
covers.

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy. The lives and intimate feelings, about the political
imperial state in China was, for a very long and social rules that shaped such things.
time, the major producer of printed material.
Since social reforms and novels had already
China possessed a huge bureaucratic system
created a great interest in women’s lives and
which recruited its personnel through civil
emotions, there was also an interest in what
service examinations. Textbooks for this
women would have to say about their own
examination were printed in vast numbers
lives.
under the sponsorship of the imperial state.
Questions:
From the sixteenth century, the number of
1. Evaluate how did the print shape
examination candidates went up and that
the nature of the debate in the early
increased the volume of print.
nineteenth century in India.
Questions:
2. To What extent do you agree that print
1. Name the nations where the earliest print
opened up new worlds of experience and
technology was developed.
gave a vivid sense of diversity of human
2. How the books were printed in China
lives ?
from 594 AD?
3. To What extent do you agree that print
3. Discuss the relationship between the
opened up new worlds of experience and
bureaucratic system of China and the
gave a vivid sense of diversity of human
production of printed materials.
lives ?
Ans
Ans Board 2020
1. The earliest print technology was
1. From the early nineteenth century
developed in China, Japan and Korea.
there were intensive debates around
2. The books in China were printed by
religious issues. Different religious groups
rubbing paper against the inked surface
confronted the changes happening within
of woodblocks.
colonial society in different ways and
3. China had a large bureaucratic system in
offered a variety of new interpretations of
which the recruitment was made through
the beliefs of different religions.
the medium of civil service examinations.
2. The print opened up new worlds of
For this examination, textbooks were
experience and a vivid sense of diversity
printed in large numbers. From the 16th
because of following reasons:
century, the number of examination
(a) It created a new culture of reading
candidates increased and that raised the
because earlier there was a hearing
demand of printed textbooks.
public, now a reading public came
123. Read the sources given below and answer the into being.
questions that follows : (b) It created the possibility of wide
circulation of ideas, and introduced a
There were intense controversies between new world of debate and discussion.
social and religious reformers and the Hindu 3. The print culture reflects a great interest
orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, in women’s lives and emotions by
monotheism, brahmanical priesthood, and following ways :
idolatry. In Bengal, as the debate developed, (a) Women became important as readers
tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating as well as writers. Penny magazines
a variety of argument. were especially meant for women,
New literary forms also entered the world as these were the manuals teaching
of reading lyrics, short stories, essays about proper behaviour and housekeeping.
social and political matters. In different ways, (b) When novels began to be written in
they reinforced the new emphasis on human the nineteenth century, women were

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page 149

seen as important readers. Some of 4. From this passage the value highlighted is
the best known novelists were women that the reader put his brain, heart and
: Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, soul in reading the book or a reader reads
George Eliot. the books with his keen interest, he or she
forgets himself or herself.
124. Read the given source and answer the
questions that follow : 125. Read the following passage and answer the
questions given below it :
This is how Mercier describes the impact of
the printed word, and the power of reading in “Anyone who had seen me reading would have
one of his books. compared use to a man dying of thirst who
was gulping down some fresh, pure water...
“Anyone who had seen me reading would
Lighting my lamp with extraordinary caution,
have compared me to man dying of thirst who
was gulping down some fresh, pure water .... I threw myself hungrily into the reading.
Lighting my lamp with extraordinary caution, As easy eloquence, effortless and animated,
I threw myself hungrily into the reading. carried me from one page to the next without
An easy eloquence, effortless and animated, any noticing it. A clock struck off the hours
carried me from one page to the next without in the silence of the shadows, and I heard
my noticing it. A clock struck off the hours nothing. My lamp began to run out of oil and
in the silence of the shadows, and I heard produced only a pale light, but still I read on. I
nothing. My lamp began to run out of oil and could not even take out time to raise the wick
produced only a pale light, still I read on. I for fear of interrupting my pleasure. How
could not even take out time to raise the wick those new ideas rushed into my brain ! How
for fear of interrupting my pleasure. How my intelligence adopted them.
those new ideas rushed into my brain! How Questions:
my intelligence adopted them !” 1. Name the writer of this paragraph.
Questions: 2. How one finds the writer when he is
1. From whose writing is this extract taken reading ?
? 3. Analyse the message given by the writer
2. With whom does the author compare the to the readers.
reader of books ? Ans
3. How does the author describe the state of
a voracious reader engrossed in reading ? 1. Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in
4. In the passage what attributes or values 18th century, France.
of a reader are highlighted ? 2. As the most passionate for reading, he is
forgotten everything except reading.
Ans 3. Keep yourself engross with the book while
1. Mercier. reading because a slight attachment to
2. The author compare the reader of the outer world defeats the purpose of reading.
books to a man dying of thirst who was Imagine as if you are an inseparable part
keeping down some fresh pure water. to that all what you read.
3. The author describes the state of a
voracious reader that he has forgotten 126. Read the extract and answer the questions
himself while he was busy in reading the that follow:
book. He did not like to disturb him at The English language press did not grow in
all. He did not like hear anything. He India till quite late even though the English
was enjoying the new ideas which were East India Company began to import presses
rushing into his brain while he was busy from the late seventeenth century.
in reading

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

2. Why was reading of manuscript not easy in 7. Identify the picture-

India? Choose the appropriate reason from
the following options :
(a) Manuscripts were highly cheap.
(b) Manuscripts were widely spread out.
(c) Manuscripts were written in English and
Hindi.
(d) Manuscripts were fragile.
Ans Delhi 2020

(d) Manuscripts were fragile.

3. Who were called ‘Chapmen?’

(a) Book seller
(b) Paper seller (a) Tripitaka Korena
(c) Workers of printing press (b) Diamond sutra
(d) Seller of ‘penny chap books.’ (c) Ukiyo
Ans Delhi 2020
(d) Jikji

(a) Book seller Ans Foreign 2019

(a) Tripitaka Korena

4. Printing was first developed in:
(a) Japan 8. Arrange the following options in the correct
(b) Portugal sequence-
(c) China 1. Press came to be made out of metal.
(d) Germany 2. Offset press was developed.
Ans Comp 2023
3. Gutenberg perfected the system by olive
press.
(c) China 4. China first introduced hand- printing
5. When was leading libraries came into technology into Japan.
existence? Option:
(a) Fifteenth century (a) 1, 4, 2, 3
(b) Seventeenth century (b) 2, 4, 3, 1
(c) Sixteenth century (c) 4, 2, 3, 1
(d) None of above (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
Ans OD 2019
Ans OD 2018

(b) None of above (d) 4, 3, 2, 1

9. Which scholar expressed a deep anxiety

about printing?
(a) Martin Luther
(b) Erasmus
6. Who was Martin Luther?
(c) Johann Gutenberg
(a) Painter
(d) None of these
(b) Poet
(c) Religious reformer Ans SQP 2017, 2014

(d) All of these (b) Erasmus

Ans SQP 2020
10. Assertion : In 15the religious reformer Martin
(c) Religious reformer Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising

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page 151

1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, Since social reforms and novels had already
modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided created a great interest in women’s lives and
the government with extensive rights to censor emotions, there was also an interest in what
reports and editorials in the vernacular press. women would have to say about their own lives.
Questions: Questions:
1. Who was Jyotiba Phule? 1. Evaluate how did the print shape
2. How did the message of nationalism the nature of the debate in the early
propagate? nineteenth century in India.
3. What do you mean by the Vernacular 2. To what extent do you agree that print
Press Act? opened up a new worlds of experience and
Ans gave a vivid sense of diversity of human
lives?
1. Jyotiba Phule was the maratha pioneer of 3. To what extent did the print culture
low caste protest movement and a social reflect a great interest in women’s lives
reformer. He wrote about the injustices of and emotions? Explain.
the caste system in his Gulamgire.
Ans
2. The social reformers sponsored to set
up libraries to educate mill workers or 1. From the early nineteenth century
factories workers. They also tried to there were intensive debates around
restrict excessive drinking among them, religious issues. Different religious groups
to bring literacy and sometimes, to confronted the changes happening within
propagate the message of nationalism. colonial society in different ways and
3. The Vernacular Press Act was enacted to offered a variety of new interpretations of
curtail the freedom of the Indian press the beliefs of different religions.
and prevent the expression of criticism 2. The print opened up a new world of
toward British policies in British India. It experience and a vivid sense of diversity
was passed in 1878. because of following reasons:
(i) It created a new culture of reading
because earlier there was a hearing
public, now a reading public came
into being.
(ii) It created the possibility of wide
128. Read the sources given below and answer the circulation of ideas and introduced a
questions that follows: new world of debate and discussion.
There were intense controversies between 3. The print culture reflects a great interest
social and religious reformers and the Hindu in women’s lives and emotions in the
orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, following ways:
monotheism, brahmanical priesthood, and (i) Women became important as readers
idolatry. In Bengal, as the debate developed, as well as writers. Penny magazines
tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating were especially meant for women, as
a variety of argument. these were the manuals for teaching
proper behaviour and housekeeping.
New literary forms also entered the world (ii) When novels began to be written in
of reading lyrics, short stories, essays about the nineteenth century, women were
social and political matters. In different ways, seen as important readers. Some
they reinforced the new emphasis on human of the best known women novelists
lives and intimate feelings, about the political were: Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters,
and social rules that shaped such things. George Eliot.

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Ch 4 : Print Culture and the Modern World CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

129. Read the extract and answer the questions 3. China possessed a huge bureaucratic
that follows: system which recruited its personnel
through civil service examinations.
The earliest kind of print technology was
Print was used by scholar and
developed in China, Japan and Korea. This
merchants in their every day life.
was a system of hand printing. From AD
594 onwards, books in China were printed by www.nodia.i
rubbing paper – also invented there – against
the inked surface of woodblocks. As both sides
of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed,
the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was
folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled
craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable
accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy (art of
beautiful and stylised writing). The imperial
state in China was, for a very long time, the
major producer of printed material. China
possessed a huge bureaucratic system which
recruited its personnel through civil service
examinations. Textbooks for this examination
were printed in vast numbers under the
sponsorship of the imperial state. From the
sixteenth century, the number of examination
candidates went up and that increased the
volume of print. By the seventeenth century,
as urban culture bloomed in China, the uses
of print diversified. Print was no longer used
just by scholar officials. Merchants used print
in their everyday life, as they collected trade
information. Reading increasingly became a
leisure activity.
Questions:
1. What do you mean by calligraphy? Which
state in China was the major producer of
printed material?
2. Who developed the earliest kind of print
technology?
3. Which country in the world started
recruitment of bureaucratic system
through civil service examinations? By
how many people print was used?
Ans
1. Calligraphy is an art of beautiful and
stylised writing. The imperial state in
China was the major producer of printed
material for a very long time.
2. China, Japan and Korea developed the
earliest kind of print technology.

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page 153

CHAPTER
5
Resources and Development

SUMMAR
16. Regur Soil : Local name given to the black
soil (or cotton soil) on Deccan lava plateau of
peninsular India.
1. Resources : A means of attaining satisfaction
17. Laterite Soil : The land crusted layer of soil
of individual and attainment of social
coming into existence due to leaching.
objectives.
18. Desert Soil : Desert soil is the soil formed
2. Natural Resources : Land, soil, water,
from the sand deposits by the action of wind.
vegetation, wildlife, minerals and power
19. Net Sown Area : Land actually put to
resources.
cultivation.
3. Human Resources : Structures and
20. Gross Sown Area : It includes net sown area
institutions, quantity and quality. They
and area cultivated more than once.
transform material available in environment
21. Stock Resources : Available but technical
into resources and use them.
know-how, so far not invented, e.g., hydrogen
4. Afforestation : It means planting trees.
and oxygen in water.
5. Shelter belt : Rows of trees which are planted
22. Reserve Resource : Bulk availability but
in between the crops are known as shelter
limited use, e.g., hydro-electric power.
belt.
23. Resource Planning : A method that leads an
6. Contour Ploughing : When ploughing is done
individual towards achievement of sustainable
at right angle to hill slopes.
development.
Strip Cropping : When large fields are divided
24. Conservation of Resources : Judicious and
into strips for cultivation.
planned use of natural resources.
7. Technology : Scientific techniques to use
25. Environment : The conditions that affect
resources.
the behaviour and development of living and
8. Flow Resources : Resources which are
non-living things.
renewable.
26. Arable Land : Land currently ploughed and
9. Fossil Fuels : The energy resources obtained
cultivated with crops.
from fossils burried in rocks.
27. Fallow Land : Arable land lying uncultivated
10. Stock : Materials in the environment which
for one season or more.
have the potential to satisfy human needs.
28. Land Utilization : Land use for forest, non-
11. Humus : The amount of organic matter in
agricultural use, pasture, grazing, tree crops,
soil.
current fallow, other than current fallow and
12. Desertification : Degradation of land in dry
gross crop area.
areas that can ultimately lead to desert like
29. Soil : The uppermost layer of the earth’s
conditions.
crust useful for growing crops.
13. Ground Water : Water held in pores and
30. Soil Erosion : Removal of soil by the forces of
crevices of soil and in underlying bed rocks.
nature, particularly wind and water.
14. Bangar : Areas of older alluvium. Less fertile.
31. Soil Formation : Disintegration and
15. Khadar : The newer alluvium deposits during
decomposition of rock due to process of
flood. They are the areas of the most fertile
weathering and erosion.
soil.

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

32. Ravines : Areas severely affected by gullies 3. Choose the incorrect option from column A
(an acute soil-erosion). and column B.
33. Sheet Erosion : Erosion of the top soil along
Column A Column B
gentle slopes caused by rain water.
(Developmental (Category of
goals/Aspirations) Person)
(a) Landless rural More days of
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO labourers work and better
wages
1. Identify the soil with the help of following (b) Prosperous farmers Availability of
information. from Punjab other sources of
(1) It develops in areas with high temperature. irrigation
(2) It is the result of intense leaching due to (c) Farmers who Assured a
heavy rain. depend only on higher support
(3) Humus content is low. rain for growing prices for their
Options crops crops
(a) Arid soil (b) Yellow soil (d) A rural woman Regular job
(c) Laterite soil (d) Black soil from a land owning and high wages
Ans OD 2024 family to increase her
(c) Laterite soil income
Ans Delhi 2020
2. Which of the following statement defines
Sustainable Development ? (c) Farmers who depend only on rain for
(a) Sustainable use of natural resources growing crops
without considering the need of the future
4. In which of the following states is black soil
generation.
found?
(b) Present generation fulfils its needs while
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
considering the needs of the future
(b) Gujarat
generation as well.
(c) Raiasthan
(c) It means utilisation of natural resources
(d) Jharkhand
by the past, present and forthcoming
future generation. Ans OD 2014, 2011

(d) To meet the needs of the future generation (b) Gujarat

even if the needs of the present generation
5. Assertion - Alluvial soil is ideal for growth of
go unmet.
paddy, wheat, cereal and pulse crops.
Ans SQP 2020 Reason : Alluvial soil is well-known for is
(b) Present generation fulfils its needs while capacity to hold moisture.
considering the needs of the future generation (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
as well. reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans SQP 2017

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

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page 155

6. Which among the following is a type 9. Select the intensively leached soil of the
of resources classified on the basis of monsoon climate.
exhaustibility? (a) Alluvial
(a) Biotic and abiotic. (b) Black
(b) Renewable and non-renewable. (c) Laterite
(c) National and individual. (d) Arid
(d) Potential and reserves. Ans SQP 2012, 2009
Ans Delhi 2020
(c) Laterite
(b) Renewable and non-renewable
10. What is plantation of trees on a large scale to
7. Which one of the following options best check soil erosion termed as?
signifies this cartoon? (a) Afforestation
(b) Deforestation
(c) Reforestation
(d) soil erosion
Ans Comp 2023

(a) Afforestation

11. Complete the following table with the correct

information-

(a) Shows the reality of current Indian Types of Resources Example of Resources
Bureaucracy System. Individual A-?
(b) The co-ordination among such resources
organization is generally rare. B-? Burial grounds, public
(c) People’s management is essential for parks
energy project.
(a) A-Own plots, houses, own plantation. B
(d) Derail of development projects that were
-Potential resources.
meant for community.
(b) A-Own plots, houses, own plantation. B
Ans Foreign 2018
-Community owned resources.
(c) People’s management is essential for every (c) A-Own plots, houses, own plantation. B
project. -Developed resources.
(d) A-Minerals and fossil fuels . B -Community
8. Assertion - Resources are free gifts of nature. owned resources.
Reason : Resources like soil, air, water are
Ans Delhi 2016
easily available in nature.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (b) A-Own plots, houses, own plantation. B
reason is the correct explanation of -Community owned resources.
assertion.
12. What is the name of the report Brundtland
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
Commission published?
reason is not the correct explanation of
(a) Our common future
assertion.
(b) Our common past
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(c) Our common present
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(d) Small is Beautiful
Ans OD 2010
Ans OD 2006
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) Our common future

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

LONG ANSWER QUESTIO Ans Foreign 2018

Land degradation means deteriorating the

121. What is Human Development ? Explain its quality of land which makes it unfit for any
indicators. use due to various human activities.
Factors responsible for land degradation
Ans OD 2020
(1) Deforestation leaves the land bare.
Human development is about expanding the Various natural forces act upon it. Thus
richness of human life, rather than simply the quality of land- diminishes.
the richness of the economy in which human (2) Overgrazing by animals also contributes
beings live. It is an approach that is focused significantly in land degradation.
on people and their opportunities and choices. (3) Mines are abandoned after the excavation
Indicators : or extraction work (of minerals) is over.
(1) Life expectancy at birth : Number of The land in the mining areas is highly
years a newborn infant could expect to degraded. It is full of heaps and pits.
live if prevailing patterns of age-specific Such land becomes unfit for agriculture
mortality rates at the time of birth remain and other economic activities.
the same throughout the infant’s life (4) Over irrigation is also responsible for land
(2) Mean years of schooling : Average degradation due to water logging leading
number of years of education received by to increase in salinity and alkalinity in
people ages 25 and older, converted from the soil.
education attainment levels using official (5) Grinding of limestone for cement industry
durations of each level and calcite and soapstone for ceramic
(3) Expected years of schooling : Number industry produces heavy amount of dust
of years of schooling that a child of in the atmosphere. It later falls down in
school entrance age can expect to receive the surrounding areas which spoils the
if prevailing patterns of age-specific land and badly affects crop cultivation.
enrolment rates persist throughout the
child’s life 123. How can the problems of land degradation be
(4) Gross National Income (GNI) per capital solved? Give any four measures.
: Aggregate income of an economy o
generated by its production and its What are the reasons for land degradation?
ownership of factors of production, less Describe briefly any four measures to conserve
the incomes paid for the use of factors land from degradation.
of production owned by the rest of the Ans SQP 2019, 2017
world, converted to international dollars
Land degradation means deteriorating the
using purchasing power parity (PPP)
quality of land which makes it unfit for any
rates, divided by mid-year population
use due to various human activities.
(5) Non-income Human Development Index
Measures to solve the problem of land
: Value of the HDI computed from the
degradation :
life expectancy and education indicators
(1) The vegetation provides the protective
only.
cover to the land. Vegetation cover does
122. What is meant by ‘Land degradation’. not allow the rainwater to fall straight on
Which are the factors responsible for land the land, thus helps to maintain the soil
degradation ? fertility. Afforestation helps to solve the
o problem of land degradation.
Explain any four human activities which are (2) Shelter belts can be created on the
mainly responsible for land degradation in margins of the desert areas.
India.

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page 157

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (d) Shastri ji
reason is not the correct explanation of Ans Comp 2009
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (b) Gandhiji
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. 22. Match the following items given in column-I
Ans Comp 2022 with those in column-II. Choose the correct
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and answer from the codes given below :
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. Column-I Column-II
19. Which type of the erosion can be seen in the A. Contour 1. Planting lines of
given picture? ploughing trees.
B. Strip cropping 2. Western and
Eastern Himalaya.
C. Shelter belts 3. Grass are left to
grow between
crops.
D. Terrace 4. Decelerate the
cultivation flow of water
Option :
(a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2
(b) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2
(a) Sheet erosion. (c) A - 3, B - 4, C - 2, D - 1
(b) Wind erosion. (d) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2
(c) Gully erosion. Ans OD 2016
(d) Stream bank erosion.
(a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2
Ans SQP 2014, 2010
23. Assertion - Resource planning is an easy
(c) Gully erosion.
process in India.
20. Which of the following is a root cause Reason : Resource planning involves planning
for resource depletion at the global level structure, identification and inventory of
according to Mahatma Gandhi? resource across the regions.
(a) Conservation of resources (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(b) Use of resources reason is the correct explanation of
(c) Greedy and selfish individuals and assertion.
exploitative nature of modern technology (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(d) Backward technology reason is not the correct explanation of
Ans Delhi 2019
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(c) Greedy and selfish individuals and (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
exploitative nature of modern technology
Ans SQP 2017

21. Who was against mass production and (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
wanted to replace it with the production by
the masses ? 24. Which of the following is a root cause
(a) Nehru ji for resource depletion at the global level
(b) Gandhiji according to Mahatma Gandhi?
(c) Vallabhbhai Patel (a) Conservation of resources

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) Use of resources Ans Delhi 2011, 2010

(c) Greedy and selfish individuals and (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
exploitative nature of modern technology
(d) Backward technology 28. Fill the table with correct information-

Ans Foreign 2019 Name Crop can Peculiar quality

(c) Greedy and selfish individuals and of soil be sown
exploitative nature of modern technology Black A-? High water holding
soil capacity
25. Identify the land-
B-? Sugarcane, Very fertile, contain
• Includes rocky, arid and desert areas.
Paddy, potash, phosphoric
• This land put to other non-agricultural
wheat acid and lime
uses includes settlements, roads, railways
industry etc. (a) A - Tea, Coffee.B -Alluvial soil
• Continuous use of this land over a long (b) A -Cotton,.B -Black soil
period of time without taking appropriate (c) A -Tea, Coffee,.B -Red soil
measures to conserve and manage it, has (d) A -Cotton.B -Alluvial soil
resulted in land degradation. Ans OD 2019
Select the appropriate option from the
(d) A -Cotton. B -Alluvial soil.
following.
(a) Waste land 29. Who presented Gandhian philosophy in his
(b) Forest land book Small is Beautiful?
(c) Fallow land (a) Brundtland Commission Report
(d) Grazing land (b) Club of Rome
Ans OD 2020 (c) Gandhiji
(d) Schumacher
(a) Waste land
Ans SQP 2010
26. At the international level Club of Rome
(d) Schumacher
advocated resource conservation for the first
time in ___. 30. Identify the personality-
(a) 1974 (b) 1968 • He was very active in voicing his concern
(c) 1987 (d) 1992 about resource conservation.
Ans Comp 2018 • His words were: “There is enough for
everybody’s need and not for any body’s
(b) 1968
greed”.
27. Assertion - Processes of soil formation and • He placed the greedy and selfish
erosion goes simultaneously and creates a individuals and exploitative nature of
balance between the two. modern technology as the root cause for
Reason : The denudation of the soil cover resource depletion at the global level.
and subsequent washing down is soil erosion • He was against mass production and
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and wanted to replace it with the production
reason is the correct explanation of by the masses.
assertion. Select the appropriate option from the
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but following.
reason is not the correct explanation of (a) Schumacher (b) Gandhiji
assertion. (c) Brundtland (d) None of these
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Ans OD 2017
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(b) Gandhiji

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page 159

31. When was the Brundtland Commission List I (Types) ListII (Method)
formed and its report published?
(a) 1992 (b) 1987 C. Contour 3. Along the slope of
(c) 1974 (d) 1968 ploughing mountain

Ans Comp 2007, 2005

D. Crop 4. Different crops
rotation grown in systematic
(b) 1987 succession
32. Assertion - Soil is the most important (a) A−1, B−4, C−3, D−2
renewable natural resource. (b) A−3, B−4, C−1, D−2
Reason : Soil supports different types of (c) A−4, B−1, C−3, D−2
living organisms on earth. (d) A−2, B−1, C−3, D−4
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Ans Comp 2018
reason is the correct explanation of
(b) A−2, B−1, C−3, D−4
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 36. Which relief feature provides facilities for
reason is not the correct explanation of tourism and ecological aspects?
assertion. (a) plain
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (b) plateau
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (c) Island
Ans OD 2017 (d) Mountains
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Ans OD 2008
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(d) Mountains
33. What is the name of the report Brundtland
37. Identify the land which is 27% under a certain
Commission published?
relief feature.
(a) Our common future
(a) plain
(b) Our common past
(b) plateau
(c) Our common present
(c) Island
(d) Small is Beautiful
(d) Mountains
Ans Foreign 2015
Ans Foreign 2010, 2009
(a) Our common future
(b) plateau
34. The most widespread relief feature of India is
(a) Mountains (b) Plains 38. The deep cracks in the soil during hot weather
(c) Plateaus (d) Island formed due to-
Ans SQP 2014

(b) Plains

35. Match the following and choose correct

option.
List I (Types) ListII (Method)
A. Terrace 1. Different crops
farming grown parallely
B. Strip 2. Hill slopes are used
cropping as cultivable land in
(a) Change in weather condition.
the form of flat cut
(b) Affinity of soil towards water.
regions of slope

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(c) Due to presence of excessive fine clay. 42. What is the percentage of the culturable
(d) All of the above. waste land in India?
Ans Delhi 2012
(a) 8% (b) 7.7%
(c) 4.41% (d) 3%
(d) All of the above.
Ans Comp 2012
39. What is the gross cropped area ? (c) 4.41%
(a) Area sown more than once in an
agricultural year plus net sown area 43. Fallow land is a kind of agricultural land. It
(b) Area sown more than once in an is _______ fertile.
agricultural year minus net sown area (a) not (b) less
(c) Area sown with crops but is counted only (c) more (d) most
once. Ans OD 2015
(d) Double of the area sown more than once
in an agricultural year (b) less

Ans OD 2017 44. Match the following columns :

(a) Area sown more than once in an Column-I Column-II
agricultural year plus net sown area (Type of Soil) (Crops Grown)
40. Assertion - Arid soil is unsuitable for A. Arid soil 1. Cotton and
cultivation. groundnut
Reason : Arid soil is generally sandy in B. Black soil 2. Jowar and Bajra
texture and saline in nature. It restricts the
C. Laterite soil 3. Tea and coffee
filtration of water.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and D. Mountain/ 4. Cashew and spices
reason is the correct explanation of Forest soil
assertion. Option :
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2
reason is not the correct explanation of (b) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2
assertion. (c) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (d) A - 2, B - 4, C - 1, D - 3
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. Ans SQP 2017
Ans Foreign 2010
(c) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
45. Arrange the following types of soil found as
41. What is the net sown area ? the major soil types in India from north to
(a) Area sown more than once in an south-
agricultural year plus net sown area 1. Forest and mountainous soil.
(b) Area sown more than once in an 2. Black soil.
agricultural year minus net sown area 3. Alluvial soil.
(c) Area sown with crops but is counted only 4. Red and Yellow soil.
once. Option :
(d) Double of the area sown more than once (a) 1, 2, 3, 4
in an agricultural year (b) 1, 3, 2, 4
Ans Delhi 2009 (c) 1, 4, 3, 2
(d) 2, 3, 4, 1
(c) Net area sown more than once in an
agricultural Ans Delhi 2009

(b) 1, 3, 2, 4

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page 161

46. What name is given to the land which is left Ans Delhi 2008

free for 1 to 5 years uncultivated? (d) population density

(a) culturable wasteland
(b) Barren land 50. Complete the table with correct information-
(c) waste land Summit Year Held at Aim
(d) grazing land
Rio de Janeiro A - ? Brazil B-?
Ans SQP 2011 earth summit
(a) culturable wasteland (a) A -June 1992 B -For addressing urgent
problems of environmental protection.
47. Identify the process-
(b) A -May 1992 B -For addressing urgent
• Is a gradual process.
problems of environmental protection
• It is the displacement of the upper layer
(c) A -July 1992 B -For addressing urgent
of soil.
problems of environmental protection
• Is a natural process.
(d) A -June 1992 B -For addressing urgent
• Caused by the dynamic activity of
problems of economy.
water, ice, snow, air, plants, animals and
humans. Ans Foreign 2006

Option : (a) A -June 1992 B -For addressing urgent

(a) Soil Erosion problems of environmental protection.
(b) Soil Conservation
(c) Soil Mixture 51. The total geographical area of India is
(d) Bad Soil ____.
(a) 328 million square kilometer
Ans OD 2005
(b) 3.28 million square kilometer
(a) Soil Erosion (c) 32.8 million square kilometer
(d) 0.328 million square kilometer
48. Assertion - Controlling on mining activities
doesn’t control land degradation. Ans OD 2007

Reason : In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, (b) 3.28 million square kilometer
Madhya Pradesh, deforestation has occurred
due to overgrazing, not minings 52. Arrange the following in the correct sequence
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (land degradation by percentage:
reason is the correct explanation of 1. Forest degraded area
assertion. 2. Water eroded area
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 3. Wind eroded area
reason is not the correct explanation of 4. Saline and alkaline deposits
assertion. Option :
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (a) 2, 1, 3, 4 (b) 4, 2, 1, 3
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (c) 2, 4, 1, 3 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
Ans Comp 2014, 2009 Ans Comp 2021

(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) 2, 1, 3, 4

49. Which of the following is not a physical factor 53. What is the percentage of net sown area out
to determine land use? of the total reporting area in India?
(a) climate condition (a) 54 per cent
(b) soil type (b) 28 per cent
(c) topography (c) 70 per cent
(d) population density (d) 81 per cent

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Delhi 2009

57. Arrange the following layers of soil from top
(a) 54 per cent to bottom in a soil profile-
1. Substratum weathered parent rock
54. The pattern of net sown area varies greatly material.
from one state to another. It is over ___ 2. Unweathered parent bed rock.
percent of the total area in Punjab and 3. Top soil.
Haryana. 4. Subsoil weathered rocks, sand and slit
(a) 20 (b) 80 clay.
(c) 10 (d) 40 Option :
Ans Foreign 2014 (a) 3, 4, 1, 2 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(b) 80 (c) 2, 1, 4, 3 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
Ans Comp 2022
55. ‘Study the picture and answer the question
that follows: (a) 3, 4, 1, 2

58. What is the net sown area ?

(a) Area sown more than once in an
agricultural year plus net sown area
(b) Area sown more than once in an
agricultural year minus net sown area
(c) Area sown with crops but is counted only
once.
(d) Double of the area sown more than once
in an agricultural year
Ans OD 2021, 2019

(c) Net area sown more than once in an

agricultural
Which of the following best signifies the 59. Assertion - Terrace cultivation does not
above image? restrict erosion.
(a) Biotic Reason : Running water cuts through the
(b) Abiotic clayey soils and makes deep channels as
(c) Renewable Resource gullies. This helps to cultivate crops.
(d) Non-Renewable Resource (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Ans OD 2013 reason is the correct explanation of
(a) Biotic assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
56. What is the main reason behind global reason is not the correct explanation of
ecological crises such as global warming and assertion.
environmental pollution ? (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(a) Depletion of resources (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(b) Accumulation of resources in a few hand Ans Delhi 2007
(c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(d) Use of resources
Ans SQP 2013 60. Which among the following is a type
(c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources of resources classified on the basis of
exhaustibility?
(a) Biotic and abiotic.

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page 163

(b) Renewable and non-renewable. What was the indicator used by Ravi to
(c) National and individual. compare the development?
(d) Potential and reserves. (a) Average Income
Ans SQP 2016
(b) Human Development Index
(c) Gross Domestic Production
(b) Renewable and non-renewable (d) All of the above
61. Match the following items given in column-I Ans Comp 2014
with those in column-II. Choose the correct (b) Human Development Index
answer from the codes given below :
64. Study the picture and answer the question
Column-I Column-II
that follows:
A. Gully 1. Develop under
erosion tropical and
subtropical climate
B. Bad land 2. Old Alluvial soil
C. Laterite soil 3. Chambal Basin
D. Bhangar 4. Land unfit for
cultivation
Option :
(a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1 Which of the following best signifies the
(b) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2 above image?
(c) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2 (a) Biotic
(d) A - 3, B - 4, C - 2, D - 1 (b) Abiotic
Ans Delhi 2008
(c) Renewable Resource
(d) Non-Renewable Resource
(c) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2
Ans OD 2013

62. Which of the following is correct for laterite (d) Non-Renewable Resource
soil ?
(i) It develops under tropical and subtropical 65. Identify the resources which the help of
climate with alternative wet and dry following clues -
season. • They belong to the nation.
(ii) There soil are sticky when wet. • The country has legal powers to acquire
(a) Only (i) even private property for public good.
(b) Only (ii) • example-All the minerals, water resources,
(c) Both (i) and (ii) forests, wildlife, land within the political
(d) Neither (i) or (ii) boundaries and oceanic area upto 12
Ans SQP 2017
nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast.
Select the appropriate option from the
(a) Only (i) following.
63. Read the information given below and select (a) Inter national Resources
the correct answer: (b) National Resources
Ravi was trying to compare the development (c) Community Owned Resources
of India with her neighbouring countries. He (d) Individual Resources
found that Sri Lanka is more developed than Ans Delhi 2006

India but lacks behind in terms of the size of (b) National Resources
economy.

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

66. Match the following columns : Ans Delhi 2012, 2009

(c) Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992.

Column-I Column-II
(Type of Soil) (States) 69. Arrange the following soil types found in
A. Laterite soil 1. Western Madhya India as per area covered by them-(From
Pradesh higher to lower)
1. Red soil.
B. Alluvial soil 2. Western Rajasthan
2. Black soil.
C. Black soil 3. Karnataka 3. Arid soil.
D. Arid soil 4. Uttar Pradesh 4. Alluvial soil.
Option :
Option :
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 4, 2, 1, 3
(a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2
(c) 2, 4, 1, 3 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
(b) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2
(c) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2 Ans OD 2005

(d) A - 3, B - 1, C - 2, D - 1 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
Ans Foreign 2014
70. Study the table and answer the question
(c) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2 given below :
Some comparative data on Haryana, Kerala
67. In the Summit-
and Bihar
• More than 100 heads of states met in Rio
de Janeiro in Brazil State Infant Literacy Net
• The Summit was convened for addressing Mortality Rate % Attendance
urgent problems of environmental Rate per 2011 Ratio
protection 1000 live (per 100
• The Rio Convention endorsed the global births persons)
Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 (2016) secondary
The Rio Convention endorsed the global stage (age
Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 14 and 15
Identify the event : years 2013-
(a) First International Earth 14)
(b) Second International Earth
Haryana 33 82 61
(b) Third International Earth
(d) Fifth International Earth Kerala 10 94 83
Ans OD 2012 Bihar 38 62 43
(a) first International Earth Source : Economic Survey, 2017-18 Vol.
2 Government of India : National Sample
68. Identify the event- Survey Organisation (Report No.575).
• Held in June 1992. In comparison to Kerala which state has the
• Covered for addressing urgent problems highest infant mortality rate.
of environmental protection and socio- (a) Bihar (b) Kerala
economic development at the global level. (c) Haryana (d) All
• Adopted agenda 21. Ans Delhi 2020
• More than 100 heads of states met in this
(a) Bihar
event.
(a) The Citizens’ Fifth Report,1999 71. Assertion - alluvial soil is ideal for the growth
(b) Club of Rome of sugarcane, paddy, wheat etc.
(c) Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992. Reason : It is rich in potash, phosphoric, acid
(d) Our Common Future and lime.

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(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Ans Delhi 2020

reason is the correct explanation of Resource planning is consisting of complex

assertion. processes which are given below :
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (1) Identification and inventory of resources
reason is not the correct explanation of across the regions of the country. This
assertion. involves surveying mapping, qualitative
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. and quantitative estimation and
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. measurement of the resources.
Ans SQP 2010
(2) Evolving a planning structure endowed
with appropriate technology, skill and
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and institutional set up for implementing
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. resource development plans.
(3) Matching the resource development plans
with overall national development plans.
VERY SHORT QUESTIO
75. Suggest any three ways to improve health
and nutritional status of people in India.
72. Describe any three main features of ‘Alluvial
Ans Delhi 2020
soil’ found in India.
Ans OD 2019
The three ways to improve health and
nutritional status of people in India are given
Major characteristics of Alluvial Soil are : below :
(1) Alluvial soil is considered as one of the (1) Eat healthy food daily, keep your body
most fertile soils amongst all soil types. healthy.
(2) Alluvial soil contains sand, silt and clay (2) When we eat fruits check whether it is
mainly due to silt deposited by the Indo- clean or not. If you eat unclear fruits you
Gangetic-Brahmaputra rivers. . will suffer from disease.
(3) Alluvial soil contains an ample amount of (3) Eat daily some Vitamin C rich fruits like
potash, phosphoric acid and lime. grapes, apples, orange etc.
73. Describe any three main features of ‘Black 76. Classify resources on the basis of origin.
soil’ found in India.
Ans OD 2018, 2016
Ans OD 2019
Resources classification on the basis of origin:
Major characteristics of Black soil are: (1) Biotic resources : All living organisms in our
(1) Black soil is fine textured and clayey in environment are known as biotic resources.
nature. It is suitable for growing cotton. Example : Tree, animal, insects etc.
(2) Black soil has high amount of lime, iron, (2) Abiotic resources : All non-living things
magnesium and generally low quantities present in our environment are known as
of Phosphorus, Nitrogen and organic abiotic resources. Example : earth, air,
matter. water, metals, rocks etc.
(3) It is formed from weathered lava rocks,
thus is black in colour. 77. State any two goals of development other
(4) It has a high clay content and therefore is than income.
highly retentive of water. It is extremely Ans SQP 2018
fertile in most of the places where it is
Income is definitely one of the most important
found.
aspect of our lives, but there are other
74. Describe the different steps of ‘resource important goals of development, such as:
planning.’

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

89. Distinguish between stock and reserve giving (2) Land provides us all necessities of life—
one example of each. food, clothing and shelter.
Ans SQP 2009
(3) Without land no organism can survive
even their existence cannot be dreamt
Stock Reserve without land.
Hence, land is very useful to us. Nature has
Stocks are those Reserves are those
provided land to us. It is a prime resource.
materials which have stocks for which we
potential to satisfy have technical know- 92. Since the land under pasture has reduced,
human needs but how but are not in what impact it had on cattle-rearing ?
cannot be utilized use. Explain two points.
due to lack of Ans Comp 2022
technical know-how.
Impact of Reduction of Pastures on Cattle
Example : Minerals Examples : forests,
rearing : Only 4% of the land in India is
found in the sea bed reservoirs.
under permanent pastures which has a bad
or under oceans.
impact on cattle-rearing.
1. Because of the lack of pastures, there
90. Distinguish between natural resources and
is tremendous pressure of livestock
cultural resources.
population on agricultural land.
Ans OD 2007 2. Cattle have to be reared on farm wastes,
grain-chaff and few fodder crops.
Natural Resources Cultural Resources
93. What do you know about Agenda-21 ? What
Resources which Resources created
were its aims ?
are provided to us by humans are
by nature are called called cultural Ans Delhi 2014

natural resources. resources. Science Agenda-21 : It is the declaration signed

Some such resources and technology, by world leaders in 1992 at the United
are those of land, engineering, Nation’s Conference on Environment and
water, minerals and machines, Development (UNCED), which took place at
forests etc. buildings, Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil.
monuments, Aims : It aims at achieving Global
paintings as well as Sustainable Development. It is an agenda
social institutions like to combat the environment damage, poverty
associations, families and diseases through global co-operation on
etc. are all cultural common interests, mutual needs and shared
resources. responsibilities. One major objective of the
Agenda-21 is that every local government
91. ‘Land is a prime resource’. Explain the should drawn its own local Agenda-21.
statement.
o 94. In which parts of India laterite soils are
What are the main advantages of India’s land found? State the crops supported by this soil.
under a variety of relief features ? Ans SQP 2007

Ans Foreign 2007 Laterite soils are found mainly in the states
Land is a prime resource : of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya
(1) All types of organisms including man are Pradesh and the hilly regions of Orissa and
born, flourish, mature and at last meet Assam. In the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala
their end on land. and Tamil Nadu this soil is suitable for the

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(1) Judicious and careful utilisation of (2) Various forces of nature such as change
resources. in temperature, actions of running
(2) Preventing wastage of resources and water, wind and glaciers, activities of
misuse of resources. decomposers, etc. contribute to the
(3) Use of alternatives or substitutes in the formation of soil.
case of non-renewable resources. (3) Chemical and organic changes which take
place in the soil are equally important.
84. ‘Resources are a function of human activities’. (4) Soil also consists of organic (humans) and
Explain. inorganic materials.
Ans
87. What steps can be taken to promote soil
Natural endowments of environment are conservation?
nature’s free gift. But these become resources o
only when man utilises then. These resources Suggest any three measures of soil
are a function of human activities. Human conservation.
beings transform material available in our
environment into resources. For example, Ans Foreign 2010

Wood is transformed into furniture by a By ploughing along the contour lines,

carpenter. So human beings are essential water will not run down the slopes. This is
components of resources. called contour ploughing. Steps can be cut
out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace
85. How is climate the most important factor in cultivation restricts erosion. Large fields can
soil formation ? Explain two reasons. be divided in to strips. Strips of grass are
Ans OD 2018 left to grow between the crops. This breaks
Climate is an important factor that up the force of the wind, and this method
contributes to the formation of soil. is known as strip-cropping. Planting rows
(a) Climate determines the rate of weathering of trees to create shelter also works in the
and the type of vegetation. similar way. The rows of such trees are called
(b) As the rocks are exposed to the sunlight shelter belts.
during day time, they expand and in the 88. What do you know about Earth Summit ?
evening when the sun goes down, they What were its aims ?
contract. The expansion and contraction
causes cracks in the rocks. Ans Comp 2013, 2011

(c) During night when it rains, the rain In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states
water enters through the cracks. As the met in Rio-de-Janeiro in Brazil, for the first
temperature goes down, the rain water International Earth Summit.
in the cracks freezes that further expands Aims : The summit was convened for
the cracks and, thus, easily eroded by the addressing urgent problems of environmental
running water. protection and socio-economic development
at the global level.
86. Explain the major factors which are Declaration of the Summit : The assembled
responsible for the formation of soil. leaders signed the declaration on Global
Ans Delhi 2017 Climate Change and the Biological Diversity.
(1) Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, The Rio Convention endorsed the Global
vegetation and other forms of life and time Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for
are important factors in the formation of achieving Sustainable Development in the
soil. 21st century.

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) Sheet erosion : Sometimes water flow as SHORT Answer QUESTIO

a sheet over large areas down a slope. In
this case top layer of.the soil is washed
away. 102. How is the issue of sustainability important
(3) Wind erosion : Wind blows off loose and for development? Explain with examples.
dry soil from flat and sloping land causing Ans SQP 2019
erosion.
(1) Sustainable use of natural resources is the
100. Give the distribution of alluvial soils in brief. process by which economic, industrial and
social needs are met but the resources are
Ans Foreign 2017
to be managed and exploited in such a
The entire northern plains are made up of way that the biodiversity, balance in the
alluvial soils. ecosystem, and the biological cycle like
(1) These have been deposited by three carbon, nitrogen and water cycle are not
important Himalyan river systems—the destroyed.
Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. (2) Coal, oil and natural gas are chiefly
(2) These soils also extend into Rajasthan used to provide electricity and to power
and Gujarat through a narrow corridor. vehicles. We should take advantage of the
(3) These are also found in the eastern coastal abundance of solar, wind, wave, tidal and
plains in the deltas of the Mahanadi, thermal energy that is free, renewable and
Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers. sustainable. These resources will provide
more than enough green electricity which
101. The pattern of the net sown area varies
can then power all the industries, homes
greatly from one state to another. It is
and transport that we need.
over 80 per cent of the total area in Punjab
(3) Sustainability lays emphasis on
and Haryana and less than 10 percent in
environmental protection and check
Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and
environmental degradation, moreover,
Andaman Nicobar Islands.
to stop over exploitation and over use of
Find out reasons for the low proportion of
resources.
net sown area in these states.
Ans OD 2013 103. Describe the importance of judicious use of
resources.
Reasons for the low proportion of net sown
area are as follows : Ans Delhi 2020

(1) Mostly tribal groups live in this region. The importance of judicious use of resources
Even today they practice shifting are given below :
cultivation. (1) Resource planning : The planning is
(2) These states are covered by dense tropical an important step in country like India
forests. where resources are enormously diverse
(3) These states receive very heavy rainfall. for judicious use of resources. It provides
(4) The terrain of these regions is rocky. economically viable and sustainable
(5) There is lack of fertile alluvial soil. solution to the issues related to resources
and serves efficiently and effectively.
(2) Management resources : The proper
management is vital for the efficient and
sustainable use of resources. The proper
management of resources successfully
links the human and resources resulting
in its judicious use.

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growth of tea and coffee. Red laterite soils of Ans OD 2016

Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are Resource planning is a complex process which
more suitable for crops like cashewnuts. involves the following steps :
(1) Identification and inventory of resources
95. “All biotic resources are not renewable”. across the regions of the country.
Discuss the statement. This involves surveying, mapping and
Ans Delhi 2010 qualitative and quantitative estimation
Biosphere is the source of all biotic resources. and measurement of the resources.
The biotic resources include forests, (2) Evolving a planning structure endowed
agricultural crops and wildlife. Coal and with appropriate technology, skill and
petroleum also come under biotic resources institutional set up for implementing
because they have originated from organic resource development plans.
matter which was buried in the earth’s (3) Matching the resource development plans
interior millions of year ago. Forests, fish, with overall national development plans.
crops, etc. are renewable resources. But coal 98. What is soil erosion ? Mention two main
and petroleum are not renewable resources. causes of it.
They are exhaustible on the large scale. It o
takes a long time for the renewal. What is soil erosion ? Write two human
activities that lead to soil erosion.
96. What do you understand by conservation
of resources for sustainable benefit of the Ans Delhi 2009

present as well as future generations ? Removal of top soil at a large scale from one
o place to another by some natural agents, such
Define the concept conservation of resources. as wind, water and air or human activities is
Why is it necessary ? known as soil erosion.
Ans Comp 2011
Causes of Soil Erosion :
(1) The running water cuts through the clayey
Conservation is judicious and planned use of soil and makes deep channels as gullies.
natural resources for sustainable benefit to The soil becomes .unfit for cultivation.
the present generation. It also maintains a (2) Deforestation in particular, leads to the
potential to meet the needs and aspirations frequency of floods which cause extensive
of future generations. damage to our soils.
Conservation is necessary because : (3) In dry and sandy areas, wind is the main
(1) Our resources are limited in nature, cause of soil erosion. Exposed, loose
therefore they have to be used judiciously. sandy soil (top soil) is easily blown away
(2) Many of the resources are non-renewable by wind and deposited in other areas.
in nature therefore extra care has to be (4) Reckless felling of trees and overgrazing
taken. destroy the vegetation cover which
(3) Their conservation is necessary for our provides protective cover to the soil. It
own sustenance and for the ongoing does not protect the soil now.
economic developmental processes.
99. Explain three types of soil erosion.
97. Mention the steps which are involved in Ans OD 2014, 2011
resource planning.
o (1) Gully erosion : The running water cuts
Explain three steps involved in the resource through the clayey soils and makes deep
planning in India. channels, called gullies. They make the
land unfit for cultivation. Such lands are
called ‘Badlands’.

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) Equal treatment, security and dignity for These are also called continuous flow
all citizens. resources. Solar energy, wind energy, water
(2) Safe and secured environment for women power, forests and wildlife are its examples.
to make progress in every walk of their
life. 81. What can be the harmful result of
indiscriminate use of resources ?
78. How can two persons have different Ans OD 2014, 2011
developmental goals?
The indiscriminate use of resources is self-
Ans Comp 2018
suicide and very disastrous for us in a number
Different persons have different notions of ways :
of development because life situations of (1) To meet the greed of few individuals, the
persons are different. Development for resources will be depleted at a rapid speed.
one may not be development for other. It (2) The accumulation of resources in few
may even be destructive for the other. For hands would divide the society into have
example, an industrialist may want more and have nots or the rich and the poor,
dams for electricity but this may submerge which would be quite unjust and dangerous
the land and disrupt the lives of people who for the harmonious development of the
are displaced. society.
(3) Indiscriminate use of resources would
79. What are resources ? State the important lead to global crisis such as depletion of
characteristics of resources. ozone layer, pollution of the environment,
o land degradation and global warming.
What are resource ? Describe their two
feature. 82. Distinguish between human made resources
Ans SQP 2014
and natural resources. Give two distinctions.

All the useful elements of environment which Ans Comp 2016,

satisfy human needs are called resources.

Characteristics : Natural Resources Human made
(1) These are free gifts of nature and useful Resources
elements of environment. 1. Resources which Resources which
(2) These are technologically accessible. are gifts of nature. are created by
(3) These are economically feasible. man.
(4) These satisfy basic needs of man. 2. It is of two types- These are
(5) These are culturally acceptable. biotic and abiotic, developed by man
(6) These are limited in quantity. e.g., biotic-plants using his skill
and animals, and knowledge
80. What are renewable resources ? Which
abiotic- rocks and by utilising
processes are used to renew them ?
metals. natural resources
Ans Foreign 2020
e.e., machines,
Renewable resources are those resources which technology.
can be reused. These can be reproduced like
crops, trees, etc. Three processes are used for 83. Mention any three measures of conservation
their renewable : of resources.
(a) Physical Process Ans Delhi 2020, 2018
(b) Chemical Process
Three measures of conservation of resources
(c) Mechanical Process
are :

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(3) Awareness : The awareness plays an Human development index is prepared on the
important role in planning, management basis of :
and use of resources. It is an responsibility (1) It is also one of the most important
of an individual to affectionately plan criteria for the development of a country.
and manage their local resources and (2) It measures the average age of a person in
should manage and harness them in the a country. It help us to know the health
sustainable and best possible way like a facilities of the country.
vacant piece of community land that can (3) It measures the education gained at three
be brought under use by building parks, levels at the primary, secondary and
garden, etc. higher education level.
(4) It measures the average income earned
104. Why is sustainability important for income by its total population. It is
development ? Explain. per person in a given area (city, region,
Ans OD 2020 national income divided by population
The issue of sustainability is important for country, etc.) in a specified year. It is
development because : calculated by dividing the area’s total
(1) With the passage of times the generation income by its total population. It is
changes and with this change society national income divided by population
wants more and more benefits from size.
the resources which are present in our 106. What are the main advantages of India’s land
nature. under a variety of relief features ?
(2) The increasing needs of people decaying
things day by day and excessive use is Ans SQP 2017

making things worse. If the speed of using Lands on the basis of relief features can be
resources remains same then the available broadly categorized as mountains with very
resources will be exhausted soon and our high to high altitudes plateaus with moderate
coming generation will stay deprived altitudes and plains with lower altitude.
from all kind of needs. In India 30 per cent area are mountainous
(3) The growth and development should be 27 per cent are plateaus and 43 per cent are
done by keeping in mind the future usage. plains, all of these have specific advantages
(4) If resources will not be sustained for to be utilised.
future then our natural resources will be (1) Mountains are source to many streams
exhausted after some time and upcoming and rivers, some of them are perennial.
generations will not be able to take the These regions have very high potential
advantage of these natural resources. for hydro electricity productions, etc.,
(5) This concept stresses the role of the and also sites for eco-tourism.
environment as capital. (2) Plateaus are mostly laden with minerals,
fossil fuels and forest, etc., so are
105. How is the criterion used by the UNDP economically most productive.
different from the World Bank for measuring (3) Plains are most important land resource
the development of a country ? Explain. for human beings. These are fertile and
Ans OD 2020 most of the food crops, etc., are grown
World Bank uses per capita income to here and also for economic use it is
measure the development whereas UNDP exploited for development of factories,
(United Development Programme) measure roads, etc.
the development on the basis of Human But all these advantages should be exploited
Development Index. sustainably.

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

107. Explain the classification of resources on the usable form. For example, water (H20) is a
basis of origin. compound by two inflammable gases, i.e.,
o hydrogen and oxygen, but human beings do
Distinguish between biotic and abiotic not have the required technology to use them
resources. as a source of energy.
Ans Delhi 2020, 2019
109. Explain any four human activities which are
On the basis of origin resources are of two types: mainly responsible for land degradation in
(a) Biotic resources and (b) Abiotic resources. India.
Distinguish between Biotic and Abiotic o
resources : What are the reasons for land degradation ?
Ans Foreign 2005
Biotic Resources Abiotic Resources
Reasons : Some human activities such as
1. They consist of They consist of
deforestation, overgrazing, mining and
living things. non-living things.
quarrying have contributed significantly in
2. They can continue They do not land degradation.
to reproduce have capacity to (1) Deforestation due to mining have caused
and regenerate reproduce and severe land degradation.
their population regenerate their (2) Over irrigation is also responsible for land
in favourable population. degradation due to water logging.
environment. (3) Industrial effluent as wastes have become
3. They are They are non- a major source of land degradation.
renewable. renewable. (4) The mineral processing like grinding of
limestone for ceramic industry generates
4. They are affected They are free from
huge quantity of dust that settles down
by the external environmental
on the land and degrades it.
environment. effects.
5. Examples : Crops, Examples : Coal, 110. Distinguish between the renewable and non-
animals, birds, petroleum, natural renewable resources.
reptiles and fishes, gas, iron-ore and o
etc. aluminium, etc. Classify resources on the basis of exhaustibility
in two groups. Mention three characteristics
108. How are potential resources different from of each.
stock resources ? o
Ans Comp 2013
Explain the types of resources on the basis of
exhaustibility with the help of examples.
Potential Resources : Resources which are Ans OD 2010
found in a region, but have not been utilised
due to lack of capital or other reasons. Renewable Non-Renewable
For example, the western parts of India, Resources Resources
particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have 1. These resources These resources
enormous potential for the development of can be renewed cannot be
wind and solar energy, but so far, these have or obtained even reproduced after
not been developed properly. after they are their use.
Stock Resources : These are the materials used.
in the environment which have the potential
2. These are not These are
to satisfy the human needs but could not be
exhaustible due exhaustible due to
used as the human being do not have the
to constant use. constant use.
appropriate technology to convert them into

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Renewable Non-Renewable (2) Developed resources : These include

Resources Resources resources which are surveyed and
their quality and quantity have been
3. Forests, crops, Minerals, iron, coal, determined for utilization. For example,
fish are the oil are non-renewable coal, iron, manganese, etc.
examples. resources. (3) Stock : Materials in the environment
4. They are Once these are used, which have the potential to satisfy human
renewable. they cannot be needs but human beings do not have the
They can be reproduced. appropriate technology to access them
reproduced. are called stock. For example, geothermal
energy.
111. “Alluvial soils provide food for more than (4) Reserves : Resources which can be put
half of the total population of India.” Give into use with the help of existing technical
reasons in favour of this statement. ‘know-how’ but their use has not been
Ans OD 2014 started. These can be used for meeting
future requirements. For example, water
(1) Alluvial soil is the most widely spread
in dams, forests, etc.
and important soil in India. These soils
extend in the northern plains. These are 113. Distinguish between moun-tainous soil and
also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat desert soil.
through a narrow corridor.
Ans Foreign 2010
(2) It is also found-in the southern part
of India in the eastern coastal plains, Mountainous Soil Desert Soil
particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi,
the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri 1. It is formed due It is formed due
rivers. to mechanical to mechanical
(3) Since these soils contain potash, weathering caused weathering of rocks
phosphorus and lime in adequate quantity, by snow, rain sand.
these are ideal for the cultivation of crops and temperature
like sugarcane, paddy, wheat, pulses, etc. variation etc.
(4) Since these are highly fertile, the regions 2. Due to steep It is loose and
of these soils are intensively cultivated slopes, it is less porous in textures
and densely populated. fertile. so, it is unfertile.
So, it is true to say that alluvial soils provide 3. It is deficient It is deficient in
food for more than half of the total population in potash, organic matter.
of India. phosphorus and
112. How are resources classified into various types lime.
on the basis of their status of development ? 4. Wheat, maize, rice Millets can be
Give one example of each type. can be grown. grown.
Ans Comp 2018

On the basis of the status of development

resources can be classified into four types.
(1) Potential resources : These include
resources which are found in a region,
but have not been utilised. For example,
solar and wind energy in Rajasthan and
Gujarat respectively.

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

114. Distinguish between Bangar and Khadar soil. (3) It is becoming increasingly concerned
Ans OD 2014, 2012
with the protection and enhancement of
environmental quality and the establishment
Bangar Soil Khadar Soil of new guidelines for the public use of
common property as air, water and
1. Bangar is the old Khadar is the new
landscape. Therefore, resource management
alluvium. In other alluvium. In other
should be conceived as new conservation.
words, Bangar words, Khadar is
is older than younger in age. 116. Describe the efforts made at the international
Khadar. level for the conservation of resources.
2. Bangar often Khadar is finer, Ans Foreign 2007
contains more sandy and The efforts made for the conservation of
kankar nodules free from kankar resources at the international level are as
with calcium nodules. follows :
carbonates in sub- (1) The Club of Rome advocated resource
soil. conservation for the first time in 1968.
3. Bangar is Khadar is renewed (2) In 1974, Gandhian philosophy was
not renewed frequently and is presented by Schumacher in his book
frequently. Hence, more fertile. ‘Small is Beautiful’.
it is less fertile. (3) In 1987, Brundtland Commission Report
4. Bangar is found Khadar is found made seminar contribution with respect
away from the near river channels to resource conservation. This report
river and higher in deltas and in introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable
than ground level. flood plains. Development’ and advocated it as a
means for resource conservation. It
115. Why resource management should be was later on published in a book, ‘Our
conceived as new conservation ? Common Future’.
(4) In 1992, more than 100 heads of states met
Ans Delhi 2009
in Rio-de-Janeiro in Brazil for the first
(1) The term ‘resource management’ is now International Earth Summit to discuss the
used in place of ‘resource conservation’. problem of environmental protection and
Resource management emphasizes socio-economic development. It adopted
the wise use of the resources aimed Agenda-21 for achieving sustainable
at meeting the current human needs development in the 21st century.
without destroying the ecological balance
and jeopardizing the needs of the future 117. Classify resources on the basis of ownership
generations. It, thus, involves policies into four categories. Mention the main feature
or practices regarding how resources of each.
are allocated under given conditions for o
development. Distinguish between individual resources and
(2) Resource management should be conceived community owned resources. Give any two
as the new dimension of conservation. differences.
The emphasis is upon flexibility and the Ans Delhi 2006, 2005

minimisation of long-term environmental On the basis of ownership resources can be

fatal strobes, while maximising net social classified into four types.
welfare over time. Resource management, (1) Individual resources : These are owned
thus involves strategies of action in evolving privately by individuals. For example,
computation of tactics and methods and a plots, houses, plantation, pasture lands,
variety of objectives. ponds, are owned by individuals.

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(2) Community owned resources : The Ans SQP 2017

resources which are accessible to all the (1) More availability of resources in the
members of the community are called absence of corresponding changes in
community owned resources. For example, technology hinders development.
grazing grounds, burial grounds, picnic (2) In our country certain regions are rich in
spots, play grounds, etc. resources but economically backward due to
(3) National resources : All the minerals, the absence of technological development.
water resources, forests, wildlife, land For example, Chhattisgarh region.
within the political boundaries and (3) Certain regions are poor in resources
oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles from but economically developed because of
the coast belong to the nation. developed technological know how, for
(4) International resources : The oceanic example Punjab.
resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive (4) Various countries of Asia and Africa were
Economic Zone belong to international dominated by European powers primarily due
institutions. to higher level of technological development.
Therefore, resources can contribute to
118. Why is it important to have a planned development only when they are accompanied
strategy for the development of resources in by appropriate technological development.
India ?
120. Give any four points of difference between
Ans OD 2009
red and black soils.
Need of a planned strategy for the development Ans OD 2013
of resources in India due to following reasons: Difference between red and black soils :
(1) In some resources India is very rich
while in some resources India is very Red soil Black soil
poor. The proper planning will created a 1. These soils have These soils develop
balance in the two and the total period of developed due by the weathering
consumption and utilisation will be more to prolonged and decomposition
scientific, rational and authentic. weathering of the of the basaltic rocks
(2) The distribution of various resources in old crystalline of lava plateau or
India is not same regional or statewise. rocks. Deccan trap.
The regions or areas which are having
2. It looks reddish in It appears blackish
more resources can supply some of the
colour. in colour.
resources to that area where there are
resources in scarce or less quantity. 3. It is found in It is found in
(3) The proper planning before the use is the eastern and North-West Deccan
very helpful in checking the misuse or southern parts of plateau.
destruction of the valuable resources. Deccan plateau.
(4) India can save its foreign currency due to 4. These soils are These soils are
proper planning. For example, less import generally less fairly fertile.
of those resources on which India totally fertile. But under
depend on import. Petroleum products irrigation, they
are in very less quantity is India while become quite
their demand in increasing day-by-day. productive.

119. For the development of any region, availability 5. It is ideal for It is ideal for
of resource is not enough, technology for growing cotton, growing rice,
proper exploitation of resource is also groundnut, millets, etc.
necessary. Justify. sugarcane, etc.

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ozone layer depletion, environmental 3. Give two examples of resource availability

pollution and land degradation. in India.
(2) Resources should not be allowed to Ans
accumulate in a few hands. It divides the
society into two segments, i.e., haves and 1. As planning involves identification
have nots or rich and poor. and quantification of resources, so the
(3) Resource planning should be done for optimum utilisation of resources can be
sustainable development. It means done by planning through knowing the
development should take place without exact quantities of resources available
damaging the environment, and and ways can be developed to use them
development in the present should not be properly.
compromised with the needs of the future 2. Planning is necessary in India due to two
generations. reasons. They are
(4) Conservation of resources should be (a) There are regions which are rich in
given priority because they are vital for certain types of resources, but are
developmental activity. deficient in some other resources.
(5) Optimum utilization of resources need (b) There are some regions which can be
to be practised since resources are considered self-sufficient in terms of
available in fixed quantity and cannot be the availability of resources, and there
reproduced or renewed. are some regions which have acute
shortage of some vital resources.
3. India has resource availability which can
be seen by following examples
CASE BASED QUESTIO (a) The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh
and Madhya Pradesh are rich in
minerals and coal deposits.
127. Read the given extract and answer the
(b) Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of
following questions.
water resources.
Planning is the widely accepted strategy for
judicious use of resources. It has importance 128. Read the given extract and answer the
in a country like India, which has enormous following questions.
diversity in the availability of resources. The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent
There are regions which are rich in certain washing down is described as soil erosion.
types of resources, but are deficient in some The processes of soil formation and erosion
other resources. There are some regions which go on simultaneously and generally there is
can be considered self-sufficient in terms of a balance between the two. Sometimes, this
the availability of resources and there are balance is disturbed due to human activities
some regions which have acute shortage of like deforestation, over-grazing, construction
some vital resources. For example, the states and mining etc., while natural forces like
of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion.
Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal The running water cuts through the clayey
deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance soils and makes deep channels as gullies.
of water resources, but lacks in infrastructural The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is
development. known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such
Questions : lands are called ravines. Sometimes water
1. State how the optimum utilisation of flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope.
resources can be done by planning. In such cases the top soil is washed away.
2. Evaluate the necessary of planning in This is known as sheet erosion. Wind blows
India.

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(3) In semi-arid areas land degradation can For achievement of our goal sustainable
be curbed by cultivation technique. It is economic development should be promoted
based on moisture conservation. in all countries without damaging the
(4) The industrial effluents and wastes environment. In the present time we should
are a major cause of land degradation. not compromise with the needs of future
Therefore, effective measures must be generation during developmental process.
taken for the proper discharge and
disposal of industrial effluents and wastes. 125. What do you mean by ‘land use pattern’ ?
(5) Overgrazing of land by animals is to be Name the factors that determine the use of
controlled. land.
(6) It is also necessary to stabilize the shifting Ans Delhi 2008

of sand dunes in the desert areas. It can Land use pattern means utilization of land for
be done by planting thorny bushes. various purposes such as cultivation, grazing
124. Imagine yourself as one of the heads of the of animals, mining, construction of buildings,
states attending the International Earth roads, railways, etc.
Summit at Rio-de Janeiro, Brazil and suggest Factors that determine the use of land :
some methods for environment protection. (1) Topography : Steeply sloping land is not
suitable for cultivation. Marshy lands
Ans OD 2014
cannot be put to use unless they are
I am a student but for the sake of answering properly drained. Rocky lands with soil
the question, I am imagining myself one of cover are also unfit for cultivation. They
the heads of the states. I am attending the may provide some grazing areas. It is
international earth summit at Rio-de Janeiro- mainly the well-drained fertile lowlands
Brazil as the head of India. The following which are put to diverse economic uses.
methods were suggested by me from the (2) Climate : India is a tropical country with
side of my country to combat environmental a year-round growing season, except in
damage, poverty and disease : the mountains. This has made our land
(1) Environment should be protected at more important or valuable for high
all cost throughout the world with the agricultural productivity and the growth
mutual understanding by all countries. of natural vegetation. It accounts for
Land, air, soil should be conserved and the growing of a large variety of crops
protected from pollution. Forest, wildlife, throughout the year.
water animals, etc. should be protected. (3) Accessibility : It also determines land
(2) Poverty should be removed by creation utilization. Lands accessible by roads
of new jobs. Globalisation, liberalisation and railways are more suitable for human
should be adopted by all countries. Liberal habitation and economic activities.
financial help should be extended by (4) Population density, technological
Super Powers to poor and needy countries. capability, culture and traditions are
Sincerely latest developed technology some other factors which determine the
should be provided to all developing use of land.
countries.
(3) Diseases of all type, specially of serious 126. Explain the role of human in resource
and very harmful and challenges nature development.
should be faced with the mutual medical Ans OD 2006

help and exchange of doctors, surgeons, (1) Human beings should not use the resources
experts, knowledge, medical equipments indiscriminately. It has led to global
etc. ecological crisis such as global warming,

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

13. Which of the following is a root cause 16. Match the following and choose correct
for resource depletion at the global level option.
according to Mahatma Gandhi?
Column-I Column-II
(a) Conservation of resources
(b) Use of resources A. Terrace 1. Different crops
(c) Greedy and selfish individuals and farming grown parallely
exploitative nature of modern technology B. Strip cropping 2. Hill slopes are
(d) Backward technology used as cultivable
Ans Delhi 2019 land in the form of
flat cut regions of
(c) Greedy and selfish individuals and
slope
exploitative nature of modern technology
C. Contour 3. Along the slope of
14. Assertion - The availability of resources ploughing mountain
is not the only necessary condition for the
D. Crop rotation 4. Different
development of any region.
crops grown
Reason : Not only availability of resources
in systematic
but also corresponding change in technology
succession
is necessary for development of any region.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Option :
reason is the correct explanation of (a) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 4
assertion. (b) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (c) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2
reason is not the correct explanation of (d) A - 2, B - 4, C - 1, D - 3
assertion. Ans SQP 2018
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(a) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 4
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans OD 2010 17. What is not true about Agenda 21?
(a) It aims for achieving Global Sustainable
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Development.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) It is an agenda to fight environmental
15. Which is the right sequence of the soil profile? damage, poverty, disease etc.
(a) Topsoil , Substratum weathered parent (c) Agenda 21, has legal powers to acquire
rock material,subsoil, Unweathered even private property for public good.
parent bed rock (d) One of its major objectives is that every
(b) Substratum weathered parent rock local govt. should draw its own agenda
material, Unweathered parent bed 21.
rock,subsoil , topsoil Ans OD 2007
(c) Topsoil, Unweathered parent bed rock,
(c) Agenda 21, has legal powers to acquire
Substratum weathered parent rock
even private property for public good
material,subsoil
(d) Topsoil, subsoil, Substratum weathered 18. Assertion - Land is a natural resource of
parent rock material, Unweathered parent utmost importance.
bed rock Reason : Land can be used for various
Ans Foreign 2018 purposes.
(d) Topsoil, subsoil, Substratum weathered (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
parent rock material, Unweathered parent reason is the correct explanation of
bed rock assertion.

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loose soil off flat or sloping land known as erosion, go on simultaneously, and generally
wind erosion. Soil erosion is also caused due there is balance between the two.
to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in
Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to
a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope form
human activities like deforestation, over-
channels for the quick flow of water leading to
grazing, construction and mining, etc. While
soil erosion.
natural forces like wind, glacier and water
Ploughing along the contour lines can lead to soil erosion, the running water cuts
decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. through the clayey soils and makes deep
This is called contour ploughing. Steps can be channels as gullies.
cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace
The land becomes unfit for cultivation and
cultivation restricts erosion. Western and
is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin,
central Himalayas have well developed terrace
such lands are called ravines. Sometimes,
farming. Large fields can be divided into
water flows as sheet over large areas down
strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between
a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed
the crops. This breaks up the force of the
away. This is known as sheet erosion.
wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
Planting lines of trees to create shelter also Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land
works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are known as wind erosion. Soil erosion is also
called shelter belts. These shelter belts have caused due to defective methods of farming.
contributed significantly to the stabilisation of Ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down
sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in the slope from channels for the quick flow of
western India. water leading to soil erosion.
Questions:
Ploughing along the contour lines can
1. The balance of soil formation and erosion
decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
is disturbed due to human activities. Give
This is called contour ploughing. Steps can
one example to prove the statement.
be cut out on the slopes making terraces.
2. What is soil conservation?
Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. Western
3. Differentiate between gully erosion and
and Central Himalayas have well developed
sheet erosion.
terrace farming. Large field can be divided
Ans into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow
1. This balance is disturbed due to between the crops.
overgrazing in states like Gujarat,
This breaks up the force of the wind. This
Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
method is known as strip cropping. Planting
2. Soil conservation refers to the efforts
line of trees to create shelter also works
made to prevent soil from getting eroded.
in similar way. Rows of such trees are
3. Gully erosion occurs when the running
called shelter belts. These shelter belts have
water cuts through the clayey soils and
contributed significantly to the stabilisation of
makes deep channels as gullies. Sheet
sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in
erosion occurs when the top soil gets
Western India.
eroded from very large areas due to the
Questions :
running water.
1. Are humans responsible for soil erosion?
129. Read the given extract and answer the If yes, How?
following questions. 2. What are the negative consequences of
deforestation over soil erosion?
The denudation of the soil cover and
3. State any two positive and negative
subsequent washing down is described as soil
impacts of soil erosion on biodiversity.
erosion. The processes of soil formation and

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans towards the river valleys, soil particles appear

1. Yes, Humans are responsible for soil some what bigger in size. In the upper reaches
erosion. The reasons are of the river valley i.e. near the place of the
(a) Due to cutting down trees the roots break of slope, the soils are coarse. Such soils
of trees that hold the soil together are are more common in piedmont plains such as
destroyed. Duars, Chos and Terai. Apart from the size
(b) Due to mining processes the soil of their grains or components, soils are also
becomes loose and is easily eroded. described on the basis of their age. According
(c) Due to construction of dams the soil to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old
around that area is eroded alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
2. Deforestation means cutting of trees. The Bangar soil has higher concentration of
When trees are cut, the soil becomes kanker nodules than the Khadar soil. It has
loose. When there is heavy rainfall or more fine particles and is more fertile than
flood, the soil being loose is washed away the Bangar.
and this leads to soil erosion. Questions :
3. Two positive impacts of soil erosion on 1. Why alluvial soil requires least water?
biodiversity are 2. What is the reason behind high fertility
• Natural amounts of soil erosion helped of alluvial soil?
feed water sources with essential nutrients, 3. In India, where can one find alluvial soil?
helping the local aquatic ecosystem. Which Indian state has largest deposits
• The erosion also helps in cleaning the soil of of alluvial soil?
any useless materials, such as rotting tree Ans
matter or nutrient-less dirt from the area. 1. Alluvial soil is one of the best soil,
Two negative impacts of soil erosion on requiring the least water due to its high
biodiversity are porosity.
• It has led to increased pollution and 2. Alluvial soil is extremely fertile because
sedimentation in streams and rivers, it is formed by the sediments transported
clogging these waterways and causing by rivers and is a mixture of sand, clay
declines in fish and other species. and silt.
• Degraded lands caused by soil erosion are It has a loamy texture and it is rich in
also often less able to hold onto water, humus. It has good water retention and
which can worsen flooding. water absorbing capacity.
130. Read the given extract and answer the 3. Alluvial soil is found in the regions of
following questions. Indo-Gangetic plains, Punjab, Haryana,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal,
Alluvial soil is the most widely spread and Assam as well as in the Northern parts of
important soil. In fact, the entire Northern Gujarat. Uttar Pradesh has the highest
plains are made of alluvial soil. These have deposit of alluvial soil in India.
been deposited by three important Himalayan
river systems-the Indus, the Ganga and 131. Read the source given below and answer the
the Brahmaputra. These soils also extend questions that follows:
Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow “At present, there are about 130 million
corridor. Alluvial soil is also found in the hectares of degraded land in India.
Eastern coastal plains particularly in the Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs to the
deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the category of forest degraded area, 56 per cent of
Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. it is water eroded area and the rest is affected
The alluvial soil consists of various proportions by saline and alkaline deposits. Some human
of sand, silt and clay. As we move inlands activities such as deforestation, over grazing,

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page 181

mining and quarrying too have contributed can be cut out on the slopes making terraces.
significantly in land degradation.” Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. Western
Questions : and central Himalayas have well developed
1. What are different ways to solve the terrace farming. Large fields can be divided
problems of land degradation ? into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow
2. What is the value of soil as a resource ? between the crops. This breaks up the force
Ans .
of the wind. This method is known as strip
cropping. Planting lines of trees to create
1. There are following ways to solve the shelter also works in a similar way. Rows
problems of land degradation : of such trees are called shelter belts. These
(a) Afforestation shelter belts have contributed significantly
(b) Proper management of grazing. to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in
(c) Planting of shelter belts of plants stabilising the desert in western India.
(d) Control on overgrazing Questions :
(e) Control of mining activities. 1. Which land is known as bad land? In what
2. The soil is of great value as a resource. It basin such lands is known as ravines?
is the most important renewable natural 2. What do you understand by sheet
resource. It is the medium of plant growth erosion?
and support different types of living 3. How does ploughing leads to the erosion?
organisms on earth. For what reasons balance between soil
132. Read the extract and answer the questions erosion and soil formation is disturbed?
that follows: Ans

The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent 1. The land becomes unfit for cultivation
washing down is described as soil erosion. is known as bad land. In Chambal basin
The processes of soil formation and erosion, such lands is known as ravines.
go on simultaneously and generally there is 2. When top soil is washed away by the
a balance between the two. Sometimes, this flows of water then this type of erosion is
balance is disturbed due to human activities called sheet erosion.
like deforestation, over-grazing, construction 3. Ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and
and mining etc., while natural forces like down the slope form channels for the
wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion. quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.
The running water cuts through the clayey Activities of humans like deforestation,
soils and makes deep channels as gullies. over-grazing, construction and mining
The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is etc. cause disturbance between soil
known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such formation and erosion.
lands are called ravines. Sometimes water
133. Read the source given below and answer the
flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope.
questions that follows:
In such cases the top soil is washed away.
This is known as sheet erosion. Wind blows Suppose for the present that a particular
loose soil off flat or sloping land known as country is quite developed. We would certainly
wind erosion. Soil erosion is also caused due like this level of development to go up further or
to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in at least be maintained for future generations.
a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope form This is obviously desirable. However, since
channels for the quick flow of water leading the second half of the twentieth century a
to soil erosion. Ploughing along the contour number of scientists have been warning that
lines can decelerate the flow of water down the the present type and levels of development are
slopes. This is called contour ploughing. Steps not sustainable. Groundwater is an example

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Ch 5 : Resources and Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

of renewable resources. These resources are

replenished by nature as in the case of crops
and plants. However, even these resources
may be overused. For example, in the case
of groundwater, if we use more even what
is being replenished by rain then we would
be overusing this resource. Non-renewable
resources are those which will get exhausted
after years of use. We have a fixed stock on
earth which cannot be replenished. We do
discover new resources that we did not know
of earlier. New sources in this way add to the
stock. However, over time, even this will get
exhausted. Consequences of environmental
degradation do not respect national or state
boundaries; this issue is no longer region or
nation specific. Our future is linked together.
Sustainability of development is comparatively
a new area of knowledge in which scientists,
economists, philosophers and other social
scientists are working together. In general,
the question of development or progress is
perennial. At all times as a member of society
and as individuals we need to ask where we
want to go, what we wish to become and what
our goals are. So, the debate on development
continues.
Questions :
1. Why Scientists are warning that the
present type of development is not
sustainable?
2. What links our future together?
3. What is our duty as member of the
society?
Ans
1. Resources are being overused to the
extent that it will not sustain for future
generations.
2. The fact that impact of overuse of
resources will affect every individual on
the earth.
3. To assess the sustainability of present
model of development and take necessary
actions.

www.nodia.i

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CHAPTER
6
Forest and Wildlife Resources

SUMMAR
10. Himalayan Vegetation : Vegetation in the
Himalayan region that varies from tropical in
the foothills to tundra in higher reaches.
1. Vegetation : The assemblage of plant species
11. Natural Vegetation : The naturally grown
living in association with each other in a
trees, plants and shrubs in an area.
given environmental framework is known as
12. Normal Species : Whose population levels
vegetation.
normal for their survival, such as cattle, sal,
2. Sacred Groves : Nature worship is an age-
pine, rodents. etc.
old tribal belief based on the premise that
13. Endangered Species : The species which are
all creations of nature have to be protected.
in danger of extinction.
Such beliefs have preserved several virgin
14. Vulnerable Species : There are some species
forests in pristine form called sacred groves.
whose population has declined to levels from
3. Joint Forest Management : JFM is a
where it is likely to move into the endangered
programme launched by Orissa government
category in the near future if the negative
during 1990’s for the management and
factors continue to operate.
restoration of degraded forests involving local
15. Mangrove Forests : These are tidal forests
communities.
found in the Ganga-Brahmputra delta called
Rare Species : Species with small population
Sundarbans of West Bengal.
may move into the endangered or vulnerable
16. Biosphere Reserves : The forest areas where
category if the negative factors affecting
all types of flora and fauna are preserved in
them continue to operate.
their natural environment.
4. Biodiversity : The existence of a large number
17. National Parks : Reserved forests where
of different kinds of animals and plants which
natural vegetation and wildlife are preserved
make a balanced environment.
in their natural environment.
5. Biosphere : It is the narrow belt of living
18. Flora : The original natural cover of vegetation
organisms.
consisting of forests, grasslands and shrubs.
6. Ecosystem : The inter-linking and
19. Fauna : All forms of animals found on earth
interdependence of all plants and animals in
in their natural habitat.
a given area.
20. Forest : An extensive area covered with
7. Poaching : An illegal activity of hunting the
spontaneously grown trees.
animals for their skin or horns for economic
21. Wildlife Sanctuary : An area where wild
benefit. International smugglers are involved
animals and birds are kept in their natural
in these illegal activities.
environment.
8. Extinct Species : Species which are not found
22. Ecology : The science which deals with inter-
after searches of known or likely areas where
relationship between various organisms and
they may occur.
physical environment.
9. Reserved Forests : Forests permanently
23. Protected Forest : Forest land protected from
earmarked either for production of timber or
any further depletion.
other forest products.

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Ch 6 : Forest and Wildlife Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

24. Chipko Movement : The movement started 4. Look at the picture below and identify the
in the Himalayas to resist deforestation in extinct species of bird-
several parts of the country.
25. Beej Bachao Andolan : A movement launched
by farmers in Tehri against use of chemical
fertilizers in foodgrain production.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO

1. Which of the following animals of India are

critical on the threatened list?
(a) Mountain quail
(a) The passenger pigeon.
(b) Pink-headed duck
(b) The great auk3.
(c) Cheetah
(c) The dodo bird3.
(d) All of the above
(d) Nicobar megapode.
Ans Comp 2023
Ans SQP 2020
(d) All of the above (d) Nicobar megapode.
2. An endemic cattle mithun is only found in 5. Arrange the following events in order of their
(a) Andaman occurrence-
(b) Arunachal Pradesh 1. Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
(c) Assam 2. Project Tiger Launched.
(d) Kerala 3. Odisha passed 1st resolution for JFM.
Ans OD 2020 4. For the first time plants were added in
the list of protected species.
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
Options :
3. The diverse flora and fauna of the planet are (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
under great threat mainly due to: (c) 2, 1, 3, 2 (d) 1, 4, 2, 3
(a) Global Warming Ans Foreign 2020
(b) Lack of water availability (a) 1, 2, 3, 4
(c) Insensitivity to our environment
(d) Increasing pollution 6. Assertion : Forests plays a key role in the
Ans Delhi 2020
ecological system.
Reason : Forest are the primary producers on
(c) Insensitivity to our environment which all other living beings depend.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Comp 2015

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and

reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

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page 185

7. When was Asiatic Cheetah declared extinct 11. Which of the following is a vulnerable species
in India? in India?
(a) 1948 (b) 1952 (a) Blue sheep
(c) 1960 (d) 2005 (b) Asiatic elephant
Ans OD 2017, 2012
(c) Indian rhino
(d) Both a and b
(b) 1952
Ans Comp 2020
8. Identify the name of the plant- (d) both a and b
1. Known as wild variety of mahua.
2. It had been declared extinct due to 12. In which year was Indian Wildife (Protection)
habitat loss. Act introduced?
3. Mostly found in the state of Karnataka (a) 1980 (b) 1982
and southern part of India. (c) 1972 (d) 1992
4. Restoration efforts of the species are Ans Comp 2016
being attempted.
Option : (c) 1972
(a) Rosa damascena 13. Which is the first project for Wildlife
(b) Madhuca insignis Conservation in India?
(c) Helianthus annuus (a) Project Elephant
(d) Bellis perennis (b) Project Tiger
Ans Delhi 2013 (c) Project Crocodile
(b) Madhuca Insignis (d) None of these
Ans OD 2010
9. Which of the following factor is responsible
for depletion of forest and wildlife? (b) Project Tiger
(a) Agricultural expansion 14. Look at the given picture carefully and choose
(b) Mining the correct option as the best reason for the
(c) Grazing problems mentioned in the picture-
(d) All of the above
Ans SQP 2010

(d) All of the above

10. Assertion : The tree is a peculiar organism of

unlimited kindness.
Reason : Trees are living organisms which makes
no demands for its sustenance, and extends
generously the products of its life activity.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Foreign 2008

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and

(a) Loss of water.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

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Ch 6 : Forest and Wildlife Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

beginning to find a place in conservation Ans Delhi 2009

planning. Several hundred butterflies, (1) In Sariska Tiger Reserve, villagers have
moths, beetles, and one dragonfly have fought against mining.
been added to the list of protected species. (2) In Alwar, Rajasthan, 1200 hectares of
In 1991 for the first time plants were also forest is declared as Bhairodev Dakav
added to the list of protected species. `Sonchuri’ by villagers with their own set of
rules and,--atataliAan-s-that do not allow
85. Write a brief note on ‘Project Tiger’. hunting and are protecting the wildlife
o against any outSifiencroactittients.
What is ‘Project Tiger’ ? Evaluate its success. (3) Chipko movement in Himalayas has not
Ans Comp 2013 only successfully resisted deforestation
Tiger is one of the key wildlife species in the in several areas but has also shown that
faunal web. In 1973, the authorities felt that community afforestation with indigenous
the tiger population had dwindled to 1827 species can be enormously successful.
from an estimated 55,000 at the turn of the (4) Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and
century. Major threats to tigers are poaching Navdanya show crop production without
for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey the use of synthetic chemicals are possible
base species, growing human population, etc. and economically viable.
‘Project Tiger’, one of the well publicised 88. ‘Conservation of Biodiversity’-What are the
wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched different projects undertaken? Discuss their
in 1973. In 1993 the population of tiger objectives and their functioning.
had dropped to 3600. There are 27 tiger
reserves in India. Corbett National Park in Ans SQP 2020

Uttaranchal, Sunderbans National Park The following projects for conservation of

in Madhya Pradesh, are some of the tiger biodiversity have been undertaken during the
reserves in India. period from 1960-1970 and afterwards :
(1) An All India list of protected species was
86. Explain any three adverse effects of the published.
destruction of forests and wildlife ? (2) Hunting was banned to protect the
Ans OD 2010, 2012 endangered species of wildlife. Legal
(1) The biological loss is strongly correlated protection was given to wildlife habitats
with the loss of cultural diversity. and trade in wildlife was restricted.
(2) It has marginalised and impoverished (3) Several National Parks and wildlife
many indigenous and other forest- sanctuaries were establish by central and
dependent communities. state governments.
(3) The drudgery of women increases. This (4) Most recently the Indian elephant, black
causes serious health problems for women buck, the great Indian bustard and
and negligence of home and children. snow leopard etc., have given for legal
(4) Impact of drought and deforestation protection against hunting and trade
induced floods. throughout India.

87. With the help of three examples show how 89. Prove with examples how sacred groves help
communities have carried out conservation of in conservation of forests.
flora and fauna in India. Ans OD 2011
o The Indian people are religious minded.
How are the cultural values helpful in the Some communities worship some plants or
conservation of nature and its creations ? sacred groves. Nature worship is an age old
Explain. tribal belief based on the premise that all

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page 187

(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Ans Comp 2021
reason is the correct explanation of
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and assertion.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
22. Which one of the following is a medicinal assertion.
plant used to treat some types of cancer? (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(a) Himalayan Yew (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(b) Himalayan Oak
Ans Delhi 2017
(c) Madhuca insignis
(d) Hubbardia heptaneuron (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Ans Delhi 2017
27. Which one of the following was launched in
(a) Himalayan Yew 1973?
(a) Project Tiger
23. Identify the type of species-
(b) Indian Wildlife Act
(a) These species are found in isolated areas.
(c) Wildlife Act
(b) Isolation area can be geographical barrier
(d) Indian Wildlife Protection Act
or Natural.
(c) It is native to where it is found. Ans SQP 2014

(d) The Tasmanian tiger is one example of (a) Project Tiger

these kind of species.
28. Look at the picture below and answer the
Ans SQP 2012
question
Endemic species

24. Arrange the following states in the decreasing

order of total forest cover-
1. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Chhatishgarh
3. Odisha
4. MadhyaPradesh
Options :
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
(c) 4, 1, 2, 3 (d) 1, 4, 2, 3
Ans Comp 2010

(c) 4, 1, 2, 3 Choose the option which signifies best this

process causing vanishing of forests-
25. In which year, the Indian Wildlife (Protection) (a) Afforestation.
Act was implemented? (b) Reforestation.
(a) 1970 (b) 1971 (c) Deforestation.
(c) 1972 (d) 1974 (d) Re-establishment of a forest.
Ans OD 2019
Ans Foreign 2013
(a) 1970
(c) Deforestation.
26. Assertion : Large-scale development projects
29. Which one of the following is located in West
have also contributed significantly to the loss
Bengal?
of forests.
(a) Renewable
Reason : Large scale development projects
(b) Biotic
doesn’t inundate hectares of forest.

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Ch 6 : Forest and Wildlife Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(c) Flow (iii)Reserved Forests

(d) Non-renewable (iv) Normal Forest
Ans Delhi 2007
Options :
(a) 3, 2, 1, 4 (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
(b) Biotic (c) 2, 1, 3, 2 (d) 3, 4, 1, 2
30. Assertion : Depletion of forests causes a lot Ans SQP 2012
of danger. (a) 3, 2, 1, 4
Reason : Forests are vital for the quality of
life and environment. 34. Study the picture and answer the question
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and that follows:
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Comp 2011

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and

reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

31. In which one of the following states is Periyar

Which of the following best signifies the
Tiger Reserves located?
above image?
(a) Rajasthan (b) Assam
(a) Fauna
(c) Uttaranchal (d) Kerala
(b) Flora
Ans OD 2008
(c) Forest
(d) Kerala (d) Vulnerable Species
Ans Foreign 2007
32. Read the following data given in the table
and answer the question- (b) Flora

No. of Ghariyals in India Year 35. Which one of the following states has the
1. 5000 1970 largest area under permanent forest?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
2. Only 70 2011 (b) Jammu & Kashmir
In which category Ghariyal may be included (c) Punjab
according to IUCN red list? (d) Madhya Pradesh
(a) Normal species Ans Comp 2021, 2018
(b) Extinct species.
(c) Endangered species. (d) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Vulnerable species. 36. Assertion : Destruction of forests and wildlife
Ans Delhi 2015, 2011 resulted into the loss of cultural diversity.
(c) Endangered species. Reason : The conservation of forests and
wildlife is essential to provide a better quality
33. Arrange the following in the correct sequence of life.
of the classification of the forest (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(i) Unclassed Forests reason is the correct explanation of
(ii) Protected Forests assertion.

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(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 40. Assertion : We need to conserve our forests
reason is not the correct explanation of and wildlife.
assertion. Reason : Rapid decline in wildlife population
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. and forestry has been observed.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Ans OD 2011
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion. assertion.
37. Which one of the following is a great (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
achievement of the Chipko Movement? (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) Punjab Ans Comp 2010
(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(c) Haryana reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(d) Uttarakhand
Ans Delhi 2019
41. Complete the following table with the correct
information-
(c) Haryana
National Park Situated at
38. Identify the below mentioned extinct species-
1. World’s fastest land animal. 1. Corbett National A - ?
2. Can more at the speed of 112 km/hr. Park
3. Declared extinct in 1952 India. 2. Bhandhavgarh Madhya Pradesh
4. Prior to 20th century was in abundance National Park
in Africa and Asia. 3. B - ? West Bengal
Option :
Option :
(a) Blackbuck
(a) A - Bihar, B - Sariska National Park.
(b) Asiatic cheetah
(b) A - Uttarakhand, B - Sundarbans
(c) Red panda
National Park.
(d) None of the above
(c) A - Bihar, B - Sundarbans National Park.
Ans SQP 2012 (d) A - Uttarakhand, B - Sariska National Park.
(b) Asiatic cheetah Ans Delhi 2012

39. Arrange the following in the correct sequence (b) A - Uttarakhand, B - Sundarbans
of the different categories of existing National Park.
plants and animal species according to the
42. Assertion : Tiger population is not on the
International Union for Conservation of
verge of extinction.
Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN):
Reason : Tiger population in forests is
(i) Rare Species
increasing rapidly day by day.
(ii) Vulnerable Species
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(iii)Endangered Species
reason is the correct explanation of
(iv) Normal Species
assertion.
Options :
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(a) 4, 2, 3, 1 (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
reason is not the correct explanation of
(c) 2, 1, 3, 2 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
assertion.
Ans Foreign 2009 (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) Both assertion and reason are false.

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Ans SQP 2006

biome, much variation may be found in the
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. assemblage of plant and animal species.

46. What are endangered species ?

Ans
VERY SHORT QUESTIO
Comp 2021

These are species of plants and animals which

are in danger of extinction. The survival of
43. Suggest any two measures for the conservation such species is difficult if the negative factors
of forest. that have led to a decline in their population
Ans OD 2024
continue to operate. Black buck, crocodile,
Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, Lion tailed
Following are the two measures for macaque, etc., are examples of endangered
conservation of forest : species.
(1) Afforestation – More trees should be
planted to increase the forest cover. 47. Explain any two famous movements for the
Trees should be selected according to the protection of forests.
geographical conditions of a particular Ans OD 2014, 2017
region and proper care should be taken
The famious Chipko Movement in the
during the growth of trees.
Himalayas has not only successfully resisted
(2) Community and conservation – Chipko
deforestation in several areas but has also
Movement has been one of the successful
shown that community afforestation with
model of conservation by community.
indigenous species can be made enormously
44. Suggest any two measures for the conservation successful. Attempts to revive the traditional
of wildlife. conservation methods or developing new
Ans OD 2024
methods of ecological farming are now
widespread. Farmers and citizens’ groups
Following are the two measures for like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and
conservation of wildlife - Navdanya have shown that adequate levels
(1) Continuously developing and maintaining of diversified crop production without the
areas such as National Parks, wildlife use of synthetic chemicals are possible and
sanctuaries etc. economically viable.
(2) Prevent deforestation and encroachment
into protected areas. 48. Explain two factors that cause depletion of
the flora and fauna.
45. What is a biome ? How they are classified ?
Ans Delhi 2019
Write in short.
o (1) Large scale development projects :
What is a biome ? State the number of biomes Cleaning of forests for river valley projects
into which the land ecosystem is divided and have contributed significantly to the loss
also the basis for the grouping. of forest.
Ans Foreign 2012
(2) Mining : Mining is another important
factor behind deforestation. Such
A very large ecosystem on land having activities need big machines, labour,
distinct types of vegetation and animal life is roads, railways, etc. All these lead to
called a biome. deforestation.
They are classified as per availability of
soil, water and heat are—forests, savana, 49. Which was the thrust area of the Indian
grasslands, desert and tundra. Within a Wildlife Protection Act ?

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Ans SQP 2009

(2) (i) For example, we breathe in air, we
(1) Protecting the remaining population of drink water, we grow crops in soil, etc.
certain endangered species by banning These are the non-living components
hunting. of the ecological system.
(2) Give legal protection to the habitats of (ii) On the other hand, plants, animals
various species. and other micro organisms recreate
(3) To restrict trade in wildlife. the quality of these non-living
components.
50. What is a biosphere reserve ? Where and
when was the first biosphere reserve of India 53. In- what ways the forests were harmed by the
developed ? colonial government ?
Ans Comp 2014 Ans SQP 2019

(1) Biosphere reserve is a large area of land (1) For expansion of railways.
which is used to protect the natural (2) For expansion of agricultural field.
vegetation and the species of wildlife. (3) For expansion of commercial and scientific
(2) The first biosphere reserve was set-up in forestry.
1986. It is called the Nilgiri Biosphere (4) For expansion of mining activities.
Reserve. It covers 5500 sq. kms. of area
which is spread over three states, i.e. 54. Discuss how the large scale development
Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. projects have been responsible for the loss of
forests.
51. Why is it necessary to increase the area under Ans Foreign 2017
forest in India ?
(1) The development projects have been run
Ans OD 2017
in the forest covered areas, which largely
(1) It is because so far forest area in India is damaged the forests.
below the recommended ratio of 33% to (2) Since 1951, over 5000 sq. km of forests
total geographical area of a country. It is were cleared for river valley projects.
presently 22.47% in India. (3) The clearing of forests is still continue. It
(2) Forests play a major role in enhancing is estimated that about 40,000 hectares of
the quality of environment. They modify forest will be cleared for the completion
local climate, control soil erosion and of Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya
regulate stream flow. They also offer Pradesh.
panoramic or scenic view for recreation.
(3) A number of animal and plant species 55. Give three reasons why we need to save the
are so far endangered and extinct. These biodiversity of our planet.
are to be protected to maintain ecological Ans Comp 2017

balance. (1) Humans along with all living organisms

52. How are human beings dependent on the form a complex web of ecological system.
ecological system ? Discuss. (2) We are only a part and very much
o dependent on this system for our own
Humans are dependent on the ecological existence, e.g., the plants, animals and
system for their existence. Explain. micro-organisms re-create the quality of
the air we breathe, the water we drink
Ans Delhi 2006, 2005
and the soil that produces our food
(1) As a part of the ecological system human without which we cannot survive.
beings are dependent on it for their (3) Forests play a key role in the ecological
existence. system as there are also the primary

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Ch 6 : Forest and Wildlife Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

producers on which all other living beings (2) There is now a more intense search for
depend. different conservation measures.
(3) Even insects are beginning to have a place
56. Explain any three reasons why forest resources in conservation planning. In 1991, for the
are depleting after independence in India. first time, six species of plants were also
Ans OD 2013 added to the list of protected species.
(1) Agricultural expansion continues to be 59. How many types of forest are classified in
one of the major causes of depletion of India ? Explain it.
forest resources. Substantial parts of tribal o
belts, especially in the north-eastern and Explain the three different categories of
central India, have been deforested by forests classified by the forest department.
shifting cultivation. Ans SQP 2015
(2) Large-scale development projects have (1) Reserved Forests : They are regarded as
also contributed significantly to the loss most valuable as far as the conservation
of forests. Since 1951, over 5,000 sq km of of forest and wildlife resources are
forest was cleared for river valley projects. concerned.
(3) Mining is also an important factor behind (2) Protected Forests : Almost one-third of
deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve total forest area is protected forest. This
in West Bengal is seriously threatened forest land is protected from any further
by the ongoing dolomite mining. It has depletion.
disturbed the natural habitat of many (3) Unclassified Forests : These are other
species. forests and wastelands belonging to both
57. Explain any three factors responsible for the government and private individuals and
decline of India’s biodiversity. communities.

Ans Delhi 2009 60. Write a short note on sacred groves.

(1) Obtaining wood, barks, leaves, rubber, Ans Foreign 2009
medicines, dyes, food, fuel, fodder, etc. (1) The nature worship has been an age old
directly or indirectly from the forests. belief of the tribal communities. This
(2) Expansion of railways, commercial and belief finds its basis in the fact that
scientific mining activities. It disturbs the the nature in its every form should be
natural habitat of many species. protected.
(3) Large scale development projects — (2) Virgin forests in original form are called
highways, dams, housing colonies, etc. sacred groves. These are the forests of
Clearing of forests is still continuing with gods and goddesses.
projects like the Narmada Sagar Project (3) These patches of forests have been left
in Madhya Pradesh which would inundate untouched by the local people and any
40,000 hectares of forest. interference with them is banned.
(4) Shifting cultivation.
61. Write a short note on Joint Forest Management
58. What initiatives have been taken by the (JFM) programme in India.
government of India in the recently introduced
Ans Comp 2012
conservation projects ?
Ans Delhi 2007
(1) This programme involves local
communities in the management and
(1) The conservation projects are now restoration of degraded forests.
focussing on biodiversity rather than on (2) JFM depends on the formation of local
few of its components. institutions that undertake protection

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page 193

activities, mostly on degraded forest land (3) In Sariska tiger reserve, Rajasthan
managed by the forest department. villagers have sought against mining by
(3) In return, the members of these village citing against Wildlife Protection Act.
communities are entitled to intermediary
benefits like non-timber forest produces 65. What measures would you suggest to conserve
and share in the timber harvested by eco-system ?
‘successful protection’. Ans Foreign 2016

62. Explain any two famous movements for the We would like to suggest following measures
protection of forests. to conserve our eco-system :
(1) Avoid indiscriminating cutting of trees.
Ans OD 2010
(2) By controlling on environmental pollution.
(1) The Chipko Movement in the Himalayas (3) By reducing use of chemical fertilizers,
has successfully resisted deforestation pesticides and germicides.
in several areas. It has also shown that (4) By creating public awareness about
community afforestation with indigenous sustainable development.
species can be enormously successful.
(2) The Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and 66. Distinguish between deforestation and
Navdanya have shown that adequate afforestation.
levels of diversified crop production Ans Comp 2013

without the use of synthetic chemicals

are possible and economically viable. Deforestation Afforestation
It is practised in The new trees are
63. Which values of biodiversity are important
areas where forests planted in the new
for human lives ?
have been destroyed. areas.
Ans Delhi 2017
Two saplings are One sapling is
(1) It is living wealth of human beings. It planted to replace planted to get one
has ecological, economic and scientific every felled tree. tree.
importance.
It is practised to It is practised to
(2) Species of many kinds develop human life
avoid the evils of bring more area
support system.
Jhuming or shifting under forests.
(3) It is an integral part of human culture.
agriculture.
(4) It forms a complex web of ecological
system in which we are only a part. We
67. How are forests classified by the forest
are much dependent on this system.
department in India ?
64. For what values communities have taken Ans OD 2012
measures for the conservation of forests in
(1) Reserved forests : These forests are
India?
permanently earmarked either for
Ans SQP 2006, 2013 production or other forest produce. More
Communities have taken measures for than 50% of the total forest land has been
the conservation of forests in India due to declared reserved forests.
following values : (2) Protected forests : These forests are
(1) To secure their livelihood. protected from any further depletion.
(2) Communities are well.aware about the Almost one-third of the total forest land
local region hence more capable for is protected forest.
protecting forests and habitats. (3) Unclassified forests : These are other
forests and wastelands belonging to both

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Ch 6 : Forest and Wildlife Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

government and private individuals and (1) Human and all living organisms form a
communities. complex web of ecological system.
(2) For their survival human beings depend
68. What has been the contribution of the upon this system i.e., ecological system.
Indian wildlife protection act for protecting (3) Plants, animals and micro organisms re-
habitats? create the quality of air, water and soil.
Ans Delhi 2017 (4) Natural vegetation plays a vital role in
Under wildlife protection act : maintaining ecological balance of the
(1) National parks and biospheres has been environment.
set up in different parts of the country. 72. How have human activities affected the
(2) Hunting has been legally banned. depletion of flora and fauna ?
(3) Legal protection has been given to the
habitat of endangered spices. Ans SQP 2007

Some of the given below human activities

69. What is a National Park ? affected the depletion of flora and fauna in
Ans SQP 2018, 2015 following ways :
A National Park is relatively a large area (1) Overgrazing is mainly responsible for
where several ecosystems exist freely and depletion of flora and fauna.
are not disturbed materially by human (2) Human being’s collection of wood for fuel
exploitation and occupation and where and other forms products from forests is
plant and animal species, aesthetic sites and a major cause of the depletion of flora
habitats are of special scientific, educational and fauna.
and recreational interest. (3) Illegal hunting and trade of forest
All areas of a national park are provided the products is also responsible for depletion
highest degree of protection with virtually no of flora and fauna.
human activity barring passage, management
work and very restricted tourism.

70. Write any three factors which are responsible SHORT Answer QUESTIO
for large scale deforestation in India.
Ans Foreign 2013 73. Discuss community and conservation of
Factors responsible for large scale wildlife.
deforestation in India are : Ans OD 2017
(1) Large scale expansion of mining activities.
Community and conservation of wildlife :
(2) Clearing of forest for settled agriculture.
(1) It is the community that can save
(3) Growing urbanisation and industrialisation
our forest and wildlife resources in
also responsible for forests depletion.
more efficient way than the plans and
(4) During colonial period, large scale forests
programmes, conducted by government
were cleared for lying railway tracks.
or institutional schemes.
(5) Forests are also clear to feed ship building
(2) It demands inculcating a sense within each
industries and fulfil war time needs.
individual to understand these resources
71. Explain three reasons why we need to save as supplement to his existence on the
the biodiversity of our planet ? earth. Both of these resources broadly are
in the form of numerous varieties/species
Ans OD 2012
of plants, undergrowth, herbs, creepers
We need to conserve or save the biodiversity of and trees including flowering plants and
our planet on account of given below reasons : birds of several thousand species, the

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page 195

reptiles, mammals, protozoa, insects and (2) The survival of They are already
even worms. such species is missing and
(3) When each individual is convinced of difficult if the their survival is
existence of these resources and their negative factors suspicious.
importance for human life; he can form that have led
organisation, voluntary groups and thus, to a decline in
judicious use of these resources is—all their population
possible. It is high time to understand continue to
the significance of these resources and operate.
protect them from extinction.
(3) Examples : Examples : Asiatic
74. How have human activities affected the Blackbuck, wild cheetah, pink-
depletion of flora and fauna ? Explain any ass, Indian rhino, headed duck, etc.
three reasons. crocodile, lion-
o tailed macaque,
Which three human activities are responsible etc.
for the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Ans Foreign 2008
76. Differentiate Zoo and National Park.
Ans OD 2011
(1) Over population : Population is increasing
day by day. For the fulfilment of their
demands, we are exploiting forests Zoo National Park
directly or indirectly. (1) Meaning : Zoo is Meaning : In
(2) Colonial demand : In the colonial times, a man-made area National Park,
the greatest damage inflicted on Indian where wild birds birds and animals
forests was during the colonial period and animals are live in their
due to the expansion of the railway, kept behind the natural habitat,
agriculture, commercial and scientific cages. natural setting and
forestry and mining activities. environment, in a
(3) After independence, agricultural larger area than
expansion continues to be one of the major the zoo.
causes of depletion of forest resources. (2) Freedom of Freedom of
(4) Shifting cultivation is also one of the Movement : The movement : All
major causes of depletion of forests. wild animals in it animals and birds
have no freedom. are free to move
75. Distinguish between endangered and extinct
around.
species.
(3) Diet and water etc Diet and water etc.
Ans Comp 2015
: Food and water : Animals and birds
as well as medical manage their own
Endangered Extinct species
treatment for food and water.
species
animals and birds Generally no body
(1) These are These are species is managed by cares for their
species which which are not man. medical treatment
are in danger of found after on regular or casual
extinction. searches in known basis.
or likely areas
where they may
occur.

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Ch 6 : Forest and Wildlife Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) River pollution and loss of riverine (c) A - 1972, B - To protect the Tiger
habitat. (d) A - 1977, B - To protect the Tiger
(c) Natural calamities like floods. Ans Comp 2019, 2007
(d) Change in the pattern of food change.
(a) A - 1972, B - To protect the remaining
Ans Delhi 2019
endangered species and their habitat.
(b) River pollution and loss of riverine
habitat. 18. Which one of the following is an endangered
species of Manipur?
15. Which is the following National Park is the (a) Blue Sheep
site dedicated to preservation of one-horned (b) Asiatic Buffalo
rhinoceros? (c) Sangai (brow anter deer)
(a) Bandhavgarh National Park (d) Cattle
(b) Buxa Wildlife Reserve Ans OD 2005
(c) Kaziranga National Park
(d) All of the above (c) Sangai (brow anter deer)

Ans Foreign 2015 19. Arrange the following options in correct

(c) Kaziranga National Park sequence-
1. Vulnerable species.
16. Assertion : Neglect of our environment has 2. Rare species.
led to the destruction and extinction of many 3. Normal species.
species of animals and plant life. 4. Endangered species.
Reason : Decreasing Forest cover area is a Options :
major reason of destruction of species. (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 3, 2, 1, 4
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (c) 3, 1, 4, 2 (d) 1, 4, 2, 3
reason is the correct explanation of Ans SQP 2009
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (b) 3, 2, 1, 4
reason is not the correct explanation of 20. “The species that are not found after searches
assertion. of known or likely areas where they may
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. occur” are known as:
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) Normal species
Ans SQP 2009 (b) Vulnerable species
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (c) Extinct species
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (d) Rare species
Ans Foreign 2018
17. Complete the following table with correct
information- (c) Extinct species

Act Year Aim Passed by 21. Assertion : Himalayan Yew is a medicinal

plant
Wildlife A-? B-? Indian Reason : It has healing qualities.
Protection Parliament (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Act reason is the correct explanation of
Options : assertion.
(a) A - 1972, B - To protect the remaining (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
endangered species and their habitat. reason is not the correct explanation of
(b) A - 1977, B - To protect the remaining assertion.
endangered species and their habitat (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

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(2) More than half Almost one-third (1) Human beings share this planet with
of the total forest of the total forest millions of other living beings. We
land has been area is declared humans, with all other living organisms,
declared reserved protected forest. form a complex web of ecological system
forests. in which we are only a part and very
much dependent on this system for our
(3) These forests These forests are existence.
are majorly majorly found in (2) For example, the plants, animals and
found in Jammu Bihar, Haryana, micro organisms recreate the quality of
and Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal air we breathe, the water we drink and
Andhra Pradesh, Pradesh, the soil that produces our food.
Uttaranchal, Rajasthan and (3) Forests play a key role in the ecological
Kerala, Tamil Orissa. system.
Nadu, West
Bengal and 83. Explain any three methods of forest
Maharashtra. conservation adopted by the government
after independence.
81. What is a wildlife sanctuary ? How is it o
different from a national park ? Write any three effective practices towards
Ans OD 2018 conserving forests and wildlife.
A wildlife sanctuary is like a national park Ans SQP 2014

but it is, different from the national park due (1) National wildlife protection programmes :
to several points of view. The Indian Wildlife Act was implemented
It is different from a national park in fallowing in 1972 with various provisions for
ways : protecting habitats.
(1) In a wildlife sanctuary certain types of (2) Ban hunting : Protecting the remaining
activities might be permitted. Livestock population of certain endangered species
grazing and collection of forest produce by banning hunting.
for instance, may be allowed. (3) Biosphere Reserves : The government has set
(2) In a national park, conservation of up National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries
species are mostly left to nature, with the to preserve the genetic diversity.
least human activity, but in a sanctuary (4) Projects : Several projects have been
conservation of species are affected by launched for protecting specific animals
manipulative management. like Project Tiger, Project Rhino etc.
(3) A wildlife sanctuary enjoys a less degree
of protection than a national park. 84. Why is conservation of forests and wildlife
necessary? In what way has conservation
82. What is biodiversity ? Why is it important projects changed in the recent years ?
for human life ? Ans Foreign 2017
o
Explain the importance of biodiversity for (1) Conservation preserves the ecological
human beings. diversity and our life support systems--
water, air and soil.
Ans Delhi 2007
(2) It also preserves the genetic diversity of
Biodiversity is immensely rich in wildlife plants and animals for better growth of
and cultivated species, diverse in form species and breeding.
and function, but closely integrated in (3) The conservation projects are now
a system through multiple network of focussing on biodiversity rather than on
interdependencies. a few of its components. Even insects are

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77. Write any three points to distinguish between (3) Examples : Examples : Blue
reafforestation and afforestation. Blackbuck, wild sheep, Asiatic
Ans Delhi 2005, 2007 ass, Indian rhino, elephant, Gangetic
crocodile, lion- dolphin, etc.
Reafforestation Afforestation tailed macaque,
(1) Meaning Meaning : New etc.
: plants are planted
It is practised in new regions. 79. Distinguish between endemic and extinct
in regions (or species.
areas) from where Ans Foreign 2011
forests have been
cleared. Endemic species Extinct species
(2) Plantation : Plantation : One (1) These are species These are species
Two saplings are sapling is planted which are found which are not
planted to replace to get one tree. in some particular found after
every tree out. areas, usually searches of known
(3) Objective: It is Objective: It is isolated by natural or likely areas
practised to avoid practised to bring or geographical where they may
the ill-effects of more land under barriers. occur.
thinning. forests. (2) They survive and They are already
are not in danger missing and
78. Distinguish between endangered and but their survival their survival is
vulnerable species. is limited to suspicious.
Ans SQP 2017
specific areas.
(3) Examples : Examples :Asiatic
Endangered Vulnerable species Andaman teal, cheetah, pink-
species Nicobar pigeon, headed duck, etc.
(1) These are These are the Andaman wild
species which species whose pig, etc.
are in danger of population has
extinction. declined to 80. Distinguish between reserved and protected
the levels from forests.
where it is likely Ans Comp 2009
to move into
the endangered Reserved forests Protected forests
category. (1) The reserved These forest lands
(2) The survival of They presently forests are are protected
such species is survive, but regarded as the from any further
difficult if the their survival is most valuable depletion.
negative factors in danger and as far as the
that have led population is conservation of
to a decline in continuously ‘forest and wildlife
their population decreasing. resources are
continue to concerned.
operate.

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creation of nature have to be protected. Such Ans SQP 2016

beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in

pristine form called sacred groves (the forests Flora Fauna
of Gods and Goddesses). These patches of 1. Meaning : All kinds of
forest or parts of large forests have been Naturally grown organisms ranging
left untouched by the local people and any vegetation of a from tiny bacteria
interference with them is banned. region or an area to the giant
For example : The Mundas and the Santhals is termed as flora. elephant constitute
of Chhotanagpur region worship Mahua and Plant kingdom in fauna. Animal
Kadamba trees and the tribals of Orissa and its entirety. kingdom in its
Bihar worship the Tamarind and mango trees entirety.
during weddings. 2. Number : Nearly India has nearly
4,500 species of 7,500 species of
flora are found in animals. Besides
India. these, there are
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO about 1,200 species
of birds and 2,500
species of fish in
90. What has been the contribution of the Indian our country.
Wildlife Protection Act in protecting habitats
3. Area of expansion Fauna includes
in India ? Explain.
: Flora consists all types of
o
of grais, plants, mammals, reptiles,
Explain any three measures taken by the
creepers and trees. amphibians and
Indian Government to protect wild life.
At present forests, birds.
Ans Delhi 2018 bushes, shrubs and
(1) The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act grassland make
was implemented in 1972, with various the flora cover on
provisions for protecting habitats. the globe.
(2) The thrust of the programme was towards 4. Position in India : All species of fauna
protecting the remaining population of All types of natural from bacteria to
certain endangered species by banning vege-tation from giant elephants are
hunting, giving legal protection to their tropical rain found in India.
habitats and restricting trade in wildlife. forests to alpine
(3) Government established National Parks vegetation are
and Wildlife Sanctuaries. found in India in
(4) The central government announced the form of flora.
several projects for protecting specific
animals which were gravely threatened. 92. Write six measures to conserve ecosystem.
(5) Most recently, the Indian elephant, o
blackbuck, the great Indian bustard and Write any three measures to conserve
the snow leopard, etc. have been given ecosystem ?
full or partial legal protection against Ans Delhi 2012, 2009

hunting and trade throughout India. Eco-system can be conserved by :

(1) Avoiding indiscriminate cutting of trees.
91. Differentiate flora and fauna.
(2) Population control.
o
(3) To create public awareness about
Write any four differences between flora and
sustainable development through media,
fauna.

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needs for food, drink, medicine, culture, 2. The conservation of forests and wildlife is
spirituality, etc. valuable for human beings because they
2. The main goal of the Wildlife Protection preserve the ecological diversity and our
Act is to safeguard the remaining support systems — water, air and soil.
individuals of endangered species by It also preserves the genetic diversity of
prohibiting hunting, protecting their plants and animals for better growth of
habitats through the legal system, and species and breeding.
limiting the trade in wild animals.
3. (a) In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, 103. Read the sources given below and answer the
villagers have fought against mining questions that follows:
by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. Reserved and protected forests are also referred
(b) The inhabitants of five villages in to as permanent forest estates maintained for
the Alwar district of Rajasthan have the purpose of producing timber and other
declared 1,200 hectares of forest forest produce, and for protective reasons.
as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’ Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under
to protect the wildlife against any permanent forests, constituting 75 percent of
outside encroachments. its total forest area. Jammu and Kashmir,
“Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil
over-exploitation, environmental pollution, Nadu, West Bengal, and Maharashtra have
poisoning and forest fires are factors, which large percentages of reserved forests of its total
have led to the decline in India’s biodiversity. forest area whereas Bihar, Haryana, Punjab,
Other important causes of environmental Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan
destruction are unequal access, inequitable have a bulk of it under protected forests.
consumption of resources and differential Some estimates suggest that at least 10
sharing of responsibility for environmental percent of India’s recorded wild flora and 20
well-being. Over-population in third world percent of its mammals are on the threatened
countries is often cited as the cause of list. Many of these would now be categorised
environmental degradation.” as ‘critical’, that is on the verge of extinction
Questions: like the cheetah, pink-headed duck, mountain
1. How has destruction of forests and quail, forest spotted owlet, and plants like
wildlife affected the indigenous and other madhuca insignis (a wild variety of mahua)
forest dependent communities? and hubbardia heptaneuron, (a species of
2. Why the conservation of forests and grass). In fact, no one can say how many
wildlife is valuable for human beings .? species may have already been lost.
Ans
The world’s fastest land mammal, the
1. The destruction of forests and wildlife cheetah (Acinonyx jubantus), is a unique
has affected the indigenous and other and specialised member of the cat family and
forest dependent communities because can move at the speed of 112 km./hr. The
they depend on various components of cheetah is often mistaken for a leopard. Its
the forest and wildlife for food, drink, distinguishing marks are the long teardrop
medicine, culture and spirituality. Women shaped lines on each side of the nose from the
are also affected badly. They have to corner of its eyes to its mouth. Prior to the
walk for more than 10 km to collect fuel, 20th century, cheetahs were widely distributed
fodder and water for subsistence. Poverty throughout Africa and Asia. Today, the Asian
is also a direct outcome of environmental cheetah is nearly extinct due to a decline of
destruction. available habitat and prey. The species was
declared extinct in India long back in 1952.

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In the above circumstances, it has become furnishes a good example for involvement
needful to conserve and protect the forest of local communities in the management
vegetation and wildlife resources. and restoration of degraded forests.
(2) Period of the Programme : The programme
95. How many types of forest are classified in has been in formal existence since 1988
India ? Explain it. when the state of Orissa passed the first
Ans Comp 2007 resolution for joint forest management.
Types of Forests : (3) Role of Local Community : JFM depends
(1) Reserved Forests : These fall in the first on the formation of local (village)
row of conservation plans implemented institutions that undertake protection
by the government. Public is not allowed activities mostly on degraded forest land
entering in these forests. Area under this managed by forest department. In return,
category is just half of the total area the members of these communities are
under forest. entitled to intermediary benefits like
(2) Protected Forests : Almost one-third of non-timber forest produces and share
the total forest area is declared in this in the timber harvested by ‘successful
category by the forest department. These protection’.
forest lands are protected from any (4) Natural Resources Management : The
further depletion. clear lesson from the dynamics of
(3) Un-classed ForeSs : These are other both environmental destruction and
forests and wastelands belonging to both reconstruction in India is that local
government and private individuals and communities everywhere —have to be
communities. involved in any kind of natural resource
Distribution : Reserved and protected management. But there is still a long way
forests are also referred to as the permanent to go before local communities are at the
forest estates maintained for the purpose of centre-stage in decision-making. Only
producing timber and other forest produce people centric, environment-friendly and
and for protective reasons. Madhya Pradesh economically rewarding activities can find
has the largest area under permanent the cure for this problem of environmental
forests, constituting 75 per cent of its total degradation.
forest area. Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra 97. Explain any five reasons responsible for
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, depletion of flora and fauna in India.
West Bengal and Maharashtra have large
per centages of reserved forests of its total Ans Delhi 2016

forest area whereas Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, There are five major reasons which are
Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan responsible for depletion of flora and fauna
have a bulk of it under protected forests. in India :
All north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat (1) Agricultural expansion : After
have a very high per centage of their forests Independence agricultural expansion
as un-classed forests managed by the local becomes the major causes of depletion of
communities. forest resources. Between 1951 and 1980,
according to the Forest Survey of India
96. Discuss joint forest management and over 26,200 sq. km of forest area was
participation of local community for converted into agricultural Land all over
protection of forests. the India.
Ans OD 2012, 2008 (2) Mining : It is another major factor behind
(1) Joint Forest Management : In India joint deforestation. e.g., dolomite mining has
forest management (JFM) programme seriously threatened the Buxa Tiger

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Ch 6 : Forest and Wildlife Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

text books, cultural programmes, movies, 94. Why do we need to conserve our forests and
street shows and circulation of ancient holy wildlife resources ? Explain reasons.
scriptures that suggest judicious life-style. Ans Foreign 2019
(4) To reduce use of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides and germicides as it has posed (1) To prevent extinction of wildlife : A
certain dangers to aquatic animals and number of plant and animal species
vegetation cover. including avians, reptiles, mammals,
(5) To encourage recycling, reclamation and scavengers, aquatic animals and
treatmental efforts so as burden on forest organisms and amphibians are on the
and wildlife resources be reduced to brink of extinction.
minimum. (2) To change colonial policies : Colonial
(6) To practise pollution-free and environment- forest policies were based on the
friendly activities time to time. promotion of a few favoured species in
which a single commercially valuable
93. Highlight any three differences between species were extensively planted and
endangered species and extinct species. other species eliminated e.g. teak
Ans SQP 2013
monoculture, chir pine. The former has
damaged natural forest in South India
Extinct Animals Endangered Animals and the later has replaced the Himalayan
(species) (species) oak and Rhododendron forests in North
1. Meaning : These are Meaning : They are
India.
animals or species animals or species (3) For protection of plants and animals : It
which are not found which are in danger has been reported recently that India’s
after searches of of extinction. one third of wet lands have drained out,
known or likely 70% of surface water polluted, 40% of
areas where they mangroves wiped out and with continuous
may occur. hunting and trade of wild animals and
2. Position : They are Position : The commercially valuable plants; thousands
already missing and survival of such of plant and animal species are leading
their survival is species is difficult if towards extinction.
suspicious. the negative factors (4) To maintain balance in ecosystem : As
that have led to a per reports from International Union
decline in their total
for Conservation of Nature and Natural
population continue
Resources (IUCN) there are cattle, sal,
to operate
pine, rodent in normal species, black
3. Examples : Asiatic Examples : buck, crocodile, Indian, wild ass, Indian
cheetah, pink- Blackbuck, wild
rhino, lion-tailed macaque sangai (brow
headed duck etc. ass, Indian rhino,
crocodile, lion-tailed,
anter) are endangered species, blue sheep,
Macaque etc. Asiatic elephants, Gangetic dolphin are
vulnerable species, Himalayan brown
4. Cause of extinct : A Causes of endangered
bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox
large number of rare : Due to destruction
birds and animals of forests and guns and hornbill are rare species, Andaman
have to become of hunters some teal, Nicobar’s pigeon, Andaman’s wild
extinct due to beautiful species like pig and mithun (Arunachal Pradesh) are
reckless destruction Cheetah, Rhinoceros, endemic species and Asiatic cheetah and
of forests, use of Musk Deer etc. are pink head duck are extinct species. These
guns of the hunters. in danger of total all except the last one category are to
extinct. be saved in order to maintain balance in
ecosystem.

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100. Write a brief essay on any practices which maintain ecological balance and environment
you may have observe and practised in your protection.
daily life to conserve and protect environment The famous Chipko Movement in the
around you. Himalayas has out only successfully resisted
Ans Comp 2014, 2011
deforestation in several areas but has also
shown that community afforestation with
I am a responsible citizen of my country. It is indigenous species can be enormously
my duty to protect and conserve environment successful. Attempts to revive the traditional
around us. I have taken following practices to conservation methods or developing new
conserve and protect the environment : methods of ecological farming are now
(1) I have planted flowering plants in garden widespread.
near our house. These plants will have
beautiful flowers of different colours and
given an useful fragrance.
(2) I have planted certain types of trees CASE BASED QUESTIO
alongwith some members of my family,
friends and local leaders of our colony
102. Read the given source and answer the
in park of our locality. Mainly we have
questions that follow:
planted mango tree, banana tree, guava
tree, pomegranate tree. Conservation strategies are not new in our
(3) We have done a lot of efforts to maintain country. We often ignore that in India, forests
the park of our colony. We have put in are also home to some of the traditional
notice board through RWA (Residential communities. In some areas of India, local
Welfare Association} that no body will communities are struggling to conserve these
pluck flowers or cut trees or uproot plants habitats along with government officials,
of the park. We have participated in recognising that only this will secure their own
planting trees, grass and flowering plants. long-term livelihood. In Sariska Tiger Reserve,
I have also adopted two trees to water Rajasthan, villagers have fought against
regularly or casually per their need. mining by citing the Wildlife Protection
I have also motivated some of my friends Act. In many areas, villagers themselves are
to participate in protecting and conserving protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting
greenery of our colonies. government involvement. The inhabitants of
five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan
101. Explain the main characteristics of Chipko have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the
Movement. Bhairodev Dakav ‘ Sonchuri’ , declaring their
Ans SQP 2013 own set of rules and regulations which do not
The famous Chipko Movement launched by allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife
the women of Chamoli district in Uttarakhand. against any outside encroachments.
They save more than 12,000 sq. km. area of Questions :
forests just by hugging the trees when the 1. How are forests related with Communities?
lumberjacks attempted to cut them. 2. Explain the aim of ‘Wildlife Protection
The Chipko Movement was a movement Act.
which was launched in Himalayas against 3. How are communities working for the
deforestation. Its objects was to protect conservation of Wildlife ? Explain with
trees and plants to protect biodiversity. example.
This famous Chipko Movement got great Ans
success. It draw the attention of people as 1. Various elements of the forest and wildlife
well as government to protect forests, to directly support these local communities’

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Ch 6 : Forest and Wildlife Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Reserve in West Bengal. This ongoing 99. Why is the tiger population dwindling in
mining has disturbed the natural habitat India ? What measures have so far been
and blocked the migration route of great taken to control it ? Why is it necessary to
Indian elephant. conserve the tiger population?
(3) Large-scale development projects : Since Ans Foreign 2010
1951, over 5,000 sq.km of forest was
cleared for river valley projects. Narmada (1) The tiger population dwindling in India
Sagar Projects in Madhya Pradesh has because they are killed and some greedy
inundated 40,000 hectare of forest. traders take it for commercial purposes.
(4) Rapidly expanding industrial-urban They earn a lot of money.
economy : Increasing consumption of (2) The habitats of tigers are shrinking
forest based product such as rubber, day-by-day. We are fail to provide them
medicines, dyes, fuel wood has increased natural environment for their survival.
the depletion of forest resources. (3) Depletion of prey base species for tiger
(5) Over population : In the third world is very important factor responsible for
countries it is often cited as the cause of dwindling tigers population.
environmental degradations. However an (4) Growing human population is also
average American Consumed 40 times responsible for encroachment of natural
more resources than an average Somalian. habitats of tiger etc.
Similarly 5 per cent richest Indians cause (5) The trade of skins and the use of their
more ecological damage than poorest 25 bones in traditional medicine, specially
per cent. in the Asian countries left the tiger
population on the verge of extinction.
98. What is biodiversity ? Why is biodiversity Following measures have been to control the
important for human lives? Give three points. decreasing population of tigers :
Ans SQP 2011
In 1973 ‘Project Tiger’ was launched on the
entire world. Initially this project got success
Biodiversity denotes variety of living beings, by increasing tiger population in the world.
including all types of organisms, plants There are 27 tiger reserves in India covering
and wildlife, diverse in form and functions an area of 37,761 sq. km. Tiger conservation
but closely integrated in a system through has been viewed not only as an effort to
multiple network of interdependencies. save an endangered species, but with equal
Its importance : We humans along with all importance as a means of preserving biotypes
living organisms form a complex web of of sizeable magnitude. Corbett National Park
ecological systems in which we are only a in Uttarakhand , Sunderbans National Park in
part and are dependent on this system for West Bengal, Bandhvagarh National Park in
our own existence. For example, the plants, Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary
animals and micro-organisms recreate (i) the in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam
quality of the air we breathe, (ii) the water we and Periyar Tiger ‘Reserve in Kerala are
drink and (iii) the soil that produces our food some of the tiger reserves of India.
without which we cannot survive. Forests play It is necessary conserve the tiger population
a key role in the ecological system as these because tiger is considered very useful as a
are also the primary producers on which all part and parcll of wildlife. Tiger is National
other living beings depend not only for food Animal of India. Their skins and bones can be
but indirectly for many other forest produces used in preparation of traditional medicines
which are used for varied purposes. So this throughout the world. If we will not protect
biodiversity maintains an ecological balance tiger one day may came in the life of future
and our life support systems (air, water and generation that their children will see only
soil). tiger in the films or photographs.

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Questions: of yew trees have dried up in various parts of

1. Which Indian state cover 75% total forest Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.
area in India?
“Project Tiger”, one of the well-publicised
2. How many percent of mammals are on
wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched
the threatened list in India?
in 1973. Tiger conservation has been viewed
3. How can we distinguish Cheetah from
not only as an effort to save an endangered
leopard?
species, but with equal importance as a means
Ans of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude.
1. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand,
under permanent forests, constituting 75 Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal,
per cent of its total forest area. Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya
2. Some estimates suggest that at least 10 Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in
per cent of India’s recorded wild flora and Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam
20 per cent of its mammals are on the and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala are
threatened list. some of the tiger reserves of India.
3. The cheetah is often mistaken for a Questions
leopard. Its distinguishing marks are the 1. Why is the Buxa Tiger Reserve in West
long teardrop shaped lines on each side of Bengal seriously threatened?
the nose from the corner of its eyes to its 2. From which plant that biggest selling
mouth. anti-cancer drug in the world is made up
of ?
104. Read the sources given below and answer the 3. Why was tiger conservation launched?
questions that follows:
Ans
Large-scale development projects have also 1. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal
contributed significantly to the loss of forests. is seriously threatened because of ongoing
Since 1951, over 5,000 sq. km of forest was dolomite mining.
cleared for river valley projects. Clearing of 2. The biggest selling anti-cancer drug in
forests is still continuing with projects like the the world is made up of the Himalayan
Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh, Yew.
which would inundate 40,000 hectares of 3. Tiger conservation has been viewed not
forest. Mining is another important factor only as an effort to save an endangered
behind deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve species, but with equal importance as a
in West Bengal is seriously threatened by the means of preserving biotypes of sizeable
ongoing dolomite mining. It has disturbed the magnitude.
natural habitat of many species and blocked the
migration route of several others, including
www.nodia.i
the great Indian elephant.
The Himalayan Yew (Taxus wallachiana) is
a medicinal plant found in various parts of
Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. A
chemical compound called ‘taxol’ is extracted
from the bark, needles, twigs and roots of
this tree, and it has been successfully used
to treat some cancers – the drug is now the
biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world.
The species is under great threat due to over-
exploitation. In the last one decade, thousands

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page 207

CHAPTER
7
Water Resources

SUMMAR
16. Hydro-electricity : The power generated with
the help of running water.
17. Surface Water : Water found accumulated on
1. River Basin : Catchment area of a river.
the surface of the earth in depression floating
2. Wet Land : A tract of marshy land.
through rivers, streams of frozen in the form
3. Guls or Kuls : Diversion channels in
of ice caps and snow fields.
Himalayas.
18. Conservation : Measures that ensure
4. Tankas : Underground tanks to store water.
environmental protection and efficient use
5. Palar Pani : Purest form of rain water.
of natural resources such as water/forest/
6. Rain Water Harvesting : Technique of storing
minerals etc.
rain water in pits, on roofs of houses etc.
19. Hydraulic Structure : Dams, lakes, tanks and
7. Watershed : The boundary between two river
baolis.
systems.
20. Dam : A dam is a barrier across the flowing
8. Ground Water : The water held in the pores
water that obstructs, directs or retards the
and crevices of soil in its underlying bedrock.
flow of water.
9. Scarcity of Water : A condition formed by
non-availability of fresh drinking water for
biotic and human resources due to pollution,
over-use and careless management of water
bodies. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
10. Blue Planet : Our earth is called the blue
planet due to presence of water bodies and
further, it is the only planet where living 1. Match Column - A with Column - B and
organisms including human beings are found. choose the correct option:
11. Ravine : A small, deep narrow valley with Column-A (River) Column-B (Dam)
deep sides, larger than a gully and smaller
A. Mahanadi 1. Sardar Sarovar
than a canyon.
12. Check Dam : It is a structure built across a B. Narmada 2. Hirakud
river or estuary in order to restrain or use C. Chambal 3. Salal
water. D. Chenab 4. Rana Pratap
13. Perennial Canals : Canals dug for diversion Sagar
of water from perennial rivers like Ganges,
Yamuna, etc., to distant areas under farming. Options:
14. Inundation Canals : Canals dug for diversion (a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1
of flood water during monsoon season so as (b) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2
to use it for irrigation. (c) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3
15. Multi-Purpose Projects : Projects that ensure (d) A - 1, B - 2, C - 3, D - 4
use of water for irrigation, control floods, Ans OD 2023

suitable for fisheries, generation of hydro- (c) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3

electricity and tourism simultaneously.

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

2. How much of the Earth’s surface is covered Options :

with water? (a) 3, 4, 2, 1 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4
(a) Two-Third (c) 1, 3, 4, 2 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3
(b) Three-Fourth Ans Foreign 2012
(c) One-Fourth
(d) Two-Fourth (a) 3, 4, 2, 1

Ans Comp 2023 7. How much per cent of the total volume of
(b) Three-Fourth world’s water is estimated to exist in oceans?
(a) 95.5% (b) 96%
3. We need more and more .......... for growing (c) 95% (d) 96.5%
food. Ans Comp 2010
(a) land (b) water
(c) minerals (d) none of these (d) 96.5%

Ans OD 2020 8. Assertion : Water is a renewable resource.

(b) water Reason : Freshwater is mainly obtained from
surface run off and ground water that is
4. Identify the name of the “Reservoir”- continually being renewed.
• It is often refereed to as “Reservoir” (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
rather than a structure. reason is the correct explanation of
• Acts as barrier across flowing water. assertion.
• Referred as the modern temple of India (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
by Jawahar Lal Nehru. reason is not the correct explanation of
• Criticized by environmentalists and assertion.
tribals (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Option : (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) Dam Ans Foreign 2013

(b) Reservoir (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(c) Rainwater harvesting reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(d) None of the above
Ans Delhi 2019
9. What is India’s rank in the global precipitation
in terms of water availability per person per
(a) Dam annum?
5. The water covered surface of the earth is: (a) 132 (b) 133
(a) one-fourth (c) 143 (d) 142
(b) three-fourth Ans Comp 2019

(c) half of the earth (b) 133

(d) none of these
Ans SQP 2017, 2014
10. What is the share of hydroelectric power in
total production of electricity in India?
(b) three-fourth (a) 19% (b) 22%
(c) 30% (d) 36%
6. Arrange the following rivers from north to
south in the correct sequence- Ans OD 2010, 2012

1. Kavari (b) 22%

2. Godavari
3. Ganga 11. Choose the most appropriate reason for water
4. Narmada scarcity as depicted in below mentioned
picture-

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14. Assertion : The availability of water resources

varies over space and time.
Reason : Availability of water resources helps
in storing water.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Comp 2006

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

(a) Over exploitation of natural resources in 15. Apart from flood control and irrigation what
name of development. are the other uses of multipurpose projects?
(b) Natural disasters occur regularly all over (a) Recreation
the world. (b) Fish breeding
(c) Mismanagement of public infrastructure (c) Internal Navigation
(d) Erroneous government policies (d) All of these
Ans Delhi 2014 Ans OD 2009

(a) Over exploitation of natural resources in (a) Recreation

name of development.
16. Identify the below mentioned water
12. Complete the following table with correct conservation method-
information- • It is a diversion channels that carry water
from a glacier to village.
S.No. Dams On the State • Its structure is of a circular tank.
river • It is a century old water conservation
1. Bhakra- Satluj river A-? method.
Nangal • They are the lifeline of people of spiti
valley of Himachal Pradesh and in Jammu
2. Hirakud B-? Odisha
Option :
Option : (a) Dam
(a) A - Punjab, B - Mahanadi (b) Reservoir
(b) A - Haryana, B - Satluz (c) Rainwater harvesting
(c) A - Haryana, B - Mahanadi (d) KUL
(d) A - Punjab, B - Satluz
Ans Delhi 2010
Ans SQP 2011
(d) KUL
(a) A - Punjab, B - Mahanadi
17. Which place in India has an artificial lake
13. Which among the following regions of India to conserve water that dates back to 11th
experience low rainfall and is drought prone? century?
(a) Rajasthan (b) Gujarat (a) Delhi (b) Bhopal
(c) Bihar (d) Telangana (c) Bennur (d) Kolhapur
Ans Foreign 2008 Ans SQP 2017

(a) Rajasthan (b) Bhopal

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans have also been found in Kalinga (Odisha),

1. A dam is a barrier across flowing water Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur
that obstructs, directs or retards the (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc.
flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of
impoundment. It refers to the reservoir the largest artificial lakes of its time was
rather than the structure. built. In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz
2. Dams are built for various purposes like Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for
irrigation, electricity generation, water supplying water to Siri Fort area.
supply for domestic and industrial uses,
Sardar Sarovar Dam has been built over the
flood control, recreation, fish breeding.
Narmada River in Gujarat. This is one of
Therefore, dams are called multi-
the largest water resource projects of India
purpose projects where many uses of the
covering four states–Maharashtra, Madhya
impounded water are integrated with one
Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Sardar
another.
Sarovar project would meet the requirement
3. The Multi-purpose projects are very
of water in drought-prone and desert areas of
valuable in the development of the
Gujarat (9,490 villages and 173 towns) and
country. These projects are useful
Rajasthan (124 villages).
for irrigation as well as for electricity
generation, water supply for domestic and Multi-purpose projects and large dams have
industrial uses, flood control, recreation, also been the cause of many new environmental
inland navigation and fish-breeding. For movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao
example, the Bhakra-Nangal Project Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’ etc.
water is being used both for hydel power Resistance to these projects has primarily
production and irrigation. Similarly, the been due to the large-scale displacement of
Hirakud project integrates conservation local communities. Local people often had to
of water with flood control. give up their land, livelihood and their meagre
4. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the access and control over resources for the
dams as the ‘temples of modern India’ greater good of the nation.
as it was felt that, the construction of Questions
large dams would solve many problems 1. During earlier time how did the irrigation
of India. It would result in the generation done?
of electricity, would provide water for 2. Why did J L Nehru proclaim the dams as
irrigation to the farmers, supply water to the temples of modern India?
household and industries. Main purpose 3. How do multi-purpose projects face
of launching multipurpose river projects resistance?
in India was to combine development Ans
of agriculture and village economy with
rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. 1. During earlier days irrigation had been
done through the proper channels, lakes,
128. Read the sources given below and answer the dams, etc. during Chandragupta Maurya,
questions that follows: dams, channels, lakes were extensively
built.
In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura
2. Dams would integrate development of
near Allahabad had sophisticated water
agriculture and the village economy. It
harvesting system channelling the flood
meets the requirement of water in drought-
water of the river Ganga. During the time
prone and desert areas. It also integrate
of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and
economy with rapid industrialisation and
irrigation systems were extensively built.
growth of urban economy.
Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works

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(a) Johads, Rajasthan 29. Assertion : Dams are referred to as multi-

(b) Bamboo drip Irrigation, Meghalaya purpose projects.
(c) Zabo, Nagaland Reason : Dams are built for irrigation,
(d) Surangam, Kerala electricity generation, water supply for
Ans OD 2006
domestic and industrial use, flood control,
recreation and fish breeding.
(b) Bamboo drip Irrigation, Meghalaya (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
26. Complete the following table with the correct reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
information- (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
Dam On Covering Located in assertion.
river states (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Sardar A - ? B-? Kevadia (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Sarovar village of Ans Comp 2006
Dam Gujrat
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Option : reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(a) A - Brhamputra, B - Assam, Punjab,
Haryana and Bihar 30. Which of the following place gets the hightest
(b) A - Narmada, B - Maharashtra, Madhya rainfall in the world?
Pradesh, Gujrat and Rajasthan (a) Mawsynram (b) Aizawl
(c) A - Brhamputra, B - Maharashtra, (c) Shillong (d) Cherrapunji
Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and Rajasthan Ans OD 2019
(d) A - Narmada, B -Assam, Punjab, Haryana
(a) Mawsynram
and Bihar
Ans Delhi 2012 31. A tank for storing water that was 6.1 metres
deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide
(b) A - Narmada, B - Maharashtra, Madhya
is found in ......... .
Pradesh, Gujrat and Rajasthan.
(a) Jaisalmer (b) Phalodi
27. Arrange the following in the correct sequence (c) Alwar (d) Chittorgarh
of Bamboo Drip irrigation system: Ans Delhi 2016
1. About 18-20 litres of water enters the
(b) Phalodi
bamboo pipe system.
2. It spring water by using bamboo pipes. 32. The primary source of water is:
3. It is 200-year-old system of tapping stream. (a) evaporation
4. Spring water by using bamboo pipes. (b) precipitation
Options : (c) rain
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) none of these
(c) 1, 3, 4, 2 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3
Ans Comp 2015
Ans SQP 2014, 2013
(c) rain
(b) 4, 3, 2, 1
33. What were ‘Guls’ ?
28. The earth is occupied mostly with water yet (a) Reservoirs
fresh water resources are only: (b) Artificial lakes
(a) 3.5% (b) 5.5% (c) Diversion channels
(c) 2.5% (d) 0.5% (d) None of these
Ans Foreign 2018 Ans OD 2010, 2008

(c) 2.5% (c) Diversion channels

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

46. Study the picture and answer the question (b) 2, 1, 3, 4

that follows: (c) 1, 2, 3, 4
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3
Ans Comp 2005

49. Assertion : Growing Population is the main

reason for water scarcity.
Reason : Irrigation from tube wells and canals
is responsible for water scarcity.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Which of the following best signifies the (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
above image? Ans OD 2008, 2007
(a) Dam
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(b) Reservoir
(c) Rainwater harvesting 50. Study the picture and answer the question
(d) Rooftop Rainwater harvesting that follows:
Ans SQP 2018

(a) Dam

47. Various factors contaminated the rivers.

Arrange the below mentioned reasons from
low to high contributing in it.
1. Population growth
2. Urbanisation
3. Agricultural modernisation
4. Industrialization
Options :
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4
(c) 1, 3, 4, 2 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3 Which of the following aspect best signifies
Ans Foreign 2013 above image?
(a) Dam
(c) 1, 3, 4, 2
(b) Reservoir
48. Arrange the following in the correct sequence: (c) Rainwater harvesting
1. Evaporation from Oceans, Lakes and (d) None of the above
Streams Ans Delhi 2010
2. Condensation
(c) Rainwater harvesting
3. Precipitation
4. Surface Runoff or Ground water 51. Complete the following table with correct
Options : information with regard to major multi-
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 purpose projects of India:

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page 213

(b) Eastern Kerala Ans Comp 2020, 2018

(c) Eastern Rajasthan (c) Multipurpose projects lead to large scale

(d) Western Tamil Nadu displacements and loss of livelihood.
Ans SQP 2017
44. Identify the disaster-
(a) Western Rajasthan • It is the overflow of water is huge amount
covering a large area which causes
42. Complete the following table with correct destruction.
information- • It not only destroys a big area, but also
takes many lines and damages properties.
Inter- States Reason of Dam
state involved dispute made of
• The worst affected people are the farmers
water Krishna as it destroys their crops as well as fertility
dispute river of their land.
• Sometimes it also occurs as an after
Krishna A-? Diversion of B - ?
Godavari more water effect of terrible cyclone in a region which
dispurte at Koyna creates double damage.
river by the Option :
Maharashtra (a) Dam
government (b) Reservoir
to a multi- (c) Rainwater harvesting
purpose (d) Flood
project
Ans OD 2013
Option :
(a) A - Kerala, Maharastra, B - Hirakud (d) Flood
Dam 45. Assertion : Dams are only used for generating
(b) A - Kerala, Maharastra, B - Nagarjuna electricity, not for irrigation.
Sagar Dam Reason : Water stored in dam does not
(c) A - Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, B - produce electricity.
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(d) A - Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, B - reason is the correct explanation of
Hirakud Dam assertion.
Ans Foreign 2011 (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(c) A - Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, B - reason is not the correct explanation of
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
43. Which one of the following statements is not (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
an argument in favour of multipurpose river Ans Delhi 2015

projects? (d) Both assertion and reason are false.

(a) Multipurpose projects bring water to
those areas which suffer from water
scarcity.
(b) Multipurpose projects by regulating
water flow help to control floods.
(c) Multipurpose projects lead to large scale
displacements and loss of livelihood.
(d) Multipurpose projects generate electricity
for our industries and our homes.

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

sometimes too late, sometimes the rainfall (6) Our overpopulation creates circumstances
is very heavy and sometimes very scanty. of generating electricity as well as
(3) During dry months : Moreover, we receive demand of power energy resources than
this rainfall in the months of June to there is a problem of flood control. Due
September. The rest of the year remains to heavy rain, fish breeding is created for
almost dry. That is why it becomes employment, providing fish to fish traders
imperative to use artificial means of and non-vegetarian.
irrigation to water our agricultural crops. (7) We are having over or dense population
(4) Features of monsoons : The irregular, in some parts of U.P., Bihar, West Bengal
uncertain and inadequate monsoons and Orrisa. Even western coastal areas is
result in the serious problem of irrigation. densely populated. India is having more
It becomes all the more acute when there rain but we can not say that there are no
is scanty rainfall. scarcity of water. In fact our population
(5) Excessive rain : Excessive rains cause and very heavy rain also create problem
floods and bulk of the water flows of scarcity of water if it is not use in a
uselessly into the sea. By constructing planned way and there is not a proper
dams, we can use this water to irrigate coordination between the both.
the thirsty lands and generate electricity
for rural as well as urban areas. 105. What is the need for conservation of water
resources? Suggest any three measures to
104. What values do you think are responsible for conserve water resources.
water scarcity in areas receiving high annual Ans OD 2016
rainfall and high population density ?
The following are the reasons for conserve
Ans Comp 2014
our water resources :
I think the areas having high annual rainfall (1) The water resources are limited. Our
and high population density faces water requirements of water are increasing day-
scarcity due to following attached values : by-day.
(1) Increasing population will increase the (2) The water resources are unevenly
demand for fresh drinking water as well distributed.
as common quality water require to fulfil (3) Most of our water resources especially
the various types of needs of population. in cities and urban centres are polluted
(2) The areas having very heavy rain should and unsuitable for drinking and other
also have capacity to store safely tea war purposes.
till the rain comes upto next season. Measures :
(3) Overpopulation will increase the (1) Creation of more water storage reservoirs.
construction work of buildings, dams, (2) Inter-basin transfer of water-linking of
bridges, roads, hospitals, schools, training rivers with one another.
institutions. For all things water demand (3) Rain water harvesting through storage
is increased. of rain water in ponds, tanks, roof-
(4) With their increasing use of fresh water- top, underground tank in houses and
wells, tubewells and use of handpumps reservoirs.
will be decrease underground water level. (4) Sufficient water percolation facilities to
(5) Overpopulation and industrialization be increased/provided—it would result in
increase the chances of water pollution raising of watertable.
also. If water is polluted it will also create (5) Interstate water disputes must be
another form of problem of scarcity of resolved.
water. (6) Various water conservation techniques
like watershed development and rainwater

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page 215

Name River States Benefitted bottom of the reservoir, resulting in

rockier stream beds and poorer habitats
Hirakund A–? Odisha and B – ? for the rivers’ aquatic life.
C–? Bhagirathi Uttarakhand (2) Dams also fragment rivers making it
Option : difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate,
(a) A – Mahanadi, B – Chhattishgarh, C – especially for spawning.
Tehri (3) The reservoirs that are created on the
(b) A – Mahanadi, B – Chhattishgarh, C – floodplains also submerge the existing
Tehri vegetation and soil leading to its
(c) A – Mahanadi, B – Chhattishgarh, C – decomposition over a period of time.
Tehri
54. “India is heading towards water scarcity.”
(d) A – Mahanadi, B – Chhattishgarh, C –
Trace the possible solutions to tackle this
Tehri
problem.
Ans SQP 2009
Ans SQP 2019
(d) A – Mahanadi, B – Chhattishgarh, C –
Possible solutions to tackle water scarcity :
Tehri
(1) Rain water harvesting.
52. Assertion : Multi-purpose projects help to (2) Bamboo drip irrigation system.
control floods by regulating water flow. (3) Avoiding wastage of water in day to day
Reason : Dafrisyere constructed to conserve life activities.
water.
55. State four major uses of water.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of Ans OD 2013

assertion. The four major uses of water are :

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (1) Drinking and domestic purposes
reason is not the correct explanation of (2) Industrial use
assertion. (3) Use for irrigation
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (4) Use for disposal of ever-growing municipal
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. sewage and dirt of all sorts.
Ans Foreign 2015
56. Why are the people of some cities facing the
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but problem of water shortage ?
reason is not the correct explanation of
Ans Delhi 2016
assertion.
(1) Due to large and growing population of
the cities.
(2) Over exploitation by industrial units and
VERY SHORT QUESTIO markets.
(3) Unequal distribution of water.

53. Explain any three reasons for which the 57. Find out and write in details the various
multi-purpose projects and large dams have water conservation measures adopted in your
come under great scrutiny and opposition in area. Do you think any new changes are
the recent years. required ?
Ans SQP 2018 Ans SQP 2017, 2014

(1) Regulating and damming of rivers affect Following measures have been adopted for
their natural flow causing poor sediment conservation of water in our areas :
flow and excessive sedimentation at the

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) Dams have been constructed. The rain-water and may pollute the water by
technique of water harvesting have been enriching it with minerals.
adopted.
(2) Wells and tubewells have been 61. Why do we need to conserve water resources?
constructed. Ans Delhi 2018

(3) Tanks, artificial lakes and some reservoirs 1. To safeguard ourselves from health
have been constructed. hazards.
58. Why do some areas with ample water 2. To ensure food security.
available suffer from scarcity ? Point out the 3. For continuation of our livelihoods.
reasons. 4. For productive activities of the nation.
5. To prevent degradation of our natural
Ans Foreign 2012
ecosystem.
Such unbelievable condition arises if :
(1) Available water is polluted. 62. What is watershed development?
(2) The area suffers from bad water Ans SQP 2005

management. The watershed is the basin of a tributary.

(3) People of an area are illiterate and Watershed is a physiographic unit. The
orthodox. watershed development is a holistic approach.
(4) Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has It includes programmes for soil and moisture
caused eutrophication or oxygen existed conservation, water harvesting, afforestation,
in water bodies is sucked by vegetation or horticulture, pasture development and
weed grown there. upgrading community land resources.
59. Describe any three disadvantages of big dams. 63. Why are Himalayan rivers perennial while
Ans Comp 2011 the peninsular rivers seasonal ?
Following are the Disadvantages of big Dams: Ans Foreign 2009

(1) The big dams have mostly been The Himalayan rivers are perennial because
unsuccessful in controlling floods at the most of the rivers have their sources in glaciers
time of excessive rainfall. and snow fields. The Ganga originates from
(2) The floods have not only devastated Gangotri Glacier and the Yamuna originates
life and property but have also caused from Yamunotri Glacier.
extremely soil erosion. The peninsular rivers are rainfed. They
(3) Sedimentation also meant that the flood depend entirely on monsoon rains for water.
plains were deprived of silt, a natural The monsoon rains come during summer
fertiliser, further adding on to the months only, i.e. from June to September
problem of land degradation. and therefore, they dry up during the non-
60. Write the main causes of water pollution. monsoon months. Hence, they are called
seasonal.
Ans OD 2009

Water gets polluted by : 64. Which are the main sources of irrigation in
(1) Domestic wastes, expecially urbon sewers. India and where they are popular ?
(2) Industrial wastes are disposed off in the Ans Comp 2012

water without proper treatment. There are three sources of irrigation in India,
(3) Chemical effluents from industries and namely : (a) canals, (b) wells and tubewells
from agricultural sector. and (c) tanks.
(4) Pesticides and fertilisers used in Canal irrigation has its maximum
agriculture may get washed into rivers by development in the great plains and in the

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page 217

Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri o

deltas. Wells and tubewells are popular in Mention any one effect of damming of rivers
the alluvial plains. The tanks are common in on their natural flow.
southern states. Ans Foreign 2008

65. Ground water resources are abundant only (1) Damming leads to poor sediment flow
in northern and coastal plains. Explain two and excessive sedimentation which make
main reasons respon-sible for it. the stream bed rocky. Rocky stream bed
Ans OD 2010
is not suitable for aquatic life.
(2) Damming leads to fragmentation of
Two main reasons are as follow : rivers that prevents aquatic animals from
(1) In northern and coastal plains, the land is migrating, especially for spawning.
soft and the rains are abundant so much
rain water is absorbed in the soil. 69. Mention any two disadvantages of multi-
(2) Both northern and coastal plains, there purpose projects.
are many rivers and their tributaries. o
Some streams and lakes also supply water What objections have been raised against
to soil or they keep water continuously. multipurpose river valley projects ? Explain
Different types of soils absorb water, any three.
rambling in abundant groundwater Ans Comp 2006
resources.
(1) Due to sedimentation in the reservoir,
66. Name any two sophisticated hydraulic it triggered flood, soil erosion and land
structures constructed in ancient India. degradation.
Ans Delhi 2006
(2) It has induced earthquakes.
(3) It has caused water-borne diseases, pests
(1) A sophisticated water harvesting system and pollution.
channelling the flood water of the river
Ganga was built in the first century B.C., 70. What are dams ? Why do we call them now
near Allahabad. multi-purpose projects ? How do they help in
(2) To supply water to Siri Fort area, conserving and managing water ?
Iltutmish constructed a tank named Ilauz Ans OD 2007
Khas’ in Delhi, in the 14th century.
(1) A dam is a barrier across flowing water
67. Name two multi-purpose projects (dams). that obstructs, directs or retards the
Also name the rivers on which they are built. flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or
Ans SQP 2013, 2011
impoundment.
(2) Dams are built for various purposes like
Dams Rivers Purposes irrigation, electricity generation, water
supply for domestic and industrial uses,
(1) Bhakra- Satluj (i) Hydel power flood control, recreation, fish breeding.
Nangal production, (ii) Therefore, dams are called multi-purpose
project Irrigation projects where many uses of the impounded
(2) Hirakud Mahanadi (i) Water water are integrated with one another.
project conservation,
(ii) Flood 71. Explain how water becomes a renewable
control resource?
Ans Delhi 2013
68. How does damming of rivers affect their Water is continually being renewed and
natural flow? Write any one effect. recharged through the hydrological cycle.

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

18. Arrange the following steps of “rooftop Ans SQP 2019

rainwater harvesting in a correct sequence- (b) Lal Bahadur Shashtri

1. Rooftop rainwater is collected using a
PVC pipe. 23. Assertion : Ground water a highly overused
2. Filtered using sand and bricks. resource.
3. Underground pipe takes water to sump Reason : Ground water is used for domestic
for immediate usage. and drinking purpose.
4. Excess water from the sump is taken to (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
the well which recharges the underground reason is the correct explanation of
water. assertion.
Options : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4 reason is not the correct explanation of
(c) 1, 2, 3, 4 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3 assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Ans Foreign 2020
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(c) 1, 2, 3, 4 Ans Foreign 2009

19. Water is being used both for hydel power (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
production and irrigation of which of the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
following?
(a) Bhakra-Nangal Dam 24. During whose reign were the dams, lakes and
(b) Sutlej-Beas River Basin irrigation systems built extensively?
(c) Hirakud Dam (a) Ashoka
(d) All of these (b) Chandragupta Maurya
Ans Comp 2016
(c) Akbar
(d) None of these
(a) Bhakra-Nangal Dam
Ans Comp 2005

20. The Hirakud dam is built on which of the (b) Chandragupta Maurya
following river?
(a) Sutlej (b) Beas 25. Following method of water conservation is
(c) Mahandi (d) Krishna known as and is used in the state of-
Ans OD 2017, 2015

21. What is the contribution of India’s

hydroelectric power to the total electricity
produced in the country?
(a) 22% (b) 30%
(c) 40% (d) 50%
Ans Delhi 2012

(a) 22%

22. Who among the following proclaimed the

dam as the Temple of Modern India?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Moti Lal Nehru
(d) Lal Bahadur Shashtri

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76. What problems are being faced by the people which or through which water flows either
of Rajasthan due to shortage of water ? intermittently or continuously.
Mention those problems very briefly. Classification :
Ans OD 2014, 2011
(1) Based on structure and the materials
used, dams are classified as timber dam,
(1) The people of Rajasthan especially embankment dams or masonry dams.
women use ‘matkas’ (earthen pots) to (2) According to height, dams can be
bring water for domestic use from very categorised as large dams and major dams
long distances. or alternatively as low dams, medium
(2) They have to draw water from wells, height dams and high dams.
ponds.
(3) Non-availability of water for irrigation. 79. What do you know about the Bamboo-Drip
(4) Drought conditions prevail and take a toll Irrigation System ?
of pet animals/cattle in a large number Ans Foreign 2014
annually.
(5) On account of water scarcity, people are (1) The Bamboo-Drip Irrigation System is
compelled to live their lives like nomads. very popular in Meghalaya. It is a 200
year old system of tapping stream and
77. When does water stress occur ? From your spring water by using bamboo pipes.
everyday experience write in short about how (2) Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial
you can conserve water. springs on the hill tops to the lower
Ans Delhi 2015
reaches by gravity.
(3) The channel section made ‘of bamboo,
Water stress occurs when water availability divert water to the plant site, where it is
reduces to less than 1000 cubic metre per distributed into several branches.
person. (4) If the pipes pass roads, they are taken
Methods to be used for conservation of water: high above the land on the tree branches.
(1) Keeping the tap closed after use. (5) Reduced channel section and diversion
(2) Using the water spared from vegetable units are used at the last stage of water
cleaning, clothes washing and from other application.
domestic chores for sewage purpose viz. it
can be used in toilet. 80. Identify any three hydraulic structures as part
(3) Roof-top rainwater harvesting is to be of water management programmes initiated
practised. in ancient India along with the period when
(4) Drinking water is not to be used for they were built.
irrigation purposes. Ans Comp 2011
(5) Water from ponds, lakes is to be treated
and recycled so as to reuse for drinking Here are some examples of hydraulic
purpose. structures in ancient India :
(1) In the Ist century B.C, Sringaverapura
78. What is a dam ? Describe the classification near Allahabad had sophisticated water
of dams on the basis of their structure and harvesting system channelling the flood
materials used and height. water of the river Ganga.
Ans SQP 2017
(2) Evidences of sophisticated irrigation
works have also been found in Kalinga
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra
obstructs, directs or retards that flow, often Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur
creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. It (Maharashtra), etc.
has a section called a spillway or weir over

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

The never-ending inter-change of the different (3) Difficulty for aquatic fauna to migrate.
states of water between the oceans, land and (4) Submergence of existing vegetation.
air is known as the hydrological cycle. (5) Decomposition of soil.
(1) Water evaporates due to heat of the sun. (6) Large scale displacement of local
Vapours condense to form clouds. Clouds communities.
give rain.
(2) Rain water from the land, makes it way 74. What is the meaning of rain-water harvesting
back to the sea, and the cycle begins again. ? State any four points that should be kept in
Thus, water is a renewable resource. mind for efficient management of water.
Ans Foreign 2013
72. Mention and discuss two instances where
rooftop rainwater harvesting is carried out Water harvesting is a technique of increasing
effectively. the reaching of ground water by capturing
and storing rain water.
Ans SQP 2019
We should keep some points in mind for
(1) Shillong, the state capital of Meghalaya efficient management of water :
faces acute shortage of water. To solve (1) There should be no wastage of drinking
this problem, almost every household in water.
the city have installed rooftop rainwater (2) Common people should take active
harvesting system. Nearly 15-25 per part in water conservation and proper
cent of the total water requirement of management of water.
the household comes from rooftop water (3) Any chemical or other source which
harvesting. pollute the water should be checked.
(2) In Gendathur, a remote backward village (4) Government should register all water
in Mysore, Karnataka, villagers face extraction points.
shortage of water. To meet their water
requirements villagers have installed 75. Scarcity of which resource is shown in the
in their household rooftop rainwater picture and how is it shown ? Suggest methods
harvesting system. About 200 households to reduce the scarcity of this resource.
have installed this system and enriched
themselves in rainwater.

SHORT Answer QUESTIO

73. “Multi-purpose projects and large dams have

come under great scrutiny.” Identify the
problems caused by the setting up of these
projects and dams.
Ans Comp 2022
Ans SQP 2019
Resource : Water.
Problems caused by setting up of Multi- Water scarcity is shown by a very long queue
purpose projects and large dams : of empty water pots.
(1) Regulating and damming of rivers affect Methods to reduce scarcity of water: Avoiding
their natural flow causing poor sediment its excessive use, pollution and wastage and
flow. adopting rainwater harvesting methods.
(2) Dams fragment rivers.

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86. An area or region may have ample water also require power to run them. Energy is
resources but it may still face water scarcity. generated from hydroelectric power.
Give four reasons for such situation. (3) Huge amount of polluted water and
o chemicals are discharged into rivers.
Three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered Pesticides and fertilisers used in
with water but there is still scarcity of water agriculture also pollute the fresh water
across the globe.’ Explain giving three resources. It makes the water hazardous
reasons. for human use.
o (4) Multiplying urban centres with dense
Explain any four reasons responsible for populations and urban lifestyle have
water scarcity in India. not only added to water and energy
Ans OD 2012
requirements but have further aggravated
the problem.
(1) Large and growing population leads to
greater demand of water for domestic 88. Mention the major reasons of water scarcity
purposes. in urban areas.
(2) Huge population requires more food. To o
produce more foodgrain, water resources Discuss how water scarcity is felt both
are over exploited to expand irrigated quantitatively and qualitatively in urban
areas and dry-season agriculture. areas.
(3) Most farmers have their own wells and Ans Delhi 2018, 2015
tube-wells at their farms for irrigation to
increase their produce. It leads to falling Major reasons for water scarcity in urban
groundwater levels, adversely affecting areas are as follows :
water availability. (1) Multiplying urban centres with large
(4) The ever-increasing number of industries populations has added to water and
exerts pressure on existing freshwater energy requirements.
resources. Industries apart from being (2) The housing societies or colonies in
heavy users of water also require power to the cities have their own groundwater
run them, which comes from hydroelectric pumping devices to meet their water
power. needs. Thus, the water resources are
being over exploited.
87. It is said that by 2025, about two billion (3) Bad quality of water also leads to
people will face severe water scarcity. Do you water scarcity. Water gets polluted
agree ? Discuss. due to domestic and industrial wastes,
Ans Delhi 2014
chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers used
in agriculture.
Yes, by 2025 about two billion people will
face severe water scarcity. 89. How have industrialisation and urbanisation
(1) Due to expansion of irrigated areas aggravated water scarcity in India ?
water resources are being over-exploited. o
Farmers install tube-wells at the farms to What is meant by water scarcity and give
increase their produce. It leads to falling any two causes of water scarcity?
groundwater levels adversely affecting Ans SQP 2010
water availability.
(2) Rapid industrialisation exerts pressure Shortage of water as compared to its demand
on water resources. Industries not only is known as water scarcity.
demand heavy amount of water, they Causes :
(1) Industrialisation : Industries are heavy
users of water. They also require energy

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(3) During the reign of Chandragupta environmentalists and human rights activists
Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built
systems were extensively built. across the Narmada river in Gujarat. It
originally focused on the environmental issues
81. ‘Construction of dams on rivers has caused related to trees that would be submerged
environment degradation.’ Give reasons to under the dam water. Recently it has re-
support this statement. focused the aim to enable the poor citizens,
Ans OD 2011 especially the oustees (displaced people) to
(1) Damming of rivers affects their natural get the full rehabilitation facilities from the
flow causing poor sediment flow. government.
(2) Excessive sedimentation at the bottom of 84. Write an essay on Narmada Bachao Andolan
the reservoir. or Save Narmada Movement.
(3) Lack of sediments results in (a) rockier
stream bed and (b) poorer habitat for the Ans Foreign 2011

river’s acquatic life. Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada

(4) Dams also fragment rivers, making it Movement is a Non-Government Organisation
difficult for acquatic fauna to migrate, (NGO) that mobilised tribal people, farmers,
expecially for spawning. environmentalists and human rights activists
against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built
82. Explain three reasons for multi-purpose across the Narmada river in Gujarat. It
projects and large dams coming under great originally focused on the environmental issues
scrutiny and opposition. related to trees that would be submerged
Ans Delhi 2012, 2010 under the dam water. Recently it has re-
The reasons for multi-purpose projects and focused the aim to enable the poor citizens,
large dams coming under great scrutiny and especially the oustees (displaced people) to
opposition are : get the full rehabilitation facilities from the
(1) Local communities have been displaced government.
from their original settlement areas, with 85. How is hydro-electricity better than thermal
consequent loss of livelihood and income. power ? Explain.
(2) These projects create conflicts between
people wanting to avail benefits from Ans Comp 2017

the same water resources. This leads to (1) Thermal Power : Electricity which is
unsettled disputes. generated by burning coal, petroleum
(3) Objections have been raised about or natural gas is known as power
sedimentation of the reservoirs leading obtained from fossil fuels. It is also called
to floods in nearby areas, causing land thermal power. Its production is costly.
degradation by deprivation of silt (a It is developed from non-replenishable
natural fertiliser) to the land, and other resources. It creates pollution. As coal
consequent problems associated with and petroleum reserves are diminishing
such projects. fast day by day, emphasis on thermal
power is decreasing.
83. Write an short essay on Narmada Bachao (2) Hydro Power : Hydel power is produced
Andolan or Save Narmada Movement. by the motive power of the falling
Ans SQP 2013 water. The production of this electricity
Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada is comparatively cheap. Water is a
Movement is a Non-Government Organisation replenishable resource, and there is no
(NGO) that mobilised tribal people, farmers, fear of its exhaustion. Hydro¬electricity
is free from pollution.

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page 223

Ganga have been found at Sringaverapura o

near Allahabad. It is estimated to be built How far have the multipurpose projects been
in the first century B.C. able to achieve their purpose for which they
(2) Various dams, lakes and irrigation were made ? Explain.
systems were built during the time of Ans SQP 2015
Chandragupta Maurya.
(3) Evidences of sophisticated irrigation Yes, multi-purpose projects failed to achieve
works have also been found in Kalinga their purpose.
(Orissa), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra (1) The dams were built to control floods.
Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur But, they became the cause of floods due
(Maharashtra). to sedimentation in the reservoirs.
(4) One of the largest artificial lakes known (2) At the time of heavy rainfall the water is
as Bhopal Lake, was built in the 11th released from the dams. It leads to floods in
century. the adjacent areas and creates great havoc.
(3) Flood also causes extensive soil erosion.
94. Name two multi-purpose river projects. (4) Due to sedimentation the flood plains
Why have they been under great scrutiny are deprived of silt (a natural fertilizer).
and opposition in recent years ? Give three It further adds on the problem of land
reasons. degradation.
o (5) Huge dams also increases the possibility
Why are multipurpose projects facing of earthquakes.
resistance ? Explain with three reasons.
96. What is a multipurpose river valley project ?
Ans SQP 2011, 2010
Give any four objectives of the multipupose
Name two multi-purpose river projects are river valley project.
The Bhakra-Nangal Project and The Hirakud Ans Foreign 2010
Project.
(1) Due to the construction of dams the natural Dams are referred to as multi-purpose
flow of rivers gets affected. Excessive projects where many uses of the impounded
amount of sediments accumulates at the water are integrated with one another. It is
bottom of the reservoir. As a result, the built not just for irrigation but for electricity
stream beds become shallow, rocky and generation, water supply, flood control,
poor habitats for the river’s aquatic life. recreation, etc. When a dam is used to
(2) Dams also split rivers into narrow serve various other objectives, it is called
streams. It becomes difficult for aquatic multipurpose projects.
fauna to migrate and spawning. Main objectives :
(3) The reservoirs that are made on the (1) Hydro-electric power generation
floodplains submerge the vegetation and (2) Irrigation
soil leading to its decomposition over a (3) Domestic/Industrial supply of water
period of time. (4) Navigation
(4) Construction of dams also leads to large- (5) Flood control
scale displacement of local communities. (6) Fishing, etc.
Local people often have to give up their 97. What do you mean by rainwater harvesting?
land and livelihood for the greater good Discuss the process of rooftop rainwater
of the nation. harvesting.
95. Do you agree that multi-purpose projects Ans Comp 2013

failed to achieve the purpose for which they Rainwater harvesting is a way to capture
were built ? Discuss. the rainwater when it rains, store that water

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

to run machines. Much of this energy was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long
comes from hydroelectric power. and 2.44 metres wide.
(2) Urbanisation : Multiplying urban centres (3) The tankas were part of the well developed
with large and dense populations and rooftop rainwater harvesting system and
urban lifestyles have not only added to were built inside the main house or the
water and energy requirements but have courtyard.
further aggravated the problem. (4) They are connected to the sloping roofs
(3) Most housing societies have their own through a pipe and store rainwater in
groundwater pumping devices to meet these underground `tankas’.
their water needs. This leads to depletion
of underground water. 92. Why are different water harvesting systems
considered a viable alternative both socio-
90. Why is the conservation and management of economically and environmentally in a
water resources important ? Give any three country like India ?
reasons. Ans OD 2018
Ans Foreign 2020
(1) Keeping into view the disadvantages and
(1) Although water is available in plenty, rising resistance E,;ainst the multipurpose
due to its over-exploitation, overuse and projects, water harvesting system is
uneven distribution among the various considered a viable alternative both
classes of the society, we need to conserve socio-economically and environmentally.
and manage water. (2) In ancient India also, along with the
(2) The Indian rivers are badly affected due sophisticated hydraulic structures, there
to increasing population, modernisation existed an extraordinary tradition of
of agriculture, urbanisation and various water harvesting systems.
industrialisation. This problem is (3) People adopted different techniques in
deepening day-by-day. All the life forms different areas. In hilly regions people
are in danger. built diversion channels like the `guls’ or
(3) Our natural ecosystem . is continuously luls’ for agriculture.
degrading. These resources can decline due (4) Rooftop rainwater harvesting, commonly
to over-exploitation and mismanagement practised to store drinking water,
and there may arise the problem of particularly in Rajasthan.
ecological crisis which might have serious (5) In the flood plains of Bengal, people
impacts on our lives. developed inundation channels to irrigate
(4) Our population is continuously increasing. their fields. Khadins, Johads and Tankas
Therefore, to secure the availability of are the forms of rainwater harvesting
drinking and irrigation water in future, practised in Rajasthan.
we need to conserve and manage water.
93. In our ancient past we had technology to
91. Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi- construct sophisticated hydraulic structures.
arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out. Discuss. Give four examples of such structures.
Ans Comp 2011 Ans Delhi 2008

(1) In semi-arid and arid regions of Since our ancient past we have been
Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, constructing dams, reservoirs or lakes,
Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the embankments and canals. It proves that we
houses traditionally had underground had technology to construct sophisticated
tank or tankas for storing drinking water. hydraulic structures.
(2) The tanks could be as large as a big room; (1) A sophisticated water harvesting system
one household in Phalodi had a tank that channelling the flood water of the river

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page 225

(2) During Chandragupta Maurya’s time, 102. Multi-purpose projects and large dams have
dams, lakes and irrigation system were been the cause of many new social movements.
extensively built. Give two examples of such movements.
(3) Reservoirs or lakes like the Bhopal lake What are the reasons and purposes of these
of the 11th century which was one of the movements ?
largest artificial lakes of its time. Ans SQP 2019
(4) Embankment and canal for irrigation,
sophisticated irrigation works have been (1) (i) Narmada Bachao Andolan,
found in Kalinga (Orissa), Kolhapur (ii) Tehri Dam Andolan.
(Maharashtra), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra (2) Reasons for these movements :
Pradesh) etc. (i) Large-scale displacement of local
(5) Several tanks were constructed to store communities. Local people had to
rainwater i.e., the tank in Hauz Khas in give up their agricultural land. They
Delhi was built in 14th century to supply become devoid of their houses.
water to Siri Fort area. (ii) Labourers become jobless.
(iii)Since more land is required for dams,
101. What are the factors which are responsible forests are damaged enormously.
for the scarcity of water in India ? (iv) During heavy rainfall the water is
o released from dams which leads to
Why is the scarcity of water increasing day- floods in adjacent areas or forests get
by-day in India ? Explain any three reasons. submerged.
Ans Delhi 2017
(v) The construction of huge reservior
increases the possibility of
Factors responsible for the scarcity of water earthquakes.
in India : Following factors (reasons) are (3) Purpose of these movements :
responsible for the scarcity of water in our (i) Rehabilitation and relocation to the
country : displaced people.
(1) Growing population : Growing population (ii) Providing residential plots and
is one of the basic factors which is agricultural land to the families.
responsible for the scarcity of water. (iii)Providing employment to the jobless
(2) Commercialisation of agriculture : After workers.
the success of Green Revolution our (iv) Afforestation must be done on a large-
farmers are producing commercial crops. scale to maintain ecological balance.
The commercial crops need more water
and other inputs. 103. Elucidate the need for irrigation in India
(3) Urbanisation : Urbanisation is another with reference to the climate of India and the
factor which is responsible for the scarcity evergrowing population.
of water. Ans Foreign 2020, 2018
(4) Over exploitation and mis-utilization
of water : There are many states in (1) For agriculture : India is primarily an
India which have overutilized its water agricultural country. About 75% of
resources like Punjab and Haryana. Due its population lives on agriculture as
to this the watertable in these states has dependent. Good rains are essential for
lowered. sound cultivation.
(5) Pollution : Pollution of water resources (2) Uncertainty of Rain : Rains in India
is another factor which is responsible for are uncertain, untimely and unevenly
scarcity. Domestic and industrial wastes distributed. The monsoons give us
are the main factors responsible for rains. Sometimes they are too early and
pollution of water.

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

above ground or charge the underground and (5) Another important advantage is that it
use it later. reduces demand for potable water. It is
Process of rooftop rainwater harvesting — important especially in areas with low
(1) The rainwater is brought down from the water levels.
rooftops by using closed PVC pipes.
(2) For the filtration of water, a simple three- 99. Why is there a need to develop rainwater
part filtration unit is installed. harvesting system in India? Explain.
(3) The PVC pipe is connected to a sump. Ans Comp 2018

It takes water to the sump for the Need for development of rainwater harvesting
immediate use of water. Another pipe is system has arisen due to:
connected from the sump to the well to (1) Large growing population - means more
collect excess of water from the sump. water required for domestic use and also
(4) Water from the well recharges the to produce more food.
underground water. (2) In the agricultural sector, water resources
(5) From the wells water can be used during are being over-exploited to expand
summers. irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.
(3) There is uneven distribution of rainfall.
More water required for irrigation purposes
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO to facilitate higher food production; i.e.,
for doing multiple cropping and for I-WV
seeds.
98. Analyse the importance of ‘rainwater (4) There is greater demand for water
harvesting.’ with growing urbanisation and
Ans Delhi 2019
industrialisation. The quality of water
is deteriorating, i.e., getting polluted
(1) It is a technique of increasing the recharge by domestic and industrial wastes,
of groundwater by collecting and storing chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in
rainwater by constructing structures, agriculture.
such as dug wells, percolation pits and (5) An unequal access to water among
check dams. different social groups.
(2) In most cases, the harvested water is (6) Over exploitation of water in the urban
usually redirected to storage tanks, areas. Housing societies and colonies have
cistern or reservoirs. First and foremost, their own ground-water pumping devices.
the collection offers a better and This causes depletion of fragile water
efficient utilization of energy resource. resources in the cities.
It is important because potable water is
usually not renewable. 100. What were the various types of hydraulic
(3) The overall expenses used in setting up structures constructed in ancient India ?
harvesting methods are much cheaper Give examples.
compared to other purifying or pumping Ans OD 2013, 2011
method. Its maintenance is feasible on
Different types of hydraulic structures :
the economic front as it does not require
(1) History tells us that hydraulic structures
deep pockets.
were constructed since early days in
(4) Harvesting allows the collection of large
ancient India. A big tank or the Great
amounts of rainwater. Rainwater is usually
Bath was constructed in Mohen-Jo-
free from harmful chemicals, which makes
ilaro, during the days of Indus Valley
it ideal for irrigation purposes.
Civilisation.

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page 227

harvesting should be adopted and made (4) With the increasing use of fresh water-
popular. wells, tubewells and use of handpumps
will be decrease underground water level.
106. Construction of dams on rivers has caused (5) Over population and industrialisation
environmental degradation’. Give reasons in increase the chances of water pollution
support of this statement. also. If water is polluted it will also create
Ans Delhi 2017 another form of problem of scarcity of
Several facts prove that construction of water.
dams, specially big dams on rivers has caused (6) Our over population creates circumstances
environmental degradation. We can give the of generating electricity as well as
following points in support of this statement : demand of power energy resources than
(1) Flood plains are deprived of silt and there is a problem of flood control. Due
Khadar, affecting the fertility levels of to heavy rain, fish breeding is created for
the soil. employment, providing fish to fish traders
(2) Damming of rivers affects their natural and non-vegetarian.
flow causing poor sediment flow. (7) We are having over or dense population
(3) Excessive sedimentation at the bottom in some parts of U.P., Bihar, West Bengal
of the reservoir. Shortage or lack of and Orissa. Even western coastal areas
sediments results in (a) rockier stream densely populated. India is having more
bed and (b) poorer habitat for the river’s rain but we can not say that there are no
acquatic life. scarcity of water. In fact our population
(4) Dams also fragment rivers, making a and very heavy rain also create problem
difficult for acquatic fauna to migrate, of scarcity of water if it is not use in
especially for spawning. a plan-way and there is not a proper
(5) The reservoir submerge the existing coordination between the both.
vegetation and soil; leading to its 108. What is the importance of water as a natural
decomposition over time. resource? Describe any four methods of
107. Why do you think areas with high annual conserving water.
rainfall and high population densely will face Ans Foreign 2013
water scarcity ? I. Water is a natural resource of prime
Ans SQP 2019, 2018 importance :
I think the areas with high annual rainfall 1. We need water for irrigation.
and high population density will faced water 2. It is required for industries.
scarcity due to following reasons : 3. People and other animals drink water.
(1) Increasing population will increase the 4. Life is impossible without water.
demand for fresh drinking water as well 5. It is required in everyday life.
as common quality water require to fulfil II. The following methods are used for the
the various types of needs of population. protection of water :
(2) The areas having very heavy rain should (i) Construction of reservoirs alongside
also have capacity to store safely the water rivers.
till the rain comes upto next season. (ii) Watershed management in the
(3) Over population will increase the catchment areas.
construction work of buildings, dams, (iii)Water harvesting system in varied
bridges, roads, hospitals, schools, training ways.
institutions. For all things water demand (iv) Construction of check-dams in the
is increased. rivers and nearby river-banks.

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(iii)Creating vast opportunity for use Canal) avoid water scarcity in western
of groundwater through wells and Rajasthan.
tubewells. (3) Distribution of water is helpful in
II. Yes, I can suggest the following measures covering more irrigated land area and
to improve the situation : increasing food grains. It is also helpful
(i) Decentralisation of industrialisation in fishing, water supply in various urban
can be a major step in this direction. and industrial areas of many states.
(ii) Back to rural life and decreasing Lastly it is good for national unity and
urbanisation. integrity to share natural resources including
(iii)Less use of hand-pumps, wells and water for the development of our country.
tubewells for supplying water for Greed and intolerance and selfish motive
increasing population and irrigation. and situation created by narrow-minded
III. Following problems are associated with leaders and politicians can be a big cause of
decreasing level of ground water : dispute.
(i) Shortage of fresh water in the cities The most important cause in distribution
and for use of industrial units. is uncertainty of Indian monsoon. Sometimes
(ii) More power is consumed to bring out we get more rain and sometimes there is less
fresh water from the deeper level of rain or even drought.
ground.
(iii)Water can be supply to colonies 115. Examine the importance of river valley
having housing societies by canals projects in the development of hydel power
or water pipes from water reserves and irrigation facilities in India.
artificial created near rivers, lakes or Ans SQP 2009

streams. After independence, India initiated planned

114. Discuss about those river projects where development of economic activities to achieve
waters are being shared beyond political self-reliance and improve the standard of
boundaries. Show the advantages of the living of its people. Among others a number
same. If there are disputes, discuss why ? of river valley projects were developed.
Many of them are multi-purpose river valley
Ans Foreign 2008
projects. They control floods, check soil-
Krishna — Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh erosion, generate electricity and provide
Godavari — Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh water for irrigation and drinking purposes.
Kaveri — Karnataka and Tamil Nadu The selected multipurpose projects of India
Koyna — Between Maharashtra and are as under :
Karnataka
Names of the Rivers Beneficiaries
Satluj — Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Projects
Himachal Pradesh
Yamuna — Delhi and Haryana 1. Damodar Damodar Jharkhand,
Ganga — Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand and Valley West Bengal
Project
Delhi
(1) The advantages of sharing water is that in 2. Bhakhra Satluj Punjab,
the circumstances of excess of rain, flood Nangal Haryana,
Rajasthan
the water (surplus water) is distributed
and share in the territories of different 3. Hirakund Mahanadi Orissa
states. Project
(2) Some states can get water and the 4. Kosi Project Kosi Bihar and
situation of drought can be avoided such Nepal
as Indira Gandhi Nahar (Rajasthan

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page 229

(d) Buildings of check-dams on small Ans Delhi 2017

rivers and streams. Scarcity of water is a burning problem before

(e) Roof water to be collected on rooftops several countries of the world. I fully agree
in reservoirs. with the statement that by 2025 C.E. about
(f) Roof water can also be stored in tanks two billions people will face severe water
or below the ground. scarcity due to the following reasons :
(1) Expansion of Irrigation : Agriculture
is expanding all over the world. The
expansion of agriculture results in
expansion of irrigated areas, water
resources are being over-exploited.
Farmers install tubewells in the field
increase their agricultural production. It
leads to decrease in groundwater level.
(2) Industrialisation : Rapid indus-trialisation
is taking place in developed as well as
developing countries. It exerts pressure
on water resources. Industries not only
demand heavy amount of water, but also
111. What are the points which are to be kept in require power to run themselves. Energy
mind for the efficient water management ? is generated from hydro-electric power.
(3) Water Pollution : Due to various factors
Ans SQP 2019, 2013
huge amount of water is being polluted.
For efficient water management the following Chemicals discharge from industry are
points are to be kept in mind : polluted river water. Rivers are one of the
(1) For water conservation and its efficient sources of pure water supply. Pesticides
management, awareness among the and fertilisers use in agriculture also
communities should be created. pollute the fresh water resources. It make
(2) People should be involved in all the the water hazardous for human use.
activities of water management. (4) Changes in urban lives : Multiplying
(3) Treated water should not be used in urban centre with dense population and
gardening, washing vehicles, toilets and urban life style have not only added to
wash basins. water and energy requirement but have
(4) All the tubewells and borewells through further aggravated the problem related
which ground water is obtained should with water supply.
be registered to ascertain the amount of
water extraction. 113. What are the various reasons for diminishing
(5) Drying up the underground acquifers level of groundwater in the states of India ?
should be prevented. Could you suggest some measures to improve
(6) Waterbodies should be kept pollution- the situation ? Also assign the various
free. problems associated with decreasing level of
(7) Water supply pipelines should be repaired ground water.
immediately to avoid waste of water. Ans SQP 2016

112. It is said by enlightened people or experts I. The following reasons are responsible for
that by 2025 C.E., nearly two billions people diminishing level of ground water in the
will face severe water scarcity. Do you agree state of India :
with this state-ment ? Discuss in about 100 (i) Intensive industrialisation.
to 120 words. (ii) Urbanisation.

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

34. Assertion : Irrigation has also changed the

cropping pattern.
Reason : Crops are now sown according to
the amount and availability of water.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Delhi 2014

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (a) Government
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) Civil society
(c) All the citizens of India
35. Which options are true for dams? (d) All of the above
(a) They check the sediment flow in rivers.
Ans Comp 2011
(b) Dams have helped provide ample water
for agriculture. (d) All of the above
(c) Dams have solved problems of drought in
39. How many households have installed this
Central India.
rainwater harvesting system in that village?
(d) Dams have helped in power generation.
(a) 150 households
Ans SQP 2017
(b) 175 households
(b) Dams have helped provide ample water (c) 200 households
for agriculture. (d) 225 households
Ans OD 2007
36. Which of the following remote backward
village in Mysore, Karnataka installed (c) 200 households
household rooftop rainwater harvesting
40. Assertion : Irrigation is considered to be the
system?
major source of agriculture.
(a) Gendathur
Reason : Dams are well-known for their
(b) Vanasthalipuram
capacity to hold water for agriculture.
(c) Chilkunda
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(d) Kallahalli
reason is the correct explanation of
Ans Foreign 2018
assertion.
(a) Gendathur (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
37. Name the state where almost all the houses assertion.
traditionally had tankas. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(a) Rajasthan (b) Odisha (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(c) Tamil Nadu (d) Maharashtra
Ans Delhi 2009
Ans Foreign 2013
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(a) Rajasthan
41. In which part of India, rooftop rainwater
38. In 21st century water conservation is the harvesting is chiefly practiced?
collective responsibility of- (a) Western Rajasthan

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5. Chambal Chambal Madhya (4) Kul : It is a circular village tank from

Valley Pradesh, which water is released as and when
Project Rajasthan required.
6. Tungabhadra Tungabhadra Karnataka, 117. Discuss the various ways of coping with water
Project Andhra
shortage problem in Rajasthan.
Pradesh
Ans OD 2011
7. Nagarjuna Krishna Andhra
Sagar Project Pradesh The following ways are adopted for coping
8. Narmada Narmada Madhya with water shortage problems in Rajasthan :
Valley Pradesh, (1) Rajasthan Nahar or Indira Gandhi
Project Gujarat, Canal have been constructed in western
Rajasthan Rajasthan. In some areas of Rajasthan
water is supplied by this canal.
116. How modern adoptations of traditional water (2) Rooftop rainwater harvesting is commonly
harvesting are being carried out to conserve practised to store drinking water in this
water ? state. In arid and semi-arid regions,
Ans Foreign 2014 agricultural fields were converted into
rain fed storage structures that allowed
The following traditional water harvesting
the water to stand and moisten the
methods are adopted :
soil like the Ithadins’ in Jaisalmer and
(1) Tanks : Tanks are constructed to store
`Johadas’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
rainwater storing purposes. These are use
(3) In the semi-arid and arid regions of
till the next rainfall occurring. Tanks are
Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner,
use extremely reliable source of drinking
Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses
water when all other sources are dry up,
traditionally had underground tanks or
particularly in the summer. Tamil Nadu
tankas for storing drinking water. The
is a state where tanks are constructed in
tanks could be as large as a big room;
large numbers.
one household in Phalodi had a tank that
(2) Palar Pani : Rain water, or palar pani
was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 _metres long
as commonly referred in some parts of
and 2.44 metre wide. The tanks were part
India is considered the purest form of
of the well-developed rooftop rainwater
natural water. Under this method many
harvesting system and were built inside
houses constructed underground rooms
the main house or the courtyard.
at joining the tanks to beat the summer
heat as it would keep the room cool. 118. Justify the statement “Industries are exerting
(3) Roof top water harvesting : Roof top rain pressure on existing fresh water resources”.
water harvesting is the most common Ans SQP 2007, 2005
practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is
interesting because Cherapunjee and The statement that industries are exerting
Mawsynram situated at a distance of pressure on existing fresh water resources is
55 km. from Shillong receive the highest greatly justify. We can justify by giving the
rainfall in the world, yet the state capital following points :
Shillong faces acute shortage of water. (1) India is a developing country. Since last
Nearly every household in the city has more than 65 years, she has witnessed
roof top rain water harvesting structure. intensive industrialisation. Due to
Nearly 15-25 percent of the total water industrialisation large industrial houses
requirement of the household comes from are common in the form of industrial
rooftop water harvesting. units of several MNCs (Multinational
Corporations).

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

109. What is multipurpose project ? reservoirs. This is the conservation of

o both water and soil.
How does multipurpose project excel over (4) Hydro-electricity : Over and above,
traditional irrigation projects ? Give example. multipurpose projects are helpful in the
o development of hydro-electricity in a
What are the main purposes of launching number of ways : Firstly, they store water
of multipurpose projects in India after in the rainy season in the hilly areas and
independence ? as such hydro-electricity can be produced
o throughout the year by falling water
How far have the multipurpose projects been from the high head. Secondly, water is
able to achieve their purpose for which they a renewable resource so it can be used
were made ? Explain. again and again in producing electricity
Ans Comp 2020
and that too without pollution.
(5) Navigation : Besides irrigation, under
Multipurpose project is such a scheme which favourable conditions canals are used also
serve several purposes at one and the same for navigation.
time. For example : irrigation, generation of (6) Fishing : The multipurpose projects also
power, flood control, etc. provide facilities for the development of
More importance than the traditional fishing. Their reservoirs are used as good
irrigational projects. fishing grounds.
Modern multipurpose projects excel over
traditional projects by facilitating irrigation, 110. Explain two techniques of water conservation.
checking floods, developing hydro-electricity Ans OD 2013
and providing fishing grounds. The traditional
irrigation projects only served one purpose of (a) Rainwater Harvesting :
irrigation as such the utility was limited. The 1. Rainwater harvesting is a technique
multipurpose projects have proved for more of capturing and storing rainwater by
useful as it clear from the following account : constructing reservoirs, ponds, tanks,
River valley projects which serve a number dug-wells, dams. It would help in recharge
of purposes simultaneously are known as of ground water.
multipurpose projects. Because of their so 2. Rain-water harvesting will result in the
many uses they are rightly called the temples following:
of modern India. (i) to meet the increasing demand of
(1) Irrigation : They greatly help in storing water.
water which can be utilized for irrigation. (ii) to reduce run-off water.
For example, the Rajasthan Canal utilizes (iii)to avoid flooding of roads and lanes.
the water of Satluj river and irrigates the (iv) to increase water-table and recharge
parched land of Rajasthan. ground water.
(2) Flood Control : They also help in checking (v) to reduce water pollution and improve
floods. For example, the Damodar river quality of ground water.
was known as the river of sorrow in West (vi) to supplement domestic water
Bengal. After constructing the Damodar requirement during summer and long
Dam, the floods have been checked and dry spells.
the river has proved a great boon. (b) Techniques of roof-top rainwater
(3) Facility for Afforestation : Multi-purpose harvesting : Simple and cheap techniques
projects provide facility for afforestation. of rooftop water recharges are as under :
Afforestation is undertaken on a large (a) Construction of percolation pits.
scale in the catchment area of the (b) Digging of dugwells and trenches.
(c) Refilling of dugwells.

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page 233

alternative, both socio-economically and 121. Read the given source and answer the
environmentally. In ancient India, along with questions that follow :
the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there
Most of the objections to the projects arose
existed an extraordinary tradition of water
due to their failure to achieve the purposes
harvesting system. People had in-depth kn
for which they were built. Ironically, the dams
knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types that were constructed to control the floods
and developed wide ranging techniques to have triggered floods due to sedimentation in
harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water the reservoir. Moreover, the big dams have
and flood water in keeping with the local mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods
ecological conditions and their water needs. at the time of excessive rainfall. You may have
In hill and mountainous regions, people built seen or read how the release of water from
diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ the dams during heavy rains aggravated the
of the Western Himalayas for agriculture. flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat
‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly in 2006. The floods have not only devastated
practised to store drinking water, particularly life and property but also caused extensive soil
in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, erosion. Sedimentation also meant that the
people developed inundation channels to flood plains were deprived of silt, a natural
irrigate their fields. In arid and semi-arid fertiliser, further adding on to the problem of
regions, agricultural fields were converted into land degradation. It was also observed that the
rain fed storage structures that allowed the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes,
water to stand and moisten the soil like the caused water-borne diseases and pests and
‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
parts of Rajasthan. Questions :
Questions : 1. Name the movement against the river
1. Why is water harvesting system a viable project in Gujarat.
alternative ? 2. How have the big dams mostly been
2. Describe the process of ‘rooftop rainwater unsuccessful in controlling floods at the
harvesting.’ time of excessive rainfall ?
3. Mention any two methods adopted by 3. Analyse any two merits of multi-purpose
ancient India for water conservation. river projects.
Ans Ans
1. Due to the disadvantages and rising 1. Narmada Bachao Andolan is a movement
resistance against the multi-purpose against a number of large dam projects
projects, rainwater harvesting system is across the Narmada River
a viable alternative. 2. Over time, big dams can become filled
2. Rainwater from sloping roofs of houses is with sediment and silt. This reduces
collected by rooftop rainwater harvesting their capacity to hold water, and can
systems and piped into an underground also affect their ability to release water
storage tank for later use. in a controlled manner during periods of
3. Two methods adopted by ancient India heavy rainfall.2
for rainwater harvesting are as: 3. (a) Economic benefits: Multi-purpose
(a) Diversion channels like guls or kuls projects provide significant economic
were built in the mountainous regions. benefits by generating electricity,
(b) Khadins and Johads were also used increasing agricultural productivity,
in arid and semi-arid regions of and creating jobs. They also promote
Rajasthan. the growth of industries and businesses

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

that rely on a stable supply of water rain fed storage structures that allowed
and electricity. the water to stand and moisten the
(b) Disaster management: Multi- soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and
purpose projects can help prevent ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
natural disasters such as floods and ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was
droughts by regulating water flows commonly practised to store drinking
and providing early warning systems. water, particularly in Rajasthan.
They can also provide emergency
relief and rehabilitation in the event 123. Read the source given below and answer the
of a disaster. questions that follow:
Maharashtra is a state located in western
122. Read the source given below and answer the
India, with a population of over 110 million
questions that follow:
people. The state is home to several large
Given the abundance and renewability of water, cities, including Mumbai, and has a significant
it is difficult to imagine that we may suffer agricultural sector. However, the state is
from water scarcity. The moment we speak facing a severe water crisis, with its water
of water shortages; we immediately associate resources coming under increasing pressure
it with regions having low rainfall or those due to climate change, industrialization, and
that are drought prone. We instantaneously urbanization. The main challenges faced by
visualise the deserts of Rajasthan and women water resource management in Maharashtra
balancing many ‘matkas’ (earthen pots) are:
used for collecting and storing water and I. Overexploitation of groundwater:
travelling long distances to get water. True, Maharashtra is one of the most
the availability of water resources varies over groundwaterstressed states in India,
space and time, mainly due to the variations with the demand for water exceeding the
in seasonal and annual precipitation, but supply. Overexploitation of groundwater
water scarcity in most cases is caused by over- for agriculture and urban use has led to a
exploitation, excessive use and unequal access decline in water levels, which has severe
to water among different social groups. implications for the sustainability of
Questions : water resources.
1. How do women collect water in Rajasthan? II. Pollution of surface water: Industrialization
2. Why is water scarcity in most areas and urbanization have led to the pollution
caused? of surface water bodies such as rivers and
3. Do you think rainwater harvesting can lakes. The pollution has led to water
help ?Give reasons to justify your answer. quality degradation, which poses risks to
Ans 2024
human health and the environment.
III. Inefficient irrigation practices: The
1. Women collected and stored water by agricultural sector is the largest user of
balancing many ‘matkas’ (earthen pots) water in Maharashtra, accounting for
and travelling long distances to get water. around 80% of total water use. However,
2. Water scarcity is caused due to the traditional irrigation practices such as
variations in seasonal and annual flood irrigation are inefficient and lead to
precipitation, but water scarcity in most the wastage of water.
cases is caused by over- exploitation, Questions :
excessive use and unequal access to water 1. Mention any two reasons for the water
among different social groups. crisis faced by the state of Maharashtra.
3. Yes, rain water harvesting can help as 2. Propose any one solution to mitigate the
agricultural fields were converted into water crisis faced by Maharashtrastate.

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3. Despite being the second highest believing in the promise of irrigated fields
rainfall-receiving state of the country, and plentiful harvests. So, often the survivors
Maharashtra still faces water crisis. of Rihand told us that they accepted their
Substantiate this statement in 40 words. sufferings as sacrifice for the sake of their
Ans 2024 nation. But now, after thirty bitter years of
1. Two reasons for Maharashtra facing being adrift, their livelihood having even being
a water crisis are overexploitation of more precarious, they keep asking: “Are we
groundwater and pollution of surface the only ones chosen to make sacrifices for
water bodies due to industrialization and the nation?”
urbanization. Source: S. Sharma, quoted in In the Belly of
2. Despite receiving the second-highest the River. Tribal conflicts over development
rainfall in the country, traditional in Narmada valley. A. Baviskar. 1995.
irrigation practices like flood irrigation Questions :
leading to water shortages in Maharashtra. 1. With what objective ‘Sardar Sarovar
This is because flood irrigation involves Dam’ was built?
excessive water use, and the water gets 2. Analyse the reason of protest by the
lost due to runoff, leading to less water tribal people.
available for other uses. 3. Highlight the issues on which ‘Save
3. To mitigate the water crisis in Narmada Movement’ worked on.
Maharashtra, one solution could be to Ans 2023
promote the adoption of more efficient 1. The dam was constructed to provide water
irrigation practices, such as drip irrigation and electricity to the Indian states of
and sprinkler systems, that use less water Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
and are more targeted in their delivery. and Rajasthan
The state can also use rain water 2. Construction of Dams caused the
harvesting system to improve ground displacement of local people in large
water levels along the western side of numbers. Constructing Dams caused
western Ghats which receive maximum the loss of their livelihood as they were
rain fall. This will increase the efficiency dependent on agriculture.
of water use in the state of Maharashtra 3. Save Narmada Movement worked on the
124. Read the source given below and answer the following issues:
questions that follow: (a) It originally focused on the
environmental issues related to trees
Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save that would be submerged under the
Narmada Movement is a Non-Governmental dam water.
Organisation (NGO) that mobilized tribal (b) To enable poor and displaced people
people, farmers, environmentalists and to get full rehabilitation facilities
human rights activists against the Sardar from the government.
Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada (c) Against the loss of livelihood by tribal
river in Gujarat. It originally focused on the people.
environmental issues related to trees that
would be submerged under the dam water. 125. Read the case given below carefully and
Recentlyit has re-focused the aim to enable answer the questions that follow :
poor citizens, especially the oustees (displaced
NTPC is a major power providing corporation
people) to get full rehabilitation facilities from
in India. It has ISO certification for EMS
the government.
(Environment Management System) 14001.
People felt that their suffering would not be in The corporation has a proactive approach
vain… accepted the trauma of displacement

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) The ever increasing number of industries 2. How do people of Rajasthan utilise
has made matter worse by exerting rainwater ?
pressure in the already prevailing fresh 3. Explain any two benefits of rainwater
water resources. harvesting.
(3) Industries apart from being major user Ans
of water, also require power on run them.
Much of the energy (power energy) comes 1. Two methods of water harvesting in
from the hydro-electricity power i.e., India:
totally depending on supply of water. (i) The excess water collected through
(4) Industrialisation promotes urbanisation. rainfall can be carried to the wells,
In fact they interlinked and in this way which further helps to recharge the
we can say industrialisation indirectly wells and underground water.
aggravated the problem of water scarcity. (ii) Collection of rainwater on top of the
Due to intensive urbanisation most of roof and directing dry tanks.
the cities are populated due to labourers 2. The tanks are constructed inside the main
busy in various industries. Different house or the courtyard, and are connected
professionals and service class-fellow are to the sloping roofs of the houses through
working in the form of engineers, clerks, a pipe. The rain falling on the rooftop
accountants, doctors, chemists, teachers travels down and is stored in the tanks.
and other professionals. Increasing 3. Advantages of rainwater harvesting:
number of people led to increasing (a) Rainwater harvesting is a sustainable
demand of fresh water supply. process that helps in preserving water
for future needs. It also ensures water
conservation and all round availability
of water for various purposes.
CASE BASED QUESTIO (b) It reduces soil erosion, stormwater
runoff, flooding, and pollution
of surface water with fertilizers,
119. Read the given extract and answer the pesticides, metals and other
questions that follow : sediments.
In ancient India, along with the sophisticated (c) It is an excellent source of water
hydraulic structures, there existed an for landscape irrigation with no
extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting chemicals, dissolved salts and free
system. People had an in-depth knowledge from all minerals.
of rainfall regimes and soil types and (d) When rainwater is harvested, it
developed wide ranging techniques to harvest is stored in tanks or directed to
groundwater, rainwater, river water and percolate into the ground through
flood water in keeping with the local ecological various methods like recharge wells,
conditions and their water needs. In hilly and recharge pits, or recharge trenches.
mountainous regions, people built diversion This recharges the groundwater
channels like the kuls and guls of Western reservoirs directly, which can help
Himalayas for agriculture. Rooftop rainwater increase the water table over time.
harvesting was very commonly practised 120. Read the given source and answer the
to store drinking water, particularly in questions that follow :
Rajasthan.
Questions : Many thought that given the disadvantages
1. Mention any two methods of traditional and rising resistance against the multi purpose
water-harvesting used in India. projects, water harvesting system was a viable

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page 237

It is regarding the diversion of more water at Godavari dispute is due to the objections
Koyna by the Maharashtra government for raised by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
a multi-purpose project. This would reduce governments. It is regarding the diversion of
downstream flow in their states with adverse more water of Koyna by the Maharashtra
consequences for agriculture and industry. government for a multi-purpose project.
This reduces downstream flow in their
Most of the objections to the projects arose
states with adverse consequences for
due to their failure to achieve the purposes
agriculture and industry.
for which they were built. Ironically, the dams
3. It is true that multi-purpose projects
that were constructed to control floods have
fail to achieve their aim for which they
triggered floods due to sedimentation in the
were built. The dams were constructed to
reservoir.
control floods but have triggered floods
Moreover,the big dams have mostly been due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time Moreover, the big dams have mostly been
of excessive rainfall. unsuccessful in controlling floods at the
time of excessive rainfall.
You may have seen or read how the release
of water from dams during heavy rains 127. Read the sources given below and answer the
aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra questions that follows:
and Gujarat in 2006. The floods have not only
devastated life and property but also caused Dam, structure built across a stream, a river,
extensive soil erosion. Sedimentation also or an estuary to retain water. Dams are built
meant that the flood plains were deprived of to provide water for human consumption,
silt, a natural fertiliser, further adding on for irrigating arid and semiarid lands, or for
to the problem of land degradation. It was use in industrial processes. They are used to
also observed that the multi-purpose projects increase the amount of water available for
induced earthquakes, caused water-borne generating hydroelectric power, to reduce
diseases and pests and pollution resulting peak discharge of floodwater created by large
from excessive use of water. storms or heavy snowmelt, or to increase the
Questions : depth of water in a river in order to improve
1. Do you agree that farmers are responsible navigation and allow barges and ships to travel
for the salinisation of soil? If yes, why? more easily. Dams can also provide a lake
2. Is it true that dams create conflict for recreational activities such as swimming,
between people? State any one real life boating, and fishing. Many dams are built for
example. more than one purpose; for example, water in
3. Is it true that multi-purpose projects are a single reservoir can be used for fishing, to
not able to achieve their major objectives? generate hydroelectric power, and to support
If yes, how? an irrigation system. Water-control structures
of this type are often designated multipurpose
Ans dams.
1. Yes, I agree that farmers are also Questions
responsible for salinisation of soil. It is 1. What is a dam ?
because, they switched to water intensive 2. Why do we call them multi-purpose
commercial crops which need more projects ?
irrigation and cause salinisation of soil. 3. What is the value and importance of
2. It is true that dams create conflicts between Multi-purpose projects ? Explain with
people. As from the same water resources, examples.
different people want different uses and 4. Who proclaimed dams as the temple of
benefits. For example, the Krishna- Modern India and why

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Ch 7 : Water Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

for preserving the natural environment and their commitment to quality, efficiency,
resources like water, oil, gas and fuels in and compliance with relevant regulations.
places where it is setting up power plants. 3. NTPC has a proactive approach for
This has been possible through : preserving the natural environment and
(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment resources like water, oil, gas and fuels in
adopting latest techniques and upgrading places where it is setting up power plants.
existing equipment. This is achieved through the following
(b) Minimising waste generation by methods.
maximising ash utilisation. (a) Optimum utilization of equipment
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing adopting latest techniques and
ecological balance and addressing the upgrading existing equipment.
question of special purpose vehicles for (b) Minimizing waste generation by
afforestation. maximizing ash utilization.
(d) Reducing environmental pollution (c) Providing green belts for nurturing
through ash pond management, ash ecological balances and encouraging
water recycling system and liquid waste afforestation.
management. (d) Reducing environmental pollution
(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online through ash pond management, ash
database management for all its power water recycling system and liquid
stations. waste management.
Questions :
1. Define the term ‘sustainable development’. 126. Read the extract and answer the questions
2. What is the idea behind ISO certification? that follow:
3. Examine the proactive approach of Read the given extract and answer the
National Thermal Power Corporation following questions.
(NTPC).
Irrigation has also changed the cropping
Ans
pattern of many regions with farmers shifting
1. Sustainable development refers to the to water intensive and commercial crops.
practice of meeting the needs of the This has great ecological consequences like
present generation without compromising salinisation of the soil. At the same time,
the ability of future generations to meet it has transformed the social landscape i.e.,
their own needs. It involves achieving increasing the social gap between the richer
economic growth and development while landowners and the landless poor. As we can
ensuring the protection of the environment see, the dams did create conflicts between
and the conservation of natural resources people wanting different uses and benefits
for the benefit of both current and future from the same water resources.
generations.
2. The idea behind ISO certification is to In Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers were
establish and maintain internationally agitated and almost caused a riot over the
recognized standards for various higher priority given to water supply in urban
aspects of business operations, such as areas, particularly during droughts. Interstate
quality management, environmental water disputes are also becoming common
management, information security, and with regard to sharing the costs and benefits
occupational health and safety. ISO of the multi-purpose project.
certification ensures that organizations Do you know that the Krishna-Godavari
adhere to specific standards and guidelines dispute is due to the objections raised by
set by the International Organization for Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh governments?
Standardization (ISO), demonstrating

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page 239

Therefore, Jawaharlal Nehru proudly 2. Today, in India hydroelectric power

proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of contributes approximately 22 percent of
modern India’. the total electricity produced.
3. The multi-purpose projects face many
resistance because these projects have www.nodia.i
primarily been opposed due to the large-
scale displacement of local communities.
Local people often had to give up their
land, livelihood and their meagre access
and control over resources.

129. Read the sources given below and answer the

questions that follows:
In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near
Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting
system channelling the flood water of the river
Ganga. During the time of Chandragupta
Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation
systems were extensively built. Evidences of
sophisticated irrigation works have also been
found in Kalinga, (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda
(Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka),
Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc.
The ever-increasing number of industries has
made matters worse by exerting pressure on
existing freshwater resources. Industries, apart
from being heavy users of water, also require
power to run them. Much of this energy comes
from hydroelectric power. Today, in India
hydroelectric power contributes approximately
22 percent of the total electricity produced.
Moreover, multiplying urban centres with large
and dense populations and urban lifestyles
have not only added to water and energy
requirements but have further aggravated the
problem.
Questions:
1. Name the place where the evidence of
sophisticated irrigation works.
2. How many percent of contribution made
by the hydroelectric power in India?
Ans
1. Evidences of sophisticated irrigation
works have also been found in Kalinga,
(Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra
Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur
(Maharashtra), etc.

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page 241

CHAPTER
8
Agriculture

SUMMAR
13. Chakbandi : Bringing of various fragmented
holdings of land into bigger one at one place
is called Chakbandi.
1. Agriculture : The science and art of cultivation 14. Holdings : Holdings are the fields on which
of the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. agricultural crops are raised.
2. Agriculture Resources : Gifts of nature that 15. Intercropping : Raising of crops in association
include fertile soils, water for irrigation and with each other or one another on the same
favourable climatic conditions for the growth field at the same time is called intercropping.
of plants. 16. Cooperative Movement : The movement
3. Arable Land : Land currently ploughed under which people come together and
and cultivated with crops. It is also called pool their resources such as land, labour
cultivable land and includes both cultivated and capital to produce more is known as
and temporary fallow land. cooperative movement.
4. Primitive Subsistence Farming : Farming on 17. Biotechnology : Use of biological agents and
small patch of land with the help of primitive processes for beneficial purposes is known as
tools. biotechnology.
5. Intensive Subsistence Farming : A labour- 18. Dairy Animals : These are those animals
intensive farming where high doses of which are reared mainly for getting milk from
biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for them.
obtaining higher production. 19. Draught Animals : These are those animals
6. Commercial Farming : Farming that uses which are used on the farms in ploughing,
higher doses of modern technology. sowing, threshing and transporting farm
7. Dairy Farming : A kind of agriculture in products.
which mainly emphasis is given on breeding 20. Chemical Fertilizers : Substances of natural or
and rearing cattle for milk. artificial origin containing chemical elements
8. Net Sown Area : The total land cultivated in such as phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen
a year is called net sown area. that are necessary to plant life.
9. Jhum Farming : A ‘slash and burn’ or 21. Extensive Agriculture : Seasonal pattern of
nomadic farming. land-use over large areas.
10. Non-Food Crops : Rubber, fibre crops like 22. Green Revolution : Integrated institutional
cotton and jute. effort for increase of foodgrain production
11. Zaid Crops : Zaid crops are those crops which in selected regions like states of Punjab and
are sown after Rabi season and before Kharif Haryana.
season in a very short period. Watermelon, 23. Kharif : Crops that are sown after the onset
muskmelon and cucumber are Zaid crops. of the south-west monsoon (June and July)
12. Bio-Manures : Manures which come into and harvested in autumn.
being as a result of decay of biotic substances 24. Mixed Farming : A type of farming in which
like dung and vegetation such as leaves, cultivation of crops and raising of livestock
flowers and husks. go hand in hand. Both these activities play
an important part in the economy.

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MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS SOCIAL

STANDARD BASIC SCIENCE
SCIENCE
Class 10 Class 10 Class 10 Class 10

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

POLITICAL INFORMATION
GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Class 10 Class 10 Class 10
Class 10

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

ARTIFICAL
HOME INTELIGENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Class 10 Class 10 Class 10

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MATHEMATICS PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY

Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11

COMPUTER
SCIENCE ACCOUNTANCY ECONOMICS BUSINESS
STUDIES
APPLIED
MATHEMATICS
Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11

ENGLISH HINDI ENGLISH HINDI

CORE CORE ELECTIVE ELECTIVE GEOGRAPHY
Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11 Class 11

History POLITICAL
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MATHEMATICS PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY

Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

COMPUTER
SCIENCE ACCOUNTANCY ECONOMICS BUSINESS
STUDIES
APPLIED
MATHEMATICS
Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

ENGLISH HINDI ENGLISH HINDI

CORE CORE ELECTIVE ELECTIVE GEOGRAPHY
Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

History POLITICAL
SCIENCE SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY
HOME
SCIENCE
Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS SOCIAL

STANDARD BASIC SCIENCE
SCIENCE
Class 9 Class 9 Class 9 Class 9

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

POLITICAL INFORMATION
GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Class 9 Class 9 Class 9
Class 9

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

ARTIFICAL
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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

25. Plantation : Farming of plant crops like sugar, raise the poor people above from the. Below
coffee, tea, cocoa, banana, spices, rubber and Poverty Line (BPL).
palm oil.
26. Rabi Crops : Crops sown in winter and
harvested in early summer. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
27. Support Prices : Support prices are the
minimum and reasonable prices fixed by the 1. Read the given statements and choose the
government of which the farmer can sell his correct option with regard to Rabi cropping
produce either in the open market or to the season from the following :
government agencies. I. Rabi crops are sown in winter.
28. Beverage Crops : Tea and coffee are good II. Sown from October to December and
examples of beverage crops used for drinking. harvested from April to June.
29. Cereals : Crops used as food. III. Important crops are Maize, Cotton, Jute.
30. Rotation of Crops : A systematic succession IV. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh are
of different crops on a given piece of land important for the production of wheat.
carried out in order to avoid exhaustion of Options :
the soil. (a) I, III and IV
31. Subsistence Agriculture : Farming confined (b) II, III and IV
to family consumption. (c) I, II and IV
32. Tubewell : Electricity driven device for (d) I, II and III
extraction of ground water.
33. Gross Cultivated Area : The net sown area Ans Comp 2023

and the land cultivated more than once in a (c) I, II and IV

year.
34. Wet Land Farming : Farming in areas of high 2. Identify the Crop with the help of the
rainfall and irrigated areas. Crops grown are following information and chose the correct
rice, sugarcane and vegetable. option.
35. Fallow Land : Not cultivating a tract of land • This is the staple food crop.
to maintain soil fertility. • This is a Kharif crop.
36. Golden Fibre : Jute is called as golden fibre. • It requires high temperature and high
37. Horticulture : Specialised cultivation of fruits humidity.
and vegetables. • It requires above 100 cm of annual
38. Sericulture : Rearing of silk worms to produce rainfall.
raw silk. Options:
39. White Revolution : A package programme (a) Wheat (b) Maize
meant for increasing the production of milk. (c) Rice (d) Jwar
40. Yield Per Hectare : The production of a crop Ans OD 2023

measured in kg. or tonne obtained from a (c) Rice

hectare of agricultural land.
41. Interculture : An agricultural practice in which 3. Which one of the following is an example of
two crops are raised simultaneously in order Cultivable Wasteland ?
to maintain the fertility and productivity of (a) Gross cropped area
the fields. (b) Uncultivable land
42. Farming Eco-system : It consists of farms, (c) Barren wasteland
farm animals and farmers together. (d) Current fallow land
43. Operation Flood : A programme under which Ans SQP 2020
milk production is augmented in order to
(b) Uncultivable land

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4. Assertion : The promise of Green Revolution Which of the above statements are correct
to produce large amounts has brought it (a) 1 and 2
under major controversies (b) 1 and 3
Reason : It has caused land degradation due (c) 2 and 3
to overuse of chemicals, drying aquifers and (d) All 1, 2 and 3
vanishing biodiversity. Ans Forign 2020
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct (d) All 1, 2 and 3
and Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion 7. Identify the crop-
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct • It is a Kharif crop which requires
and Reason is not the correct explanation temperature between 21°C to 27°C
for Assertion • It grows well in alluvial soil.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is • In some states it is grown as Rabi crop.
incorrect Option :
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect (a) Millets (b) Wheat
Ans OD 2020
(c) Sugarcane (d) Maize
Ans Comp 2011
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is the correct explanation for (d) Maize
Assertion
8. Arrange the following steps of sericulture in
5. Which one of the following is a rabi crop? the correct sequence-
(a) Rice (b) Millets 1. The extraction of silk filaments from the
(c) Gram (d) Cotton silkworm cocoons.
Ans Delhi 2020
2. Silk filaments are woven together to form
a thread.
(c) Gram 3. The cultivation of mulberry leaves.
6. Study the following image and read following 4. Rearing of silkworm on mulberry leaves.
statement. Option :
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 4, 3, 2, 1
(c) 3, 4, 2, 1 (d) 3, 4, 1, 2
Ans OD 2015, 2013

(d) 3, 4, 1, 2

9. Complete the following table with the correct

information-
Movement Started Started Started
in year in state because
Champaran 1917 A-? B-?
1. It is a Kharif crop and requires hot and Movement
humid climate for cultivation. (a) A-Punjab, B-Farmers of that region were
2. Major regions of rice production are the forced to grow cotton on their land.
Ganga-Brahmaputra and Coastal areas (b) A-Bihar, B-Farmers of that region were
and deltaic regions with alluvial soil. forced to grow indigo on their land.
3. Temperature above 25C, and high (c) A-Punjab, B-Farmers of that region were
humidity with annual rainfall above 100 forced to grow tea on their land.
cm are favourable for cultivation of this (d) A-Bihar, B-Farmers of that region were
crop. forced to grow nothing on their land.

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is (c) Both 1 and 2 are correct
incorrect (d) Neither 1 nor 2 are correct
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect Ans OD 2019
Ans Delhi 2017
(d) Neither 1nor 2 are correct
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is the correct explanation for 27. Look at the picture below and choose one
Assertion of the major problem associated with the
practice shown in the picture-
24. For the production of wheat there should be
.............
(a) Cool and wet climate its growing period
but hot climate during the ripening
period.
(b) Sufficient heat but very little rainfall.
(c) Sufficient heat and heavy rainfall.
(d) Hot climate during the growing period
but cool climate during the ripening
period.
Ans SQP 2005
(a) Contamination of soil, water and other
(a) Cool and wet climate during its growing vegetation.
period but hot climate during the ripening (b) Pesticides are harmful for insects.
period. (c) Affect the crop yield.
25. Complete the following table with correct (d) This method is less effective.
information with regard to cultivation of Ans Delhi 2010, 2007

Rice: (a) Contamination of soil, water and other

Producing Temperature Rainfall vegetation.
Rubber states
28. Which one of following is correct for organic
Kerala, A–? B–? farming.
Tamilnadu
(i) It is practised without factory made
(a) A – 21°-27° C, B – Around 140 cm. chemicals
(b) A – 21°-27° C, B – Around 250 cm. (ii) It does not affect environment in a
(c) A – 20°-34° C, B – Around 250 cm. negative manner.
(d) A – 20°-34° C, B – Around 140 cm. Option :
Ans Foreign 2017 (a) Only (i)
(b) Only (ii)
(c) A – 20°-34° C, B – Around 250 cm.
(c) Both (i) and (ii)
26. Consider the following statements and select (d) Neither (i) nor (ii)
the correct answer using the code given Ans SQP 2006
below:
(c) Both (i) and (ii)
1. West Bengal is the leading producer of
tea in India.
2. A tea plantation needs more than 200 cm
of rainfall.
Option :
(a) Only 1 is correct
(b) Only 2 is correct

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17. Look at the table below carefully and answer Ans SQP 2019

the question- (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct

and Reason is the correct explanation for
Sector in 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Assertion
(%)
Agriculture 4.2 –0.2 1.1 20. Which plantation crop and its cultivation is
confined in the Nilgiri in Kerala, Karnataka
Industry 5.0 5.9 7.3
and Tamilnadu?
Services 7.8 10.3 9.2 (a) tea (b) coffee
GDP 6.6 7.2 7.6 (c) rubber (d) all of these
Though the GDP growth rate is increasing Ans Foreign 2009

oner the years still the growth rate in (b) coffee

agriculture has been decelerating which of
the following is the most significant reason of 21. Arrange the following state (from higher to
the situation- lower) as rice production states-
(a) Increase in import duties on agricultural 1. Assam
products. 2. Bihar
(b) Reduction in the public investment in 4. Uttar Pradesh
agriculture sector. 5. West Bengal
(c) Increase in subsidy on fertilisers. Option :
(d) Alternative employment opportunities (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 4, 3, 2, 1
are decreasing. (c) 2, 1, 3, 4 (d) 3, 2, 4, 1
Ans OD 2017 Ans Comp 2011

(b) Reduction in the public investment in (b) 4, 3, 2, 1

agriculture sector.
22. Why were the farmer forced to grow indigo
18. In which country, slash and burn agriculture on their land ?
is known as “Milpa”? (a) it was necessary for the textile industries
(a) Venezuela which were located in Kolkata.
(b) Brazil (b) it was necessary for the paper industries
(c) Central America which were located in Kolkata.
(d) Mexico and Central America (c) it was necessary for the textile industries
which were located in Britain.
Ans Delhi 2008
(d) it was necessary for the paper industries
(d) Mexico and Central America which were located in Britain
Ans SQP 2015
19. Assertion: Mostly women are employed to
harvest tea leaves (d) it was necessary for the textile industries
Reason: Women are better pickers and can which were located in Britain.
be employed at relatively cheaper rates.
23. Assertion : India’s primary activity is Agriculture.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
Reason : Two-thirds of its population is
and Reason is the correct explanation for
engaged in agricultural activities.
Assertion
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is the correct explanation for
and Reason is not the correct explanation
Assertion
for Assertion
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is
and Reason is not the correct explanation
incorrect
for Assertion
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(c) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV (a) Assam

(d) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III (b) Manipur
Ans Foreign 2019
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Andhra Pradesh
(b) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Ans Delhi 2014
36. Why is there enormous pressure on (a) Assam
agricultural land?
(a) Overpopulation 39. ____ is a primary activity, which produces
(b) Small scale farmers are not able to earn most of the food that we consume.
livelihood (a) Agriculture
(c) Due to the law of inheritance and division (b) sericulture
of land. (c) apiculture
(d) Farmers of less land holdings are not able (d) lac culture
to afford the right techniques Ans SQP 2018
Ans Comp 2020
(a) Agriculture
(d) Due to the law of inheritance and division
of land. 40. Assertion : Plantation has an interface of
agriculture and industry.
37. Look at the table below carefully and answer Reason : Plantation is a type of commercial
the question- farming, a single crop is grown on a large
area.
Sector in 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
(%)
and Reason is the correct explanation for
Agriculture 4.2 –0.2 1.1 Assertion
Industry 5.0 5.9 7.3 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is not the correct explanation
Services 7.8 10.3 9.2
for Assertion
GDP 6.6 7.2 7.6 (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is
Though the GDP growth rate is increasing incorrect
over the years still the growth rate in (d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect
agriculture has been decelerating. which of Ans Foreign 2020
the following is the most significant reason of
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
the situation-
and Reason is the correct explanation for
(a) Increase in import duties on agricultural
Assertion
products.
(b) Reduction in the public investment in 41. The Agriculture that is practiced on small
agriculture sector. patches of land with the help of primitive
(c) Increase in subsidy on fertilisers. tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks is
(d) Alternative employment opportunities _____.
are decreasing. (a) Shifting Agriculture
Ans OD 2013 (b) Primitive Subsistence Farming
(c) Intensive Subsistence Farming
(b) Reduction in the public investment in
(d) Commercial Farming
agriculture sector.
Ans OD 2017, 2013
38. In which state of India slash and burn is
(b) Primitive Subsistence Farming
called Jhumming?

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29. Complete the following table with correct 32. Over the years, cultivation methods have
information- changed significantly depending upon the
characteristics of ……
Cropping Sowing Harvesting Crops
(a) Type of crop
seasons period period grown
(b) technological know-how
Kharif Onset of September- B - ? (c) Type of season
monsoon October (d) Government intervention
Rabi A-? April-June Wheat, Ans Delhi 2015, 2013
barley,
(b) technological know-how
gram
(a) A-the summer months B-Paddy, maize, 33. What has been the main dependency of
bajra, arhar primitive farming?
(b) A-October- December, onset of winter. (a) monsoon
B-watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber (b) labour
(c) A-October- December, onset of winter. (c) suitability of other environment
B-Paddy, maize, bajra, arhar (d) technical
(d) A-the summer months. B-watermelon, Ans SQP 2012
muskmelon, cucumber
(a) monsoon
Ans Foreign 2014
34. What are the features of primitive subsistence
(c) A -October- December, onset of winter. B
agriculture?
-Paddy, maize, bajra, arhar.
(a) Large amount of labour
30. Assertion : Agriculture is not an old economic (b) When the soil fertility decreases, the
activity. farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land
Reason : Farming varies from subsistence to (c) Use of canals
commercial type. (d) Use of fertilisers
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct Ans Foreign 2010
and Reason is the correct explanation for
(b) When the soil fertility decreases, the
Assertion
farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is not the correct explanation 35. Match the given crops with their major
for Assertion producing areas shown on the map of India.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is A. Wheat
incorrect B. Coffee
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect C. Rice
Ans Comp 2022 D. Tea
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect Table (Different
Name of Slash and
31. Choose the correctly matched pair about Burn Agriculture)
the Primitive Cultivation in India from the
following options: I. Bringa
(a) Dahiya - Madhya Pradesh II. Waltre
(b) Kumari - lharkhand III. Dahiya
(c) Khil - Andhra Pradesh
IV. Kuruwa
(d) Koman - Karnataka
(a) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
Ans OD 2017
(b) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(a) Dahiya - Madhya Pradesh

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

49. Identify the agro based industry- 53. Study the picture and answer the question
• Also called as silk farming. that follows:
• It is the process of making silk fibres.
• It includes the raising of silk worms and
then processing of fibres they produce.
• Silkworms are feeded upon mulberry leaves.
Option :
(a) Agriculture (b) Sericulture
(c) Apiculture (d) Lac culture
Ans Delhi 2019, 2014

(b) Sericulture

50. Assertion: Crops are grown depending upon Which of the following best signifies the
the variations in soil, climate and cultivation above image?
practices. (a) Terrace farming
Reason : Crops are also grown according to (b) Jhumming farming
availability of water. (c) Fish farming
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct (d) Dairy farming
and Reason is the correct explanation for Ans Foreign 2017
Assertion
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct (a) Terrace farming
and Reason is not the correct explanation 54. Match the following:
for Assertion
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is List-I (Crops) List-II (Geographical
incorrect conditions)
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect A. Barley 1. Hot and dry climate
Ans OD 2017 with poor soil
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct B. Rice 2. Cool climate with
and Reason is not the correct explanation for poorer soil
Assertion C. Millets 3. Warm and moist
climate with high
51. In which of the following states of India
altitude
is intensive subsistence farming largely
practiced? D. Tea 4. Hot and moist climate
(a) West Bengal (b) Punjab with rich soil
(c) Gujarat (d) Rajasthan Option :
Ans (a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(b) A-3, B-4, C-1,D-2
(a) West Bengal
(c) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
52. In which system of agriculture are high doses (d) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
of fertilizers and pesticides used? Ans OD 2018
(a) Intensive agriculture
(a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(b) Extensive agriculture
(c) Jhooming 55. Assertion : apple food crop in India is rice
(d) plantations and requires less rain.
Ans SQP 2018 Reason: Our country is the fourth largest
producer of rice in the world.
(a) Intensive agriculture

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42. ____ farming practice depends on monsoon, 45. It is a type of agriculture where farmers clear
natural fertility of the soil and sustainability a patch of land and produce food crops to
of other environmental conditions. sustain their family. Choose correct option.
(a) Shifting (a) Regular farming
(b) Primitive Subsistence (b) Clear farming
(c) Intensive Subsistence (c) Slash and burn farming
(d) Commercial (d) None of these
Ans Comp 2021
Ans SQP 2013

(b) Primitive Subsistence (d) Slash and burn farming

43. Identify the crop being harvested in the given 46. Another name for shifting agriculture in
picture- north-eastern states like Assam is ___.
(a) Kuruwa
(b) Kumari
(c) Bewar
(d) Jhumming
Ans Foreign 2019

(d) Jhumming

47. Complete the following table with correct

information with regard to cultivation of rice
Rice Annual Cropping Temperature
rainfall season required for
(a) Cauliflower required its growth (in
(b) Spinach degrees)
(c) Tea
Above (A)—? (B)—?
(d) Cotton
100 cm
Ans OD 2010
(a) A - Kharif cropping season, B - 16°C to
(c) Tea 27°C
(b) A - Kharif cropping season, B - 22°C to
44. Assertion: Biochemical inputs and irrigation
37°C
are used for obtaining higher production.
(c) A - Rabi cropping season, B - 22°C to
Reason: Doses of biochemical input are used
37°C
to grow crops rapidly.
(d) A - Rabi cropping season, B - 16°C to
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
27°C
and Reason is the correct explanation for
Ans SQP 2020
Assertion
(a) A - Kharif cropping season, B - 16°C to
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
27°C
and Reason is not the correct explanation
for Assertion 48. Which type of farming is practised in areas
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is with high population pressure on land?
incorrect (a) Shifting Farming
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect (b) Primitive Subsistence Farming
Ans Delhi 2016 (c) Intensive Subsistence Farming
(d) Commercial Farming
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is the correct explanation for Ans Comp 2022

Assertion (d) Intensive subsistence farming

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans SQP 2014 Ans Delhi 2020

(b) A -Bihar B -Farmers of that region were (c) Slash and burn farming
forced to grow indigo on their land.
14. Identify the crop-
10. Assertion: Pulses except Tur dal are grown in • Second most important cereal crop of
rotation with other crops. India.
Reason: They are leguminous and help in • Is main food crop in north and north-
restoring the fertility of soil by fixing nitrogen western part of country.
from air in the roots. • is a rabi crop.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct • Requires 50-70 cm of annual rainfall evenly
and Reason is the correct explanation for distributed over the growing season.
Assertion Option :
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct (a) Wheat (b) Maize
and Reason is not the correct explanation (c) Jowar (d) Bajra
for Assertion Ans OD 2019
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect (a) Wheat
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect 15. In which of the countries, the ‘slash and burn’
Ans Foreign 2018 agriculture is known as ‘Roca’ ?
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct (a) Brazil
and Reason is the correct explanation for (b) Indonesia
Assertion (c) Central Africa
(d) All of the above
11. Which of the following soils is suitable for Ans Comp 2005
cultivation of tea?
(a) Red soil (a) Brazil
(b) Black soil 16. Look at the picture below and identify the
(c) Alluvial soil type of cultivation-
(d) Laterite soil
Ans SQP 2012

(d) Laterite soil

12. Milpa and Ladang are different names

for___.
(a) shifting cultivation.
(b) mixed farming
(c) truck farming
(d) plantation agriculture
Ans Comp 2022

(a) shifting cultivation

13. It is a type of agriculture where farmers clear (a) Commercial farming

a patch of land and produce food crops to (b) J Humming
sustain their family. Choose correct option. (c) Intersire Farming
(a) Regular farming (d) Terrace cultivator
(b) Clear farming Ans OD 2017, 2015
(c) Slash and burn farming (b) J Humming
(d) None of these

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page 251

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct (a) Cauliflower (b) Rubber
and Reason is the correct explanation for (c) Tea (d) Cotton
Assertion Ans Delhi 2015,
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is not the correct explanation (b) Rubber
for Assertion 59. Rice is a ____ crop in Haryana and Punjab,
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is but in Odisha, it is a ____ crop.
incorrect (a) commercial, subsistence
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect (b) subsistence, commercial
Ans Delhi 2010 (c) domestic, commercial
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect (d) subsistence,domestic
Ans Foreign 2006
56. The ____ has led to division of land among
successive generations and rendered the size (a) commercial, subsistence
of land holding uneconomical. 60. What type of climate is required for
(a) right of extractive sugarcane?
(b) right of acquired (a) Dry and hot (b) Hot and wet
(c) right of earned (c) Cold and dry (d) Cold and wet
(d) right of inheritance
Ans Comp 2014
Ans Comp 2009
(b) Hot and wet
(d) right of inheritance
61. Complete the following table using correct
57. High yielding variety of seeds and use of information with regards to cultivation of
chemical fertilisers are widely found in Jowar:
_____.
(a) shifting cultivation Jowar Annual Cropping Temperature
(b) sedentary intensive farming rain fall season required for
(c) Commercial farming required its growth
(d) mixed farming (in 0°C)
Ans OD 2017, 2010 (A) - ? Both (B) - ?
seasons
(d) Commercial farming
(a) A - Below 100 cm, B - 21°-27°C
58. Study the given diagram and answer the (b) A - Below 100 cm, B - 26°-33°C
question given diagram below: (c) A - Below 50 cm, B - 21°-27°C
(d) A - Below 50 cm, B - 26°-33°C
Ans OD 2019

(b) A - Below 100 cm, B - 26°-33°C.

62. Which one of the following oilseed in India is

grown in both Rabi and Kharif seasons?
(a) Groundnut (b) Coconut
(c) Castor seed (d) Mustard
Ans Delhi 2008

(c) Castor seed

Which crop is used for making the goods
listed in the diagram?

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

78. Slash and Burn Agriculture is known by 81. Match the following from List I and List II:
specific name in different states of India.
List I List II
Table (Different A. Rice 1. Temperature- 25° C,
Name of Slash and Rainfall- 100 cm-200 cm
Burn Agriculture)
B. Wheat 2. Temperature- 20-25° C,
I. Bringa Rainfall- 50 cm-75 cm
II. Waltre C. Maize 3. Temperature- 21-25° C,
III. Dahiya Rainfall- 50 cm-75 cm
IV. Kuruwa D. Pulses 4. Temperature- 20-25° C,
Match the shaded states marked in the given Rainfall- 50 cm-75 cm
map with codes given in the Table (Different Option :
names of Slash and Burn Agriculture) (a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(a) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III (b) A-3, B-4, C-2,D-1
(b) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV (c) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(c) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV (d) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(d) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III Ans Delhi 2012. 2009
Ans OD 2019
(c) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(d) A-I, B-II; C-IV; D-III
82. Assertion : Organic farming is much in vogue.
79. Identify the movement- Reason : In organic forming, crops are grown
• Also called as blood less revolution. using high doses to increase production.
• Was a voluntary land reform movement. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
• Initiated by Vinoba Bhave. and Reason is the correct explanation for
• This movements attempted to persuade Assertion
wealthy land owners to voluntarily give a (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
percentage of their land to landless people. and Reason is not the correct explanation
Option : for Assertion
(a) Salt Satyagraha (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is
(b) Dandi March incorrect
(c) Bhoodan Movement (d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect
(d) Champaran Movement Ans Foreign 2008
Ans Comp 2017 (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect
(c) Bhoodan Movement

80. Arrange the following steps of ‘Jhumming VERY SHORT QUESTIO

cultivation” in correct sequence.
1. Burning the felled trees. 83. Explain any two efforts taken by the
2. clear a patch of land. Government of India to modernise agriculture.
3. Fallowing.
Ans OD 2023
4. Planting and harvesting.
Option : Two efforts taken by the government to
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 3, 2, 1, 4 modernize agriculture in India are:
(c) 2, 1, 3, 4 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3 (1) Introduction of High Yielding varieties of
seeds for better production of crops and
Ans SQP 2014
incentivizing the farmers by providing
(d) 2, 1, 4, 3 Minimum Support Prices to the crops.

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page 253

71. How many cropping seasons in India? 75. Study the picture and answer the question
(a) 3 (b) 4 that follows:
(c) 5 (d) 6
Ans OD 2019

(a) 3

72. Assertion : Tea cultivation, is a labour -

intensive industry.
Reason: Cultivation can be done throughout
the year .Tea bushes require warm and moist
frost- free climate.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion Which of the following best signifies the
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct above image?
and Reason is not the correct explanation (a) Mixed farming
for Assertion (b) Jhumming farming
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect (c) Crop rotation
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect (d) Terrace farming
Ans Foreign 2016 Ans Delhi 2018

(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct (a) Mixed farming
and Reason is not the correct explanation for
76. How has it become possible to grow rice in
Assertion
areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana
73. ____crops are sown in winter from October and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of
to December and harvested in summer from Rajasthan?
April to June. (a) availability of cheap labour
(a) Rabi (b) Zaid (b) development of canals irrigation and
(c) Kharif (d) All of these tube-wells
Ans OD 2017 (c) fertile soil
(a) Rabi (d) development of the transport network
Ans Foreign 2022
74. Match the following:
(b) development of canals irrigation and
List I List I tube-wells
A. Soybean 1. Kharif
B. Peas 2. Leguminous
C. Groundnut 3. Zaid
D. Watermelon 4. Rabi 77. What is the other name of Jhumming?
Option : (a) Shifting Cultivation
(a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 (b) Slash and Burn Agriculture
(b) A-3, B-4, C-2,D-1 (c) Milpa
(c) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 (d) All of these
(d) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 Ans Comp 2014

Ans SQP 2013. 2012 (d) All of these

(d) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

63. ____ is also a type of commercial farming. Sector in 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
In this type of farming, a single crop is grown (%)
on a large area.
(a) Bewar Agriculture 4.2 - 0.2 1.1
(b) Khil Industry 5.0 5.9 7.3
(c) Jhumming Services 7.8 10.3 9.2
(d) Plantation
GDP 6.6 7.2 7.6
Ans SQP 2011
Though the GDP growth rate is increasing
(d) Plantation over the years still the growth rate in
agriculture has been decelerating. which of
64. Assertion : Pulses are not considered as a
the following is the most significant reason of
major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
the situation-
Reason: Rice is a rabi crop and requires lot
(a) Increase in import duties on agricultural
of rain to grow.
products.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
(b) Reduction in the public investment in
and Reason is the correct explanation for
agriculture sector.
Assertion
(c) Increase in subsidy on fertilisers.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
(d) Alternative employment opportunities
and Reason is not the correct explanation
are decreasing.
for Assertion
Ans OD 2016
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect (b) Reduction in the public investment in
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect agriculture sector.
Ans Foreign 2009 68. Which of the following state is the largest
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect producer of tea in India?
(a) Karnataka (b) Assam
65. The plantation has an interface of ____ (c) West Bengal (d) Tamil Nadu
and ____.
Ans Delhi 2011, 2007
(a) Industry, human
(b) Agriculture, Farmer (b) Assam
(c) Agriculture, Industry 69. ____ is the largest producer of coffee in
(d) Industry, Farmer India.
Ans OD 2020 (a) Assam (b) West Bengal
(c) Agriculture, Industry (c) Karnataka (d) All of these
Ans SQP 2013
66. Which one of the following is not a plantation
crop? (c) Karnataka
(a) Tea 70. A well developed network of _______
(b) Rubber connecting the plantation areas, processing
(c) Sugarcane industries and markets plays an important
(d) wheat role in the development of plantations.
Ans Comp 2012 (a) transport and communication
(d) wheat (b) Climate
(c) production
67. Look at the table below carefully and answer (d) Irrigation
the question- Ans Comp 2012

(a) transport and communication

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page 255

(2) The government has launched several (1) Dams are built for generating
schemes like Kisan Credit Card and hydroelectricity.
many others to protect the interests of (2) Canals are made for irrigation purpose.
the farmers. (3) Canals can also be used for inland navigation.
(4) Water supply can be used for domestic
84. Mohan owns a farm in Uttar Pradesh. He and industrial purpose.
wishes to cultivate either Jute or Sugarcane.
Which crop out of these two should he 87. Which are the two most important food crops
cultivate keeping in mind the conditions of India? Name the major producing states of
required for their growth? Explain. any one major crop.
Ans SQP 2018
o
Name three important wheat producing
He should cultivate Sugarcane as the states of India.
geographical conditions it requires are
available in Uttar Pradesh. Ans Delhi 2017

Geographical conditions: The two main or the most important food

(1) Sugarcane grows well in hot and humid crops are wheat and rice. Wheat is produced
climate. in : (i) Punjab, (ii) Haryana, (iii) Uttar
(2) It requires a temperature of 21° C to 27° Pradesh, (iv) Madhya Pradesh and (v) Bihar.
C. Rice producing states are : Assam, Tamil
(3) Needs annual rainfall between 75 cm and Nadu, West Bengal etc.
100 cm.
(4) Irrigation is required in the regions of low 88. Name four major fibre crops grown in India.
rainfall. What is ‘sericulture’ ?
(5) It can be grown on a variety of soils and Ans SQP 2009

needs manual labour from sowing to Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the
harvesting. four major fibre crops grown in India. The
All these conditions are available in first three are derived directly from the crops
Uttar Pradesh. The favourable conditions grown in the soil, but silk is obtained from the
for cultivation of Jute are prevalent in West cocoons of silk worms fed on mulberry leaves.
Bengal and surrounding areas. Sericulture : Rearing of silk worms for the
85. Describe any three main features of ‘Kharif production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.
crop season.’ 89. Why is India called an agricultural country ?
Ans Delhi 2019
Ans OD 2011

Features of Kharif crop season : Due to following reasons our country (India)
(1) It begins with the onset of monsoon in is called an agricultural country :
May. (1) Two-third of its population is engaged in
(2) Crops are harvested in September — agricultural activities (farming, rearing of
October. animal, fisheries etc.).
(3) Requires more rainfall between 100-110 (2) Agriculture is a primary activity which
cm produces most of the food, consumed.
(4) It requires loamy or alluvial soil. (3) It also produces raw-material for
86. Analyse the merits of Multipurpose projects. various industries based on agricultural
production.
Ans OD 2019
(4) Some agricultural products like tea,
Merits of multi-purpose projects are given coffee, spices, etc., are also exported to
below : earn foreign exchange.

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

90. Which are two major fibre crops? Name the It is also practised in some areas of Manipur
major producing states of each crop. (such as Pamlou), Chhattisgarh (Baster) and
Ans Comp 2015
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is also popular
in some areas of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra
Two major fibre crops are cotton and jute. Pradesh, Orissa and South¬eastern Rajasthan.
Major producing states of cotton are :
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, 95. Describe the geographical conditions required
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Haryana. for production of Maize.
Jute is produced in West Bengal, Orissa Ans Comp 2009
(Odisha), Assam and Tripura. Maize :
91. Can you name some industries based on (1) Geographical requirement: Maize is a
agricultural raw material ? Kharif crop. It requires temperature
between 21°C to 27°C and grow well in
Ans OD 2017
old alluvial soil.
Yes, I can name some industries based on (2) States : Major maize producing states are
agricultural raw material. Agro-industries : (i) Karnataka, (ii) U.P., (iii) Bihar, (iv)
comprising jute mills, cotton mills, silk mills, Andhra Pradesh and (v) M.P.
textile industry, processing industry, cottage
industries, animal husbandry, poultry, 96. Why is breakthrough in dry land farming
sericulture etc. most essential in Indian agriculture ?
Ans OD 2005
92. Mention names of four important revolutions
related with agricultural products. Causes of breakthrough in dry land farming :
(1) Dry land farming means raising drought
Ans Delhi 2008
enduring crops in certain regions which
(1) The Green Revolution. receive inadequate rainfall and are devoid
(2) White Revolution. of irrigation facilities.
(3) Yellow Revolution. (2) Dry land farming is very essential in
(4) Blue Revolution. Indian agriculture. It is necessary in areas
which lack all these facilities.
93. Explain the three steps taken by the central (3) Bunding and contour ploughing are highly
and state governments to improve Indian beneficial to retain maximum amount of
agriculture after independence. moisture and avoid soil erosion.
Ans SQP 2010
97. State four main features of intensive farming.
(i) Abolition of zamindari system. (ii)
Consolidation of landholdings. (iii) Apply Ans Delhi 2007, 2005

various irrigation schemes. (iv) Developing (1) Suitable for small landholdings,
high yielding varieties of seeds. (v) Control (2) Two or three crops are grown each year,
over pests and diseases. (vi) Encouragement (3) Production per acre is higher and (iv) more
to the use of various modern inputs. labour and capital investment is required.

94. In which regions mainly jhum farming (slash 98. Differentiate between settled agriculture and
and burn agriculture) is a popular form of shifting agriculture.
agriculture ? Ans SQP 2018

Ans Foreign 2016 I. Settled agriculture : When any form

Jhum farming (or slash and burn agriculture) is of agriculture (primitive or modern) is
practised mainly in : (i) Assam, (ii) Meghalaya, practised permanently on a big or small
(iii) Mizoram and (iv) Nagaland. piece of land or farm, it is known as
settled agriculture.

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page 257

II. Shifting agriculture : That form of (2) Development of surface and ground water
agriculture in which a continuous change irrigation,
or shifting of land is made for carrying on (3) Use of fertilizers, insecticides and
agricultural activities is known as shifting pesticides,
agriculture. In shifting agriculture, a (4) Land reforms,
patch of land is cleared either by burning (5) Rural electrification and
or cutting of trees and shrubs, and they (6) Use of machines.
cultivated for a short period. Then such a
part of land is left when it is either overrun 102. Which are the two most important food crops
by weeds or exhausted by leaching. of India ? Name the major producing states
of each crop.
99. Write the main characteristics of intensive Ans Delhi 2010
subsistence farming.
Two major food crops of India are rice and
Ans Foreign 2020
wheat.
1. It is practised in areas of high population Producing States :
pressure on land. (a) Rice : Rice is cultivated in : West Bengal,
2. It is labour intensive farming. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab
3. Yield per hectare is high because high and Haryana.
doses biochemical inputs and irrigation (b) Wheat : Wheat is cultivated in : Uttar
are used. Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Bihar.
4. The size of the land-holdings is small and
uneconomical. 103. Can a crop be commercial in one region and
5. Farmers take maximum output from subsistence in another ? Give two examples.
the limited land by raising 2-3 crops in Ans SQP 2014, 2012

a year from the same land, i.e., multiple Yes, a crop can be commercial in one region
cropping is practised. and subsistence in another.
100. Describe any three changes in Indian For example :
agriculture after the Green Revolution. (1) Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and
Punjab but in Orissa, it is a subsistence
Ans Comp 2018
crop.
(1) HYV seeds are use for better or higher (2) Wheat is a subsistence crop in Bihar,
output of some major crops like rice and whereas it is a commercial in Punjab.
wheat.
(2) For irrigation, canals are laid to provide 104. State the conditions suitable for growing
water to all water thirsty states (or areas) millets with reference to the temperature,
having shortage of water supply. rainfall and seasons.
(3) Use of fertilisers, insecticides and Ans Foreign 2019

pesticides has enhanced the production Millets : Jowar, bajra and ragi are some of
of various crops. the important millets grown in India.
101. What are the main features of Green (1) Jowar grows in areas with a mean monthly
Revolution ? temperature of 18 to 32°C. It requires
about 30 to 60 cm. of rain. Moderate
Ans OD 2015
fertile soil is best for jowar.
Main features of Green Revolution : (2) Bajra is also a crop of dry and warm
(1) Large scale use of high yielding varieties climate. Climatic conditions are almost
of seeds, similar to that required to jowar.

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(3) Ragi is a rainfed kharif crop, grows on (2) At the time of ripening, it requires bright
well-drained alluvial loamy and red or sunshine and is harvested is Summer
black sandy loams. It requires climatic from April to June.
conditions like bajra. (3) Crops depend on sub-soil moisture.
(4) Requires less rainfall between 50-75
105. Name any.two pulses one grown in kharif and cm. Availability of precipitation during
other in rabi seasons. Why are pulses mostly winter months due to western temperate
grown in rotation with other crops ? cyclones help in success of these crops.
Ans OD 2013
108. Describe any five features of primitive
Pulses grown in Kharif season are : Tur subsistence farming.
(arhar), Moong, and Urd.
Pulses grown in Rabi season are : Peas and Ans Delhi 2020

Gram. The features of primitive subsistence farming

Major pulses producing states of India: are given below :
(1) Madhya Pradesh, (ii) Uttar Pradesh, (1) It is practiced on small patches of land
(iii) Rajasthan, (iv) Maharashtra, (v) with the help of primitive tools like hoe,
Karnataka. dao and digging sticks with the help of
Pulses are leguminous crops which help in family members.
restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from (2) It depends upon monsoons, natural
the air. Thus pulses are mostly grown in fertility of soil and environmental
rotation with other crops. suitability.
(3) It is also called ‘slash and burn’
106. What measures are being taken to revive the agriculture.
production of jute in India ? (4) Farmers clear a patch of land and produce
Ans Comp 2019 crops for their sustenance.
The following measures are being taken to (5) When the soil fertility decreases, farmers
revive the production of jute in India : shift to new area, clear forest by burning
(1) High yielding varieties of seeds such as and again sow crops.
JRO-7835 have been developed by the 109. “The Government of India has introduced
Jute Research Institute. various institutional and technological
(2) Better plant production measures have reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980s
been introduced. and 1990s.” Support this statement with
(3) Use of chemical fertilizers and scientific examples.
methods of cultivation have been
encouraged. Ans Delhi 2018

The Government of India has introduced

various institutional and technological reforms
SHORT Answer QUESTIO under comprehensive Land Development
Programme to improve agriculture in the
1980s and 1990s.
107. Describe any three main features of ‘Rabi
Land Development Programme :
crop season.’
(1) Provision for crop insurance against
Ans Delhi 2019
drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
Features of Rabi crop season : (2) Establishment of Grameen (regional
(1) It begins with the withdrawal of monsoon rural) banks, cooperative societies and
in October. They are sown in winters banks for providing loan facilities to the
from October to December. farmers at lower rates of interest.

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page 259

Other Reforms : Ans SQP 2013

Apart from land development programme, (1) In India traditional methods are used
government has initiated many other benefit to transplantation of paddy. It is mostly
schemes for the farmers. done by hand.
(1) Kisan Credit Card (KCC) : Scheme for (2) We do not used machines in rice
giving easy and cheap loans to small cultivation due to small land holdings.
farmers. Personal Accident Insurance On the contrary mechanised farming of
Scheme (PAIS) for Kisan Credit Card paddy is practised in China. Hence per
(KCC) holders. hectare production of rice is higher in
(2) Special weather bulletins and agricultural China than in India.
programmes for farmers were introduced (3) Labour-intensive and time-consuming
through radio and television channels. process of paddy cultivation results in
(3) Government also announced Minimum low yield per hectare in India.
Support Price (MSP) for various (4) Use of fertilisers and manures has not yet
agricultural products like cereals, pulses been popular so far in India.
and others (to check the exploitation of
farmers by middlemen). 112. What improvement should be made in Indian
agriculture to provide sufficient food to fast
110. Establish the difference between Commercial growing population ? Your answer should be
farming and Subsistence farming with the in four points.
help of a suitable example. Ans Foreign 2018

Ans SQP 2019, 2017

(1) Green revolution should be extended to
Commercial Farming : other crops and cereals.
(1) Use of higher doses of modern inputs like (2) Wide use of HYV of seeds for other crops.
HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc. Research and development of HYV of
(2) Commercialization of agriculture varies seeds for cereals and other crops.
from region to another. (3) Sufficient irrigational facilities. The plan
(3) Plantation is also a type of commercial of linking all the rivers of India is bound to
farming. be beneficial for agriculture. Dependence
(4) Use of well-developed network of on rains will reduce.
transport and communication. (4) Use of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides
(5) High productivity for commercial will help the crop as well as the soil
purpose. in ovecoming its infertility as well as
Subsistence Farming : reduction in the harmful affects of overuse
(1) Is practiced on small patches of land. of fertilizers and pesticides.
(2) Labour intensive farming.
(3) Use of primitive tools. 113. What is slash and burn agriculture ? Mention
(4) Dependent on Monsoons. its local names by mentioning the states or
(5) Called as ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture. regions.
(6) Low productivity. Ans Comp 2012

Example : Under the, ‘slash and burn’ agriculture,

Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and farmers clear a patch of land, grow crop for
Punjab but in Odisha it is a subsistence crop. some years on the patch of land and then
move to a new patch.
111. Why is India not the world’s largest producer
Local names of slash and burn agriculture are
of rice, though it has the largest area under
given below :
this crop ? Give two reasons in support of
(1) Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
your answer.
Nagaland—Jhumming.

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) Manipur—Pam/ou. (iii)Tamil Nadu.

(3) Bastar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands— (iv) Kerala.
Dipa. (v) Himachal Pradesh.
(4) Madhya Pradesh—Bewar or Dahiya.
(5) Andhra Pradesh—Podu or Penda. 116. How is biotechnology beneficial to the
(6) Orissa—Pama Dabi or Koman or Bringa. farmers ? How is it able to maintain safe and
(7) Western Ghats—Kumari. sustainable environment?
(8) South-eastern Raj asthan—Valre or Ans SQP 2020

Waltre. Biotechnology is beneficial to the farmers in

(9) Himalayan belt—Khil. the following ways :
(10) Jharkhan.d—Kuruwa. (1) It can be used to modify different crops
114. “Animal husbandry is an auxiliary activity of genetically to increase the yield per hectare.
Indian agriculture.” Explain it by giving four (2) This technology will make the crops
examples. resistant to insects, pests and diseases.
(3) This will reduce the consumption of
Ans OD 2009
insecticides, pesticides, etc.
(1) Farms, farm animals and farmers together (4) Genetically modified seeds require less
make a farming eco-system in India. water.
(2) Ox, he-buffaloes and camels are used as (5) It will reduce cost of production.
plough animals on the farm. (6) It will benefit the rich and poor
(3) They help in ploughing, sowing, threshing farmers and is environmentally safe and
and transporting farm products. sustainable.
(4) Animal wastes are used as farm manures.
Animals and dairy development play key 117. Describe any three geographical conditions
role in rural development. required for tea cultivation. Name any two
producing states of tea.
115. Describe any three geographical conditions Ans Foreign 2014
required for tea cultivation. Name any two
producing states of tea. (1) Climatic conditions required for the
cultivation of tea are as follows :
Ans Delhi 2011
(i) Tea grows well in tropical and
(1) Climatic conditions required for the subtropical climates endowed with
cultivation of tea are as follows : deep and fertile well-drained soil rich
(i) Tea grows well in tropical and in humus and organic matter.
subtropical climates endowed with (ii) Warm and moist frost-free climate is
deep and fertile well-drained soil rich required throughout the year.
in humus and organic matter. (iii)Frequent showers throughout the year.
(ii) Warm and moist frost-free climate is High humidity ensures continuous
required throughout the year. rapid growth of tender leaves.
(iii)Frequent showers throughout the year. (iv) It also needs plentiful supply of cheap
High humidity ensures continuous and skilled labour as it is a labour
rapid growth of tender leaves. intensive crop.
(iv) It also needs plentiful supply of cheap (2) Major tea producing states of India are :
and skilled labour as it is a labour (i) Assam.
intensive crop. (ii) Hills’of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri
(2) Major tea producing states of India are : districts in West Bengal.
(i) Assam. (iii)Tamil Nadu.
(ii) Hills’of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri (iv) Kerala.
districts in West Bengal. (v) Himachal Pradesh.

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118. How is biotechnology beneficial to the 2. Subsidy on fertilizers has decreased

farmers ? How is it able to maintain safe and leading to increases in the cost of
sustainable environment? production.
Ans OD 2009, 2006
3. Reduction in import duties on agricultural
products has proved detrimental to
Biotechnology is beneficial to the farmers in agriculture in the country.
the following ways : All these factors have led to stiff international
(1) It can be used to modify different crops competition. Farmers are thus withdrawing
genetically to increase the yield per their investment from agriculture causing a
hectare. downfall in agricultural employment.
(2) This technology will make the crops
resistant to insects, pests and diseases. 121. Distinguish between commercial agriculture
(3) This will reduce the consumption of and subsistence farming.
insecticides, pesticides, etc. Ans SQP 2016
(4) Genetically modified seeds require less
water. Commercial Subsistence
(5) It will reduce cost of production. Farming Farming
(6) It will benefit the rich and poor
farmers and is environmentally safe and 1. In this type of In this type of
sustainable. fanning agricultural farming crops
produce is are grown mainly
119. Find out why an Indian farmer does not want consumed by the for the purpose
his son to become a farmer. farmer’s family. of sale or trade.
Ans Comp 2017
Therefore, only Thus, only cash
food crops are crops are grown
(1) With the pace of increase in population, grown such as such as sugarcane,
land holding has shrunk in hardly two or wheat, rice, etc. etc.
three fields per person.
(2) Owing to use of primitive means of 2. Size of land Size of farms
farming and over-use of chemical holdings are small are large and
fertilizers, pesticides, germicides etc., has and scattered extensive
affected productivity or yield per hectare. 3. It is a labour Modern
(3) It is a labour intensive yet non-profitable intensive farming techniques or
industry. scientific methods
(4) It demands manual labour while new of cultivation are
generations are under influence of western practised
culture. They shirk from labour.
(5) Water logging, salinity, eutrophication, 122. Distinguish between rabi and kharif crops.
desertification, air and water pollution Ans Foreign 2018, 2010
have destroyed fertility of soil in India.
Kharif Crop Rabi Crop
120. What are the challanges being faced by
Indian farmers? What has this resulted in ? 1. It begins with the It begins with the
onset of monsoons withdrawal of mon-
Ans Delhi 2006
in May soons in October.
Challenges faced by Indian farmers :
2. Sowing of seeds is Sowing of seeds is
1. Reduction in public investment by
done in June or done in October—
government in the agricultural sector
early July. November.
particularly in areas of irrigation, power,
rural roads, market and mechanisation.

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans OD 2011
Kharif Crop Rabi Crop
Thoodan and ‘Gramdan’ were land donation
3. Crops are Crops are harvested movements run by Vinoba Bhave.
harvested in in April-May In Thoodan’, landlords donated a piece
September- of land (or some area of his own agricultural
October. land) which were distributed among the
4. Crops are depend Crops are depend landless poor people.
on the monsoons on the sub-soil In ‘Gramdan’ some zamindars (landlords)
moisture and owners of several villages offered to
5. Rice, millets, Wheat, gram distribute some villages among the landless
maize, groundnuts, and oil-seeds like people.
jute, cotton and mustard and rape- Bloodless Revolution : For ‘Thoodan’ and
various pulses are seeds are generally ‘Gramdan’ movement, there was no use of
grown during this grown in this physical or political or legal pressure. There
season. season. was no scope for violence in any form or at
any level. Rich people donated their land or
123. Distinguish between tea and coffee. villages willfully. This is why the movement
o is known as the bloodless revolution.
On the basis of temperature, rainfall and soil
125. ‘Agriculturally, India is an important
how tea plantation is different from coffee
country.’ Justify giving four reasons.
plantation.
Ans SQP 2020
Ans Comp 2013
(1) Nearly two-thirds of our total population
Tea Coffee is engaged in agricultural activities. It is
the main source of employment in India.
1. Temperature : Temperature : Ideal
It provides livelihood to about 64% of the
Ideal temperature temperature for the
total labour force.
for the growth of growth of plant is
(2) Agricultural sector produces various
plant is 20° C to 15°C to 28°C
crops such as wheat, rice, millets, pulses.
30°C.
Thus, it ensures food security for the
2. Rainfall : It Rainfall : It requires country.
requires an an annual rainfall of (3) Various cash crops like cotton, sugarcane,
annual rainfall about 150-200 cm. coffee, jute are grown. In this way,
of about 150-300 agriculture provides raw material to agro-
cm. based industries.
3. Soil : The plant Soil : The plant (4) Various agricultural products like tea,
requires a light requires red and spices, coffee are exported. This helps
loamy soil. laterite soils. to earn foreign exchange. Agriculture
has the largest share in India’s national
4. Producers : Producers : Tamil
income.
Assam, West Nadu. Kerala and
Bengal, Tamil Karnataka. 126. Explain the reasons that hinder the pace of
Nadu and Kerala. agricultural development of India.
Ans Delhi 2013
124. What do you mean by Shoodan’ and
‘Gramdan’ ? Why is Vinoba Bhave’s movement (1) Most of the farmers in large part of
is known as the bloodless revolution ? country still depend upon monsoon and
natural fertility in order to carry on their
agriculture.

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(2) The traditional subsistence agriculture 129. “Agriculture had been the backbone of the
still continues in certain parts of India. Indian economy. But the declining share of
The farmer produces just enough for his agriculture in the GDP now is a matter of
family with little or no surplus left for serious concern.” Explain the meaning of this
sale. statement.
(3) Animals continue to play a significant role Ans Foreign 2011
in various kinds of agricultural operations
or activities. Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian
(4) The agricultural holdings are mostly economy because :
small in size. (1) In India, about 63% people were engaged
(5) In some parts of the country, villages in agriculture sector in 2001.
still lack in required means of transport, (2) Share in GDP was more than 40% in
metalled roads, storage facilities, etc. 1973.
(3) Raw materials for secondary sectors are
127. Explain any four institutional reform mostly supplied by the agriculture. But
programmes introduced by the government now share of agriculture is declining in
in the interest of farmers. the G.D.P. year by year. So, it is a matter
Ans Foreign 2016, 2015
of serious concern for all.
(i) Share of agriculture in the G.D.P.
(1) Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, has declined from 44% to 24% during
cooperation and abolition of zamindari, 1973 to 2003.
etc. were given priority to bring about (ii) The primary sector continues to be
institutional reforms in the country after the largest employer even in 2000, but
independence. the production has not increased by
(2) Land reform was the main focus of the this rate.
First Five Year Plan.
(3) Provision of crop, i.e., insurance against 130. Why has Indian agriculture started a
drought, flood, cyclone, etc. declining trend in food production ? Explain
(4) Establishment of Gramin Banks — any four reasons.
cooperative societies and banks for Ans Comp 2007
providing loan facilities to the farmers at
lower rates of interest. (1) Farmers are facing a big challenge from
international competition. Despite being
128. Describe any four technological reforms an important producer of rice, cotton,
introduced by the government in the interest rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices, our
of farmers after independence. agricultural products are not able to
Ans OD 2009
compete with the developed countries
because of highly subsidised agriculture
(1) The government provides HYV seeds and in those countries.
fertilisers. (2) Governments, reduction in the public
(2) Special weather bulletins and agricultural investment in agriculture sector
programmes for farmers were introduced particularly in irrigation, power, rural
on the radio and television. roads, market and mechanisation.
(3) Government provides technical assistance (3) Subsidy on fertilisers is decreased leading
and training for farmers. to increase in the cost of production.
(4) Soil, testing facilities, cold storage and (4) Reduction in import duties on agricultural
transportation facilities are provided by products have proved detrimental to
government for farmers. agriculture in the country.

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

131. Mention any two major steps taken by LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
the government under comprehensive land
development programme. State any two
steps taken by the government which proved 133. Name the two most important cereal crops
detrimental to agriculture in the country. grown in India. Describe the conditions
required to grow these two crops.
Ans OD 2013
Ans OD 2019, 2017
(1) (i) Provision for crop insurance against
drought, flood, fire and diseases. Rice and wheat are the two most important
(ii) Establishment of Grameen banks, cereal crops grown in India.
Cooperative societies and bank to Rice
provide loans at lower interest rates Rice is the staple food crop of most people
to the farmers. in India especially in coastal regions. The
(2) (i) Government has reduced its geographical condition required for growth of
investment in irrigation, power, rural rice are as follow :
roads, market and mechanisation. (1) It is a kharif crop and requires hot
(ii) Government has decreased subsidy on and humid climate for cultivation.
fertilisers. Temperature above 25°C and high
(iii)Government has reduced import humidity with annual rainfall above 100
duties on agricultural products. cm is favourable for growth of rice.
(2) Rich alluvial soils of the flood plains,
river basins and deltaic areas which are
renewed every year are ideal for rice
cultivation.
132. Write the geographical conditions required (3) Rice requires abundant rainfall or good
for the cultivation of rice and tea. water supply through irrigation and
Ans Delhi 2017
flooded fields during the earlier part of its
growing season in June-July. Ankle deep
Geographical conditions for rice and tea : water in the field helps the crops grow.
Rice Tea (4) Plenty of cheap labour is required as most
of the farming involves :manual labour.
1. It requires high Tea requires deep Wheat is the main food crop for the
temperature, and fertile well- people residing in the North and North-
(above 25°C) and drained soil rich in western part of the country.
high humidity humus and organic Wheat
with annual matter. It needs The geographical conditions favourable for
rainfall above 100 warm and moist free growth of wheat are as follows :
cm. climate all the year. (1) Wheat is a rabi crop and requires a cool
2. In the areas of Tea bushes require growing season. Average temperature
less rainfall it frequent showers should be between 10°C to 5°C at the
grows with the evenly distributed time of sowing, but higher temperatures
help of irrigation. throughout the year. and bright sunshine is required at the
3. Major areas Major areas where time of harvesting for proper ripening of
where they are they are grown arrains.
grown -West - Assam, West (2) Wheat requires moderate rainfall of 50
Bengal, Bihar, Bengal, Tamil Nadu, cm to 75 cm annually, evenly distributed
Assam, Orissa, Kerala, Meghalaya, over the growing season. A little winter
Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh. rain before ripening helps in increasing
the yield.

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(3) Deep alluvial clayey soils of Northern Ans Comp 2018

Plains and black soil of Deccan are Contribution of agriculture is showing a

suitable for growing wheat. declining trend:
There are two important wheat-growing (1) The share of agriculture in GDP has
zones in the country : the Ganga-Satluj shown a declining trend since 1951.
plains in the North-west and the black soil (2) In 2010-11 about 52% of the total work
region of the Deccan. Punjab, Haryana, force was employed by the farm sector
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts which makes more than half of the Indian
of Madhya Pradesh are the major wheat— population dependent on agriculture for
growing states. sustenance.
(3) The declining share of agriculture in
134. Give reasons for increasing use of fertilisers the GDP is a matter of serious concern
in farming. because any decline and stagnation in
Ans SQP 2014 agriculture will lead to a decline in other
Reasons for increasing use of fertilisers in spheres of the economy having wider
farming : implications for society.
1. Increasing Population : Due to increasing (4) Although GDP growth rate of the country
population of our country, a pressure is increasing, it is not generating sufficient
has been felt on agriculture. Agriculture employment opportunities in the country,
sector has disguised uneni I oyment so, the especially in the field of agriculture.
people have tried to establish coordination (5) Farmers are dragging away their
by increasing per hectare production. For investment from agriculture because
this, they used fertilisers heavily. they have to face big challenges from
2. Commercialisation : Sometimes ago, international competition. This has
the purpose of agriculture was meant resulted in further downfall in employment
for sustained livelihood but with the in agriculture.
changing time, it has become purely (6) The growth rate in agriculture is
commercial. This is the reason to raise decelerating which is an alarming
per hectare productivity people began situation.
using fertilisers. 136. How did the partition of the country in 1947
3. Mechanisation of Agriculture : Due affect the jute industry ?
to modern agricultural machines and
equipments, people’s dependency on Ans Foreign 2013

livestock has declined. Therefore, a (1) Partition of India left the country without
decrease in their number has been the means to feed itself, and without
observed. Farmers are mostly using some of the essential raw materials for
tractors, thrashers, etc. This way the industry.
amount of natural manure that farmers (2) India inherited the bulk of the jute mills
obtained in form of dung has decreased but jute-producing areas were left in East
and the use of fertilisers has increased. Pakistan.
4. HYV seeds : Many high yielding varieties (3) India was unable to take full advantage of
of seeds are being used which need jute industries until it had increased its
fertiliser for their proper growth. own production of jute to supply to the
mills.
135. “The declining share of agriculture in the (4) India became dependent on East Pakistan
Gross Domestic product (GDP) is a matter for raw materials. Now India had to
of serious concern in India.” Support the import raw jute for its jute industries.
statement.

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(5) The partition virtually destroyed the (2) This innovation, coupled with investments
potential of regenerating traditional in infrastructure, expansion of credit,
trade linkages that had been so vital to marketing and processing facilities led to
the prosperity of the eastern half of India. a significant increase in the use of modern
inputs.
137. Compare ‘intensive subsistence farming’ with (3) The “green revolution” has been
that of ‘commercial farming’ practiced in India. followed by the “white revolution”,
Ans Delhi 2018 “yellow revolution”, and then the “blue
revolution”, leading to an increase in the
Intensive Commercial
output of rice and wheat, milk, oilseeds
Subsistence Farming
and fish and fish products respectively.
Farming
(4) Export of major agricultural commodities
1. In this type of The farming have been liberalized.
farming, crops practice, in which (5) The latest development, the “gene
produced by the the farmers grow revolution”, will also benefit the farmers
farmers are mainly crops for the by raising agricultural productivity.
consumed by their purpose of trade, it
families. Surplus is called commercial 139. Why has Indian agriculture started a
production is sold farming. declining trend in food production ? How can
in the nearby local we overcome this problem?
markets. Ans OD 2009

2. In this kind of In this type of I. Reasons : The Indian agriculture has

farming, more farming generally, started declining trend in food productivity
than one crop is one crop is due to the following reasons :
cultivated in the cultivated. (1) The farmers have started to produce cash
agricultural field. crops in place of food crops.
3. It is labour Farming is (2) There is a gradual shift from cultivation
intensive farming. mechanised and is of food crops to cultivation of fruits,
prevalent in areas vegetables, oil-seeds, etc., which act as
where farms are industrial raw material.
large and market (3) The farmers have started due attention to
economy is well animal husbandry which pays immediate
developed. income.
(4) To supplement their income farmers
4. It depends on It uses modern
are also adopting pisciculture and
monsoon. irrigation methods.
horticulture.
5. It is practiced in It is practiced in II. Solutions : This problems can be solved
small area. Major large area. Major as under :
crops are : Food crops are : cash (1) Farmers should be subsidised for their
grains, fruits and crops and cereals. food crops.
vegetables. (2) Subsidy also should be given on the
fertilizers for the production of food
138. Describe the impact of globalisation on crops.
Indian agriculture. (3) The prices of food crops in advance
Ans Comp 2008, 2005 should be declared, so that the farmers
(1) Major transformation took place with the may know what they are going to get for
introduction of high- yielding varieties of their products.
crops.

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140. Describe any five features of Indian Two conditions required for growing jute:
agriculture. (i) It requires high temperature during
Ans Delhi 2014
the time of growth.
(ii) Well-drained fertile soil of the flood
Five features of Indian Agriculture are as plains and deltas is ideal for jute
under : growing. It gets renewed every year
1. Age-old and vast activity : Agriculture with river silt.
is an age-old economic activity in India. (2) Two cotton growing regions —
Nearly two-third of its population is Maharashtra and Gujarat.
engaged in agricultural activities. Two jute growing regions — West Bengal
2. Monsoon based : Even after having an and Bihar.
extensive irrigation network, Indian (3) Two uses of cotton :
agriculture is more or less monsoon based. (i) It is one of the main raw materials for
3. Primitive tools and subsistence cotton textile industry.
agriculture. In many parts of India, (ii) Cotton is also useful for medical
primitive subsistence agriculture is purposes such as bandages, etc.
practised on small patches of land with (4) Two uses of jute :
the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao (i) It is used to make gunny bags, mats,
and digging sticks and community labour. ropes, yarn, and carpets.
4. Commercial Farming : Commercial (ii) Various decorative pieces are made
farming is practised using modern up of jute.
inputs like high yielding varieties of Jute is losing market to nylon due to its high
seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, cost.
pesticides, etc., in order to obtain higher
productivity. Various plantation crops 142. Describe the contribution of agriculture to
like tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana the national economy. What efforts has the
etc., are also grown. government made to modernise agriculture.
5. Labour intensive and subsistence farming Ans OD 2006, 2005
: In India intensive subsistence farming is
also practised in areas of high population (1) (i) Agriculture is backbone or the
pressure on land. It is labour intensive mainstay of the Indian economy. It
farming, where high doses of biochemical contributes significantly in the Gross
inputs and irrigation are used for receiving Domestic Product (GDP). From
higher production. 1951 onwards the share of agriculture
sector in GDP has registered a
141. Write two conditions each required for declining trend. Even then its share in
growing cotton and jute crops. Name two providing employment and livelihood
regions each where these crops are grown. to the population continues to be as
Write two uses of each crop. Why is jute high as 63 per cent in 2001.
losing market to nylon ? (ii) Besides providing livelihood and
Ans SQP 2012
employment it also provides raw
material to agro-based industries and
(1) Two conditions required for growing fodder to country’s vast livestock.
cotton : (2) Considering the importance of agriculture
(i) It requires high temperature and light in Indian economy, the Government of
rainfall. India made serious efforts to modernise
(ii) 210 frost free days and bright sunshine agriculture in the following ways —
are essential to maintain lustre of the (i) Indian Council of Agriculture was
cotton. established.

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(ii) Agricultural universities, veterinary of rice, wheat, sugarcane, millets, spices,

services and animal breeding centres, tea, cotton, jute, etc., has witnessed a
horticulture development, research tremendous increase. Now, India not only
and development in the field of can meet her needs but export many of
meteorology and weather forecast, these commodities to other countries to
etc. were given priority. earn foreign exchange.
(iii)Steps were also taken for the All this has been made possible by
improvement of rural infrastructure. transforming the subsistence agriculture to
commercial agriculture.
143. ‘Indian agriculture has been transforming
from subsistence to commercial farming’. 144. Which factors, do you think, are responsible
Explain. (Imp.) for the low yield of crops per hectare in India?
Ans Foreign 2019 Ans Comp 2018, 2013

(1) Farming in which the main production is As compared to different Asian countries,
consumed by the farmer’s own household is India has low per hectare yields of cereals.
called the subsistence type of agriculture. It may be mentioned here that when Japan,
On the other hand, the commercial China, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Pakistan
farming or agriculture is one where things has 5,848, 3,821, 2,781, 2,098 and 1,570 kg.
are produced with the sole aim of selling yields of cereals respectively, India has only
the production in the market. 1560 kg. yields of cereals. Now a question
(2) Before independence, the dominant generally arises as to why there is low per
fbature of the Indian agriculture had hectare yield of cereals in India ? This is
been its subsistence character. The main because Indian agriculture suffers from so
production was consumed by the farmer’s many drawbacks, which are as follows :
own household because the production (1) Impoverished Soils : A major part of the
was very low. He used old techniques and Indian soil is under the plough for the
methods and outdated implements. He last 4-5 thousand of years, as such it has
did not use high yielding varieties of seeds been impoverished or fully exhausted.
and latest tools. The result was that the (2) Soil Erosion : Soil erosion is also one
farmer could hardly meet the needs of his of the major drawbacks of the Indian
family with the low production. agriculture. Various factors such as
(3) But after independence, the farmers deforestation, overgrazing and occasional
transformed subsistence agriculture into heavy rainfalls have led to the soil-erosion.
commercial agriculture. They tripled the (3) Primitive Tools and Implements :
production by adopting various measures. When different kinds of new tools and
The fragmentation of land was stopped implements have been developed for
through Chakbandi. The land-holdings agriculture purposes in different parts of
became large and were ploughed on co- the world, still primitive types of tools
operative basis. The farmers now began are being used in many parts of India.
to use new techniques and scientific (4) Outdated Methods of Farming : Not
methods and improved the high yielding only primitive tools and implements are
varieties of seeds. being used in India but also the methods
(4) Insecticides and scientific warehouse adopted for farming are also outdated,
facilities were used to avoid wastage of still little use of fertilizers is made.
foodgrains. The result was that India was (5) Inadequate Credit and Marketing
successful in tripling its food production Facilities : Indian agriculture also suffers
in the last forty years and in bringing from lack of credit and marketing
the Green Revolution. The production facilities.

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(6) Lack of Irrigational Facilities : The practised in different regions. In fertile

vagaries of the monsoon are a great alluvial plains and coastal plains
headache for the farmers. Their excess intensive cultivation is practised
or absence both prove very disastrous for while in mountainous region terrace
them. cultivation is done. In backward
(tribal) regions shifting cultivation is
145. Explain any four 19th institutional reforms practised. In hilly regions associated
carried out by the government to improve with tropical climate plantation
agricultural production in India. agriculture is prevalent.
Ans SQP 2019 (ii) Technological know-how — Due to
(1) The right of inheritance has led to technological development agriculture
fragmentation of land holdings. Therefore, has become more mechanised.
collectivisation, consolidation of land Tractors are used to plough the field.
holdings, cooperation and abolition of Threshers are used to collect the
zamindari, etc. were given priority to yield. Fertilizers are used to increase
bring about institutional reforms. the production.
(2) The Green Revolution based on the use of (iii)Socio-cultural practises — Socio-
package technology and White Revolution cultural practises have greatly
(Operation Flood) were initiated to affected the farming methods. Now
improve the lot of Indian agriculture. farmers are adopting commercial or
(3) Land development programme was plantation farming in order to earn
initiated, which included provision for more profits.
crop insurance against drought, flood, (2) Major farming systems practised in
cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of different parts of India are :
grameen banks, cooperative societies, etc. (i) Primitive subsistence farming is
(4) Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal mainly practised by tribal groups.
Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS), etc. (ii) Intensive subsistence farming
were introduced for the benefit of farmers. is practised in the areas of high
(5) Special weather bulletins and agricultural population pressure on land.
programmes for farmers were introduced (iii)Commercial farming is highly
on the radio and television. To check the mechanised.
exploitation of farmers by speculators and (iv) Plantation agriculture.
middlemen, the government announces 147. ‘Indian agriculture has been trans-forming
minimum support price, remunerative from subsistence to commercial farming’.
and procurement prices for important Explain.
crops.
Ans OD 2013, 2010
146. Name the factors affecting cultivation (1) Farming in which the main production is
methods in India. What are the major consumed by the farmer’s own household is
farming systems practised in different parts called the subsistence type of agriculture.
of India ? On the other hand, the commercial
Ans SQP 2012 farming or agriculture is one where things
(1) Factors affecting cultivation methods in are produced with the sole aim of selling
India are: the production in the market.
(i) Physical environment — Different (2) Before independence, the dominant
physical features such as mountains, fbature of the Indian agriculture had
plains are found in India. Thus, been its subsistence character. The main
different agricultural methods are production was consumed by the farmer’s

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Ch 8 : Agriculture CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

own household because the production (1) Impoverished Soils : A major part of the
was very low. He used old techniques and Indian soil is under the plough for the
methods and outdated implements. He last 4-5 thousand of years, as such it has
did not use high yielding varieties of seeds been impoverished or fully exhausted.
and latest tools. The result was that the (2) Soil Erosion : Soil erosion is also one
farmer could hardly meet the needs of his of the major drawbacks of the Indian
family with the low production. agriculture. Various factors such as
(3) But after independence, the farmers deforestation, overgrazing and occasional
transformed subsistence agriculture into heavy rainfalls have led to the soil-erosion.
commercial agriculture. They tripled the (3) Primitive Tools and Implements :
production by adopting various measures. When different kinds of new tools and
The fragmentation of land was stopped implements have been developed for
through Chakbandi. The land-holdings agriculture purposes in different parts of
became large and were ploughed on co- the world, still primitive types of tools
operative basis. The farmers now began are being used in many parts of India.
to use new techniques and scientific (4) Outdated Methods of Farming : Not
methods and improved the high yielding only primitive tools and implements are
varieties of seeds. being used in India but also the methods
(4) Insecticides and scientific warehouse adopted for farming are also outdated,
facilities were used to avoid wastage of still little use of fertilizers is made.
foodgrains. The result was that India was (5) Inadequate Credit and Marketing Facilities
successful in tripling its food production : Indian agriculture also suffers from lack
in the last forty years and in bringing of credit and marketing facilities.
the Green Revolution. The production (6) Lack of Irrigational Facilities : The vagaries
of rice, wheat, sugarcane, millets, spices, of the monsoon are a great headache for
tea, cotton, jute, etc., has witnessed a the farmers. Their excess or absence both
tremendous increase. Now, India not only prove very disastrous for them.
can meet her needs but export many of
these commodities to other countries to 149. Why is Green Revolution mainly confined to
earn foreign exchange. north-western parts of India ?
All this has been made possible by Ans Comp 2012

transforming the subsistence agriculture to Green Revolution is mainly confined to north-

commercial agriculture. western parts of India due to the following
148. Which factors, do you think, are responsible reasons :
for the low yield of crops per hectare in India? (1) fertile loamy soils.
(2) vast plains of northern India.
Ans Foreign 2017
(3) network of canals joint with perennial
As compared to different Asian countries, rivers.
India has low per hectare yields of cereals. (4) irrigation facilities by wells and tubewells.
It may be mentioned here that when Japan, (5) ideal and suitable climatic conditions.
China, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Pakistan (6) long growing season.
has 5,848, 3,821, 2,781, 2,098 and 1,570 kg. (7) hardworking and rich farmers.
yields of cereals respectively, India has only (8) first breakthrough by Green Revolution
1560 kg. yields of cereals. Now a question in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar
generally arises as to why there is low per Pradesh.
hectare yield of cereals in India ? This is
because Indian agriculture suffers from so 150. Discuss the importance of agriculture in
many drawbacks, which are as follows : Indian economy.

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Ans OD 2016, 2013

(c) Production of fruits and vegetables :
(1) India is an agricultural country. Two- (in lakh tonnes)
third of its population is engaged in
agricultural activities. 1997-98 1998-99 2000-2001
(2) Agriculture provides employment to crores Fruits 433 440 498
of people of India directly and indirectly. Vegetables 727 875 985
(3) Most of the food that we consumed is
produced by millions of farmers of our (1) India is the chief exporter of cashewnuts.
country. During 1997-98, it earned 3720 lakh U.S.
(4) Our animal wealth also depends, for its dollars as foreign exchange as a result of
food, on agriculture. its exports.
(5) Agriculture also produce raw material for (2) Production of apples in the country has
various industries such as cotton textiles, increased to 13.8 lakh tonnes in 1998-
woollen textiles, jute textiles, sugar mills, 99. Now high yielding cashewnut plants
paper industry, etc. have been developed which give 8 to 5
(6) We export so many agricultural products kg. cashew kernels against the current
like tea, coffee, spices, fruits, vegetables, average of 2.5 kg. per tree per year. India
eggs, fish, mutton, leather, etc. By produced cashewnuts weighing 5 lakh
exporting these articles and goods, we tonnes in 1990-2000.
earn huge foreign exchange. 152. What is food security ? Describe the key
151. Discuss the production of fruits and vegetables issue related with it.
in India. Keep the following points in your Ans OD 2009

mind while answering the question : Food Security : Food security refers to the
(a) Types of fruits food requirements of a country. In the past
(b) Distribution of Fruits in India—their 50 years, the food production increased more
types, names and region-wise distribution. than four times. In the same period population
(c) Production of fruits and vegetables. has also increased from 361 million to 1027
Ans Delhi 2010
million in 2001. Still we are able to have a
(a) Types of fruits : India produces a variety food stock of 44.7 million tons in 2001.
of fruits. They include tropical fruits and Issue related with food security in India : The
temperate fruit. problems related to food security in India are:
(b) Distribution of Fruits in India (1) The population in India by 2020 is likely
to be around 1300 million. This would
Type of Name of Distribution require a huge amount of food grains along
Fruits Fruits with pulses, vegetables, oilseeds and fruits.
1. Tropical coconut, Peninsular (2) Inspite of surplus foodgrains stock, a vast
fruit jackfruit, India and number of people do not have enough
cashewnut, North India. money to feed themselves twice a day.
pineapples, (3) About 26% of the population is below the
bananas, poverty line till date.
oranges. (4) Another problem is the shift from
2. Temperate apples, Jammu- cultivation of food crops to cultivation
fruits plums, Kashmir and of fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, which are
peaches, Himachal used as industrial raw materials.
almonds, Pradesh. (5) The growing population of India puts a
apricots, big question mark over the country’s food
grapes. security.

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153. Define each of the following: The production also rise from 25 million
(a) Green Revolution tonnes in 1950-51 to 82.3 million tonnes
(b) White Revolution in 1997-98 (31/2 times increase). The
(c) Yellow Revolution yield per hectare also rose from 668 kg.
(d) Blue Revolution per hectare to 1895 kg. per hectare.
(e) Gene Revolution
Ans SQP 2005

(a) Green Revolution : Agricultural

Revolution which resulted in increased
production of foodgrains because of the
use of HYV (High Yielding Varieties)
seeds, fertilizer proper irrigation and
other modem inputs.
(b) White Revolution : Revolutionary
increase in the production of milk which
was spearheaded by Operation Flood.
(c) Yellow Revolution : Increase in the
output of oilseeds is termed as Yellow
Revolution.
(d) Blue Revolution refers to increased
output of fish and fish products.
(e) Gene Revolution refers to the development
of genetically modified seeds for increasing
the yield per hectare. These seeds are
environmentally sustainable.

154. Discuss the required geographical conditions 155. What are the geographical conditions
for the cultivation of rice in India. Use an required for the cultivation of wheat ? Use
outline map to show rice growing areas of the an outline map of India to show the growing
country. areas/states of the wheat.
Ans Delhi 2020 Ans Foreign 2007

Rice : Wheat :
(1) Rice is the staple food crop of India. It (1) Wheat is the second important food crop
thrives well in hot and humid climate. It of India. It requires a cool and moist
requires temperature of 25°C, rainfall of climate during the growing season and
100 cm and above and loamy fertile soil. a dry climate at the time of ripening.
(2) The chief rice producing areas in India Annual rainfall of 60 to 75 cm. and fertile
are the coastal strips, the Ganga plains, sandy soil is very suitable.
the Brahmaputra Valley, the deltas of (2) The chief wheat growing areas are
Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. High Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Bihar, M.P.,
yielding varieties of seeds, improved Rajasthan, Maharashtra, etc., because all
planting techniques, irrigation facilities the conditions for wheat production are
and use of fertilizers have enabled India found here.
to increase the production of rice. (3) The use of high yielding varieties of
(3) In 1950-51 the total area under rice seeds, fertilizers and irrigation facilities
cultivation was 30 million hectares which helped raise the average yield per acre
rose to 43.4 million hectares in 1997-98.

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and increased the production of wheat to

65.9 million tonnes mark in 1997-98.

157. List important steps that the central as

well as the state governments have taken to
The breakthrough in the production of wheat improve Indian agriculture.
is called the Green Revolution. o
How is the government helping Indian farmers
156. Discuss the geographical conditions required
in increasing their agricultural production ?
for the cultivation of sugarcane ? Show the
Explain any four points.
main growing areas or regions (states) of this
crop in India. Ans Comp 2015

o Since India gained her independence,

What geographical conditions are required our Union government as well as State
for the cultivation of sugarcane ? Name two governments have taken the following steps
largest producing states of sugarcane. to increase agricultural production:
Ans OD 2013, 2011 (1) Abolition of Zamindari System : The first
step taken by our national government
Sugarcane : Sugarcane requires well drained
was the abolition of zamindari system
fertile soils, heavy dose of manure and
under which big landlords and zamindars
fertilizer, hot and moist climate and a rainfall
were exploiting their tenants.
of about 100 cm. It is mostly grown in U.P.,
(2) Consolidation of Land-holdings : The
Bihar, Punjab, A.P., Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
government has consolidated the small,
and Maharashtra. It is the important cash
fragmented and scattered pieces of lands
crop of India.
of the farmers to make them economically
India has the largest area under its cultivation
viable.
and its production is also the highest in the
(3) Encouragement to the use of Various
world. By 1997-98, the area under cultivation
Inputs: To increase the fertility and
rose to 4 million hectares and its production
productivity of soil the government has
to 275 million tonnes respectively. During the
encouraged the use of improved varieties
same period, its product4vity almost doubled
of seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides,
from 33 tonnes to 70 tonnes per hectare.
etc.

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(4) Irrigation Facilities : Government has 159. Describe the geographical conditions required
undertaken various major and minor for production Rubber.
irrigation schemes to provide irrigation Ans OD 2016, 2014
facilities to the farmers.
(5) Development of High-Yielding Varieties Uses of Rubber : Rubber is an industrial raw
of Seeds : To encourage high production, material. Rubber is the latex obtained from
government has developed high yielding heavy type of wild trees of equatorial forests.
varieties of seeds. It has long been used for erasing pencil
(6) Control over pests, locusts and diseases : marks. Now-a-days it is used for a number
Government has started various schemes of purposes like water-proof clothes, soles,
to protect and save the plants from pests, toys, printing, electrical goods, tyres and
locusts and diseases. tubes, footwear, sports goods, foam rubber
(7) Modernisation of Agriculture : Modern and mattresses.
farm machinery and scientific method Geographical conditions of growth : Rubber
of cultivation have led to the increase in needs a hot wet climate, about 300 cm. rainfall
production. and 21°C temperature with deep loamy soils.
Cheap labour is required.
158. Discuss the reason for which our agricultural Areas of production : Rubber plantations
sector is dominated by Intensive subsistence were introduced in 1902 in Kerala. Rubber
farming. is mainly grown in southern states of
Ans Foreign 2017
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Maharashtra, Assam,
Agriculture in India depends not only on geo- Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram
climatic conditions but also on socio-cultural and Manipur. About six lakh small farmers
practices. Through law of inheritance, the are engaged in its production. Automobile
limited arable land is fragmented through industry depends upon it. 97% of country’s
succesive generations and now average demand of natural rubber is met from
individual land holding reduced to an domestic production.
uneconomic position. Land holdings are not
only reduced but also became fragmented. Area and Production of Rubber
So, technological application is not viable for Year Area Production
the farmers. (lakh hectare) (‘000 tonnes)
Huge population along with high amount of (tapped area)
domestic animals depends on this limited
1950-51 30 14
agricultural land. So, farmers use intensive
irrigation and put bio-chemical inputs to 1990-1991 365 330
draw more production and the ceaseless 1999-2000 396 622
exploitation of land without adequate
2000-2001 400 630
measure for replenishment gradually reduces
productivity. Less awareness about modern
160. Describe any two technological reforms
technology institutional limitations and
introduced by the government in the interest
bureaucratic apathy in implementation of
of farmers after independence.
reform measures compel the agriculture still
depend on intensive subsistence farming. Ans Comp 2011

Land is only exploited regularly to sustenance I. Technological Reforms : The various

of life not for commercialisation or well- technological and institutional reforms
being. The pattern should be changed as it consists of various measures taken by the
held occupation of more than 60 per cent of central and state governments from time to
population in India. time. Flooding of fields with water is now

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being replaced by drip irrigation and the use much. But today it’s under controversy. The
of sprinklers. Chemical fertilizers are being keyword today is “gene revolution”, which
used on large scale to increase the farm includes genetic engineering. Organic farming
yields. They are now being supplemented by is [also] much in vogue today because it is
bio-fertilizers. practised without factory-made chemicals such
High yielding and early maturing quality as fertilisers and pesticides. A few economists
seeds have been developed. Most of these think that Indian farmers have a bleak future
technology inputs gave birth to Green if they continue growing food grains on the
Revolution in sixties and seventies of holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the
twentieth century. The Green Revolution was population rises. India’s rural population is
followed by White Revolution. about 600 million which depends upon 250
II. Institutional Reforms : The institutional million (approximate) hectares of agricultural
reforms which were taken by the Central land, an average of less than half a hectare per
Government are as under : person. Indian farmers should diversify their
(1) The Government of India abolished cropping pattern from cereals to high-value
Zamindari System. crops. This will increase incomes and reduce
(2) Consolidated small holdings to make environmental degradation simultaneously.
them economically viable. Because fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers,
(3) Development of irrigational facilities—In vegetables, and bio-diesel crops like jatropha
order to modernise the agriculture it is and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice
necessary to develop irrigation. or sugarcane. India’s diverse climate can be
(4) Improved seeds and the chemical harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value
fertilizers form the basis of modernization crops.
of agriculture. Insecticides and pesticides Questions :
are also used. 1. Give two reasons why the Green
(5) Widespread use of radio and television Revolution is under controversy.
for acquainting farmers of new techniques 2. .....holdings that grow smaller and smaller
of cultivation. as the population rises.’ Evaluate why
(6) Crop insurance was another step to this is a concern.
protect the farmers against any loss. 3. Bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba
(7) Government has established multi- have been referred to as high-value crops.
purpose societies and co-operative banks Why?
in rural areas. Ans 2023
All these institutional reforms led the Green
Revolution and White Revolution. 1. Green Revolution is under controversy
because:
(a) The excessive use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides decreases
CASE BASED QUESTIO soil fertility.
(b) The overutilization of irrigation
systems adversely affected
161. Read the passage given below and answer the underground water.
questions that follow. (c) Agricultural practices like tillage,
Today, Indian agriculture finds itself at a drainage, intercropping, rotation,
crossroads. To make agriculture successful and and the heavy use of pesticides and
profitable, proper thrust should be given to the fertilizers make flora and fauna
improvement of the condition of marginal and vulnerable. Thus. it negatively
small farmers. The green revolution promised affected biodiversity.

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2. The sentence means that the yield per 3. Punjab and Haryana produce rice
land holding will not be enough to feed commercially.
the rising population hence a shift in
agricultural practices is required. 163. Read the given extract and answer the
3. Bio-diesel crops are high value as they act following questions.
as alternatives to fuels from nonrenewable This type of farming is practised in areas
sources. Another reason is that of high population pressure on land. It is
these crops do not require much water or labour-intensive farming, where high doses of
farmers’ attention to grow. biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for
obtaining higher production. Though the ‘right
162. Read the given extract and answer the
of inheritance’ leading to the division of land
following questions.
among successive generations has rendered
Through the ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the land-holding size uneconomical, the farmers
division of land among successive generations continue to take maximum output from the
has rendered land-holding size uneconomical, limited land in the absence of alternative
the farmers continue to take maximum source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous
output from the limited land in the absence of pressure on agricultural land.
alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is
The main characteristic of this type of farming
enormous pressure on agricultural land.
is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g.
The main characteristic of commercial high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical
farming is the use of higher doses of modern fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order
inputs. e.g. High Yielding Variety (HYV) to obtain higher productivity. The degree of
seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides commercialisation of agriculture varies from
and pesticides in order to obtain higher one region to another. For example, rice is a
productivity. commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but
in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop. Plantation
The degree of commercialisation of
is also a type of commercial farming. In this
agriculture varies from one region to another.
type of farming, a single crop is grown on a
For example, rice is a commercial crop in
large area. The plantation has an interface
Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a
of agriculture and industry. Plantations cover
subsistence crop.
large tracts of land, using capital intensive
Questions :
inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
1. State the ways through which farmers
All the produce is used as raw material in
continue to make maximum output from
respective industries.
limited land.
Questions:
2. What is the reason behind rice being a
1. With what objective ‘Intensive
subsistence crop in Odisha?
Subsistence Farming’ is practised?
3. Mention the name of Indian states which
2. Mention any one feature of commercial
produce rice commercially.
farming.
Ans
3. What is plantation farming? Name some
1. Farmers buy agricultural inputs like important plantation crops which are
fertilisers, pesticides, HYV seeds and grown in India.
provide irrigation facilities in their limited
Ans
land to take maximum output from it.
2. Rice is considered .a subsistence crop 1. To obtain higher production with the
in Odisha because it is grown on small help of high doses of biochemical inputs
patches of land with very little agricultural and irrigation.
inputs. Productivity is also less.

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2. (a) Crops are grown specifically for sale Some of the most important rice-growing
in the market. regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal
(b) Higher doses of modern inputs regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
are used in order to obtain higher Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra,
productivity. particularly the (Konkan coast) along with
3. In this type of farming, a single crop is Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Recently, paddy has
grown on a large area. Tea, coffee, rubber, also become an important crop of Punjab and
banana, sugarcane, etc. are important Haryana. In states like Assam, West Bengal
plantation crops in India. and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in
a year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro.
164. Read the given extract and answer the
following questions. In between the rabi and the kharif seasons,
there is a short season during the summer
You have studied the physical diversities and months known as the Zaid season. Some of the
plurality of cultures in India. These are also crops produced during ‘zaid’ are watermelon,
reflected in agricultural practices and cropping muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder
patterns in the country. Various types of food crops. Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow.
and fibre crops, vegetables and fruits, spices Questions:
and condiments, etc. constitute some of the 1. Name some important zaid crops.
important crops grown in the country. India has 2. Analyse the reason of precipitation during
three cropping seasons - rabi, kharif and zaid. winter months.
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October 3. State any two characteristics of kharif
to December and harvested in summer from cropping season.
April to June. Some of the important rabi Ans
crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and
1. These are: watermelon, muskmelon,
mustard.
cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.
Though, these crops are grown in large parts 2. It occurs due to western temperate cyclones
of India, states from the north and north- and helps in the success of rabi crops.
western parts such as Punjab, Haryana, 3. (a) In this season, crops are grown with
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, the onset of monsoon and harvested
Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important in September-October.
for the production of wheat and other rabi (b) Some of the important kharif crops
crops. Availability of precipitation during are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra,
winter months due to the western temperate groundnut, etc.
cyclones helps in the success of these crops.
165. Read the extract and answer the questions
However, the success of the green revolution in
that follows:
Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and
parts of Rajasthan has also been an important Intensive subsistence farming is practised in
factor in the growth of the above-mentioned areas of high population pressure on land. It
rabi crops. is labourintensive farming, where high doses
of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used
Kharif crops are grown with the onset of
for obtaining higher production. Though the
monsoon in different parts of the country and
‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division
these are harvested in September-October.
of land among successive generations has
Important crops grown during this season
rendered land holding size uneconomical, the
are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar),
farmers continue to take maximum output
moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and
from the limited land in the absence of
soyabean.
alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is

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enormous pressure on agricultural land. The 3. Mention any factor responsible for the
main characteristics of commercial farming is low growth rate of the agricultural sector.
the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. Ans
high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical
fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order 1. Growth rate in 2007-12 = 9.
to obtain higher productivity. The degree of 2. About four per cent.
commercialisation of agriculture varies from 3. (a) The government has reduced the
one region to another. For example, rice is a public investment in the agriculture
commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but sector, particularly in irrigation,
in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop. power, rural roads, market and
Questions : mechanisation.
1. What leads to the division of land among (b) Subsidy on fertilisers and the inputs
successive generations has rendered land has been decreased leading to an
holding size uneconomical? increase in the cost of production.
2. How does commercial farming maximise 167. Read the extracts/sources carefully and
it productivity? answer the following questions :
Ans
India is the largest producer as well as the
1. The ‘Right of inheritance ‘leads to consumer of pulses in the world. These are
the division of land among successive the major source of protein in a vegetarian
generations has rendered land-holding diet. Major pulses that are grown in India are
size uneconomical. tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and
2. (i) The main characteristics of gram.
commercial farming is the use of
higher doses of modern inputs. Agriculture is an age-old economic activity
(ii) Some of the examples are high in our country. Over these years, cultivation
yielding variety (HYV) seeds, methods have changed significantly depending
chemical fertilisers, insecticides and upon the characteristics of physical
pesticides in order to obtain higher environment, technological know. how and
productivity. socio-cultural practices. Farming varies from
subsistence to commercial type.
166. Study the given data carefully and answer Questions :
the following questions: 1. Why should we grow/more pulses? Give
Table: INDIA : Growth of GDP and major three reasons.
sectors in (%). 2. Why have farmers shifted from subsistence
to commercial farming ? Explain by
Sector 2002-2007 2007-2012
giving three reasons.
(10th plan (11th plan
project) project) Ans

Agriculture 1.7 4.1 1. (i) India is the largest consumer of pulses

in the world. As production is less as
Industries 8.3 10.5
compared to consumption we need to
Services 9.0 9.9 import.
GDP 7.2 9.0 (ii) These are major source of protein in
Questions : the diet.
1. What was the growth rate of India’s GDP (iii)Being leguminous crops these help
in 11th Five Year Plan? in restoring soil fertility by fixing
2. What was the growth rate in agriculture nitrogen from the air.
in the 11th Plan, i.e., 2007-12?

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2. (i) Various modern inputs like HYV 2. What does commercial farming use in
seeds have helped the farmers to order to obtain higher productivity?
increase the production. 3. What is the primary objective of India’s
(ii) Increasing demand for rubber, jute, food security policy?
sugarcane etc. as raw material in Ans
many industries lured the farmers to
shift to plantation agriculture. 1. Primitive subsistence farming.
(iii)The small size of holdings due to law 2. Higher doses of modern inputs, e.g., high
of inheritance has forced the farmers yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical
to adopt commercial farming. fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides.
3. To ensure availability of foodgrains.
168. Study the given sources and answer the
questions that follow: 169. Study the given diagram and answer the
questions given below :
This type of farming is still practised in
few pockets of India. Primitive subsistence
agriculture is practised on small patches of
land with the help of primitive tools like hoe,
dao and digging sticks, and family/com-
munity labour. This type of farming depends
upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and
suitability of other environmental conditions
to the crops grown.
The main characteristic of this type of Questions :
farming is the use of higher doses of modern (1) Which crop is used for making the goods
inputs, e.g., high yield-ing variety (HYV) listed in the diagram?
seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and (2) Which types of goods occupy the highest
pesticides, in order to obtain higher produc- percentage?
tivity. The degree of commercialisation of (3) Mention any one climatic condition
agriculture varies from one region to another. required for the growth of this crop.
For example, rice is a commercial crop in (4) Name any two major producing states of
Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa, it is a this crop.
subsistence crop. Ans
India’s food security policy has a primary (1) Rubber.
objective to ensure availability of food grains (2) Auto tyres and tubes 44.5%.
to the common people at an affordable price. It (3) (i) It is grown in tropical and sub-tropical
has enabled the poor to have access to food. The areas.
focus of the policy is on growth in agriculture (ii) It requires moist and humid climate
production and on fixing the support price for with rainfall of more than 200 cm.
procurement of wheat and rice, to maintain (iii)Temperature above 25°C.
their stocks. Food Corporation of India (FCI) (4) Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and
is responsible for procuring and stocking food Andaman Nicobar Islands.
grains, whereas distribution is ensured by
public distribution system (PDS). 170. Study the given sources and answer the
Questions : questions that follow:
1. Which type of agriculture is practised “Agriculture has been the backbone of the
on small patches of land with the help of Indian economy though its share in the Gross
primitive tools? Domestic Product (GDP) has registered a

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declining trend from 1951 onwards; yet its

share in providing employment and livelihood
to the population continues to be as high as 63
per cent in 2001.
The declining share of agriculture in the GDP
is a matter of serious concern because any
decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead
to a decline in other spheres of the economy
having wider “implications for society.”
Questions :
1. Describe the factors which have hindered
the pace of agricultural development ?
2. What is the importance of agriculture in
the Indian economy and how can it be
improved ?
Ans
(1) Sustained use of land without compatible
techno-institutional changes have hindered
the pace of agricultural development.
Secondly, most of the farmers in large
parts of the country still depend upon
monsoon and natural fertility in order to
carry on their agriculture.
(2) The importance of agriculture in india
is great. It provides livelihood for more
than 60 per cent of its population. It
produces food-grains for the growing
population as well as raw materials for
various industries.
The government has made efforts to
modernise agriculture as mentioned below :
(a) Establishment of Indian Council of
Agricultural Research.
(b) Agricultural universities.
(c) Provision for veterinary services and
animal breeding centres.
(d) Horticulture development,
(e) Weather forecast.

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CHAPTER
9
Mineral and Energy Resources

SUMMAR
15. Geologists : Experts who study about rocks,
their age, formation of minerals and physical
and chemical compositions.
1. Mineral : A natural inorganic substance
16. Open Cast-Mining : A method of mining by
having particular physical properties of
removing the overlying materials to extract
hardness, colour and form.
the minerals from shallow depth.
2. Off-shore Drilling : Digging deep bores into
the bed of shallow seas near the coast for
extracting mineral oil.
3. Shaft Mine : An underground excavation
made deep into the earth for digging minerals MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
and mineral ores like coal, precious stones
and iron.
4. Mineral Ore : Minerals from which metals are 1. Choose the correctly matched pair.
extracted in a raw state from the earth. (a) Ferrous – Natural Gas
5. Placer Deposits : Minerals which occur as (b) Non-Ferrous – Nickel
alluvial deposits brought down by the rivers (c) Non-Metallic Minerals – Limestone
such as gold, silver, tin etc. (d) Energy Minerals – Cobalt
6. Fossil Fuels : Fuels dug out from beneath the Ans OD 2024
earth or rocks, e.g. coal, petrol, etc.
(c) Non-Metallic Minerals – Limestone
7. Mining : An economic method of extracting
minerals from the earth. 2. Which one of the following minerals is formed
8. Metallic Minerals : Minerals comprising by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual
metal contents. Example : iron ore, bauxite. mass of weathered material ?
9. Non-Metallic Minerals : Minerals which do (a) Coal
not have metal contents. Example Limestone, (b) Bauxite
potash, etc. (c) Gold
10. Rocks : Combination of homogeneous (d) Zinc
substances.
Ans Comp 2023
11. Veins and lodes : Minerals in igneous and
metamorphic rocks. Smaller content is veins (b) Bauxite.
and larger is lodes.
3. What quantity of India’s petroleum
12. Energy : The capacity of a physical system
production is obtained from Mumbai High?
needed for doing work.
(a) 63%
13. Hydro-electricity : Electricity produced
(b) 36%
by the application of the force of falling or
(c) 69%
running water.
(d) 65%
14. Natural Gas : Free hydrocarbons in a gaseous
state usually associated with crude mineral Ans OD 2019

oil and found in the earth’s crust in a natural (a) 63%

state.

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

4. Assertion : Uses of iron brought a radical

change in human life.
Reason : Different kinds of tools where
invented by using minerals.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Comp 2021
Which of the following best signifies the
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and above image?
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (a) Transportation System
5. Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading (b) Mineral Belts
producer of which one of the following (c) Farming Area
minerals ? (d) Mining Area
(a) Bauxite Ans Comp 2022

(b) Mica (d) Mining Area

(c) Iron-ore
8. Assertion : Increased use of fossil fuels creates
(d) Copper
a healthy environment.
Ans Foreign 2019
Reason : Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas
(b) Mica. are easily obtained from natural resource.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
6. Identify the natural gas pipeline which is reason is the correct explanation of
spread from North to South- assertion.
• It starts from Hazira (Surat) passes (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
through Madhya Pradesh to reach reason is not the correct explanation of
industrial areas of Uttar Pradesh. assertion.
• Links various power and industrial (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
complexes in western and Northern India. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
• Total approx. length is 1700 km and
Ans OD 2013
India’s first cross state gas pipeline.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
• Recognized as an altery for boosting the
India’s Gas production. 9. Arrange the following states in order (Less to
Option : more) of production of Limestone-
(a) Salaya - Mathura Gaspipeline 1. Rajasthan
(b) Hazira- Vijaipur- Jagdishpur Gaspipeline 2. Andhra Pradesh
(c) Paradip-Haldia-Barauni Gaspipeline 3. Chhattishgarh
(d) Mundra-Panipat Gaspipeline 4. Gujarat
Ans SQP 2018, 2015 Options :
(b) Hazira- Vijaipur- Jagdishpur Gaspipeline (a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3
7. Study the picture and answer the question Ans Delhi 2018, 2016
that follows:
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1

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10. Observe the following picture carefully and Ans Delhi 2010

choose the correct answer- (a) Monazite sands

13. Minerals are deposited and accumulated in

the stratas of which of the following rocks ?
(a) Sedimentary rocks
(b) Metamorphic rocks
(c) Igneous rocks
(d) None of the above
Ans SQP 2019

(a) Sedimentary rocks.

14. Assertion : Iron ore is the basic mineral and

(a) It shows the state wise production of the backbone of India.
manganese in year 2016-17. Reason : India is rich in good quality Iron ore.
(b) It shows the state wise production of iron (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
ore in year 2016-17. reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) It shows the state wise production of (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
stainless steel in year 2016-17. reason is not the correct explanation of
(d) It shows the state wise production of assertion.
electricity year in the 2016-17. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Ans Foreign 2014 (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) It shows the state wise production of Ans Foreign 2012

manganese in year 2016-17. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
11. Complete the following table with the correct
information- 15. Which one of the following minerals is
contained in the monazite sand ?
Ways of Type of Generated (a) Oil
generating source by (b) Uranium
electricity (c) Thorium
Hydroelectricity Renewable B - ? (d) Coal
Thermal A-? by using Ans OD 2007

electricity coal, (c) Thorium.

Petroleum
and natural 16. Following picture of solar operated milk
gas testing equipment of an Indian village depicts
that-
Ans OD 2017,

A - Non renewable.
B - By fast flowing water which drives
turbines.

12. Which type of sand in Kerala is rich in

thorium?
(a) Monazite sands
(b) Gypsum snads
(c) Silica sands
(d) Black sands

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Foreign 2017

35. The toothbrush and tube containing paste
(d) Tamil Nadu are made up of plastic obtained from
(a) Mica
32. Identify the natural gas pipeline which is (b) Petroleum
spread from North to South- (c) Fibre
• It starts from Hazira (Surat) passes (d) Paper
through Madhya Pradesh to reach
industrial areas of Uttar Pradesh. Ans Foreign 2014

• Links various power and industrial (b) Petroleum

complexes in western and Northern India.
• Total approx. length is 1700 km and 36. Assertion : Thermal power stations are
India’s first cross state gas pipeline. located on or near the coalfields.
• Recognized as an altery for boosting the Reason : Coal is a bulky material, which loses
India’s Gas production. weight on use as it is reduced to ash. Hence,
Option : heavy industries and thermal power stations
(a) Salaya - Mathura Gaspipeline are located on or near the coalfields.
(b) Hazira- Vijaipur- Jagdishpur Gaspipeline (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(c) Paradip-Haldia-Barauni Gaspipeline reason is the correct explanation of
(d) Mundra-Panipat Gaspipeline assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
Ans Comp 2016
reason is not the correct explanation of
(b) Hazira- Vijaipur- Jagdishpur Gaspipeline assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
33. Assertion : Geological processes of mineral (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
formation is slow
Reason : Minerals resources are consumed Ans Comp 2006, 2010

way quickly than they are formed. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
reason is the correct explanation of The reason justifies the assertion.
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 37. Which is the finest iron ore with a very high
reason is not the correct explanation of content of iron?
assertion. (a) Magnetite
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (b) Haematite
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (c) Limonite
(d) None of these
Ans Comp 2012
Ans OD 2020
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of (a) Magnetite
assertion. 38. Iron ore is exported Japan and South Korea
34. Large reserves of natural gas have been via which port?
discovered in which place in India? (a) Chennai
(a) Arabian Sea (b) Vishakhapatnam
(b) Andaman Nicobar Islands (c) Haldia
(c) Krishna Godavari Basin (d) Mangaluru
(d) Gulf of Mannar Ans SQP 2016

Ans OD 20105 (b) Vishakhapatnam

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• Can be used under various Internation 27. Which of the following mineral is used to
treaties. reduce cavities in teeth?
Option : (a) Limestone
(a) Nuclear Energy (b) Aluminium oxide
(b) Tide Energy (c) Fluoride
(c) Solar Eenrgy (d) Silica
(d) Electric Energy Ans OD 2018
Ans SQP 2012
(c) Fluoride
(a) Nuclear Energy
28. Arrange the following states in sequence
24. Assertion : Mica is a metallic mineral. according to their share per cent in iron ore
Reason : Mica mineral is the basic raw production in year 2016-2017:
material for cement industry 1. Chattisgarh
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and 2. Kamatak
reason is the correct explanation of 3. Odisha
assertion. 4. jharkhand
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but Options :
reason is not the correct explanation of (a) 3, 4, 2, 1 (b) 3, 2, 1, 4
assertion. (c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Ans Comp 2017
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(b) 3, 2, 1, 4
Ans SQP 2019

(d) Both assertion and reason are false. 29. Which of the following is the basic mineral
and the backbone of industrial development?
25. Which of the following is a mineral?
(a) Zinc ore
(a) Diamond
(b) Iron ore
(b) Talc
(c) Manganese ore
(c) Mica
(d) Silver ore
(d) All of these
Ans Delhi 2007
Ans Froeign 2007
(b) Silver ore
(d) All of these
30. The white colour in tooth paste comes from
26. Assertion : Conservation of Energy Resources
which of the following?
is essential.
(a) Titanium oxide
Reason : Energy is a basic requirement for
(b) Fluoride
economic development.
(c) Silica
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(d) Limestone
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion. Ans SQP 2009

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (a) Titanium oxide
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion. 31. Where is the largest wind farm cluster located
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. in India?
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Kerala
Ans Comp 2013, 2011
(c) Karnataka
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (d) Tamil Nadu
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

44. Arrange the following Iron ore belts in (3) Natural gas is extremely efficient when it
ascending order of their is on production- combust.
1. Odisha- Jharkhand belt.
2. Durg- Bastar- chandropar belt. 47. “A concerted effort has to be made in order
3. Ballasi- Chitradurga- Chikkamagaluru- to use mineral resources in a planned and
Tumakuru belt. sustainable manner.” Suggest and explain
4. Maharasthra- Goa belt. any three measures.
Options : Ans OD 2020

(a) 3, 4, 2, 1 (b) 3, 1, 2, 4 We must make use of minerals in a planned

(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3 and sustainable manner.
Ans OD 2017 (1) Improved technologies need to be
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 constantly evolved to allow the use of low
grade ores at low cost.
45. Assertion : Natural gas is referred as an (2) Recycling of metals, using scrap metals
environment friendly fuel. and other substitutes are steps in
Reason : Natural gas contains low carbon conserving ore mineral resources for the
dioxide emissions. future.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (3) Try to reuse the waste to reduce the
reason is the correct explanation of production cost.
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 48. Which state is the largest producer of
reason is not the correct explanation of Manganese in India ? Mention any four uses
assertion. of Manganese.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Ans Comp 2009, 2007

(d) Both assertion and reason are false. Orissa is the largest producer of Mangapese
Ans OD 2008 in India.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Uses of Manganese :
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. 1. It is used to make iron and steel and
Natural gas is considered an environment prepare various alloys.
friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide 2. It is used to manufactured bleaching
Emissions. powder.
3. It is used to make insecticides.
4. It is used to make paints and batteries.
VERY SHORT QUESTIO 49. Explain any two differences between
Magnetite iron-ore and Hematite iron-ore.
46. Natural gas is considered an environmental Ans SQP 2014

friendly fuel. Suggest and explain an three

ways to make it popular. Magnetite iron- Hematite iron-ore
ore
Ans OD 2020
(1) Magnetite is the Hematite ore is the
Natural gas is considered as an environmental
finest iron ore most important
friendly fuel because of following reasons :
with a very high industrial iron
(1) Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel.
content of iron. ore in terms of
(2) When burned, natural gas produces about
It is valuable quantity used.
45 per cent less carbon dioxide than coal,
in the electrical
and 30 per cent less than oil and 15 per
industry.
cent less than wood.

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39. Look at the picture below and choose the Ans OD 2006

correction option which depicts best the (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
impact of mining and generation of dust in reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
mining area-
42. Complete the following table with correct
information-
Type of Occurs in Examples
minerals which rock
Metallic A-? Iron ore
minerals bauxite
Non- Sedimentary B-?
metallic rock
minerals
(a) River pollution Option :
(b) Air pollution (a) A - Igneous and metamorphic rocks, B -
(c) Soil pollution Mica, salt, limestone, granite.
(d) Noise pollution (b) A - Igneous and metamorphic rocks, B -
Ans Delhi 2012 Mica, salt, limestone, granite.
(b) Air pollution (c) A - Igneous and metamorphic rocks, B -
Mica, salt, limestone, granite.
40. Identify the type of coal- (d) A - Igneous and metamorphic rocks, B -
• It is a low-grade brown coal. Mica, salt, limestone, granite.
• Used in the generation of electricity at Ans OD 2007
thermal stations.
(a) A - Igneous and metamorphic rocks, B -
• It has very low heat content.
Mica, salt, limestone, granite.
• Its case reserve is in Neyvali, Tamil Nadu.
Options : 43. Study the picture and answer the question
(a) Subbituminous that follows:
(b) Bauxite
(c) Bituminous
(d) Lignite
Ans Foreign 2017

(d) Lignite

41. Assertion : Minerals are an indispensable

part of our lives.
Reason : Minerals have a universal use, they
are used to manufacture everything we use in
our day to day lives.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Which of the following best signifies the
reason is the correct explanation of above image?
assertion. (a) Biogas Plant
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (b) Wind Mills
reason is not the correct explanation of (c) Coal Mine
assertion. (d) Bauxite Mine
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Ans Foreign 2009

(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) Biogas Plant

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Foreign 2013

in the world. We have to adopt a cautious
(1) Iron ore is the basic mineral and the approach for the judicious use of our limited
backbone of industrial development. energy resources. For example, as concerned
Magnetite iron ore has excellent magnetic citizens we can do our bit by using public
qualities, especially valuable in the transport systems instead of individual
electrical industry. vehicles; switching off electricity when not
(2) Manganese is mainly used in the in use, using power-saving devices and using
manufacturing of steel and ferro- non-conventional sources of energy. At last
manganese alloy. It is also used in “Energy Saved is energy produced”
manufacturing of bleaching powder, Questions :
insecticides and paints. 1. Why is sustainable energy a key to
(3) Mica is one of the most indispensable sustainable development ?
minerals used in electric and electronic 2. Why is consumption of energy rising in
industries. It has excellent di-electric all over India?
strength, low power loss factor, insulating 3. Explain ‘Energy saved is energy
properties and resistance to high voltage. produced’.
(4) From bauxite aluminium is obtained. It Ans
combines the strength of metals such as
iron, with extreme lightness and also with 1. Sustainable energy is crucial to sustainable
good conductivity and great malleability. development because it can meet current
(5) Copper is malleable, ductile and a energy needs without compromising the
good conductor to heat and electricity. ability of future generations to meet their
It is mainly used in electrical cables, own. It’s derived from resources that can
electronics and chemical industries. be replenished within a human lifetime
and cause no long-term damage to the
environment.
2. Energy is a basic requirement for
CASE BASED QUESTIO economic development. The strategy
of economic development that India
adopted since independence necessarily
117. Read the given case and answer the questions required increasing amount of energy
that follow : consumption. As a result, consumption of
Energy is a basic requirement for economic energy in all forms has been rising.
development. Every sector of the national 3. The statement means that reducing
economy — agriculture, industry, transport, energy consumption can help produce
commercial and domestic — needs inputs energy that would otherwise be needed
of energy. The economic development plans to meet energy demands. This can help
implemented since independence necessarily conserve natural resources and reduce
required increasing amounts of energy to greenhouse gas emissions associated with
remain operational. As a result, consumption energy production.
of energy in all forms has been steadily rising 118. Study the sources given below and answer
all over the country. In this background, there the questions that follow:
is an urgent need to develop a sustainable
path of energy development. Promotion of Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like
energy conservation and increased use of coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from
renewable energy sources are the twin planks electricity. Energy resources can be classified
of sustainable energy. India is presently as conventional and nonconventional sources.
one of the least energy efficient countries Conventional sources include: firewood, cattle

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Ans Delhi 2016

(2) It has very high It has upto 50-
content of iron 60 per cent iron In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals
upto 70%. content. may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or
joints. The smaller occurrences are called
(3) Magnetite is black Hematite has veins and the larger are called lodes. In most
in colour. variety of colour. cases, they are formed when minerals in
liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced
50. “India has fairly rich and varied mineral upward through cavities towards the earth’s
resources across different regions.” Support surface. They cool and solidify as they rise.
the statement with examples. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc
Ans SQP 2020 and lead are obtained from veins and lodes
India has fairly rich and varied mineral i.e., smaller and larger occurrences.
resources but these are unevenly distributed.
53. What is the position of India as far as iron-
(1) Peninsular rocks contain most of the
ore reserves are concern ?
reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica
and many other non-metallic minerals. Ans SQP 2010, 2009

(2) Sedimentary rocks on the western and Position of India in Iron-ore reserves : India
eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat has about 20 percent of the world’s (iron-
and Assam have most of the petroleum ore) reserves. Most of the mines are located
deposits. in Chhattisgarh (Durg and Dantewada),
(3) Rajasthan with the rock-system of Jharkhand (East-Singhbhum), Odisha
peninsula, has reserves of many non- (Sundergarh, Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj),
ferrous minerals. The vast alluvial Goa (north region of the state) and Karnataka
plains of north India are almost devoid (Chikmanglur and Bellary).
of economic minerals. These variations Magnetite-ore (containing nearly 72 percent
exist largely because of the differences in iron) and hematite ore (containing nearly
geological structure, processes and time 60-70 percent iron) are found in Jharkhand,
involved in the formation of minerals. Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Odisha,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and
51. Describe any three characteristics of Durg- Rajasthan.
Bastar-Chandrapur Iron-ore belt in India.
Ans OD 2017
54. Why is about half of the iron-ore is exported
from India ?
The characteristics of Durg-Bastar-Chardrapur
Iron-ore belt in India are as follows : Ans OD 2006

(1) The Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt of high Causes of export of nearly half of Iron-ore
grade haematite iron-ore. This high quality from India: Nearly half of the ore has to be
iron ore is suitable for steel-making. exported as we do not have enough refining
(2) The steel made from this ore is used to technological capacity. Steel plants require
produce automobiles, railway equipments heavey capital investment and have a long
and in defence gestation period which India cannot afford.
(3) Half of the iron ore is exported to Japan and
South Korea from the Vishakhapatnam 55. Why is coal often called ‘black gold’ ? Give
port as building new steel plant is a very two reasons.
costly affair. Ans Delhi 2017

52. What are the two types of minerals according Coal is often called ‘black gold’ that has the
to occurrence in igneous and metamorphic following reasons :
rocks ?

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) Coal is the main source of power (2) Uses : It combines the strength of metals
generation in India. About 67 percent of such as iron, with extreme lightness and
the country’s requirement of power is met also with good conductivity and great
by coal. It is the prime source of energy in malleability.
the manufacturing of iron and steel. (3) Distribution : Bauxite deposits are found
(2) It is also used as a raw material mainly in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills
for chemical industry. and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.

56. Describe any three characteristics of Durg- 59. What are two types of metallic minerals ?
Bastar-Chandrapur Iron-ore belt in India. Give examples.
Ans Foreign 2020 Ans SQP 2017, 2014

The characteristics of Durg-Bastar-Chardrapur Following are the two types of metallic

Iron-ore belt in India are as follows : minerals :
(1) The Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt of 1. Ferrous metals.
high grade haematite iron-ore. This high 2. Non-ferrous metals.
quality iron ore is suitable for steel- Ferrous metals possess iron contents, for
making. example iron-ore, manganese, etc. Non-
(2) The steel made from this ore is used to ferrous possess iron contents, for examples
produce automobiles, railway equipments copper, bauxite.
and in defence
(3) Half of the iron ore is exported to Japan and 60. Why are coal, mineral oil and gas called the
South Korea from the Vishakhapatnam fossil-fuels ?
port as building new steel plant is a very Ans
costly affair. Coal, mineral oil and gas are called the
57. State the facts about iron-ore found in India fossils fuels, because it obtained from the
with reference to following : sedimentary rocks. These rocks are formed
(1) Two types of iron-ore by the sediments or deposits laid down on the
(2) Two exporting ports floor of the river-beds, lakes or shallow seas.
(3) Two major destinations of the exports. A distinguishing feature of the sedimentary
rocks is that they contain fossils, which are
Ans Comp 2015
embedded remains of animals and plant
(1) Two types of iron-ore : (a) Magnetite, (b) organisms. Coal, oil and gas are sources
Hametite. of mineral origin and produces thermal
(2) Two exporting ports : (a) Vishakhapatnam. electricity.
(b) Marmagao port.
(3) Two major destinations of the exports : 61. Solar energy can solve the crisis of increasing
(a) Japan, (b) South Korea. shortage of electricity in India. Explain, with
the help of two examples.
58. Name a clay like substance from which Ans Delhi 2020
alumina and later aluminium is obtained.
Give its formation, uses and distribution. The solar energy has many merits :
(1) Firstly, the sun is a universal, abundant
Ans OD 2010
and inexhaustible source of energy. Our
Alumina and later aluminium is obtained government is planning and implementing
from bauxite to use the solar energy by setting up small
(1) Formation : Bauxite deposits are formed and medium size solar power stations in
by the decomposition of a wide variety of rural areas. Solar energy can be used for
rocks rich in aluminium silicates. cooking, heating, crop-drying etc.

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page 291

(2) Secondly, this energy helps us cook food Ans OD 2016

within little cost. Solar cookers cook (1) Anything that we use or consume contains
almost without any cost. Solar energy minerals.
has a great future. It will be used in the (2) They are limit in supply and their over use
future when coal and oil would have been can create shortage for future generation.
exhausted.
(3) Thirdly, solar energy is pollution-free. 66. Elaborate in your own words any three
The largest solar plant of India is also techniques used for conservation of minerals.
located in western India at Madhopur Ans Delhi 2006

near Bhuj. (1) Efficiency of mining

(2) Synthetic substitutes
62. How can we contribute in conserving energy
(3) Recycling
resources in our daily life ?
Ans Foreign 2009 67. How can we contribute in the conservation of
We can contribute in conserving energy energy resource ?
resources in our daily life : Ans SQP 2007

(1) By using public transport instead of We can contribute in the conservation of

private transport. energy resources by adopting following
(2) By switching off electricity when not in measures :
use. (1) By using public transport
(3) By encouraging the use of renewable (2) By switching off electric appliances
sources of energy. whenever, not in use and by using power
saving devices.
63. Write any three values for the conservation of
(3) By checking the power equipment
mineral resources.
regularly.
Ans Comp 2012
(4) By encouraging the use of- non-
(1) Minerals are limited in supply or in stock. conventional sources of energy.
(2) Geological process of mineral formation is
very slow and take millions of years. 68. “Energy saved is energy produced.” Support
(3) These are vital need for human lives and the statement with suitable examples.
developmental activities. Ans SQP 2020

(4) As per geologists, stocks of minerals are India is one of the least energy efficient
depleting with faster speed. countries in the world. In this background,
there is an urgent need to develop a
64. Which three values enhance the importance
sustainable path of energy development.
of minerals ?
(1) Promotion of energy conservation and
Ans Foreign 2014
increased use of renewable energy resources
Three values enhance the importance of are the twin planks of sustainable energy.
minerals are given below : (2) One needs to adopt a cautious approach
(1) We the human being are using minerals for the judicious use of limited energy
for survival of life and luxury livelihoods. resources.
(2) They make our life more comfortable. (3) Citizens need to be sensitised about the
(3) They are in limited in supply. use of public transport system instead
(4) Mineral also enhance economic of individual vehicles, switching off
development (Any three) electricity when not in use, using power-
saving devices and using non-conventional
65. Write an essential value of conservation of sources of energy.
minerals.

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

89. What is conservation of minerals essential? (2) Majority of Minerals are found
Explain any four measures to conserve rocks consist of in varied forms in
minerals. several minerals nature, ranging
Ans OD 2010 in varying from the hardest
(i) In India sustainable economic development proportions. diamond to the
means development should take place softest talc.
without damaging the environment and (3) For example, For example, iron,
development in the present should not granite, manganese.
compromise with the needs of the future sandstone.
generations.
(2) Minerals are the good source of earning 92. Classify minerals into the three groups. Give
foreign currency. one example of each.
(3) Many Indian factories depend upon Ans Delhi 2011
minerals for their raw materials.
(4) Minerals are helpful in generating jobs Classification of minerals :
and employment in mining. (1) Metallic minerals : These can be classified
into :
90. Describe any three points of importance of (i) Ferrous (containing iron) : For
minerals in our daily life. example, iron ore, manganese, nickel,
Ans Delhi 2020, 2017
cobalt, etc.
(ii) Non-ferrous minerals : For example,
Minerals are an indispensable part of our copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc.
lives. For example; (iii)Precious : For example, gold, silver,
(1) The railway lines and the tarmac of the platinum, etc.
roads, our implements and machinery are (2) Non-metallic minerals : For example,
made from minerals. mica, salt, potash, granite, limestone, etc.
(2) Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are (3) Energy minerals : For example, coal,
manufactured from minerals. petroleum, natural gas, etc.
(3) From a tiny pin to a towering building or
a ship, all are made from minerals. 93. Explain the various hazards of mining.
(4) In all stages of development, human beings Ans SQP 2013
have used minerals for their livelihood,
decoration, festivities, religious and Various hazards of mining are as under :
ceremonial rites, etc. (1) The dust and noxious fumes inhaled
by miners make them vulnerable to
91. Distinguish between rocks and minerals. Give pulmonary diseases.
one example of each. (2) The risk of collapsing mines roofs,
Ans SQP 2016
inundation and fires in coalmines are a
constant threat to miners.
Rocks Minerals (3) Dumping of waste and slurry leads to
degradation of land and soil.
(1) Rocks are Minerals are (4) During rainfall the water falls directly on
combinations of homogeneous the dumped waste. The water becomes
homogeneous naturally occurring dirty and ultimately contaminate the
substances substance with a surrounding water bodies (streams or
called minerals. definable internal rivers) or underground water through
structure. percolation.
(5) Mining industry is often called a ‘Killer
Industry’ due to high risks involved.

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(2) In most cases, they are formed when (2) Ferrous minerals account for about
minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous three-fourths of the total value of the
forms are forced upward through cavities production of metallic minerals.
towards the earth’s surface. They cool (3) These minerals provide a strong base
and solidify as they rise. for the development of metallurgical
(3) Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, industries.
zinc and lead, etc. are obtained from (4) India exports substantial quantities of
veins and lodes. ferrous minerals after meeting her internal
demands.
76. What type of mineral is limestone ? Describe
its uses and distribution. 79. Why is mineral conservation very essential
Ans Comp 2012
for sustainable development ?

(1) Limestone is a non-metallic mineral. It is Ans SQP 2019

found in association with rocks composed Sustainable economic development means

of calcium carbonates or calcium and development should take place without
magnesium carbonates damaging the environment and development
(2) Uses of limestone : in the present should not compromise with
(i) It is the basic raw material for cement the needs of the future generations.
industry. Mineral conservation is very essential
(ii) It is essential for smelting iron ore in because the present generation use minerals
the blast furnace. without care for future. It will be very
(3) Distribution : It is produced in Karnataka, dangerous for development in coming time.
Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, etc.

77. What do you know about Mumbai High ? SHORT Answer QUESTIO
Explain.
Ans OD 2017, 2016
80. Differentiate between anthracite and
Mumbai High : Rich oil fields have been bituminous coal on the basis of quality.
discovered in off-shore region in Gulf of
Ans Comp 2020
Trambay, along the coast of Mumbai. Oil
struck below the sea beds at a distance of 115 Anthracite Coal Bituminous Coal
kms from the shore on 19th February, 1974.
The drilling was done with the help of Sagar 1. Contains more Contains 60% to
Samrat (a mobile drilling platform) bought than 80% carbon. 80% carbon.
from Japan. This has become the richest oil 2. Anthracite is a Bituminous coal is a
field in India and is known as Mumbai High’. metamorphic sedimentary rock,
It has been connected with the coast by a rock.
sub-marine pipeline. 3. It is of the best It is of medium
78. Describe any three features of ferrous minerals quality. quality and
found in India. lower grade than
anthracite.
Ans Delhi 2020
4. It is found in J & It is found in
Features of ferrous minerals are as mentioned K. Jharkhand, Orissa,
below: West Bengal,
(1) Ferrous minerals contain iron e.g., iron Madhya Pradesh
ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt etc. and Chhattisgarh.

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

69. What is the next major source of energy after Ans OD 2011

coal in India ? Describe any three advantages Uses :

of it. (1) Manganese is used for making steel. It
Ans Comp 2018, 2016
gives strength to iron.
(2) It is also used in manufacturing of
The substitute source of energy after coal bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.
in India is petroleum. Main advantages of Deposits of ores in India : Manganese ore
Petroleum are : reserves exist in Karnataka, Odisha, Madhya
(1) Petroleum can be use as a fuel for heat Pradesh, Maharashtra and Goa.
and lighting. India consumes nearly four-fifth (4/5) of
(2) Petroleum can be also use as lubricants the total production of manganese ore. The
for machinery equipment. rest is exported mostly to Japan.
(3) Petroleum can be use as raw materials
for a number of manufacturing sector like 73. Name the rock mineral which is the basic
textile, fertiliser and in petrochemical raw material for a cement industry. State its
industries. composition and use.

70. State any two factors which influence the Ans Delhi 2013

formation of a mineral. (1) Limestone is the basic raw material for

Ans Foreign 2015
the cement industry.
(2) It is found in association with rocks
(1) The formation of minerals depends upon composed of calcium carbonates or
the physical and chemical conditions calcium and magnesium carbonates.
under which the material forms. (3) It is used for smelting iron ore in the blast
(2) Coal and some forms of iron ore have furnace.
been concentrated as a result of long
period under great heat and pressure. 74. Where are minerals usually Found ? Explain.
(3) In igneous and metamorphic rocks Ans SQP 2005
minerals may occur in the cracks,
crevices, faults or joints. In most cases (1) Minerals are found in varied forms in
they are formed when minerals in liquid/ nature, ranging from the hardest diamond
molten and gaseous forms are forced to the softest talc.
upward through cavities toward the (2) Minerals are usually found in ores.
earth’s surface. The term ore is used to describe an
accumulation of any mineral mixed with
71. How do geologists define minerals ? Give one other elements.
example each of the hardest and the softest (3) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals
minerals. may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or
Ans Comp 2013
joints. In sedimentary rocks a number of
minerals occur in beds or layers.
(1) Geologists define minerals as a “homogenous,
naturally occurring substance with a 75. Explain veins and lodes. Which minerals are
definable internal structure”. found in them ?
(2) Minerals are found in varied forms in Ans SQP 2019
nature.
(3) The hardest form of mineral is diamond (1) In igneous and metamorphic rocks,
and softest is talc. minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices,
faults or joints. The smaller occurrences
72. What is the use of manganese-ore ? Where in are called veins and the larger are called
our country do we have its deposits ? lodes.

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85. “Crude oil reserves are limited all over the 87. “Minerals are indispensible part of our lives.”
world. If people continue to extract it at the Support the statement with examples.
present rate, the reserves would last only 35 Ans Comp 2013, 2010
- 40 years more” Explain any three ways to
solve this problem. (1) Minerals are an indispensable part of
human life. Almost all things we use are
Ans OD 2019
made of minerals.
Crude oil is a non-renewable resource of (2) Human beings use minerals for their
energy. It takes millions of years for the livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious
formation of this fuel, hence it must be used and ceremonial rites.
judiciously. This type of fuel is being used at (3) Buildings, ships, railway lines, aeroplanes
a faster rate than they are being produced. various implements etc. are manufactured
This causes depletion and scarcity of crude from minerals and run on power resources
oil. derived from the earth.
Steps which can be under taken to conserve (4) Our food too contains minerals. Life
this non-renewable source of energy are: processes cannot occur without minerals.
(i) Use of public transport like buses and (5) They are very important part of total
trains instead of self-owned vehicles will food intake.
help to conserve petroleum. Carpooling (6) It is only 0.3% of the total intake of
will reduce the consumption of fuel, thus nutrients but they are so potent and
scarcity will be better dealt with. important that without them we would
(ii) Use of cycles wherever possible instead of not be able to utilise the other 99.7% of
using motorbikes or cars. the foodstuffs.
(iii)Waxing floors with beeswax instead of
petroleum based commercial wax can 88. Which is the most abundantly-available fossil
also be beneficial. fuel in India ? Assess the Importance of its
different forms.
86. What steps can be taken for saving energy ? Ans Comp 2012
Ans Foreign 2020
Coal is the most abundantly available fossil
The following steps can be taken for fuel in India. It is the main source of power
conservation of energy resources : generation in India. Major places where coal
(1) Use more and more of public transport is found in India as given below :
system and less of individual vehicles. (a) Lignite coal : The principal lignite
(2) Use of bicycles for short distances. reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu. It
(3) Switch off electricity whenever not is used generation of electricity.
required. (b) Bituminous coal : It is the most popular coal
(4) Use power-saving devices. in commercial use. The major resources
(5) Check the power equipment regularly. of metallurgical coal or Gondwana coal
(6) Regular cleaning of gas burners and as it is called, are located in Damodar
switching off the gas regulator when not valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand), Jharia,
in use. Raniganj and Bokaro.
(7) Creating awareness in neighbourhood (c) Anthracite: It is found only in Jammu
with catchy slogans. and Kashmir. It is highest quality hard
(8) Greater use of non-conventional sources coal.
of energy as India has abundance of (d) Tertiary coal occur in the north-eastern
sunlight, water, wind and biomass. states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal
These steps are necessary because energy Pradesh and Nagaland.
saved is energy produced”.

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

81. Why are we not able to perform to our full 83. How could iron make a revolutionary change
potential in the production of iron and steel in the life of man ? Explain it with three
in India? Explain any three reasons. examples.
Ans Foreign 2019 Ans SQP 2016

Today with 32.8 million tonnes of steel The discovery of iron made revolutionary
production, India ranks 9th among the world changes in the life of man. This can be seen
crude steel producers. It is the largest producer from the following examples :
of sponge iron. Inspite of large production of 1. The discovery of iron led to the
steel, per capita consumption per annum is development of various crafts. The
only 32 Kg. India’s export of steel is 2.25% metal workers and blacksmith produced
of the global steel trade. Though India has tools and implements of various kinds
many advantages for the development of this which further led to the development of
industry, which includes low cost of iron ore, carpentry, tannery, weaving and other
high grade raw material in proximity, cheap different crafts.
labour and vast growth potential in home 2. The discovery of iron started a revolution
market. Yet we are not able to perform to in the field of agriculture as sickles, hoes
our full potential largely due to : and ploughshares began to be made of
(1) High cost and limited availability of iron instruments, tools, implements and
cooking coal. even weapons are made of iron.
(2) Lower productivity of labour. 3. The discovery of iron also encouraged
(3) Irregular supply of energy. ship¬building and thus added to the sea-
(4) Poor infrastructure. faring activities in the period of Guptas,
Cholas etc. in India.
82. Why is it necessary to conserve mineral
resources? Explain any four ways to conserve 84. Why is energy required for all activities? How
mineral resources. can energy be generated? Explain.
Ans Delhi 2015 Ans Foreign 2018

Minerals require millions of year to form. Energy is required in almost all the activities
These are non-renewable resources and their of the life like food preparation, running of
stock is limited. Continuous extraction of machines and vehicles, in all the agricultural
minerals raises the cost of extraction as they works like running of threshing machine,
have to be dug from greater depths. Minerals tubewell, flour mills etc. Now in modern
may also be low in quality. times almost all the small activities are done
(1) A concerned effort has to be made in by utilizing the energy. Sources of energy are
order to use our mineral resources in a of two types, i.e.,
planned and sustainable manner. (1) Non-renewable sources of energy like
(2) Use of substitutes in order to save coal, petroleum, LPG and CNG etc.,
minerals should be encouraged. (2) Renewable sources of energy like solar,
(3) Improved technologies need to be air, water, geothermal energy, chemical
constantly evolved to allow the use of low energy tidal energy etc.
grade ores at low costs. All the types of renewable sources are
(4) Recycling of minerals using scrap metals manmade which shows that non¬renewable
and other substitutes are some steps in sources are fixed in quantity so renewable
conserving our mineral resources for the energy is required to fulfil the needs and now
future. we are trying to prepare the energy.

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page 297

94. “Aluminium is an important metal”. Support (4) Metallic minerals Non-metallic

the statement with examples. show lustre. minerals do not
Ans Foreign 2009
show lustre.
Aluminium is an important metal because :
(5) For example, iron (5) For example,
(1) It is light in weight.
ore, manganese, gypsum, potash,
(2) It is resistant to corrosion.
copper, tin, etc. salt, etc.
(3) It is good conductor of heat.
(4) It has great malleability.
97. Distinguish between Biogas and Natural gas.
(5) It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils
and wires. Ans SQP 2012, 2010

(6) It is used as substitute of copper, steel,

zinc etc. Biogas Natural Gas
95. “Minerals found in the ocean waters mostly (1) Biogas is the Natural gas is a
are not of economic significance.” Give one man-made natural resource.
reason. Name any two minerals derived from energy resource.
ocean water. (2) It is prepared It is found beneath
Ans OD 2013 by using shrubs, the earth usually
(1) Minerals found in the ocean waters mostly farm waste, above the oil
are not of economic significance because : animal and (petroleum).
(i) These are too widely diffused. human wastes.
(ii) The higher cost and environmental (3) It is produced It is used as an
constraints of marine mining. for domestic industrial raw
(iii)Mining is hampered by technological consumption in material in the
constraints (depth of ocean). rural areas. petrochemical
(2) Two minerals derived from ocean water : industry
(i) Common salt
(4) It can be prepared (4) Natural gas
(ii) Magnesium
anywhere in the reserves are found
(iii)Bromine
rural areas. in specific areas.
(iv) Manganese nodules.
(5) Biogas is the (5) Use of
96. Differentiate between metallic and non-
efficient use of compressed natural
metallic minerals with examples.
cattle dung. gas for vehicles to
Ans Comp 2021
It improves replace liquid fuels
Metallic minerals Non-metallic the quality of is gaining wide
minerals manure and also popularity in the
(1) Metallic minerals These minerals do prevents the loss country.
are those from not contain metals. of trees.
which metals are
obtained. 98. Why do you think that nuclear energy is
bound to play an increasingly important role
(2) These minerals Non-metallic
in India ?
are, malleable minerals are non-
Ans OD 2008
and ductile. malleable and non-
Nuclear energy is bound to play an
ductile.
increasingly important role in India because
(3) These minerals These minerals of the following reasons :
occur in igneous occur in (1) Coal and mineral oil are non-renewable
and metamorphic sedimentary rocks. sources of energy, so we cannot fully
rocks. depend on them.

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) Hydro-electricity is not sufficient and 100. Why is conservation of mineral resources
where, there are no ever flowing or essential ? Explain any three methods to
perennial rivers. So we cannot depend conserve them.
upon hydro-electricity only. Ans SQP 2019
(3) Whether alternative sources of energy
are in short supply. The nuclear power is (A) We need to conserve mineral resources
proving very useful and economical. due to the reasons as mentioned below:
(4) Nuclear power plants can be set up (1) It took millions of years for the
and will be alternative source of energy creation and concentration of mineral
requirement. resources.
(2) The mineral resources are finite and
non-renewable.
(3) Even rich mineral deposits in a
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO country like India are valuable but
short-lived possessions.
(B) Minerals should be conserved in the ways
99. “Nuclear energy is the hope of future.” as mentioned below :
Discuss this statement by giving five points. (1) Minerals should be used in a planned
Ans Comp 2022 and sustainable manner.
1. Atomic energy is generated by splitting (2) Recycling of metal using scrap metals
nuclear substances such as the atoms of should be done.
uranium, thorium, cheralite, ziroconium (3) Wastage in the mining and processing
under controlled conditions. Splitting of should be minimized.
these atoms gives out a lot of energy which These steps are necessary because “energy
can be used for a variety of purposes such saved is energy produced”.
as generating electricity. 101. Solar energy can solve the crisis of increasing
2. In modern times, more and more countries shortage of electricity in India. Explain with
are using nuclear energy to meet their the help of two examples.
energy demand. There are such atomic o
power stations in U.S.A., France, Russia, Why is solar energy called the energy of
England etc. future ? Give reasons.
3. India has also set up atomic power Ans OD 2020
stations at Tarapur, Kota, Kalpakkam
India lies in the tropical and sub-tropical
and at Narora. In India uranium is found
zones. Therefore, there is an abundance and
in Jharkhand, Bihar and thorium in
inexhaustible supply of solar energy. The
Kerala.
solar energy is also called the energy of future
4. Nuclear energy is bound to play an
because :
increasingly important role in fultime
(1) It is a renewable source of energy.
India. Coal and mineral oil are non-
(2) It is pollution-free and leaves no residue.
renewable sources of energy. So we cannot
(3) It is a universal source of energy and has
depend on them forever.
huge potential.
5. Hydro-electricity is not sufficient where,
(4) It is comparatively easy and cheaper to
there are not ever flowing perennial
be installed.
rivers. So we cannot depend upon hydro-
(5) It is being successfully used in cooking,
electricity. The nuclear power is being
water-heating, space heating, water
proved very useful and economical.
desalination, crop-drying, etc..
Nuclear power plant can be set up at any
(6) It is mainly used in agricultural as well as
place.
domestic sectors.

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page 299

102. What are the major uses of copper ? (iii) Ferrous minerals India’s reserves
o account for about and production
Why is copper mainly used in electrical cables three-fourths of of non-ferrous
and electronic industries ? the total value of minerals are not
Ans Delhi 2015 the production of very satisfactory.
Copper is a non-ferrous metal. It has been metallic minerals.
used by man since pre-historic times but (iv) Iron, manganese, Copper, bauxite,
use of copper was limited to utensils, coins cobalt are the lead, zinc, gold are
and implements. With the development of examples. the examples.
electricity, its significance has increased as
a good conductor of electricity. It is used 104. Describe the hazards of mining or describe
in automobiles, aircraft, radios, telephones, the impact of mining on the health of the
telegraphs, televisions, refrigerators, wires, miners and on the environment. What is the
power lines and electrical goods industries. position of miners in India ?
Copper is used to form alloys by mixing it Ans Comp 2013, 2011
with other metals. Bronze, brass and German
silver are some of these alloys. The hazards of mining or the impacts of
mining on the health of the miners and the
103. What is a mineral ? Distinguish between environment can be discussed in following
ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. points :
o (1) The dust and noxious fumes inhaled
Distinguish between ferrous minerals and by miners make them vulnerable to
non-ferrous minerals. Give two examples of pulmonary diseases.
each. (2) The risk of collapsing mine roofs,
Ans SQP 2009
inundation and fires in coal mines are a
constant threat to miners.
(1) Mineral is a homogeneous, naturally (3) The water in the area is polluted as it get
occurring substance with a definable contaminated due to mining.
internal structure. (4) It leads to degradation of soil and land
(2) Difference between ferrous and non- due to dumping of waste and slurry.
ferrous minerals: (5) It increases in stream and river pollution
Ferrous Minerals Non-Ferrous too.
Minerals The condition of coal miners in India is
sometimes found not to be satisfactory due
(i) The minerals The minerals to following reason :
containing iron- which do not (1) Underground fires start mostly from
content are contain iron- burning trash close to coal-pits.
known as ferrous content are known (2) Over 50% of coal-belt mines are not safe
minerals. as non-ferrous in India. The companies which own mines
minerals. do not meet the basic safety standards.
(ii) They are used They have their (3) The safety status of mines has been graded
in iron and steel own utility and are second and third degrees in the past.
industry. They used in electrical, (4) There is lack of security measures in the
also provide electronic, coal mines which leads to disasters.
strong base for chemical, It has once in practice become a ‘killer
metallurgical engineering industry’ because many miners were killed
industries. industries. every year due to explosions or other incidents
in the mines.

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(a) Large section of population can be Ans Foreign 2011

benefited by using non-conventional (a)

source of energy. A - Hard coal
(b) Non-conventional energy sources are B - Most popular coal in commercial use, has
more economical. a special value for smelting iron in blast
(c) Non-conventional energy sources provide furnaces.
more possibility of self-reliant in energy
requirement. 20. Assertion : Mining activity is often called a
(d) All of the above. “Killer Industry”.
Reason : Mining helps in agriculture.
Ans Delhi 2013, 2011
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(d) All of the above. reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
17. Arrange the following types of iron ore in (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
descending order of their iron content- reason is not the correct explanation of
1. Haematite assertion.
2. Magnetite (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
3. Limonite (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
4. Siderite
Options : Ans Comp 2020

(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

(b) 2, 1, 3, 4
(c) 3, 4, 2, 1 21. In India, the Gulf of Khambhat, The Gulf
(d) 3, 1, 4, 2 of Kuchch and Gangetic delta provide ideal
condition for utilising which energy?
Ans SQP 2012
(a) Tidal energy
(b) 2, 1, 3, 4 (b) Wind energy
(c) Solar energy
18. The Badamphar mine in Mayurbhanj and (d) Non-conventional energy
Kendujhar district is situated in which of the
following Indian state? Ans OD 2011

(a) Karnataka (a) Tidal energy

(b) Odisha
(c) Chattisgarh 22. Ferrous minerals account for about ..........
(d) Jharkhand of the total value of production of metallic
minerals.
Ans Foreign 2016
(a) One-fourth
(b) Odisha (b) Two-fourth
(c) Three-fourth
19. Complete the following table with correct (d) Two-third
information-
Ans Delhi 2017

Types of Also called Property (c) Three-fourth

Coal as
23. Identify the type of energy-
Lignite Brown coal Low heat • Obtained by altering the structure of an
content Atom.
Bituminous Soft coal B-? • During the process of e-alternation lot of
Anthracite A-? Highest heat is generated.
quality coal • It is present in the mines of Jharkand and
Aravali range of Rajasthan.

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(2) During the past 30-35 years, the uncertainties about the security of energy
consumption as well as demand of supply in future. It has serious repercussion
petroleum has increased beyond on the growth of the national economy.
expectation. It is used both as source Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also
of energy and raw material. It is now causes serious environmental problems.
being feared that if its consumption goes Hence, there is a pressing need to use
on increasing at an alarming rate, the renewable energy sources like the solar energy,
existing oil-well will soon get dry. wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste
(3) Because of its great demand, the oil material. These are called non-conventional
producing countries like Saudi Arabia, energy sources.
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, etc. in the seventies India is blessed with an abundance of
increased the oil prices on day to basis. sunlight, water, wind and biomass. It has the
It resulted in world-wide inflation and largest programmes for the development of
shattered the economies of many countries, these renewable energy resources.
especially of the developing countries like
India. However, the developed countries 110. Give three differences between hydro and
like the USA have control on the oil thermal electricity. Which one of the two is
producing countries. Besides amasssing better and why ?
million of petrodollars, the oil-producing o
countries are using oil as a war weapon. Differentiate between hydro electricity and
The industrialised countries have raised thermal electricity.
the prices of their industrial goods. As a Ans Foreign 2017

result, only the developing countries are (1) Difference between hydro and thermal
made to bear the burnt of the increasing electricity :
price of crude oil for both the oil-rich
countries and industrialised countries. Hydro-electricity Thermal electricity
(4) The magnitude of this problem can be (1) Hydro electricity (1) Thermal
well understood by the fact that the bill of is generated electricity is
oil import of India was 204 crore in 1972- by fast flowing generated using
73. It rose to 45,421 crore in 1999-2000. water. coal, petroleum
It was threat our economy and forced and natural gas.
us to consider our social and welfare
(2) Hydro power The thermal power
programmes, project and schemes. India
station uses stations use non-
can cope with this situation by tapping
water to generate renewable fossil
non-conventional sources of energy and
electricity which fuels for generating
using oil very economically.
is a renewable electricity.
109. Why is it necessary to develop non- resource.
conventional sources of energy ? (3) It is pollution It pollutes the
o free. atmosphere.
Why is there is pressing need to use renewable
(4) Dams are In thermal
resources in India ? Explain.
helpful not only power plants
Ans SQP 2015, 2012 in generating only electricity is
The growing consumption of energy has electricity but generated.
resulted in the country becoming increasingly also serve various
dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and other purposes
gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their like irrigation,
potential shortages in future has raised etc.

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) Hydro-electricity is better because it is platinum are most important among

generated by fast flowing water which such minerals.
is a renewable resource. The multi- (v) The ocean waters contain vast
purpose projects which are constructed quantities of minerals. Common salt,
to generate electricity are also useful for magnesium and bromine are derived
various other purposes like irrigation, from ocean waters. The ocean beds
controlling floods, fisheries, etc. are also rich in manganese nodules.

111. Define mineral. How are minerals formed in 112. Mention any six non-conventional sources of
igneous and metamorphic rocks ? energy.
o Ans Comp 2012, 2009
Explain any three forms in which minerals
generally occur. Non-conventional sources of energy are as
follows :
Ans SQP 2005
(1) Nuclear or Atomic Energy :
(1) Mineral is a homogeneous, naturally (i) It is obtained by altering the structure
occurring substance with a definable of atoms.
internal structure. (ii) When such an alteration is made,
(2) Minerals occur in different types of much energy is released in the form
formations : of heat and this is used to generate
(i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, electric power.
minerals may occur in the cracks, (2) Solar Energy :
crevices, faults or joints. The smaller (i) Photovoltaic technology converts
occurrences are called veins and sunlight directly into electricity.
larger are called lodes. Tin, copper, (ii) Solar energy is fast becoming popular
zinc, lead are obtained from veins and in rural and remote areas.
lodes. In most cases, they are formed (3) Wind Power :
when minerals in liquid/molten and (i) India has great potential of wind
gaseous forms are forced upward power.
through cavities towards the earth’s (ii) The largest wind farm cluster is
surface. They cool and solidify as located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil
they rise. to Madurai.
(ii) In sedimentary rocks, a number of (4) Biogas :
minerals occur in beds or layers. (i) Shrubs, farm waste, animal and
Coal and some forms of iron ore have human waste are used to produce
been concentrated as a result of long biogas for domestic consumption in
periods under great heat and pressure. rural areas.
Another group of sedimentary (ii) Biogas plants provide twin benefits to
minerals include gypsum, potash salt the farmers in the form of energy and
and sodium salt. improved quality of manure.
(iii)Another mode of formation involves (5) Tidal Energy :
the decomposition of surface (i) Oceanic tides are used to generate
rocks, and the removal of soluble electricity.
constituents, leaving a residual mass (ii) In India the Gulf of Khambhat,
of weathered material containing ores. the Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat
(iv) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial and Gangetic delta in Sunderban
deposits in sands of valley floors and regions of West Bengal provide ideal
the base of hills. Gold, silver, tin and conditions for utilising tidal energy

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(6) Geo-thermal Energy : (2) These are non- These are

(i) Geo-thermal energy refers to the heat renewable. renewable.
and electricity produced by using the
heat from the interior of the Earth. (3) These resources These resources
(ii) Geo-thermal energy exists because, cause lots of are eco-friendly.
the Earth grows progressively hotter pollution.
with increasing depth. (4) Generation of Initial cost
electricity is of electricity
113. Explain any five advantages of non- expensive. generation is
conventional sources of energy over costly but cheaper
conventional sources of energy. in the long-run.
Ans Delhi 2016
(5) For example — (5) For example
(1) Non-conventional sources of energy are coal, petroleum, — solar energy,
less expensive and renewable as compared natural gas etc. wind, biogas, tidal
to conventional sources of energy. energy etc.
(2) Non-conventional sources of energy are
considered as clean sources of energy 115. Highlight any three factors which play an
as compared to conventional sources of important role in turning a mineral resource
energy. into a mine.
(3) Optimal use of resources of energy Ans OD 2009
minimize environmental impact and non-
The factors which play an important role in
conventional sources produce minimum
turning a mineral reserve into a mine are :
secondary waste whereas increasing use of
(1) Concentration of mineral in the ore : If
fuels have caused serious environmental
concentration of minerals is more, then
problems.
only it is economical to extract them.
(4) India is blessed with an abundance
(2) The ease of extraction : Some mineral
of sunlight, water, wind and biomass
resources occur on the earth’s svrface
while rising prices of oil and gas and
while others may occur deep under the
their potential shortages have raised
earth’s surface. It is difficult to mine
uncertainties about the security of energy
beyond a depth of about 2,000 m.
supply in future.
(3) Closeness to the market : If the mine is
(5) The sources of energy like Coal, Petroleum
close to the market then, transportation
are finite and non-renewable. Once they
cost also reduces. If the market is far off
are used up, they cannot be reproduced
then, cost of mineral increases. It also
by human efforts while non-conventional
leads to wastage in loading and unloading
sources of energy are renewable.
of mineral resources.
114. Differentiate between conventional and non- (4) The place where it occurs : The minerals
conventional sources of energy. available in regions of harsh climate or
Ans SQP 2014
rugged topography are difficult to extract.
(5) The cost of processing it : The cost of
Conventional Non-Conventional processing the minerals also determines
Sources of Energy Sources of Energy its total cost. Thus, it plays an important
role in determining whether reserve
(1) Conventional Non-conventional should be converted into a mine or not.
sources of energy sources of energy
are the traditional are the recently 116. Explain the importance of iron, manganese,
sources of energy. developed sources. mica, bauxite, copper.

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105. How can biogas solve the energy problem of several items. Iron minerals also include
mainly in rural India ? Give your suggestions. Mangenese. Its production in India is too
Ans OD 2015
much. Mangenese is used in the preparation
of Bleaching powder, paints, insecticides and
Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste electrical appliances and Battery.
are used to produce biogas for domestic
consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of 107. How is energy a basic requirement for the
organic matter yields gas, which has higher economic development of the country ?
thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, Explain with examples.
dung cake and charcoal. Ans Foreign 2010, 2008
Uses of biogas :
(1) Biogas plants are set up at municipal, co- India is a developing country. There is
operative and individual levels. ample amount of minerals and other natural
(2) The plants using cattle dung are known resources. These minerals and resources
as `Gobar gas plants’ which are used in are very important for the welfare of
rural India. human beings. Several types of industries
(3) Gobar gas plants are very beneficial for are setup these on these minerals. To run
the farmers because they provide energy these industries, energy is required. Human
the farmers as well as improve quality of energy is one which is used in industries
manure. but other forms of energy are also required
(4) It prevents the loss of trees and manure to move heavy machines. Such energy forms
due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung are conventional energy like coal, petrol,
cakes. diesel and natural gases. These are limited
It is a renewable source of energy which is in quantity. If we use them levishly a day
eco-friendly. comes when these stores will be empty. So we
should use them economically without energy
106. Highlight the importance of famous minerals resources it is impossible to run industries.
for India. Industries give us not only essential usable
Ans Delhi 2017
items but also employment to, unemployed
persons. The products enrich our country.
India has an important place in the world We require less imports. Thus we save our
for Iron minerals. There are the following money power. We export several goods to
four states in India which are famous for other countries and earn foreign currency. It
Iron mineral production. These states are improves our economic condition and status
Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha Karnataka. of the citizens too.
In the modern time Iron has an important The above mentioned description proves
role in human life. It has given critical change that energy is the first and foremost important
in human’s life. There have been several items for the development of our country. It
important changes in human life by the use acts as the backbone of the country.
of Iron. For example all the agricultural
implements like spade, khurpi, Axi, plough 108. With special reference to mineral oil, write
parts, Sieve, Pails of Rahat etc., are made an essay on the present day energy crisis.
by Iron. Thus, the agricultural activities have Ans OD 2013
improved a lot.
Industrial revolution has also taken place (1) Coal, mineral oil and hydro¬electricity are
due to the use of Iron. All types of machines the three major conventional sources of
are manufactured with iron. It is also used energy. But with the invention of internal
in the manufacture of ships and planes. combustion engine, petroleum has gained
Now India has become eminent exporters much importance and commercial value.

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dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and over 200 million years in age and in tertiary
electricity (both hydel and thermal). Non- deposits which are only about 55 million years
conventional sources include solar, wind, old. The major resources of Gondwana coal,
tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy. which are metallurgical coal, are located in
Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand).
Energy is a basic requirement for economic
Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important
development. Every sector of the national
coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and
economy – agriculture, industry, transport,
Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.
commercial and domestic – needs inputs of
Tertiary coals occur in the North-Eastern
energy.
States of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal
Geologists define mineral as a “homogenous, Pradesh and Nagaland.
naturally occurring substance with a definable Questions :
internal structure.” Minerals are found in 1. Which reserves in Tamil Nadu is an
varied forms in nature, ranging from the important source of lignite in India?
hardest diamond to the softest talc. 2. What is bituminous coal? Also evaluate
Questions : its any one property.
1. How is energy classified? 3. State the reason due to which coal is
2. What is the basic requirement for associated with geological ages.
economic development? Ans
3. How do geologists define minerals as?
1. Neyveli reserves in Tamil Nadu are
Ans important lignite reserves in India.
1. Energy resources can be classified as 2. Bituminous coal is a high grade coal and
conventional and non-conventional thus, is a metallurgical coal. This type of
sources. coal has a special value for smelting iron
2. Energy in blast furnaces.
3. Geologists define mineral as a “homogenous, Important Property of Bituminous Coal.
naturally occurring substance with a Bituminous coal is buried deep under
definable internal structure.” the Earth’s surface and is subjected to
increased temperature.
119. Read the given extract and answer the 3. Coal is associated with geological ages
following questions. because coal is formed due to compression
Decaying plants in swamps produce peat which of plant material and takes million of
has a low carbon and high moisture content years to come into existence.
and low heating capacity. Lignite is low grade
120. Study the sources given below and answer
brown coal, which is soft with high moisture
the questions that follow:
content. The principal lignite reserves are
in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The
for generation of electricity. Coal that has term ore is used to describe an accumulation
been buried deep and subjected to increased of any mineral mixed with other elements.
temperatures is bituminous coal. It is the most The mineral content of the ore must be in
popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical sufficient concentration to make its extraction
coal is high grade bituminous coal which has commercially viable.
a special value for smelting iron in blast
In India, coal is the most abundantly available
furnaces. Anthracite is the highest quality
fossil fuel. It provides a substantial part of
hard coal.
the nation’s energy needs. It is used for power
In India coal occurs in rock series of two main generation, to supply energy to industry as
geological ages, namely Gondwana, a little well as for domestic needs. India is highly

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Ch 9 : Mineral and Energy Resources CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

dependent on coal for meeting its commercial Ans

energy requirements 1. Energy resources can be classified as
conventional and non-conventional
The growing consumption of energy has
sources.
resulted in the country becoming increasingly
2. Energy
dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and
3. Geologists define mineral as a
gas.
“homogenous, naturally occurring
Questions :
substance with a definable internal
1. Where are minerals usually found?
structure.”
2. What is the most abundantly available
fossil fuel in India? 122. Read the sources given below and answer the
3. What has resulted in the country questions that follows:
becoming increasingly dependent on
fossil fuels? Oceanic tides can be used to generate
electricity. Floodgate dams are built across
Ans inlets. During high tide water flows into the
1. Ores inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed.
2. Coal After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the
3. Growing energy consumption water retained by the floodgate flows back to
the sea via a pipe that carries it through a
121. Study the sources given below and answer power-generating turbine.
the questions that follow:
Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human
Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like waste are used to produce biogas for domestic
coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of
electricity. Energy resources can be classified organic matter yields gas, which has higher
as conventional and nonconventional sources. thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene,
Conventional sources include: firewood, cattle dung cake and charcoal. Biogas plants are set
dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and up at municipal, cooperative and individual
electricity (both hydel and thermal). Non- levels. The plants using cattle dung are known
conventional sources include solar, wind, as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India.
tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.
Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by
Energy is a basic requirement for economic altering the structure of atoms. When such an
development. Every sector of the national alteration is made, much energy is released iri
economy – agriculture, industry, transport, the form of heat and this is used to generate
commercial and domestic – needs inputs of electric power. Uranium and Thorium, which
energy. are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli
Geologists define mineral as a “homogenous, ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating
naturally occurring substance with a definable atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands
internal structure.” Minerals are found in of Kerala is also rich in Thorium.
varied forms in nature, ranging from the Questions :
hardest diamond to the softest talc. 1. What will generate by the oceanic tides?
Questions : 2. What do Gobar Gas plants operated?
1. How is energy classified? 3. How atomic energy is obtained?
2. What is the basic requirement for Ans
economic development?
1. Oceanic tides can be used to generate
3. How do geologists define minerals as?
electricity. Floodgate dams are built
across inlets.

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2. The plants using cattle dung are known (ii) By burning other fuels such as coal,
as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. petroleum and natural gas to drive
3. Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by turbines to produce thermal power.
altering the structure of atoms. 4. Per capita consumption of electricity is
considered as an index of development.
123. Read the extract and answer the questions
that follows: 124. Study the given pie-chart and answer the
following questions :
Electricity has such a wide range of
applications in today’s world that, it’s per
capita consumption is considered as an index
of development. Electricity is generated mainly
in two ways: by running water which drives
hydro turbines to generate hydroelectricity;
and by burning other fuels such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines
to produce thermal power. Once generated the
electricity is exactly the same. Hydro electricity
Production of Manganese showing state-wise
is generated by fast flowing water, which is
share
a renewable resource. India has a number of
Questions :
multi-purpose projects like the BhakraNangal,
1. Which state is the largest producer of
Damodar Valley Corporation, the Kopili
manganese in India ?
Hydel Project etc. producing hydroelectric
2. What is the use of manganese ?
power. Thermal electricity is generated by
3. What is the share of Karnataka in the
using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The
production of manganese ore ?
thermal power stations use non-renewable
fossil fuels for generating electricity. Ans
Questions : 1. Odisha is the largest producer of
1. How does thermal power stations generate manganese ore in India.
electricity? 2. Manganese is mainly used in the
2. Why is hydroelectric called renewable manufacture of steel.
resource? 3. About 15%.
3. What are the two ways to generate
electricity? www.nodia.i
4. What is considered as an index of
development?
Ans
1. The thermal power stations use non-
renewable fossil fuels for generating
electricity.
2. Hydroelectricity is generated by fast
flowing water which is a renewable
resource.
3. Electricity is generated mainly in two
ways:
(i) By running water which drives hydro
turbines to generate hydroelectricity;

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CHAPTER
10
Manufacturing Industries

SUMMAR
12. Manufacturing Industry : An industry
engaged in production of goods through
systematic management of labour and
1. Manufacturing : Production of goods in
extensive use of machinery.
large quantities often processing from raw
13. Mineral-based Industry : An industry
materials to more valuable production.
engaged in processing of goods obtained from
2. Industry : Production of goods from raw
mining processes as raw material to convert
materials in factories and activities involved
into finished goods.
in producing a particular service to the
14. Small-scale Industries : Industries employing
society.
small number of persons in each unit,
3. Agro-based Industry : An industry that
especially cottage industries.
converts the agricultural products into
15. Public Sector : Segment of industries owned
industrial products.
and controlled by the state or its agencies.
4. Basic Industry or Key Industry : A heavy
16. Infrastructure : It is underlying structure of
industry of national economic importance
services and amenities needed to facilitate
and fundamental to other industries, e.g. iron
smooth running of economic activities in a
and steel.
country.
5. Consumer Goods Industry : The industry
17. Industrial Pollution : Pollution caused to air,
that manufactures goods for the consumption
water, soil etc. by emission of poisonous gases,
of people.
chemicals from industries or by dumping
6. Co-operative Industry : An industry owned
them untreated in the open space.
or organised by a group of people producing
18. Environmental Degradation : Loss of quality
raw material and help in running the industry
of environment due to human excesses on
in an orderly and cooperative manner.
the nature that result in danger to existence
7. Heavy Industry : Industries characterised by
of numerous species of plant and animal
the heavy and bulky nature of raw materials
kingdoms.
and finished products that incur heavy
transit costs.
8. Joint Sector Industry : An industry
owned both by the state and some private MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
industrialists/firms/individuals.
9. Labour Intensive Industry : Industry that
employs large number of persons directly or 1. In which of the following States is Kalpakkam
indirectly for production of goods or services. Nuclear Power Plant located?
10. Large-scale Industry : An industry that (a) Gujarat
employs a very huge number of labour and (b) Odisha
manufactures goods in large scale. (c) Kerala
11. Light Industry : Industries consuming light- (d) Tamil Nadu
weight raw materials and producing also the Ans Delhi 2020
light weight goods, e.g. electronic toy making
(d) Tamil Nadu
etc.

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119. Highlight any three challenges faced by sugar (2) The cooler climate ensures a longer
industry. crushing season.
Ans Foreign 2015, Delhi 2014 (3) Most of the sugar mills of the area are
Three major challenges faced by sugar under the cooperative sector. Regular
industry in India are : supply of raw material is available
(1) The seasonal nature of the industry. here. Moreover, cooperatives are more
(2) Old and inefficient method of production. successful in these areas.
(3) Transport delay in reaching cane to the (4) More government attention for sugarcane
factories. production.
(4) Most of the sugar mills in India are of (5) There is better port facility in southern
small size with a capacity of 1000 to 1500 and western states.
tonnes per day. This makes large scale 122. Name the rock mineral which is the basic
production uneconomic. Many of the raw material for a cement industry. State its
mills are economically not viable. composition and use.
(5) Most of the machinery used in Indian
Ans Delhi 2017
sugar mills is old and obsulete.
(1) Limestone is the basic raw material for a
120. What are the challenges faced by the Jute cement industry.
textile industry ? (2) It is found in association with rocks
Ans Foreign 2009 composed of calcium carbonates or
Following problems faced by jute industry in calcium and magnesium carbonates.
India : (3) It is found in sedimentary rocks of most
(1) High production cast. geological formation.
(2) Stiff competition in international market. (4) Use :
(3) Several substitutes have been threat due (i) It is basic raw material for cement
to latest technology in the form of plastic industry.
bags, covers or sheets to be used cover for (ii) It is essential for smelting iron ore in
tents or in store houses. the blast furnace.
(4) Transportation cost is very high because
123. ‘Development of iron and steel industry is
main buyers of Indian jutes are European
very important for India’s development.’
countries–USA, Canada, Russia and
Support this statement with three arguments.
United Arab Republic, while a number of
o
countries are in a position to defeat India
“Production and consumption of steel is
in the international market. For example
often regarded as the index of a country’s
Bangladesh.
development.” Examine the statement.
121. Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to Ans Foreign 2013
shift and concentrate in the southern and western
(1) Development of various industries depend
states in India ? Explain any three reasons.
on iron and steel industry.
o
(2) If the production and consumption of
“In recent years, there has been a tendency
steel is more in the country, it becomes
to establish sugar industry in Southern states
clear that our industrial development is
instead of Northern states.” Give any three
taking place.
reasons.
(3) Since, it is a basic industry, all other
Ans Delhi 2015
industries depend on it.
(1) The sugarcane produced in the southern (4) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety
and western states has a higher sucrose of engineering goods.
content.

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10. Assertion : The economic strength of the 3. Bulk are shipped to site of smelter.
country is measured by the development of 4. Aluminium refinery.
manufacturing industries. Option :
Reason : India’s prosperity lies in diversifying (a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) 4, 2, 3, 1
its manufacturing industries. (c) 2, 1, 3, 2 (d) 1, 3, 2, 4
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Ans SQP 2014
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion. (d) 1, 3, 2, 4
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 14. Match the following:
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion. Problem faced by Some possible
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. farming sector measures
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. A. Setting up agro- 1. Unirrigated
Ans Comp 2021 based mills land
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but B. Cooperative 2. Low prices for
reason is not the correct explanation of marketing crops
assertion. societies
C. Procurement of 3. Debt burden
11. Which one of the following industries uses
foodgrains by
limestone as a raw material ?
government
(a) Aluminium
(b) Cement D. Construction of 4. No job in the
(c) Sugar canals by the off season
(d) Jute government
Ans Delhi 2019, 2017 E. Banks to provide 5. Compelled to
credit with low sell their grains
(b) Cement.
interest to the local
12. Identify the type of pollution- traders soon
• Caused by the presence of high proportion after harvest.
of undesirable gases. Option :
• Causes irritation in eyes, lungs, nose and (a) A - 3, B - 1, C - 2, D - 5, E - 3
throat. (b) A - 3, B - 5, C - 1, D - 2, E - 4
• Causes global warming. (c) A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1, E - 5
• Causes deterioration of building materials (d) A - 4, B - 5, C - 2, D - 1, E - 3
Options : Ans Comp 2010
(a) Air pollution
(d) A - 4, B - 5, C - 2, D - 1, E - 3
(b) Water pollution
(c) Noise pollution 15. Arrange the following iron and steel plants
(d) All of these from north to south-
Ans Foreign 2015 1. Bhilai
2. Salen
(a) Air pollution
3. Bokaro
13. Arrange the following steps of “process of Options :
manufacturing in aluminium industry” in (a) 3, 1, 2 (b) 2, 1, 3
correct sequence- (c) 2, 3, 1 (d) 3, 2, 1
1. Bauxite crushed and alumina dissolved out. Ans OD 2020
2. Calcinated petroleum coke from a refinery. (a) 3, 1, 2

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

2. A type of millet rich in iron, calcium, other

micro nutrients and roughage is
(a) Bajra
(b) Rajma
(c) Jowar
(d) Ragi
Ans SQP 2021

(d) Ragi

3. Which one of the following factors does not (a) Cable manufacturing
affect industrial location ? (b) Automobile manufacturing
(a) Raw material (c) Fertilizer manufacturing
(b) Labour (d) Cement industry
(c) Capital
Ans SQP 2020
(d) Rainfall
(a) Cable manufacturing
Ans Comp 2021

(c) Capital 8. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:

1. Sale in the Mexico market
4. Which one of the following industries uses 2. Importing the motor parts from Japan
bauxite as a raw material ? 3. Assembling in China
(a) Cement 4. Production of motor parts from Japan
(b) Aluminium smelting Options :
(c) Iron and Steel (a) 4, 1, 2, 3 (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
(d) Chemical (c) 2, 1, 3, 4 (d) 4, 2, 3, 1
Ans Comp 2020 Ans OD 2019

(b) Aluminium smelting (d) 4, 2, 3, 1

5. In which of the following States is Kalpakkam 9. Choose the correct option from columns A
Nuclear Power Plant located? and B.
(a) Gujarat
(b) Odisha Column A Column B
(c) Kerala A. Chandrapur 1 Odisha
(d) Tamil Nadu Thermal power
Ans Delhi 2020 plant
(d) Tamil Nadu B. Mayurbhanj iron 2. Amarkantak
ore mines
6. In which one of the following States is Kaigas C. Kalol oil fields 3. Gujarat
Nuclear Energy plant located?
(a) Gujarat (b) Karnataka D. Bauxite mines 4. Jharkhand
(c) Punjab (d) Kerala Option :
Ans Comp 2023
(a) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2
(b) A - 4, B - 2, C - 3, D - 1
(b) Karnataka (c) A - 3, B - 2, C - 4, D - 1
7. Look at the following picture and answer the (d) A - 3, B - 1, C -4, D - 2
following question- Ans Delhi 2020

(a) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2

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page 313

Which of the following best signifies the 27. Match the following:
above image?
List I List II
(a) Factor of production
(b) Raw materials A. Cotton Textile 1. Nitric acid
(c) Component parts B. Chemical 2. Potash
(d) None of the above Industries
Ans Comp 2012 C. Cement Industry 3. Yarn
(a) Factor of production D. Fertiliser Industry 4. Gypsum
24. Assertion : Industries gives boost to the Option :
agricultural sector. (a) C - 1, A - 2, D - 3, B - 4
Reason : Competetivenes of manufacturing (b) C - 1, A - 2, D - 4, B - 3
industry has helped in increasing their (c) C - 3, A - 2, D - 4, B - 1
production and also made production process (d) C - 3, A - 1, D - 2, B - 4
efficient. Ans Delhi 2006, 2009

Ans Delhi 2009 (a) C - 1, A - 2, D - 3, B - 4

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
28. Which out of the following is a mineral based
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
industry?
25. Which sector is considered as the backbone (a) Sugar
in the overall economic development of a (b) Tea
country? (c) Coffee
(a) Manufacturing sector (d) Petrochemicals
(b) Service sector Ans SQP 2019
(c) Agriculture sector
(d) Petrochemicals
(d) None of these
Ans Comp 2009

(b) Service sector

26. Assertion : Textile industry occupies a unique 29. Arrange the following phases of treatment of
position in Indian economy. industrial effluents in the correct sequence-
Reason : it contributes significantly to 1. Treatment by biological process.
industrial production employment generation 2. Treatment by biological, chemical and
directly. physical process i.e. recycling of water.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and 3. Treatment by mechanical means involving
reason is the correct explanation of screening, grinding, floculation and
assertion. sedimentation.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 4. Releasing industrial effluents in rivers.
reason is not the correct explanation of Options :
assertion. (a) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (c) 3, 1, 2, 4
(d) 1, 4, 2, 3
Ans OD 2014
Ans Foreign 2013
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (c) 3, 1, 2, 4

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

16. Which one of the following agencies markets 20. Arrange the following process of textile
steel for the public sector plants ? industry.
(a) HAIL 1. Weaving
(b) SAIL 2. Spinning
(c) TATA Steel 3. Dyeing
(d) MNCC 4. Garment manufacture
Ans Delhi 2017
Options :
(a) 3, 4, 2, 1
(b) SAIL. (b) 4, 2, 3, 1
17. Identify the element- (c) 2, 1, 3, 4
• Used for manufacturing aircraft. (d) 3, 4, 1, 2
• Used for making utensils and packing Ans SQP 2017, 2015
material. (c) 2, 1, 3, 4
• Used for making wires.
• It is a substitute of stul, copper, zinc and 21. Which one of the following industries
lead in a number of industries. manufactures telephones, computer, etc. ?
Options : (a) Steel
(a) Aluminium (b) Zinc (b) Aluminium
(c) Steel (d) Copper (c) Electronic
Ans SQP 2020
(d) Information Technology.

(a) Aluminium Ans Delhi 2018

(c) Electronic.
18. Assertion : Industrial development cannot
minimize environmental degradation. 22. Which of the following activities employees
Reason : Environmental degradation depends people in the manufacturing of primary
on the raw material used. materials into finished goods?
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (a) Secondary activities
reason is the correct explanation of (b) Primary activities
assertion. (c) Tertiary activities
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (d) None of these
reason is not the correct explanation of Ans OD 2010
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (a) Secondary activities
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. 23. Study the picture and answer the question
Ans Foreign 2018 that follows:
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

19. Which one of the following industries uses

bauxite as a raw material ?
(a) Aluminium
(b) Cement
(c) Jute
(d) Steel
Ans OD 2015, 2010

(a) Aluminium.

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page 315

Year Production (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason
(in metric tonner/annum) is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
2013-14 87.67 (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
2014-15 92.16 Ans OD 2018, 2015
2015-16 91.00
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
2016-17 101.3
41. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
2017-18 86.69
1. Aluminium Refinery
Why is the per capita consumption of steel 2. Aluminium Smelter
so low in India? 3. Bauxite Quarry
(a) because of high cost of steel which makes 4. Pitch from a colliery
it difficult to buy and massive population Options :
of country. (a) 3, 4, 2, 1
(b) Low availability of coal to produce steel. (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
(c) Low productivity of labour and disrupted (c) 2, 1, 3, 2
supply of electricity. (d) 3, 1, 4, 2
(d) All of the above.
Ans OD 2010
Ans SQP 2008
(d) 3, 1, 4, 2
(d) All of the above.
42. Iron and steel industry is an example of
38. Processing of jute and rubber falls under which industry?
which of the following industries? (a) Basic industry
(a) Agro based (b) Mineral based industry
(b) Mineral based (c) Both of the above
(c) Business based (d) None of these
(d) None of these
Ans Delhi 2009
Ans Foreign 2021
(c) Both of the above
(a) Agro based
43. Which of the following is produced for direct
39. Which of the following is a mineral based use of consumers?
product? (a) Copper
(a) Woollen (b) Petrochemicals
(b) Tea (c) Aluminium
(c) Cotton (d) Sugar
(d) Cement
Ans SQP 2005
Ans Comp 2006
(d) Sugar
(d) Cement
44. Assertion : Most of the Jute mills of India
40. Assertion : Chemical industries are lagging located in West Bengal.
behind in India. Reason : Bus facility is available to export
Reason : Only small scale industries are the manufactured goods.
present and growth of this industry is very (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
less comparatively. reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is the correct explanation of reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion. assertion.

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

60. Which country has the largest installed (c) Information Technology and Electronics
capacity of spindles in the world? Industry
(a) Japan (d) Agro-based Industries
(b) Philippines Ans OD 2015
(c) China (d) Agro-based Industries
(d) India
Ans Foreign 2020 64. What is the sequence of manufacturing steel?
(c) China 1. Pig iron
2. Shaping metal
61. Which one of the following organizations is 3. Blast furnace
responsible for the marketing of steel of the 4. Steel manufacturing
Public Sector Undertaking? Options :
(a) TISCO (a) 3, 4, 2, 1
(b) IISCO (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
(c) BHEL (c) 3, 1, 4, 2
(d) SAIL (d) 1, 4, 2, 3
Ans OD 2012 Ans Delhi 2006

(d) SAIL (c) 3, 1, 4, 2

62. Identify the type of industry- 65. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
• Industries related to textiles, sugar, paper 1. Dyeing
and vegetable oil. 2. Weaving
• Industries that use agricultural products 3. Spinning
as their raw materials. 4. Ginning
• These industries are important for the Options :
economic growth of India. (a) 4, 2, 3, 1
• Example- Cotton textile industry, sugar (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
industry (c) 2, 1, 3, 2
Options : (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
(a) Mineral-based Industries Ans SQP 2009

(b) Iron and Steel Industries (a) 4, 2, 3, 1

(c) Information Technology and Electronics
Industry 66. Complete the following table with the correct
(d) Agro-based Industries information-

Ans SQP 2020, 2014 Type of Established Place in

(d) Agro-based Industries Industry in Year India
1. First textile 1854 A-?
63. Study the picture and answer the question mill
that follows:
2. First cement B - ? Chennai
plant
Option :
(a) A - Mumbai, B - 1904
(b) A - Delhi, B - 1904
Which of the following best signifies the (c) A - Mumbai, B - 1914
above image? (d) A - Delhi, B - 1914
(a) Mineral-based Industries Ans Foreign 2018

(b) Iron and Steel Industries (a) A - Mumbai, B - 1904

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page 317

52. Study the given pie chart carefully and (c) Noise pollution
answer the following question: (d) Thermal pollution
Ans Foreign 2014

(b) Water pollution

56. Which is the only industry in India which is

self-reliant?
(a) Textile industry
(b) Iron and steel
(c) Electrical
(d) Sugar
Ans Comp 2010

(a) Textile industry

Which state is the leading producer of iron
57. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing,
ore? What is its share?
petroleum refineries and tanneries are agents
Ans OD 2012, 2010 of causing which type of pollution?
Karnataka - 26% (a) Air pollution
(b) Water pollution
53. Which of the following adversely affects (c) Noise pollution
human health, animals, plants, building and (d) None of these
the atmosphere as whole?
Ans OD 2007
(a) Noise pollution
(b) Thermal pollution (b) Water pollution
(c) Air pollution
58. Assertion : Aluminum is a universally accepted
(d) Water pollution
metal for a large number of industries
Ans Delhi 2019 Reason : Aluminum is flexible and a good
(c) Air pollution conductor of heat and electricity.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
54. Arrange the following in the correct sequence: reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
1. Sewing (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
2. Tailoring reason is not the correct explanation of
3. Packaging assertion.
4. Designing (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Options : (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3
Ans Delhi 2017
(b) 2, 1, 4, 3
(c) 2, 1, 3, 4 (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans SQP 2020 59. Tools, implements, fertilisers, tractors, etc.
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 are supplied by:
(a) government
55. Which of the following is caused by the (b) industry
discharge of organic and inorganic industrial (c) people
waste and affluents? (d) none of these
(a) Air pollution
Ans SQP 2019
(b) Water pollution
(b) industry

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

77. What is difference between Joint sector and 82. Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on
labour intensive industries ? spinning yarn and weaving khadi ?
Ans OD 2009 Ans SQP 2012

An industry owned both by the state and (1) So that more and more people could get
some private industries, firms, individuals are employment.
called joint sector industries while industry (2) To raise the feeling of nationalism.
that employs large number of persons directly (3) To promote cottage industry. To lessen
or indirectly for production of goods or the dependence on foreign-made cloth
services are called labour intensive industries. and to boycott foreign-made cloth as a
means of protest.
78. Name any two varieties of silk ?
83. Why do our industries need to be more
Ans SQP 2011
efficient and competitive in the present day
Two varieties of silk are : of globalization ?
(1) Mulberry, Ans Delhi 2017
(2) Tussar,
Our industries need to be more efficient and
(3) Muga.
competitive in the present day globalisation
79. Which two factors led to the concentration of because :
cotton textile industries at Mumbai ? (1) Our manufactured goods must be at par
in quality with those in the international
Ans Delhi 2010
market.
(1) Huge amount of capital investment. (2) Only then we will be able to compete in
(2) Humid climatic condition. the international market.
(3) India will have to develop its industries if
80. Where would it be economically viable to set
it wants to be internationally developed.
up the cement manufacturing units ?
Ans OD 2016 84. Differentiate between agro based industry
and mineral based industry.
As bulky and heavy raw materials like
o
limestone, silica, alumina, gypsum and coal
Explain with examples any two differences
are used for manufacture of cement, locations
between agro-based and mineral-based
with abundant availability of these minerals
industries.
suit to set-up these units. Gujarat is the prime
location for setting up cement industry. Ans Foreign 2017, 2014

81. Why is it important for us to improve our Agro based Mineral based
weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in industries industries
large quantities 1. Industries which Industries which
Ans Delhi 2017, OD 2012
are dependent are dependent on
on agriculture mineral resources
(1) Improvement in the weaving sector will to obtain their to obtain their raw
generate more employment opportunities. raw materials are materials are called
With improvement in weaving sector called agro based mineral based
better quality of fabric and cotton industries. industries.
products can be produced.
2. For example, For example, iron
(2) Value is added at every stage from fibre
cotton textiles, and steel industry,
to yarn and fabric to garment.
jute textiles, sugar cement industry,
(3) It will help us to earn more foreign
industry, etc. aluminium
exchange.
industry, etc.

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page 319

67. Assertion : Consumer industries produces 71. Which industries are defined as small scale
goods for direct use by consumers. industries?
Reason : Consumer industries are Agro based. Ans OD 2017
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation of A small scale industry is defined with reference
assertion. to the maximum investment allowed on the
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but assets of a unit. At present, the maximum
reason is not the correct explanation of investment allowed is rupees one crore. This
assertion. limit has changed over a period of time.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. 72. Give one difference between Public and
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. Private Industrial sectors.
Ans Delhi 2020
Ans Foreign 2016

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but Public sector industries are owned and
reason is not the correct explanation of operated by Government while Private
assertion. sector industries are owned and operated by
individuals or a group of individuals.

VERY SHORT QUESTIO 73. Classify industries on the basis of ownership.

Ans Comp. 2017, OD 2016

68. How is cement industry responsible for land (1) Public sector,
degradation? (2) Private sector,
Ans OD 2020 (3) Joint sector; and
(4) Cooperative sector.
Mineral processing like grinding of limestone
for cement industry generates heavy amount 74. Describe in very brief the classification
of dust which is released in the atmosphere. of industries on the basis of ownership of
Later, it settles down in the surrounding industries.
areas which slows the process of infiltration
Ans SQP 2014
of water into the soil. This is how land gets
degraded due to cement industries. (1) Public Sector Industries.
(2) Joint Sector Industries.
69. Define the term ‘Carding.’ (3) Co-operative Sector Industries.
Ans Delhi 2020
75. Which are two chief ingredient of the modern
Carding is a mechanical process that industry?
disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres such
Ans Foreign 2008
as cotton or wool to produce a continuous
web suitable for subsequent processing like (1) Capital
spinning. (2) Qualified skilled labour
(3) Availability of raw material
70. Where were manufacturing units located in
pre-independence period ? 76. What are co-operative sector industries ?
Ans Delhi 2017 Ans Delhi 2010

In the pre-independence period most An industry owned or organised by a group

manufacturing units were located in places of people producing raw material and help in
from the point of view of overseas trade such running the industry and co-operative manner
as presently Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai etc. are called co-operative sector industries.

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety SHORT Answer QUESTIO

of engineering goods.
(3) Construction material, defence, medical,
telephone, scientific equipment and a 95. Explain with examples, how do industries
variety of consumer goods also depend give boost to the agriculture sector.
upon iron and steel industry.
Ans Delhi 2015

92. Why is it important for us to improve our Industries give boost to the agriculture sector
weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in in the ways as mentioned below :
large quantities ? (1) There are agro based industries such as
Ans SQP 2011 cotton, woollen, jute, edible oil that get
their raw materials from agriculture,
(1) The weaving, knitting and processing
(2) In return, these industries sell their
units cannot use much of the high quality
products such as irrigation pumps,
yarn that is produced in the country.
fertilisers, insecticides, PVC pipes and
(2) There are some large and modern
many other things to the farmers,
factories in these segments, but most of
(3) The agro industries has given boost to
the production is in fragmented small
agriculture by raising its productivity
units, which cater to the local market.
and has made the production processes
(3) This mismatch is a major drawback
very efficient as well.
for the industry. As a result, many of
our spinners export cotton yarn while 96. ‘‘Sugar industry in India is facing challenges.”
garment manufacturers have to import Analyse the statement with suitable
fabric. arguments.
93. In what ways are some manufacturing Ans Comp. 2019

industries dependent on mineral resources ? Sugar industry in India is facing lot of

Explain. challenges which are
Ans OD 2010, Delhi 2012 (1) This industry is seasonal as it is dependent
on sugarcane which is an annual crop.
(1) Mineral-based industries use minerals
Workers get employed only for a short
and metals as raw materials.
period.
(2) Iron and steel industry uses iron ore,
(2) The machines and ways of producing sugar
coking coal, limestone, and manganese.
from sugarcane are old and inefficient.
(3) Bauxite is used in the aluminium smelting
(3) The raw material i.e. sugarcane is bulky
industry.
which increases the transportation cost
and difficulty of transporting.
(4) The sucrose content in sugarcane keeps
on decreasing with time so transport
delay in reaching sugarcane to factories
94. Explain three major challenges faced by
results in losses.
sugar industry in India.
(5) There is also the challenge of using the
Ans Delhi 2013
byproducts of sugarcane properly like
(1) The seasonal nature of the industry bagasse
(2) Old and inefficient method of production
(3) Transport delay in reaching cane to the 97. How is the of mining activity injurious to
factories the health of the miners and environment ?
(4) Need to maximise the use of baggase Explain.

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page 321

85. Explain any three objectives of the National Ans SQP 2014

Jute Policy 2005. Textile industry is the second largest after

Ans Delhi 2013
agriculture due to the following reasons :
(1) Textile industry contributes significantly to
The three main objectives of the National industrial production i.e., about 14 per cent.
Jute Policy, 2005 are as follows : (2) It generates more employment (35 million
1. Mandatory use of jute packaging has persons directly). Its foreign exchange
shown rise in the internal demand. earnings are about 24.6 per cent.
2. Stress is laid on diversification of jute (3) It contributes 4 per cent to our GDP. It
products. is the only industry in the country which
3. In 2005 National Jute Policy was is self-reliant.
formulated with the objective of increasing
productivity, improving quality, ensuring 89. Classify industries into two categories on
good prices to the jute farmers and the basis of capital investment. Give two
enhancing the yield per hectare. examples of each category.

86. ‘Give reasons as to why the ideal location Ans OD 2014

of sugar mills is near sugarcane producing On the basis of capital investment, the
areas.’ Support the statement with reasons. industries are classified into two categories :
Ans Delhi 2015
(1) Small scale industries : If the investment
is upto one crore rupees. Examples :
(1) The raw material used in sugar industry Manufacturing of electric bulbs, watches,
i.e., sugarcane is bulky, weight losing and etc.
perishable. (2) Large scale industries : If the capital
(2) If there is a delay in transportation, its investment is more than one crore rupees.
sucrose content reduces. Examples : Cotton textiles, iron and steel
(3) This is viable to minimise the industries, etc.
transportation cost.
90. Why are we not able to perform to our full
87. Classify industries on the basis of source of petential in the iron and steel industry ?
raw material. How are they different from Explain any four reasons ?
each other ?
o Ans Delhi 2010

Classify industries on the basis of raw India is one of the largest producers of iron
material. Give one example of each. and steel, still it could not perform to its full
Ans Foreign 2016
potential because of the following reasons :
(1) High costs and limited availability of
(1) Agro Based Industries : Cotton, jute, silk, coking coal.
woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. (2) Lower productivity of labour.
industries are based on agricultural raw (3) Irregular supply of energy
materials. (4) Poor infrastructure.
(2) Mineral Based Industries : Industries that
use minerals and metals as raw materials 91. Iron and steel industry is called ‘basic and
are called mineral based industries. Iron heavy industry’. Explain the reasons with
and steel, cement, aluminium, machine arguments.
tools and petrochemicals are the examples Ans OD 2016, 2015
of mineral-based industries.
(1) The iron and steel industry is the basic
88. Explain the importance of textile industry in industry since all other industries depend
India in three points. on it for their machinery.

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(5) The export of manufactured goods brings (2) Coal which is used as a fuel is another
foreign exchange and helps in maintaining important input and is available in this
the balance of payments. region in plenty.
(6) Obviously, they make a country rich and (3) Because of more population in this region,
prosperous because they transform raw cheep labour is also available.
material into a wide variety of finished (4) Damodar Valley Corporation provides
goods of higher value which increases the power to these plants.
income of country. (5) Export and Import facility is provided by
Kolkata port.
102. How do industries pollute environment ? (6) Transportation facility are also available.
Explain with six examples. (7) Government has played a major role.
Ans Foreign 2013 Steel plants such as Durgapur, Bokaro,
Industries have increased pollution and Rourkela have been set up in the region
degraded environment. Industries create with foreign collaboration in early sixties.
several types of pollution as explained below: 104. Why are jute mills concentrated along the
(1) Water Pollution : Industrial effluents Hugli river? Explain with reasons.
both organic and inorganic are discharged o
into rivers. They pollute the water. Coal, Explain any three factors which are
dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilizers are responsible for localisation of jute textile
some common pollutants of water. mills mainly along the banks of the Hugli
(2) Air Pollution : The smoke emitted by the river.
industries pollute air and water badly.
The smoke is emitted by chemical and Ans Delhi 2010, 2009

paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and Reasons for concentration of jute mills along
smelting plants. The burning of fossil Hugli river are as under :
fuels in big and small factories is a great (1) Proximity to jute growing areas.
cause of air pollution. (2) River provides cheapest inland water
(3) Noise Pollution : Industrial and transport.
construction activities, machinery, factory (3) Good network of transport.
equipments, generators etc. make a lot of (4) Cheap labour.
noise which have bad affects on human (5) Plenty of water for processing of jute.
beings. (6) Kolkata being a metropolitan city
(4) Thermal Pollution : This pollution is caused provides huge market, banking and
by thermal plants. Wastes from nuclear insurance facilities.
and thermal power plants cause cancer, (7) Kolkata being a major port helps in
birth defects and miscarriages. Dumping of import of raw jute and export of jute
thermal wastes makes soil useless. goods.

103. Why is iron ans steel industry concentrated 105. Explain any four reasons for the rapid growth
around Chhota Nagpur plateau region ? of chemical industry in India.
Ans Delhi 2010 Ans OD 2012

Most of the iron and steel industry The reasons for the rapid growth of chemical
concentrated around the Chhota Nagpur industry in India are :
plateau : (1) Heavy inorganic chemicals include
(1) This plateau is famous for iron ores sulphuric acid which is used for
reserves. Odisha, Bengal and Jharkhand manufacturing of fertilisers, synthetic
provide raw material for the industry. fibres, plastics, paints and dyestuffs.

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page 323

Ans Delhi 2012

(3) To prepare the sugarcane crop for
The hazards of mining or the impacts of transportation, takes time. It also leads
mining on the health or the miners and the to reduction of sugar content.
environment are given below:
(1) The dust and noxious fumes inhaled 100. Why are sugar mills concentrated in sugarcane
by miners make them vulnerable to producing areas ? Explain any three problems
pulmonary diseases. faced by sugar industry in India.
(2) The risk of collapsing mine roofs, Ans Delhi 2016

inundation and fires in coal-mines are a Sugarcane is bulky and in havlage, its sucrose
constant threat to miners. content reduces. It is weight losing and
(3) The water sources in the area get perishable. Besides, this industry is seasonal
contaminated due to mining. in nature and, therefore, it is ideally suited
(4) It leads to degradation of soil and land to the co-operative sector because it needs
due to dumping of waste and slurry. large manual labour in various processes of
(5) It increases pollution in streams and cultivation and the production of sugar can
rivers. be provided by the co-operatives. There
98. Why is it important for our country to keep are about 460 sugar mills in India. Out of
the mill sector loomage lower than powerloom which sixty percent mills are located in Uttar
and handloom ? Pradesh and Bihar.
The major challenges faced by the sugar mills
Ans OD 2014, 2008
include followings :
(1) It will lead to the development of cottage (1) The sugar mills are seasonal in nature.
industries. (2) The use of old and inefficient method of
(2) More and more rural people will get production.
employment. (3) Transport delay in reaching came to
(3) Migration of rural people to urban areas factories and
in search of jobs will reduce (4) The need to maximise the use of baggage.
(4) It will raise the standard of living of the
rural people. 101. “The economic strength of a country
(5) It will also help to earn foreign exchange is measured by the development of
which will ultimately make our country manufacturing industries.” Support the
economically strong. statement with arguments.
Ans Delhi 2018
99. ‘Sugar industry is ideally suited to the
cooperative sector.’ Explain. Arguments in favour of above statement :
(1) Manufacturing industries help in
Ans OD 2013
modernising agriculture. They reduce
(1) Sugarcane is a seasonal crop harvested the heavy dependence of people on
in different parts of India in different agricultural sector. At present more
seasons. For example, in southern India than half of the workers in India are still
it starts in October and lasts till June, engaged is this primary sector.
while in northern India it is usually from (2) They provide jobs in secondary and
November to April. tertiary sectors also.
(2) During the transportation of sugarcane (3) The are necessary for the removal of
for long distances the sugar content unemployment and poverty in the country
(sucrose) decreases. Thus, it does not like India.
remain profitable. (4) They bring down regional disparities
by establishing industries in tribal and
backward areas.

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) Public sector and joint sector industries (1) The agro-based industries have given a
bring down regional disparity by setting major boost to agriculture by raising its
up industrial units in remote and productivity.
backward areas of the country. (2) The agro-based industries depend
(3) Export of manufactured goods expands on agriculture for raw materials.
trade and commerce thereby bring in Manufacturing industries sell their
much needed foreign exchange. products such as fertilizers, insecticides,
(4) Countries, capable to procure raw materiel irrigation pumps, PVC pipes, machines
and transform them in value added goods and tools, etc. to the farmers.
through manufacturing always become (3) Thus, development and competitiveness
prosperous. of manufacturing industry has not only
assisted agriculturists in increasing their
111. Which location values are responsible for production but also made production
concentrating iron and steel industries in the process very efficient.
Chhotanagpur plateau region ?
Ans OD 2011
113. What is manufacturing ? How does
manufacturing lead to value addition of
Given below values are responsible for the raw material ? Explain with the help of
concentrating of iron and steel industries in examples.
Chhotanagpur plateau region : o
(1) Available of high grade iron ore from What is manufacturing industry ?
Noamundi mines of West Singhbhum
district of Jharkhand. Ans Delhi 2016

(2) Availability of power from DVC and Production of goods in large quantities
coalmines are in close proximity at Jharia after processing from raw materials to more
and Raniganj. valuable products is called manufacturing.
(3) Manganese is obtained from keonjhar People employed in the secondary
district in Odisha. activities manufacture the primary materials
(4) Easy availability of limestone and into finished goods. For example, paper
dolamite from Sundergarh (Odisha). is manufactured from wood, sugar from
(5) Well developed network of transportation. sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore,
(6) Plenty of water for cooling purpose is aluminium from bauxite, etc. Thus, raw
available from river Damodar and its materials are transformed into a wide variety
tributaries. of finished goods of higher value.

112. “‘Agriculture’ and ‘industry’ are 114. What is the contribution of industry to
complimentary to each other.” Explain with national economy of India ? Compare it with
five examples. the East-Asian countries. What is the desired
o growth and present position of industry in
“Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of GDP ?
each other.” Support your answer by giving Ans Foreign 2011
any three arguments.
o (1) The contribution of manufacturing
Explain with examples the interdependence sector to national economy has not been
of agriculture and industries. satisfactory for the last two decades. It
has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP out
Ans OD 2017
of a total of 27 per cent for the industry
Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of which includes 10 per cent of mining,
each other. They move hand in hand. quarrying, electricity and gas.

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page 325

(2) Nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash is used in Ans Delhi 2013

the manufacture of glass, paper, soap and Iron and steel industry is a basic or key
detergents. industry to supply their products as raw
(3) Production of pesticides has contributed materials to other industries to manufacture
much to agriculture by controlling their goods.
harmful insects and weeds. It can be said that India is not able to
(4) The organic chemical industries perform to her full potential in iron and steel
are located near oil refineries and because of lack in engineering education,
petrochemical plants. proper technology and less per capita use of
steel. Thus the education regarding totally
106. Suggest some measures to prevent pollution independent in the use of iron and steel is
caused by industries ? lacking behind.
Ans OD 2011
109. “Agriculture and Industry move hand in
(1) Modern equipments which can control hand”. Analyse the statement with three
aerosol should be installed. examples.
(2) The fuel which causes minimum pollution
should be used as a power source, e.g., Ans SQP 2013

instead of coal, mineral oil should be Agriculture and Industry in India are
preferred. interdependent on each other. For example:
(3) Waste products and chemicals should be (1) Agrobased industries in India have
treated before discharging them into the boosted agriculture by raising its
water. productivity.
(4) The working of the machines should be (2) Industries depend an agriculture for their
checked regularly. raw material. For example cotton textile
industry depends on the cotton growing
107. Explain the problems of jute industry in agriculture.
India. (3) Industries provide many agricultural
Ans Comp. 2012, OD 2013 inputs like irrigation pumps, fertilizers,
Jute industry faces many problems which are insecticides PVC and pipes, machineries
as under: and tools etc. to the farmers.
(1) There is shortage of raw jute of good (4) Manufacturing industries have assisted
quality. agriculturists to increase their production
(2) There is strong competition from other and also made the production processes
countries (mainly Bangladesh) in very efficient.
international markets. 110. Which values made manufacturing sector
(3) The use of substitutes like paper, cloth backbone of the economic development of the
and synthetic material is increasing. It country ?
has led ,to decline in jute goods demand.
(4) The machinery is old and obsolete. So the Ans OD 2008, Delhi 2016

cost of production is high. Following values make manufacturing sector

(5) Sales promotion of jute carpets, packing backbone of economic development of a
material has not been done properly. country :
(1) It modernizes agriculture with advance
108. Why is India not able to perform to her tools and equipments and reduces excess
full potential of iron and steel production ? burden on agriculture because it provides
Explain any there reasons. people with job in secondary and tertiary
sector.

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

30. Which of the following is transformed into a Ans SQP 2020

wide variety of furnished goods of higher value? (a) rum

(a) Manufactured goods
(b) Raw material 34. The Ramagundam plant shown in the
(c) Industrial goods following figure is famous for?
(d) All of these
Ans Comp 2014, 2012

(b) Raw material

31. Assertion : Air pollution is caused by the

presence of high proportion of undesirable
gases.
Reason : Air pollution does not affect human
health, animals, plants, buildings and the
atmosphere as a whole.
(a) Electrical power production
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(b) Geothermal power production
reason is the correct explanation of
(c) Thermal power production
assertion.
(d) Hydroelectric power production
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of Ans Foreign 2018

assertion. (c) Thermal power production

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. 35. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
1. Cotton from Farmer
Ans OD 2009
2. Cloth market
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. 3. Garment Factory
4. In Market
32. What is the contribution of industry to GDP?
Options :
(a) 17%
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4
(b) 19% in total of 29%
(b) 2, 1, 4, 3
(c) 21% in total of 31%
(c) 2, 1, 3, 2
(d) 23% in total of 33%
(d) 1, 4, 2, 3
Ans Delhi 2013
Ans OD 2019
(a) 17%
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4

36. Which of following occurs after the increase

in industrial activities?
(a) Urbanisation
(b) Rural expansion
(c) Development (Loss of labour)
(d) All of these
Ans Delhi 2017, 2009
33. Molasses are used to make:
(a) rum (a) Urbanisation
(b) rubber 37. Study the table given below and answer the
(c) ethanol question-
(d) none of these Total production of finished steel in India

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(2) In comparison to India’s 17 per cent share (2) The weaving, knitting and processing units
in the GDP, the East-Asian countries have not been able to use high quality yarn
have contributed to 25 to 35 per cent of that is produced in the country
GDP. (3) Our modern factories have to be upgraded
(3) (a) The desired growth rate over the next to use this high quality yarn.
decade is 12 per cent. (4) We have to improve our weaving sector
(b) At present, growth rate is about 9 to for manufacturing high quality fabrics.
10 per cent and it is expected that
we can achieve the growth rate of 12 117. Describe any five problems faced by cotton
per cent by some efforts like setting textile industries in India.
up of the National Manufacturing Ans OD 2016, Delhi 2015

Competitiveness Council (NMCC). (1) Amajor loophole is its huge fragmentation

115. Distinguish between joint and co-operative in industry structure, which is led by
industries with examples. small-scale companies.
(2) The industry veterans portray the present
Ans Delhi 2015
productivity of factories at half to as low
as one-third of levels, which might be
Joint Industries Cooperative attained.
Industries (3) Machinery is obsolete. It needs to be
1. Joint industries Cooperative sector upgraded in the weaving and processing
are jointly run industries owned sectors in particular.
by the state and operated by (4) There is stiff competition with the
and individuals the producers or synthetic fibre industry which are
or a group of suppliers of raw available comparatively in a cheaper rate.
individuals. materials, workers (5) Power supply is erratic.
or both.
2. Raw material They pool in the
providers do not resources and share
get any share in the profits or losses
the profit made proportionately. 118. Describe any three problems which are being
by the industry. faced by the jute industry in India.
o
3. For example, Oil For example, Highlight any three challenges faced by jute
India Ltd. (OIL). sugar industry in industry.
Maharashtra, the
coir industry in Ans Delhi 2013

Kerala. The three major challenges before jute

industry of India are as follows :
116. “Many of our spinners export cotton (1) Stiff competition with Bangladesh,
yarn while apparel manufactures have to Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand
import fabric.” Explain this statement with in the International market.
appropriate reasons. (2) There is competition with synthetic fibre
Ans Delhi 2014
that is cheaper.
(3) To stimulate demand, the products of
Many of our spinners export cotton yarn jute has to be diversified.
while apparel manufactures have to import (4) There is also a concern about increasing
fabric due to the following reasons : productivity and improving the quality of
(1) In India only spinning sector has received jute products.
a lot of attention.

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

128. Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills environmental degradation does not respect
to shift and concentrate in the southern and land boundaries.
western states in India ? Explain any three
reasons. 130. Suggest and explain any three ways to reduce
o the use of petrol.
Why is sugar industry in recent years Ans OD 2020

expanding in the southern and western states The three ways to reduce the use of petrol
? Explain any three reasons. are given below:
o (1) Switching to alternative sources such as
What are the three main reasons for shifiting solar energy in the forms of solar heater,
of the sugar mills to Maharshtra in recent solar cookers, use of natural gas and
year ? wind energy are some ways to reduce
Ans OD 2015 their usage. We can also reduce the use
(1) The sugarcane produced in the southern of these natural resources by using public
and western states has a higher sucrose transport and carpool.
content. (2) Preference of alternative resources should
(2) The cooler climate ensures a longer be given for using renewable natural
crushing season. resources such as the sun and the wind.
(3) Most of the sugar mills of the area are Windmills use wind energy to produce
under the cooperative sector. Regular electricity. The solar energy is used to
supply of raw material is available heat water, cook food and to generate
here. Moreover, cooperatives are more electricity.
successful in these areas. (3) Environmental education plays an
(4) More government attention for sugarcane important role in creating awareness.
production. Through environmental education,
(5) Better port facility. people come to know about their rights
and duties towards nature.
129. “Consequences of environmental degradation
do not respect national or state boundaries.”
Justify the statement.
Ans Delhi 2019
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
Environment is degraded through the
depletion of resources like air, water and 131. “The economic strength of a country
soil. It leads to destruction of ecosystem and is measured by the development of
extinction of wildlife. It is a global issue and manufacturing industries.” Explain with
has been debated over a decade. examples.
(1) Pollution in one country may effect the Ans OD 2023
other in form of acid rain, climate change The economic development of a country
etc. is measured by the development of
(2) Deforestation in some countries may manufacturing industries in the following
disturb the rainfall pattern in the ways:
surrounding countries. (1) Manufacturing industries help in
(3) Land degradation and dam burst can modernising agriculture which forms the
bring massive siltation and flood like backbone of our economy.
situation. (2) They reduce the heavy dependence
Thus, consequences of the actions of one state of people on agricultural income by
or country may affect others, this proves that

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page 329

(5) The goods needed for construction o

industry, medical, telephone etc. are also Why is jute textile industry mainly
made from steel. concentrated in Hugli-basin ? Explain three
reasons for the same.
124. How has the great importance of the cotton
Ans Delhi 2011
textile industry for the Indian economy ?
Explain with examples. (1) Jute producing areas are nearer to Hugli-
o basin because there is good network of
How does the cotton textile industry occupy rivers which provide inexpensive water
a unique position in the Indian economy ? transport and abundant water supply for
Explain with any three examples. jute processing.
Ans Delhi 2012
(2) Good network of railways, roadways
facilitate the supply of raw materials
(1) Cotton textile industry has close links to the mills and finished goods to the
with agriculture and provides a living to market.
farmers and cotton boll pluckers. (3) Cheap labour is available from West
(2) It also supports workers engaged in Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar,
ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
designing, packaging, tailoring and (4) Kolkata as a large urban centre which
sewing. provides banking, insurance and port
(3) The industry by creating demands facilities for the export of jute goods.
support many other industries, such as
chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packing 127. Sugar industry is ideally suited to the
materials and engineering works. cooperative sector. Explain.
Ans OD 2018
125. Mention any two challenges faced by the jute
industry in India. State any one step taken (1) Sugarcane is a seasonal crop harvested
by the government to stimulate its demand. in different parts of India in different
Ans Foreign 2011, OD 2010
seasons. For example, in southern India
it starts in October and lasts till June,
(1) (a) There is stiff competition in the while in northern India it is usually from
international market from synthetic November to April.
substitutes. (2) During the transportation of sugarcane
(b) Competition from other competitors for long distances the sugar content
like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, (sucrose) decreases. Thus, it does not
Egypt and Thailand. remain profitable.
(2) Steps taken by the government to (3) To prepare the sugarcane crop for
stimulate the demand of jute : transportation, takes time. It also leads
(a) The government policy of mandatory to reduction of sugar content.
use of jute in packaging increased the (4) The size of landholdings are small in our
internal demand. country. Therefore, the yield per hectare
(b) National Jute Policy 2005, was is also low. To run a sugar mill huge
formulated with the objective of quantity of raw material (sugarcane) is
increasing productivity, improving required which needs collective efforts of
quality, ensuring good prices to the jute the cultivators.
farmers and enhancing yield per hectare. Considering all these factors, it can be said
126. Mention any six factors responsible for the that sugarcane industry is ideally suited to
location of jute mills in the Hugli basin. the cooperative sectors.

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) Creation of alternative employment : 136. Describe the significance of Textile Industry
Manufacturing reduces dependence on in India with specific reference to Cotton
agriculture by providing alternative industry.
employment opportunities in factory. Ans SQP 2018
(2) Better standard of living : The industrial (1) The Textile Industry occupies unique
labourers and other employees get higher position in the Indian economy, because
wages and enjoy higher standard of it contributes significantly to industrial
living compared to landless agricultural production (14 percent), employment
labourers. generation (35 million persons directly the
(3) Support to agricultural production : second largest after agriculture) and foreign
Increase in use of fertilizers, pesticides, exchange earnings (about 24.6 percent).
plastics, electricity and diesel in (2) It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.
agriculture has been possible due to It is the only industry in the country,
the growth and competitiveness of the which is self-reliant and complete in the
manufacturing industries. value chain, i.e., from raw material to the
(4) In the present day world of territorial highest value added products.
specialization, our industry needs to (3) In the early years, the Cotton Textile
be more efficient and competitive Our Industry was concentrated in the
goods must be at par with those of other cotton growing belt of Maharashtra
countries in the international market This and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton,
will fetch foreign exchange and increase market, transport including accessible
national wealth. port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc.
135. How are industries responsible for contributed towards its localisation.
environmental degradation in India? Explain (4) This industry has close links with
with examples. agriculture and provides a living to
farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers
Ans Delhi 2019
engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving,
Industries are responsible for environmental dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring
degradation in India in following ways : and sewing.
(1) The presence of high proportion of (5) The industry by creating demand,
undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide, supports many other industries, such as,
and carbon monoxide are a product chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging
of these industries. They affect the materials and engineering works.
environment majorly.
(2) and construction activities, Industrial 137. Explain any five factors responsible for the
machinery and factory equipments, concentration of iron and steel industries in
generators, saws and pneumatic and the Chhotanagpur region.
electric drills also make a lot of noise in o
environment. Explain any four factors responsible for the
(3) The main culprits in this regard are paper, development of iron and steel industries in the
pulp, chemical and textile industries that Chhotanagpur plateau region of the country.
let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and Ans OD 2011
heavy metals etc., with carbon, plastic Iron and steel plants are concentrated in the
and rubber into the water bodies. Chhotanagpur plateau region because :
(4) Air-borne waste particle contains both (1) Low cost of iron ore : Iron mines are
solid and liquid particles like dust, located in the nearby areas. It helps to
sprays, mist and smoke which pollutes reduce the transportation cost of iron ore
the environment. to the industries.

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page 331

providing them jobs in secondary and 133. ‘‘Sexual division of labour is not based on
tertiary sectors. biology but on social expectations and
(3) Industrial development is a pre-condition stereotypes.” Support the statement.
for the eradication of unemployment and Ans Comp. 2019
poverty in our country.
(4) Manufacturing activities expand trade Gender division is not based on biology but
and commerce. on social expectations and stereotype:
(5) Exports bring in much-needed foreign (1) Boys and girls are brought up to believe
exchange. that the main responsibility of women
(6) Manufacturing is the process of value is house work and bringing up children.
addition. There is sexual division of labour in most
(7) It also brings down regional disparities families where women stay at home and
by establishing industries in tribal and men work outside to play the role of
backward areas. breadwinners.
(8) It increases the GDP/ national income of (2) Literacy rate among women is only 54% in
the country. comparison to 76% among men. In studies,
girls mostly perform better than boys,
132. How can the industrial pollution of fresh but they drop out simply because their
water be reduced? Explain with examples. parents prefer to spend their resources on
Ans OD 2019, OD 2023
their sons education. A smaller proportion
of girls go for higher studies.
Main causes of water pollution is due to the (3) On an average, a woman works more than
wastes discharged from factories, refineries an average man everyday. Since much
into water bodies. These wastes contains of her work is not paid for, therefore
harmful chemicals such as alkalis, acids etc. often not valued. The Equal Wages Act
and toxic metals like mercury, lead, arsenic provides for equal wages for equal work,
etc. which kill aquatic life. but in almost all areas of work from sports
The following steps can be taken to reduce to cinema, from factories of fields, women
the industrial pollution : are comparatively paid less because of the
(1) Restructuring the manufacturing male chauvinistic bent of mind of society.
processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, (4) Child sex-ratio is very low. In India, the
like, lead, zinc, arsenic through a process national average is 914. In some places it
called Pollution Prevention. Chimneys is even lower because parents prefer to
for treating of gaseous waste are also have sons so they get girl child aborted.
important. (5) In urban areas too, women are not
(2) It is necessary to encourage industries respected and are unsafe even in their
to promote ‘green’ methods of produt homes being subjected to beating,
production and. It includes environment- harassment and other forms of domestic
friendly operating processes. violence.
(3) It is advisable to create cooling ponds (6) The role of women in politics in most
which are man-made and designed to societies is minimal.
cool the heated waters of industries by
evaporation, condensation and radiation. 134. Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector
(4) It is very important to attach water in the economic development of India.
treatment plant in industries for filtration Ans OD 2017
of sewage before it enters the water bodies.
Sewage treatment plants are important Contribution of Manufacturing sector to
for treatment of polluted water. national economy:

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

application, agriculture or directly for (7) These also provide agriculture with
consumer markets. reliable means of transport to collect
goods, seeds and to facilitate distribution
146. Describe negative aspects of the strategy of of agricultural products.
India’s industrial development. (8) Numerous research and experiments
Ans SQP 2017 beneficial to agriculture are possible due
(1) Industrialisation in India did not take to industrial development.
place as expected. 148. Explain four favourable factors for the
(2) During 1965-1980 when Indian economy location of steel plant at Jamshedpur.
was highly controlled, the growth rate of o
industrial production declined to 4 per Why is the iron and steel industry concentrated
cent per annum as compared to 8 per around the Chhotanagpur plateau ?
cent in 1950-1965.
(3) Laws that were formulated to regulate the Ans Foreign 2010

private sector, were said to be responsible Raw Materials : Main raw materials used in
for slow growth of industrial sector. iron and steel industry are iron-ore, limestone
(4) These laws have also failed to reduce the and coking coal.
concentration of economic power in the Location : Iron and steel industry is located
private sector. at Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) or around the
(5) Corruption, lack of efficiency in work and Chhotanagpur plateau (bordering West
ineffective management became common Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Jharkhand)
features in the public sector enterprises. because of the following reasons :
(1) High grade hematite (iron-ore) is obtained
147. Explain how agrilture and industry go hand from Noamandi mines of Singhbhum
in hand. Analyse the statement with three (Jharkhand) and Mayurbhanj (Orissa).
reason (2) Power from DVC and coal mines are in
o close proximity at Jharia and Raniganj.
“Agriculture and industry are complementary (3) Manganese is obtained from Keonjhar
to each other”. Justify the statement. district in Orissa.
Ans Delhi 2010 (4) Limestone and dolomite are obtained
Interlink between agriculture and industry : from Sundergarh (Orissa).
(1) Primary goods are produced by (5) Well-developed network of transport both
agriculture while these are processed by railways and roadways.
industry. (6) Kolkata provides not only port facilities,
(2) Agriculture acts as root to supply food but both domestic and international
for all branches (industries) of a tree. market.
(3) Industries are in existence because raw (7) Plenty of water for cooling purposes is
material is supplied by agriculture. available from the river Damodar and its
(4) People engage in industries require food, tributaries.
clothes and shelter and that all is provided (8) Cheap and skilled labour is drawn from
by agriculture. Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal.
(5) Agriculture stands as grower while 149. How are water bodies polluted by industries?
industries are buyer and processors.
(6) Industries provide goods like chemical Ans OD 2016, Delhi 2015

fertilizers, implements and machinery (1) Water pollution is caused by organic and
(tractors, threshers, combined harvesters, inorganic industrial wastes and affluents
pumping sets) to agriculture. discharge into rivers.

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(2) High grade raw materials in proximity: (1) Nearness to the source of raw material:
Other bulky raw materials like, coking Large quantities of raw materials
coal, limstone are also available in are needed for industries. Therefore
proximity. industries are located near the source
(3) Availability of cheap labour : From the of raw materials. It saves the cost
adjoining areas of Bihar, Jharkhand, of transportation. Steel centres are
Orissa cheap labour is available in developed where coal and iron are easily
abundance. available. Jute mills in West Bengal and
(4) Dense transport network : Being an the cotton textile mills in Maharashtra
industrial region, there is a dense network are located due to the availability of raw
of roads and railways. materials.
(5) Port facility : Kolkata port provides (2) Power resources : Coal, oil and water
facilities for export of jute goods. are the main sources of power. Most
(6) Vast growth potential in the home of the industries are located near coal
market. fields. Aluminium industries and paper
industries are located near hydroelectric
138. The iron and steel industry is the basic stations.
industry. Justify. (3) Means of Transportation : Modern
o Industries need cheap, developed and
Why is iron and steel industry called as the quick means of transportation. Cheap
basic and heavy industry? means of transportation are required for
Ans SQP 2011 the movement of workers, raw materials
Iron and steel industry is the basic industry and machinery to the factories.
because : (4) Climate : Stimulating climate increase
(1) It provides vital base for all other the efficiency of the labourers. The
industries — heavy, medium and light. It cotton textile industry required humid
is used as a basic raw material to make climate. The film industry needs good
machines for other industries. weather with clear blue skies. Similarly
(2) Iron and steel is used to make machineries the aircraft industry also needs clear
which are used in tractors, harvesters, weather.
threshers, etc. to enhance production. (5) Skilled Labour : cheap and skilled labour
(3) Steel is used to manufacture a variety of is essential for the location of industries.
engineering goods, construction material, Glass industry at Firozabad and the
defence, medical, telephonic, scientific sports goods industry in Jalandhar are
equipments and a variety of consumer located due to the availability of skilled
goods. labour.
(4) Steel production is taken as an index of 140. ‘The challenge of sustainable development
a country’s level of modernisation and requires control over industrial pollution.’
industrialisation. Substantiate the statement with examples.
(5) Steel is used to make buses and railways
which are important modes of transport. Ans SQP 2020

While industries contribute significantly to

139. Explain the factors which are responsible for India’s economic growth and development,
location of industries. the increase in pollution of land, water, air and
Ans Delhi 2020 noise resulting degradation of environment
The factors which are responsible for location that they have caused is significant and
of industries are given below : cannot be ignored.

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) Transport : These states are well- soil useless, pollutes and contaminates
connected to the rest part of the country water bodies.
by rail and road. Also, they have many (5) Noise pollution : It is created by industrial
large ports from where the textile and construction activities, machinery,
products can be easily exported. factory equipments, generators, saws and
(3) Market : Though, they have locally pneumatic and electric drills.
available big markets, they also enjoy It causes hearing impairment, increased heart
good transport facilities that enable their beat, blood pressure, etc.
reach to the national and international
markets. 167. Explain any three factors affecting the
(4) Labour : Although, they have locally localisation of industries with suitable
available cheap labour force, they are examples.
supported by migrant labourers from the o
northern states. Explain any three factors that influence the
(5) Moist climate : For cotton textile, moist location of an industry.
climate is a must. These states have Ans Foreign 2011

favourable climatic conditions. (1) Availability of raw material : The factory

166. Explain any three types of pollution caused needs to be close to the location of raw
by industries. materials if they are heavy and bulky to
o transport. e.g., iron and steel and cement
Explain any three main causes of environmental industries are located near the source of
pollution created by industries. raw material. It cuts down the cost of
transportation.
Ans Delhi 2012, 2011
(2) Labour : A large cheap labour force
Various types of pollution caused by industries is required for labour-intensive
are : manufacturing industries. High-tech
(1) Air pollution : It is caused by the presence industries have to locate where suitable
of high proportion of undesirable gases, skilled workers are available.
such as sulphur dioxide and carbon (3) Power : Power supply is needed to work
monoxide. Air-borne particulate materials the machines in a factory. Early industries
contain both solid and liquid particles were near to coalfields. Today electricity
like dust, sprays, mist and smoke. allows more freedom.
(2) Water pollution : It is caused by organic (4) Capital : This is the money that is
and inorganic industrial wastes and invested to start the business. The
affluents discharged into rivers. The main amount of capital will determine the size
culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, and location of the factory.
chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum (5) Transport : A good transport network
refineries, tanneries and electroplating helps to reduce costs and made the
industries that let out dyes, detergents, movement of materials easier.
salts, acids, into the water bodies. (6) Market : An accessible place to sell the
(3) Thermal pollution : Thermal pollution products is essential.
of water occurs when hot water from (7) Government policies : Industrial
factories and thermal plants is drained development is encouraged in some areas
out into rivers and ponds before cooling. and restricted in others. Industries that
(4) Nuclear pollution : Wastes from nuclear are located in depressed areas may receive
power plants, nuclear and weapon financial incentives and assistance from
production factories cause cancers, birth the government in the form of low rent
defects and miscarriages. It also renders and rates.

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page 335

petroleum refineries, electroplating 144. Explain any five factors that are responsible
industries and metallic pesticides etc. for concentration of ‘iron and steel’ industries
solid wastes like fly ash, phospo-gypsum mainly in ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’.
and slags produced by iron and steel Ans Comp. 2018
industries. Water pollution leads to loss
of rich aquatic life and flora-fauna. This Reasons for concentration of ‘iron and steel’
causes water scarcity as well. This’ also industries in ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’:
causes diseases like typhoid and cholera. (1) Low cost of iron-ore which is mined here.
(3) All the pollutants that cause water (2) High grade raw materials in close
pollution, along with wastes from nuclear proximity.
power plants are responsible for land (3) Availability of cheap labour.
pollution. Water and land pollution are (4) Vast growth potential in the home
closely related. All the liquid and solid market.
affluents, if not being disposed off into (5) Efficient transport network for their
the rivers, goes directly into the soil and distribution to the markets and
degrade the land areas. consumers.
(4) All the unwanted sounds caused due to (6) Availability of power because this region
industrial and construction activities, has many thermal and hydel power
machinery, generators and drilling plants.
activities create irritants and are a source (7) Liberalisation and FDI have also given
of stress. boost to the industry with the efforts of
private entrepreneurs.
143. Why is the economic strength of a
country measured by the development of 145. Analyse the role of chemical industries in the
manufacturing industries ? Explain with Indian economy.
examples. Ans OD 2017

Ans OD 2018, 2015 The chemical industry in India is diversifying

Economic strength of a country is measured and growing fast. It contributes approximately
by manufacturing industries : percent 3% of GDP. It is the third largest in
(1) Manufacturing industries not only help Asia and occupies twelfth place in the world
in modernising agriculture which forms in terms of its size. It comprises both large
the backbone of the economy, they also and small scale manufacturing units. Rapid
reduce the dependency of people on growth has been recorded in both inorganic
agriculture. and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals
(2) Industrial development is a precondition includes sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies,
for eradication of unemployment and soda ash and caustic soda. These industries
poverty from a country. are widely spread over the country.
(3) Export of manufactured goods expands Organic chemicals includes
trade and commerce and brings much pertrochemicals, which are used for
needed foreign exchange on international manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic
level. rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and
(4) Countries that transform their raw pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are
materials into a wide variety of furnished located near oil refineries and petrochemical
goods of higher value are prosperous and plants.
developed. The chemical industry has its own largest
(5) India’s prosperity lies in increasing and consumers. Basic chemicals undergo
diversifying its manufacturing industries processing for the further production of
as quickly as possible. other chemicals that are used for industrial

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) Private sector : Owned and operated 154. The textile industry occupies unique position
by individuals; Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur in the Indian economy. Justify.
Indusries and TISCO. o
(2) Public sector : Owned and operated by “The textile industry is the only industry in
government. Bharat Heavy Electrical the country which is self-reliant and complete
Ltd. and SAIL. in the value chain.” Justify the statement.
(3) Joint sector : Jointly run by the Ans Delhi 2016, 2014
government and individuals–Oil India
Ltd. The textile industry occupies unique position
(4) Co-operative sector : Owned and in the Indian economy because :
operated by the producers or suppliers (1) It contributes significantly to industrial
of raw materials, workers or both. For production (14 percent).
example, sugar industry in Maharashtra, (2) It is labour intensive industry. It employs
the coir industry in Kerala. about 35 million persons directly. Thus
it stand next only to agriculture in
providing employment opportunities.
(3) It accounts for about 4 percent of India’s
gross domestic product. It earns about
153. ‘Environmental degradation has been seen 24.6 percent of foreign exchange.
everywhere.’ Explain any three values that (4) Textile industry is the only major industry
can help to prevent environment degradation. that runs as large-scale, small-scale and
village and cottage level industries at the
Ans Delhi 2014
same time.
All the countries are divided into two groups: (5) It is the only industry in India which
(i) developing countries and (ii) developed is self-reliant and complete in the value
countries. chain i.e., from raw material to the
In all countries industries are developing day highest value-added products.
by day which require place for establishment,
energy for their working and labour and 155. What is a major drawback of cotton industry
transport. Place is obtained by cutting the ? Which problems does this industry face ?
forests which is the greatest cause of air Ans OD 2010
pollution. All types of energy pollute the Major drawback : Our weaving, knitting and
environment. processing units are incapable of using the
Means of transport also pollute the air. To high quality yarn that is produced in the
prevent such environmental pollution we country. There are some large and modern
should opt the following methods or values: factories in these segments, but most of the
1. Cut only those trees which have become production is in fragmented small units which
very old and are not giving fruits. We fulfil the requirement of the local market.
should grow one new plant in place of This mismatch is a major drawback for the
that. Most of the factories should be cotton industry.
established in deserted land. Problems of textile industry :
2. We should use L.P.G., C.N.G. and other (1) The cotton mills are quite old and sick.
renewable sources of energy which do not They have obsolete machinery and
pollute the environment. We should use outdated technology. Machinery needs
C.N.G. in vehicles which is smokeless. to be upgraded in the weaving and
3. The factories should be established in processing sections.
small clusters at distant places so that (2) Erratic power supply hampers production.
the smoke and hot gases may subside (3) Labour productivity is low.
easily in the atmosphere.

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(2) Major water pollutants are dyes, Ans Comp. 2010

detergents, acids and salts. Contribution of Industry to National

(3) Heavy metals like lead and mercury, Economy :
pesticides, fertilizers also cause pollution (1) Creation of alternative employment :
and synthetic chemicals with carbon, Manufacturing reduces dependence on
plastics and rubber discharged in the agriculture by providing alternative
water bodies without treatment. employment opportunities in factory.
(4) Solid wastes, e.g. flyagh, phospo-gypsum (2) Better standard of living : The industrial
and iron and steel slags. labourers and other employees get higher
(5) Wastes from nuclear power plants. wages and enjoy higher standard of living
(6) Dumping of harmful chemicals and than the landless agricultural labourers.
industrial effluents, etc. on them through (3) Declining trend after 1995-96 : From
which rain-water percolates and causes 12.9% growth in 1995-96, only 5.3%
these pollutants contaminate ground industrial growth has been recorded in
water. 2000-2001. This decline is attributed to
poor performance shown by mining and
150. Describe the ways by which the NTPC has manufacturing sectors. In 2001-2002,
preserved the natural environment and other the industrial growth rate was further
resources like water. declined to 2.4%.
Ans SQP 2014 It is, however, worth noting that since
NTPC is a major power providing corporation 2003, manufacturing is once again growing
in India. It has ISO certification for EMS at the rate of 9 to 10 percent per annum.
(Environment Management System) 14001. It is hoped that manufacturing industries
The corporation has taken following steps in India will achieve the target of 12%
for preserving the natural environment and growth per annum in the next decade.
resources like water : (4) Support to agricultural production :
(1) Optimum utilisation of equipment Increase in use of fertilizers, pesticides,
adopting latest techniques and upgrading plastics, electricity and diesel in
existing equipment. agriculture has been possible due to
(2) Minimising waste generation by the growth and competitiveness of the
maximising ash utilization. industry.
(3) Providing green belts for nurturing In the present day world of territorial
ecological balance and addressing the specialization, our industry needs to be more
question of special purpose vehicles for efficient and competitive. Our goods must be
afforestation. at par with those of other countries in the
(4) Reducing environmental pollution international market. Only then we will be
through ash pond management, ash able to fetch foreign exchange and increase
water recycling system and liquid waste our national wealth.
management. 152. What is manufacturing sector ? Describe the
(5) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online four types of manufacturing sector on the
database management for all its power basis of ownership.
stations.
Thus, by taking above steps, the NTPC Ans Foreign 2015

has shown the way to the people for preserving Production of goods in large quantities from
the natural environment. raw materials to more valuable products
is called manufacturing. These are private,
151. Discuss the contribution of industries to public, joint and co-operative. Examples are
national economy. as given below :

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

159. Name the electronic capital of India. Write (2) In 2010-11, there were over 662 sugar
any four characteristics of IT and electronic mills in the country.
industry of India. (3) These mills were located in the states
o of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra,
What are software technology parks ? State Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
any two points of significance of Information and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana
Technology industry in India ? and Madhya Pradesh.
o (4) This industry is seasonal in nature.
How is IT industry contributing in the field (5) In recent years, there is a tendency for
of employment and foreign exchange in India the mills to shift to southern and western
? Explain. states.
Ans Delhi 2016, 2015
(6) The sucrose content is higher in the
sugarcane of south India.
Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India. (7) The cooler climate of southern India also
Software technology parks provide single ensures a longer crushing season.
window service and high data communication (8) Most of the mills of south India are in
facility to software experts. cooperative sector.
Characteristics of IT and electronics industry:
(1) A major impact of this industry has 161. Describe five human factors responsible for
been on employment generation. It is the location of industries.
encouraging to know that 30 per cent of o
the people employed in this sector are Name the factor which plays the most
women. dominant role in the ideal location of an
(2) This industry has been a major foreign industry. Explain any four reasons in support
exchange earner in the last two or three of this factor.
years because of its fast growing Business Ans Delhi 2016
Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
(3) The continuing growth in the hardware (1) Availability of raw material : The factory
and software manufacturing is the key to needs to be close to the location of raw
the success of IT industry in India. materials if they are heavy and bulky to
(4) The electronic industry covers a wide transport. For example, iron and steel
range of products from transistor and cement industries are located near
sets to television, telephones, cellular the source of raw materials. It cuts down
telecom, radars, computers, etc. and the cost of transportation.
many other equipments required by the (2) Labour : A large and cheap labour
telecommunication industry. force is required for labour-intensive
(5) Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, manufacturing industries. High-tech
Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and industries have to locate where suitable
Coimbatore are important centres for skilled workers are available.
electronic goods. (3) Power : Power supply is needed for
working of the machines in a factory.
160. Write any five characteristics of sugar Earlier industries were near to coalfields.
industry of India. Today, electricity allows more freedom.
Ans Foreign 2014
(4) Capital : This is the money that is
invested to start the business. The
(1) India stands second in the world as amount of capital will determine the size
producer of sugar but occupies the and location of the factory.
first place in the production of gur and (5) Transport : A good transport network
khandsari. helps to reduce costs and made the

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(4) There is stiff competition from synthetic 2. Which raw material is likely to be the
fibre industry. cheapest one to transport and why?
3. Do you think the cost of transporting the
156. Cotton textile industry was concentrated in finished products after packaging is likely
certain areas. Name the factors responsible to be cheaper or more expensive than
for its localisation. How is this industry the cost of transporting aluminium and
beneficial for the local people ? plastic ? Why ?
o Ans SQP 2017, Delhi 2015
Which factors are responsible for factory
cotton and textile industry in Maharashtra 1. It is bauxite because it is absorbed in the
and Gujarat ? rock and therefore, very bulky.
2. It is aluminium because it passes through
Ans SQP 2012
refineries during its extraction from the
Cotton textile industry was largely bauxite. Alumina is dissolved out and
concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat then sent to aluminium smelter. Only one
due to the following reasons: ton of aluminium is obtained from 4 to 6
(1) Availability of raw cotton : These areas tons of bauxite.
are covered with black soils which are the 3. Yes, the cost of transporting finished
most suitable for growing cotton. product of aluminium is likely to be
(2) Moist climate : Climatic conditions are more expensive than the aluminium and
also favourable for cotton. plastic because it requires special packing
(3) Market : These are based on more material otherwise, goods sent from one
urbanised city of India. There exists a big place to another are damaged, dented
market exist for textile orient products. or scratches developed there upon. It
(4) Transport : Developed means of transport happens because aluminium is the most
helped in the movement of raw materials volatile metal.
and finished products from one place to
another. 158. “The textile industry occupies a unique
(5) Labourers : Skilled and unskilled position in the Indian economy.” Elaborate
labourers were available in abundance. statement with suitable arguments in support
(6) Port : Port facilities in Mumbai and of it.
Kandla also favoured the establishment Ans Delhi 2012

of cotton textile industry. (1) Textile industry occupies a unique

This industry is associated with agriculture position in Indian economy because it
and provides living to farmers, cotton bale contributes significantly to industrial
pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, production (14 percent).
spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, (2) It generates employment for more than
packaging, tailoring and sewing. In this way, 35 million persons in the country.
textile industry is beneficial for the local (3) It draws foreign exchange about 24.4
people. percent of the total foreign currency
drawn or earn in the country.
157. A factory produces aluminium sauce pans (4) Textile industry contributes 4 percent
with plastic handles. It obtains aluminium towards GDP.
from a smelter and a plastic component from (5) It is the only industry in the country,
another factory. All the manufactured sauce which is self-reliant and complete in the
pans are sent to a warehouse value chain i.e., from raw material to the
1. Which raw material is likely to be most highest value added products.
expensive one to transport and why ?

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Ans Comp 2020

(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (b) 4, 2, 3, 1

Ans Foreign 2012
48. Which one of the following is manufactured
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but at Salem?
reason is not the correct explanation of (a) Steel
assertion. (b) Cotton
(c) Aluminium
45. Which of the following country is the largest (d) Copper
producer of jute in the world?
(a) India Ans Delhi 2019

(b) Pakistan (a) Steel

(c) Bangladesh
(d) Nepal 49. ........... is caused by the presence of high
proportion of undesirable gases, such as
Ans OD 2013, 2008
sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
(c) Bangladesh (a) Air pollution
(b) Water pollution
46. Look at the following picture and answer the
(c) Noise pollution
question-
(d) All of these
Ans SQP 2020

(a) Air pollution

50. Assertion : Harvesting of rainwater reduces

Industrial pollution of fresh water.
Reason : Rainwater helps industry to meet
water requirements.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Under which action plan does this sewage reason is the correct explanation of
treatment plant (at Faridabad) comes? assertion.
(a) Ganga action plan (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(b) Yamuna action plan reason is not the correct explanation of
(c) Narmada action plan assertion.
(d) Kaveri action plan (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Foreign 2005
Ans Foreign 2014
(b) Yamuna action plan
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
47. Arrange the following steps of “process of reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
manufactures of steel” in correct sequence-
1. Rolling and pressing, casting and forging. 51. Which of the following is emitted by chemical
2. Molten materials poured into moulds and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and
called pigs. smelting plants?
3. oxidising the impurities. (a) Fog
4. Iron ore is melted. (b) Smoke
Options : (c) Water vapour
(a) 3, 4, 2, 1 (d) All of these
(b) 4, 2, 3, 1 Ans Comp 2013
(c) 2, 1, 3, 4
(b) All of these
(d) 3, 4, 1, 2

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page 341

movement of raw materials and finished (1) Textile industry contributes significantly
goods easier. to industrial production (about 14 per
(6) Market : An accessible place to sell the cent).
products is essential. (2) It generates more employment (35 million
(7) Government policies : Industrial persons directly).
development is encouraged in some areas (3) Its foreign exchange earnings are about
and restricted in others. Industries that 24.6 per cent.
are located in deprived areas may receive (4) It contributes 4 per cent to our Gross
financial incentives and assistance from Domestic Products (GDP).
the government in the form of low rent (5) It is the only industry in the country
and tax rebates. which is self-reliant.

162. What is manufacturing ? Describe the 164. Why is jute textile industry mainly
importance of manufacturing. concentrated in Hugh basin ? Explain three
o reasons for the same.
Describe the importance of manufacturing o
industries in five points. Why is jute industry concentrated in West
Ans Delhi 2016, OD 2015, 2014
Bengal ? Explain any three reasons.

Production of goods in large quantities Ans OD 2016

after processing from raw materials to more Jute textile industry is mainly concentrated
valuable products is called manufacturing. in Hugh basin because :
Importance of manufacturing : (1) Jute producing areas are nearer to Hugli
(1) Manufacturing industries help in basin.
modernising agriculture. (2) There is good network of rivers which
(2) It reduces the heavy dependence of people provide inexpensive water transport
on agricultural income by providing them and abundant water supply for jute
jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. processing.
(3) It eradicates unemployment and poverty (3) Good network of railways and roadways
from our country. facilitate the supply of raw materials
(4) It also brings down regional disparities to the mills and finished goods to the
by establishing industries in tribal and market.
backward areas. (4) Cheap labour is available from West
(5) Export of manufactured goods expands Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar,
trade and commerce, and brings in much Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
needed foreign exchange. (5) Kolkata is a large urban centre which
(6) In manufacturing, raw materials are provides banking, insurance and port
transformed into a wide variety of finished facilities for the export of jute goods.
goods which are of higher value.
165. Why is cotton textile industry concentrated
163. Why is textile industry second largest after in Maharashtra and Gujarat ? Give any three
agriculture in India ? Explain the reasons reasons.
o Ans Delhi 2016
“Textile industry occupies a unique position
in Indian economy.” Support the statement (1) Availability of raw materials : Due to the
with appropriate arguments. favourable soil type and other climatic
conditions, cotton is grown in a vast area
Ans Delhi 2016
in these states. So, raw materials are
Textile industry is the second largest after available in plenty.
agriculture due to the following reasons :

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) Industries are responsible for air, water, (2) Climate also plays a major role in the
land and noise pollution. The polluting concentration of industries at a certain
industries also include thermal power place. Favourable weather conditions
plants. Air pollution adversely affects required for the growth and harvesting
human health, animals, plants, buildings of the crop causes its industries to be
and the atmosphere as a whole. Water located in certain places. For e.g. Cotton
pollution is caused by organic and textile industry are generally found in
inorganic industrial wastes and affluents Maharastra and Gujarat because of
discharged into rivers. favourable climatic conditions.
(2) Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear (3) Availability of capital and other infras-
and weapon production facilities cause tructural facilities is also one reason. It
cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. is due to the availability of capital that
It causes soil pollution. Noise pollution Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai became
leads not only anger and irritation but big industrial centres. These places have
cause hearing impairment, increased banking facilities and well developed
heart rate and blood pressure among infrastructure.
other physiological effects. (4) Availability of both skilled and unskilled
(3) Industries need to minimise the use of labour also governs the location of an
water by reusing and recycling water. industry. Cheap and abundant labour
Industrial wastes need to be treated in is one necessary condition which affects
effluent plants before dumping them in location of an industry.
rivers. (5) The entire process of manufacturing is
(4) Electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, futile until the finished products reach
scrubbers and inertial separators should the market and the consumers. Thus,
be used to particulate matter being availability of a good market near by also
released in the air. Smoke can be reduced benefits the owners.
by using oil or gas instead of coal in (6) Government policies, peace, protection .
factories. Generators should be avoided of environment play a vital role in the
to reduce diesel pollution, should be fitted location of industries.
with silencers. All machineries can be re-
designed to increase energy efficiency. 142. Explain five types of ‘industrial pollution.’
(5) Thermal plants should be avoided. Ans Delhi 2019

Wastes should be recycled. All industries Industrial pollution creates environmental

and factories should have license. Central degradation in the following ways :
Pollution Control Board should keep (1) Due to the release of undesirable gases
regular check on the industries. like sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide,
141. Explain with examples any five factors that air borne particulate matter containing
are responsible for industrial location. smoke, dust and spray mist, toxic gases
by burning fossil fuels in the industries,
Ans Delhi 2019
air pollution is caused. Release of these
Factors responsible for industrial location are pollutants also causes acid rain. Thus,
as follows: chemicals pollute the atmosphere and
(1) Availability of raw material is one major cause life threatening diseases. This also
basic factor for the location of any affects monuments, buildings and animals.
industry, e.g. : Jute mills in West bengal (2) Water pollution is caused by organic and
are concentrated close to the source of inorganic industrial wastes discharged
raw material. into the rivers, liquid wastes produced by
chemical and textile industry, tanneries,

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168. Classify industries on various bases. 169. Suggest some ways to control environmental
Ans SQP 2009
degradation.
o
(1) On the basis of raw material used : Explain any three ways to control
(a) Agro-based – cotton, woollen environmental degradation caused by
(b) Mineral-based – iron and steel, industries.
cement.
(2) According to their main role : Ans OD 2011, Foreign 2014

(a) Basic or key industries supply (1) Water pollution can be controlled by
their products or raw materials properly treating the waste prior to its
to manufacture other goods. For discharge into the rivers and ponds.
example, iron and steel and copper (2) The requirement of water can be met by
smelting. harvesting rainwater.
(b) Consumer industries produce goods (3) Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by
for direct use by consumers – sugar, industry needs to be regulated legally.
toothpaste. (4) Smoke from the industries can be
(3) On the basis of capital investment : minimised by using oil or gas in place of
(a) If investment is less than one crore, it coal.
is a small-scale industry. (5) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced
(b) If investment is more than one crore, by fitting smoke stacks to factories with
then it is a large-scale industry. electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters,
(4) On the basis of ownership : scrubbers and inertial separators.
(a) Public sector industries are owned (6) Machinery must be redesigned to
and operated by government agencies increase energy efficiency and reduce
– BHEL, SAIL etc. noise. Generators should be fitted with
(b) Private sector industries are owned silencers.
and operated by individuals or a
group of individuals e.g. , TISCO.
(c) Joint sector industries are jointly CASE BASED QUESTIO
run by the state and individuals or
a group of individuals e.g., Oil India
Limited. 170. Read the given case and answer the questions
(d) Cooperative sector e.g., cooperative that follow :
sugar mills in Maharashtra. Challenges faced by the Jute industry
(5) On the basis of the bulk and weight of include stiff competition in the international
raw material and finished goods : market from synthetic substitutes and from
(a) Heavy industries such as iron and other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil,
steel. Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. However,
(b) Light industries such as electrical the internal demand has been on the increase
industries. due to the Government policy of mandatory
use of jute packaging. To stimulate demand,
the products need to be diversified. In 2005,
National Jute Policy was formulated with the
objective of increasing productivity, improving
quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers
and enhancing the yield per hectare. The
main markets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia,
United Arab Republic, U.K. and Australia.

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

The growing global concern for environment Ans

friendly, biodegradable materials, has once 1. Joint Sector Industries : These industries
again opened the opportunity for jute products. are owned by both the state and some
Questions : private industrialists or firms.
1. Mention any two challenges faced by ‘jute Public Sector Industries : These industries
industry’ in India. are owned and operated by the central
2. What was the main objective of National or the state government. e.g. BHEL and
Jute Policy formulated in 2005 ? SAIL.
3. How has jute industry once again opened 2. (i) Public sector and Joint sector has
the new opportunities for its products ? played an important role in eradication
Ans of poverty and unemployment.
(ii) It has played a very important role in
1. The ‘Jute Industry’ in India is facing two
regional equality.
challenges:
(iii)India is a major producer of iron and
(a) Stiff competition in the International
steel due to public sector units.
Market from synthetic substitute and
(b) From other competitors like 172. Read the sources given below and answer the
Bangladesh, Brazil, Phillippines, questions that follows:
Egypt and Thailand.
2. In 2005, National Jute Policy was In most industrial regions workers came from
formulated with the objective of increasing the districts around. Peasants and artisans
productivity, improving quality, ensuring who found no work in the village went to the
good prices to the jute farmers and industrial centres in search of work. Over 50 per
enhancing the yield per hectare. cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries
3. The modern and efficient ways of in 1911 came from the neighbouring district
jute cultivation are introduced in the of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got
agricultural sectors. The industrial most of their textile hands from the villages
infrastructure also became more modern within the district of Kanpur. Most often mill
and efficient in terms of productivity. workers moved between the village and the
The current awareness against plastic city, returning to their village homes during
bags increased the demand of jute bags harvests and festivals.
in the market. European Managing Agencies, which
dominated industrial production in India,
171. Read the source given below and answer the
were interested in certain kinds of products.
following questions.
They established tea and coffee plantations,
Industrial development is a precondition for acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial
eradication of unemployment and poverty from government; and they invested in mining,
our country. This was the main philosophy indigo and jute. Most of these were products
behind public sector industries and joint sector required primarily for export trade and not for
ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing sale in India.
down regional disparities by establishing
From 1906, moreover, the export of Indian
industries in tribal and backward areas.
yam to China declined since produce from
Questions :
Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the
1. Distinguish between Joint sector and
Chinese market. So industrialists in India
Public sector industries.
began shifting from yam to cloth production.
2. Analyse the importance of public sector
Cotton piece-goods production in India
and Joint sector ventures for the Indian
doubled between 1900 and 1912.
economy.

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page 345

Questions : waterways to facilitate movement of raw

1. Where did the workers come in cotton material to the mills, abundant water for
mills in India during 1900s? processing raw jute, cheap labour from West
2. What helped the European Managing Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha
Agencies to dominate the Indian markets? and Uttar Pradesh.
3. Why did industrialists shift from yarm to
Production and consumption of steel is
cloth production ?
often regarded as the index of a country’s
Ans development. Iron and steel is a heavy
1. The workers came from the districts industry because all the raw materials as
around. Over 50% workers in Bombay well as finished goods are heavy and bulky
cotton industries in 1911, came from the entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron
neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while ore, coking coal and lime stone are required
the mills of Kanpur got most of their in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some
textile hands from the villages of Kanpur quantities of manganese, are also required to
district. harden the steel. Where should the steel plants
2. The European Managing Agencies be ideally located? Remember that the finished
established tea and coffee plantations, products also need an efficient transport
acquiring land at cheap rates from the network for their distribution to the markets
colonial government and they invested and consumers.
in mining, indigo and Jute. Through Questions :
this activities they dominated the Indian 1. Why does Indian traditional industries
markets. suffered a setback during the colonial
3. From 1906, the export of Indian yarm period ?
to China declined since produce from 2. What is the rank of India in jute
Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the production ?
Chinese market. So industrialists in 3. What is the ratio of Iron ore, coking coal
India began shifting from yam to cloth and lime stone required to harden the
productions. steel ?
Ans
173. Read the sources given below and answer the
questions that follows: 1. Indian traditional industries suffered
a setback during the colonial period
In ancient India, cotton textiles were because they could not compete with the
produced with hand spinning and handloom mill-made cloth from England.
weaving techniques. After the 18th century, 2. India is the largest producer of raw jute
power-looms came into use. Our traditional and jute goods and stands at second place
industries suffered a setback during the as an exporter after Bangladesh.
colonial period because they could not compete 3. The ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1 of Iron
with the mill-made cloth from England. ore, coking coal and lime stone required
India is the largest producer of raw jute and to harden the steel.
jute goods and stands at second place as an
174. Read the extract and answer the questions
exporter after Bangladesh. Most of the mills
that follows :
are located in West Bengal, mainly along the
banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt. Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar
Factors responsible for their location in the and edible oil, etc. industries are based on
Hugli basin are: proximity of the jute producing agricultural raw materials. Textile Industry:
areas, inexpensive water transport, supported The textile industry occupies unique position
by a good network of railways, roadways and in the Indian economy, because it contributes

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Ch 10 : Manufacturing Industries CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

significantly to industrial production, (ii) Cotton boll pluckers and workers

employment generation and foreign exchange engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving,
earnings. It is the only industry in the country, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring
which is self-reliant and complete in the value and sewing.
chain i.e., from raw material to the highest 3. In the early years, the cotton textile
value added products. industry was concentrated in the cotton
growing belt of:
Cotton Textiles: In ancient India, cotton
(i) Maharashtra
textiles were produced with hand spinning
(ii) Gujarat
and handloom weaving techniques. After the
18th century, power looms came into use.
www.nodia.i
Our traditional industries suffered a setback
during the colonial period because they could
not compete with the mill-made cloth from
England. The first successful textile mill was
established in Mumbai in 1854. The two world
wars were fought in Europe, India was a British
colony. There was a demand for cloth in U.K.
hence, they gave a boost to the development of
the cotton textile industry. In the early years,
the cotton textile industry was concentrated
in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and
Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market,
transport including accessible port facilities,
labour, moist climate, etc. contributed towards
its localisation. This industry has close links
with agriculture and provides a living to
farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers
engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving,
dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and
sewing. The industry by creating demands
supports many other industries, such as,
chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and
engineering works.
Questions :
1. When was the first successful textile mill
established in India ?
2. What is the process of making cotton in
textile industry ?
3. In which places the earlier stages of
cotton textile industry was concentrated?
Ans
1. The first successful textile mill was
established in Mumbai in 1854.
2. (i) Textile industry has close links with
agriculture and provides a living to
farmers.

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CHAPTER
11
Power-sharing

SUMMAR
10. Law : Compilation of canons, ethics,
conventions, precedents, rules, statutes,
regulations, disciplines that everyone in a
1. Ethnic : Identity of groups of people and their
country or society must obey or abide by.
attachment based on physical complexion,
11. Panchayati Raj : Progeny of Balwant Rai
gait, features, beliefs, faith, obsessions,
Mehta Committee upon Power Sharing issues
tendency etc.
in local self-government to which now we see
2. Majoritarianism : A belief that the majority
in three tiers–Village Panchayat, Panchayat
community should be able to rule a country
Samiti and Zila Parishad or District Council.
in whichever way it wants, disregarding the
12. Alliance : This is formed when two or more
wishes and needs of the minority community.
political parties come under a common
3. Civil War : An internal unrest period in
banner and make a bid for capturing power.
which subversive country, violent, turmoil
13. Residual Powers : Powers additional to Union,
and clamorous situation is formed. Eg. civil
State and Concurrent lists that are conferred
war in Sri Lanka.
to or vest with Central Government.
4. Accommodation in Belgium : Power
14. Regional Autonomy : Demanding
sharing even at the level of community,
independence of any particular area or
decentralisation of powers at the grass-root
demanding equal power with rest of the
i.e., group of persons. In the long run, so
country.
large administration turns into tyranny.
15. Community Government : The government
5. Types of the Government of Belgium and Sri
which is elected by the people belonging
Lanka : Democracy with mechanism of power
to one language community and which has
sharing at different levels of governance and
power related to educational, cultural and
democracy intoxicated in majoritarianism
linguistic issues.
respectively.
16. Power Sharing : Sharing power by different
6. Prudential Decisions : Decisions based on
levels of governmental units or power groups
careful calculation of gains and losses.
for the smooth functioning of any system.
7. Judiciary : Third organ of democratic
17. Moral : It is also a set of reasons which
government that cause operations/surgery of
emphasise the intrinsic work of power sharing.
cases filed either institutional or individual to
It is based on moral consideration.
bring out from suasage with providence. It is
18. Horizontal Distribution of Power : A type of
monitoring organ of the government.
distribution in which power is shared among
8. Executive : Trunk portion of government
different organs of government (legislature,
comprising the Central Ministry, the State
executive, judiciary etc.). They are placed at
Ministries, the Central Secretariat, the State
the same level.
Secretariats, etc.
19. Vertical Division of Power : It is a type of
9. Legislature : Network of parliamentarians
distribution of power which involves the
time being and that of permanent that frames
higher and lower levels of government such
laws through democratic procedure enshrined
as central, provincial or regional and local
in the constitution. It’s skull portion of the
levels.
government.

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

20. Checks and Balances : A system in which each Ans OD 2023

organ of the government checks the others (b) II and III

which results in a balance of power among
various institutions. It ensures that none of 3. Population of Sri Lankan Tamils is
the organs can exercise unlimited power. concentrated in region of Sri Lanka.
21. Federal Government : It is a kind of (a) North and South
government in which powers are shared (b) North and East
among the different levels like union level (c) East and West
and provincial level. In this the general (d) South and East
government for the whole country at the Ans SQP 2021

union level is called “Federal Government”. (b) North and East

22. Coalition Government : When the alliance of
two or more parties gets elected and forms 4. Which one of the following is a major caste
a government it is known as the ‘Coalition group of Sri Lanka :
Government. (For example in India NDA or (a) Christian and Tamil
UPA government at Centre level). This is (b) Buddhist and Hindu
another form of power sharing. (c) Sinhali and Tamil
(d) Sinhali and Christian
Ans Delhi 2020

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO (c) Sinhali and Tamil

5. In the city of Brussels-

1. Which of the following was the primary (a) 80% people speak French while 20%
objective of Belgium to form the separate speak Dutch
government in Brussels? (b) 80% people speak Dutch while 20% speak
(a) Promoting cultural events French
(b) Managing international relations (c) 80% people speak German while 20%
(c) Enforcing local laws speak French
(d) Ensuring linguistic accommodation (d) 80% people speak German while 20%
speak Dutch
Ans OD 2024
Ans OD 2017
(d) Ensuring linguistic accommodation
(a) 80% people speak French while 20% speak
2. Consider the following statements on Power Dutch
sharing and choose the correct option.
6. Identify the Country-
I. Imposing the will of majority community
• Is a small country in Europe.
over others.
• Shares borders with France, Netherlands,
II. It helps in reducing the possibility of
Germany and Luxembourg.
conflict between the social groups.
• The government divided the powers
III. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the
equally between Dutch and French
stability of political order.
speaking populations.
IV. It brings socio-political opposition among
• Power sharing is also seen in political
parties.
parties.
Options:
Option :
(a) I and III
(a) Germany
(b) II and III
(b) Belgium
(c) I and IV
(c) Srilanka
(d) I and II
(d) India

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Ans Foreign 2011 Ans Comp 2021

(b) Belgium (b) Problems of running the Germany’s grand

coalition Government that includes the two
7. Arrange the following Ethnic communities of major parties of the country.
Sri Lanka in the descending order-
1. Indian Tamil 10. Assertion : Tyranny of majority is highly
2. Sihalese desirable.
3. Muslim Reason : It helps in making the political
4. Sril Lanka Tamil order more stable.
Option : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(a) 2, 4, 1, 3 reason is the correct explanation of
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1 assertion.
(c) 2, 1, 4, 3 (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(d) 2, 4, 3, 1 reason is not the correct explanation of
Ans SQP 2020
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(a) 2, 4, 1, 3 (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
8. Which of the following is a major ethnic Ans OD 2018, 2016
group of Sri Lanka? (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) Christian and Tamil
(b) Buddhist and Hindu 11. Give one moral reason as why power sharing
(c) Sinhala and Tamil is good? Select correct option from below.
(d) Sinhala and Christian (a) It helps to reduce the possibility of
Ans Delhi 2010
conflict between social groups
(b) It does not lead to confusion in managing
(c) Sinhala and Tamil the state
9. Which of the options best signifies this cartoon- (c) People have a right to be consulted on
how they are to be governed.
(d) power sharing is a good way to ensure the
stability of political order
Ans OD 2019

(c) People have a right to be consulted on

how they are to be governed.

12. Match List I (forms of power-sharing) with

List II (forms of government) and select the
correct answer using codes given below the
lists:
List I List II
I. Power sharing A. Communist
(a) Showing the fine German engineering.
among different government
(b) Problems of running the Germany’s
organs of
grand coalition Government that includes
government
the two major parties of the country.
(c) The two parties of the country are II. Power shared B. Separation of
historically partners to each other. among powers
(d) How smoothly the German Government government at
is running. different levels

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of self-governance. (iii) In a good democratic 76. What do you know about the ethnic
government, due respect is given to diverse composition of Belgium ?
groups and views that exist in a society. (iv) o
Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium.
policies. Ans SQP 2009, Delhi 2007

72. What values does Community Government The ethnic composition of this small
promotes? Where is this type of government country of Europe is very complex. Of the
established ? country’s total population, 59 per cent lives
Ans Foreign 2018
in the Flemish region and speak Dutch
language. Another 40 per cent people live
Community Government is established in in the Wallonia region and speak French.
Belgium. It promotes the following values : Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgium people
(1) Cultural interest. speaks German. In the capital city. Brussels,
(2) Safeguarding the interest of different 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per
linguistic groups. cent are Dutch-speaking.
(3) Safeguarding the interest of social groups.
77. What is democracy ? Enumerate the
73. State any two measures adopted by Sri Lanka important democratic principles.
in 1956 as part of their Majoritarian, policy ?
Ans Delhi 2013
Ans Comp 2019
Democracy is the government of the people,
In 1956, an Act was passed by the Sri Lanka by the people and for the people.
Government. It recognises : Importance of democratic principles :
(1) Sinhala, is the only official language. (1) Administration has to be run in
(2) Government follows preferential policies accordance with the principle of rule of
that favoured Sinhala applicants for law.
university and government jobs. (2) Those who hold power shall be
74. Which factors are responsible for increasing accountable for their actions to voters or
the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan to their representatives.
Tamils ? (3) Even the government or the rulers have
to take actions under certain rules.
Ans OD 2011

Sri Lankan Tamils felt that the Constitution

and government policies denied them equal
political rights, discriminated against them
SHORT Answer QUESTIO
in getting jobs and other opportunities
and ignored their interests. All these are 78. “In modern democracies, power sharing
responsible for increasing the feeling of arrangements can take many forms.” Explain
alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. the statement.
75. What is a coalition government ? Ans OD 2023

Ans SQP 2006 In modern democracies, the power-sharing

arrangement can take several forms. It can
Coalition Government : A coalition government
be horizontal power sharing or vertical
is a cabinet of parliamentary government in
power sharing. One of the most common
which several parties cooperate. It generally
setups of power-sharing in democracy is
happens when no party gets a majority in the
the distribution of powers among the three
parliament and several parties join together
sections of the government Legislature,
to prove their majority.
Executive and Judiciary.

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(a) Horizontal system Ans Comp 2021, 2016

(b) System of checks and balances (d) B,C and D

(c) System of shared duties
(d) System of limited power 21. Assertion : French speaking community in
Belgium was rich and powerful.
Ans SQP 2005
Reason : Belgian Government favoured
(b) System of checks and balances French speaking community.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
19. Identify the Country- reason is the correct explanation of
• Emerged as an independent country in assertion.
1948. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
• Neighbouring country of India. reason is not the correct explanation of
• 74% of population speaks Sinhala while assertion.
18% of population are Tamil speakers. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
• In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Sinhala as the only official language of
this country. Ans Delhi 2013

Option : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

(a) Germany
(b) Belgium 22. Select correct prudential reason for power
(c) Srilanka sharing?
(d) India (a) Power sharing is the very spirit of
democracy.
Ans Foreign 2009
(b) People have a right to be consulted on
(b) Sri Lanka how they are to be governed.
(c) Citizens, through participation, acquire a
20. Consider the following statements about stake in the system
power sharing arrangements in Belgium and (d) Power sharing is good because it helps to
Sri Lanka. reduce the possibility of conflict between
A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority social groups
people tried to impose their domination
on the minority French-speaking Ans SQP 2010

community. (d) Power sharing is good because it helps

B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government to reduce the possibility of conflict between
sought to ensure the dominance of the social groups
Sinhala-speaking majority.
C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a 23. Complete the following table with correct
federal arrangement of power sharing information:
to protect their culture, language and
Country Adopted the Gave Powers to-
equality of opportunity in education and
Policy of
jobs.
D. The transformation of Belgium from Belgium Power B-?
unitary government to a federal one sharing
prevented a possible division of the Sri A-? Majority Sinhala
country on linguistic lines Lanka group alone
Which of the statements are correct?
(a) A-Majoritarionism , B -All communities,
(a) All of the above
minor or major doesn’t matter
(b) A,B and D
(b) A-Minorism , B -All communities, minor
(c) C and D
or major doesn’t matter
(d) B, C and D

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(c) A-Majoritarionism , B -All communities, (c) In a democracy, due respect is given to

minor or major matter diverse groups and views that exist in a
(d) A-Minorism , B -All communities, minor society.
or major matter (d) In a democracy, if the power to decide is
Ans OD 2020
dispersed, it is not possible to take quick
decisions and enforce them.
(a) A -Majoritarionism , B -All communities,
minor or major doesn’t matter Ans SQP 2017, 2009

(d) In a democracy, if the power to decide

24. Assertion : In a democracy, everyone has is dispersed, it is not possible to take quick
voice in the shaping of public policies. decisions and enforce them.
Reason : India has federal system.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and 27. Arrange the following Ethnic communities of
reason is the correct explanation of Sri Lanka in the descending order-
assertion. 1. Indian Tamil
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but 2. Sihalese
reason is not the correct explanation of 3. Muslim
assertion. 4. Sril Lanka Tamil
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Option :
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) 2, 4, 1, 3
Ans SQP 2018
(b) 2, 3, 1, 4
(c) 4, 1, 2, 3
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (d) 4, 2, 3, 1
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion. Ans Foreign 2012

(a) 2, 4, 1, 3
25. Assertion : Power should reside with one
person and group located at one place in a 28. A system of ‘checks and balances’ is another
democracy. name for which one of the following power-
Reason : If the power is dispersed, it will sharing arrangements:
not be possible to take decision quickly and (a) Power sharing among different social
enforce it. groups.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (b) Vertical division of power or power shared
reason is the correct explanation of among different levels of government.
assertion. (c) Horizontal division of power or power
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but shared among different organs of the
reason is not the correct explanation of government.
assertion. (d) Power sharing in the form of political
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. parties, pressure groups and governments.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. Ans Comp 2018, OD 2011
Ans Foreign 2007
(c) Horizontal division of power or power
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. shared among different organs of the
government.
26. In dealing with power sharing, which one
of the following statements is NOT correct 29. Which one of the following statements about
about democracy? power-sharing arrangements is correct?
(a) People are the source of all political power. (a) Power sharing is necessary only in
(b) In a democracy, people rule themselves j societies which have religious, linguistic
through institutions of self-governance. or ethnic divisions.

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(b) Power sharing is suitable only for big Ans OD 2012

countries that have regional divisions. (a) Concentration of powers which are
(c) Every society needs some form of power controlling the democratic regimes of their
sharing even if it is small or does not have respective country.
social divisions.
(d) Power-sharing is not necessary at all. 32. Which of these does not represent power
sharing?
Ans Foreign 2014
(a) Horizontal distribution of powers
(c) Every society needs some form of power (b) Vertical distribution of powers
sharing even if it is small or does not have (c) Community government in Belgium
social divisions (d) One party system in China

30. Assertion : Belgium and Sri Lanka both faced Ans SQP 2010, 2008

ethical tension among different communities. (d) One party system in China
Reason : Both the countries resolved the conflict
by power sharing arrangement which gave equal 33. Complete the following table with correct
representation to all the communities. information-
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Act Passed in Passed by Was
reason is the correct explanation of Year the Govt. about
assertion. of
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
Sinhala A-? Sri Lanka B-?
reason is not the correct explanation of
only Act
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Option :
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) A-1948 , B - It was for making Tamil, the
official language of the country
Ans Comp 2016
(b) A-1956 , B - It was for making Sinhala,
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. the official language of the country
(c) A-1956 , B - It was for making Tamil, the
31. What does the cartoon represent?
official language of the country
(d) A-1948 , B - It was for making Sinhala,
the official language of the country
Ans Delhi 2005, 2009

(b) A -1956 , B - It was for making Sinhala,

the official language of the country

34. Identify the form of power sharing -

• The power sharing arrangement between
different levels of the government.
• It is found in India.
Option :
(a) Concentration of powers which are (a) Vertical form of power sharing
controlling the democratic regimes of (b) Horizontal form of power sharing
their respective country. (c) Federal form of power sharing
(b) The main leaders of two countries are (d) Both (a) and (c)
going somewhere.
Ans Comp 2013
(c) More powers were given to the democracy.
(d) Putin is advising bush to control the (d) Both (a) and (c)
horse tightly.

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35. Which of the following was the main reason D. It is the very spirit of democracy.
for the killing of thousand people in Sri Which of the above statements are correct?
Lanka? (a) A, B
(a) Cold war between Sinhala and Tamil (b) A, C and D
speakers (c) All are correct
(b) Civil war between Sinhala and Tamil (d) A, B and C
speakers Ans Foreign 2009
(c) Atomic war between Sinhala and Tamil
speakers (d) A, B and C
(d) None of the above 39. Which one of the following statements about
Ans OD 2019 power-sharing arrangements is correct?
(b) Civil war between Sinhala and Tamil (a) Power sharing is necessary only in
speakers societies which have religious, linguistic
or ethnic divisions.
36. Assertion : Community government in Belgium (b) Power sharing is suitable only for big
is elected by one language community. countries that have regional divisions.
Reason : Community government helped in (c) Every society needs some form of power
resolving conflict between different linguistic sharing even if it is small or does not have
groups. social divisions.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (d) Power-sharing is not necessary at all.
reason is the correct explanation of Ans Comp 2017
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (c) Every society needs some form of power
reason is not the correct explanation of sharing even if it is small or does not have
assertion. social divisions.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. 40. Assertion : There was a feeling of alienation
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. among Sri Lankan Tamils.
Ans Delhi 2015 Reason : The Sri Lankan government denied
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and them equal political rights and discriminated
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. against them in getting jobs and other
opportunities.
37. Which of the following government in Belgium (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
has the power regarding cultural, educational reason is the correct explanation of
and language related issues? assertion.
(a) The communist government (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(b) The community government reason is not the correct explanation of
(c) The central government assertion.
(d) The province government (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Ans SQP 2010
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans OD 2012, 2009
(b) The community government
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
38. Prudential reasons of power sharing stress on reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
the facts that:
A. It ensures the stability of political order. 41. Sri Lankan Tamils launched a struggle for
B. It reduces the possibility of conflict (a) Language recognition, autonomy and
between social groups. equal opportunities
C. It gives a fair share to minority. (b) Language based divison of country and
major jobs

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(c) Equal distribution of resources and

separate land
(d) Government jobs and equal representation
in government
Ans Delhi 2016

(a) Language recognition, autonomy and

equal opportunities

42. Which form of power sharing is also termed

as vertical division of power?
(a) Power shared among different organs of
government. (a) Place names and directions are written in
(b) Power shared among different social two languages- French and Dutch.
groups. (b) Constitution of Belgium prescribes
(c) Power shared among different political that the number of Dutch and French-
parties,pressure groups and movements. speaking ministers shall be equal in the
(d) Power shared among government at central government.
different levels. (c) No single community can make decisions
Ans Foreign 2020 unilaterally.
(d) Power shared among government at (d) All of the above.
different levels. Ans OD 2019

(d) All of the above.

45. Assertion : Sinhala was recognized as only

official language of Sri Lanka.
Reason : The government of Sri Lanka
wanted to establish the supremacy of Sinhala
community.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
43. How leaders of Sri Lanka dealt with the reason is the correct explanation of
question of power sharing? assertion.
(a) The government adopted series of (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
Majoritarian measures to establish Tamil reason is not the correct explanation of
Supremacy in Sri Lanka. assertion.
(b) The government adopted series of (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Majoritarian measures to establish (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Sinhala Supremacy in Sri Lanka. Ans Delhi 2009
(c) The government adopted equality in
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
power sharing.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(d) None of these
Ans Comp 2015 46. Complete the following table with the correct
(b) The government adopted series of information-
Majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala Country Independence Act passed in 1956 to
Supremacy in Sri Lanka. (Year) make
Official Disregarded
44. Which of the following option best signifies Language language
this picture :
Sri Lanka A-? Sinhala B -?

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

58. Consider the following statements about the Ans OD 2017

ethnic composition of Sri Lanka: (c) 4, 3, 2, 1

A. Major social groups are the Sinhala-
speaking (74%) and Tamil-speaking 61. Assertion (A): Belgium managed to
(18%)? accommodate its diversities.
B. Among the Tamils, there are two sub- Reason (R): It took care of the interest of
groups, Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian both French and Dutch speaking community.
Tamils. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
C. There are about 7% Christians, who are reason is the correct explanation of
both Tamil and Sinhala. assertion.
D. Most of the Sinhala-speaking are Hindus (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
or Muslims and most of the Tamil- reason is not the correct explanation of
speaking are Buddhists. assertion.
Which of the above statements are correct? (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(a) A, B, C (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(b) A, B, D Ans Delhi 2020

(c) B, C, D (a) Both A and R are true and R is the

(d) A, B, C, D correct explanation of A.
Ans SQP 2014

(a) A, B, C

59. Identify the Act- VERY SHORT QUESTIO

• Passed in 1956.
• Passed by the government of Ceylon (Sri 62. Why is horizontal distribution of power
Lanka). sharing important? Explain
• It was for making Sinhala, the official
language of the country. Ans OD 2024

• The act replaced English with Sinhala as The horizontal distribution of power sharing
the sole official language. is important as -
Option : (1) Distribution of power keeps different
(a) The official language Act No. 39 of 1965 organs at the same level specifying their
(b) The official language Act No. 33 of 1956 functions.
(b) The official language Act No. 39 of 1956 (2) It create a system of checks and
(b) The official language Act No. 33 of 1965 balance between different organs of the
Ans Delhi 2019
government.

(b) The official language Act No. 33 of 1956 63. Why do we think of power sharing?
o
60. Arrange the following in the correct sequence: Why power is share in democracy essential ?
1. Political instability
2. Violence Ans OD 2019

3. Social conflict Power is shared in democracy because of

4. Social Groups following reasons :
Option : (1) Power provides social and economic
(a) 3, 4, 1, 2 justice to the people.
(b) 3, 2, 1, 4 (2) Power sharing helps in division of power
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 at various levels of government.
(d) 4, 2, 3, 1 (3) Power sharing helps in raising the level of
HDI (Human Development Index) which

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Ans Delhi 2012, 2016

(a) A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV
(b) Federal division of power (b) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I
(c) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV
53. In dealing with power sharing, which one (d) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I
of the following statements is NOT correct
about democracy? Ans Delhi 2010, 2005

(a) People are the source of all political power. (b) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I
(b) In a democracy, people rule themselves
through institutions of self-governance. 56. Assertion (A): Social conflicts often leads to
(c) In a democracy, due respect is given to violence and political instability.
diverse groups and views that exist in a Reason (R): It brings disharmony among the
society. social groups and destroys the peace of the
(d) In a democracy, if the power to decide is society.
dispersed, it is not possible to take quick Codes:
decisions and enforce them. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A.
Ans Foreign 2020
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
(d) In a democracy, if the power to decide correct explanation of A.
is dispersed, it is not possible to take quick (c) A is true but R is false.
decisions and enforce them. (d) A is false but R is true.

54. Which one of the following statements about Ans SQP 2013

coalition Government is true? (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
(a) Power is shared among the different correct explanation of A.
organs of the government
(b) Power is shared among governments at 57. Different arguments are usually put forth in
different levels favour of and against power sharing. Identify
(c) Power is shared by different social groups those which are in favour of power sharing
(d) Power is shared by two or more political and select the answer using the codes given
parties below.
A. Power sharing reduces conflict among
Ans Comp 2005
different communities
(d) Power is shared by two or more political B. Power sharing decreases the possibility of
parties arbitrariness
C. Power sharing delays decision making
55. Match the following keywords from column A
process
with their explanation in column B :
D. Power sharing accommodates diversities
Column A Column B E. Power sharing increases instability and
divisiveness
A. Ethnic I A belief that
F. Power sharing promotes people’s
let majority
participation in government
community to rule
G. Power sharing undermines the unity of a
a country.
country
B. Civil war II Calculation of gains (a) A, B, D, F
and losses. (b) A, C, E, F
C. Prudential III Conflicts between (c) A, B, D, G
opposing groups. (d) B, C, D, G
D. Majoritarian IV Based on shared Ans Foreign 2015

culture. (a) A, B, D, F

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

List I List II 3. Adoption of a series of MAJORITARIAN

measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.
III. Power shared C. Coalition of 4. Several political organisations were
by different government formed demanding an independent Tamil
social groups Eelam (state) in northern and eastern
IV. Power shared D. Federal parts of Sri Lanka.
by two or more government Option :
political parties (a) 2, 4, 1, 3
Option : (b) 2, 3, 1, 4
(a) I - D, II - A, III - B, IV - C (c) 4, 1, 2, 3
(b) II - B, II - C, III - D, IV - A (d) 4, 2, 3, 1
(c) III - B, II - D, III - A, IV - C Ans Comp 2021
(d) IV - C, II - D, III - A, IV - B
(b) 2, 3, 1, 4
Ans SQP 2012, OD 2009
16. Modern democracies maintain check and
(d) IV - C, II - D, III - A, IV - B
balance system. Identify the correct option
13. Select an example of horizontal distribution based on the horizontal power sharing
of power? arrangement.
(a) governments at the provincial or regional (a) Central government, state government,
level. local bodies.
(b) legislature, executive and judiciary (b) Legislature, executive, judiciary.
(c) among different social groups (c) Among different social groups.
(d) political parties, pressure groups and (d) Among different pressure groups.
movements Ans OD 2019

Ans Delhi 2019 (b) Legislature, executive, judiciary.

(b) legislature, executive and judiciary
17. Assertion : In Belgium, the leaders realized
14. Which of the following is a federal division that the unity of the country is possible
of power? by respecting the feelings and interest of
(a) governments at the provincial or regional different countries.
level. Reason : Belgium favoured Dutch speaking
(b) legislature, executive and judiciary community.
(c) among different social groups (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(d) political parties, pressure groups and reason is the correct explanation of
movements assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
Ans Foreign 2017
reason is not the correct explanation of
(a) governments at the provincial or regional assertion.
level. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
15. Arrange the following statements in a logical
sequence and select the right answers by Ans Delhi 2013, 2008

using the code given below: (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
1. Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the
only official language, thus disregarding 18. Where power is shared among different
Tamil. organs of government, such as the legislature,
2. Sri Lanka emerged as an independent executive and judiciary, what is the
country. functioning of this system called?

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indicates the quality of life people lead in 68. Which two steps were taken by the Belgium
a country. government to accommodate social difference?
(4) Power sharing also help to reduce the Ans Foreign 2019
possibility of conflict between social
groups. (1) Equal representation was given to Dutch
and French-speaking ministers in the
64. What two policies of the Sri Lankan Central Government.
government had increased the feeling of (2) Many powers of the central government
alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils ? were given to state government.
Ans Delhi 2009
(3) Community government was formed.

(1) The approval of the Act of 1956 that 69. Mention any three provisions of the Act
recognised Sinhala as the only official passed in 1956 in Sri Lanka as part of the
language. majoritarian measures.
(2) Preference to Sinhala applicants for Ans Delhi 2010
university positions and government jobs.
(3) The provision of protecting and fostering Three provisions of the Act passed in 1956
Buddhism in new constitution. in Sri Lanka as part of the majoritarian
measures are as under :
65. Describe three functions of government. (1) Sinhala was recognised as the only official
Ans Foreign 2012
language discarding Tamils.
(2) The governments followed preferencial
Every government has to perform the policies that favoured Sinhala applicants
following functions : for university position and government
1. The formation of laws. jobs.
2. The implementation of laws. (3) The constitution stipulated that the state
3. Awarding punishment to those-who do self protect and foster Buddhism.
not obey the laws.
70. What were the demands of Sri Lankan
66. What were the demands of the Tamils in Sri Tamils?
Lanka ?
Ans Comp 2019
Ans Comp 2019, 2013
The main demands of Sri Lankan Tamils
(1) Recognition of Tamil as official language. were :
(2) Regional autonomy. (1) Tamil should be recognise as an official
(3) Equal opportunity for education and language.
Government jobs. (2) Regional autonomy should be given to Sri
67. Write any two features of Belgium Lankan Tamils.
Constitution. (3) Equality of opportuhity in getting
education and jobs shduld be provided.
Ans OD 2009, 2005

(1) It prescribes equal number of Dutch and 71. Mention the factors on which power sharing
French-speaking ministers in the Central arrangements work.
Government. Ans Delhi 2010
(2) The State Governments are not The following factors are to be consider on
subordinate to the Central Government. which power sharing arrangement works
(3) The community government has the in democracy : (i) One basic principle of
power regarding cultural, educational democracy is that people are the source
and language related issues. of all political power. (ii) In a democracy,
people rule themselves through institutions

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

matter where they live. This government 84. Highlight any three measures adopted by
can decide on cultural, educational and the Belgian Government to accommodate
language related issues. regional and cultural diversities.
Ans Foreign 2013
82. Examine any four reasons for strained
relationship between the Sinhala and Tamil The Ethnic composition of Belgium is very
communities. complex. Of the country’s total population,
o 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and
Describe any three demands of the Sri speak Dutch language. Another 40 per cent
Lankan Tamils. How did they struggle for people live in the Wallonia region and speak
their demands ? French. 1 per cent of the Belgians speak
Ans OD 2007, 2005
German. To rule this regionally and cuturally,
diverse country is not very easy.
(1) There were various demands of the Sri Thus, the government has taken some measures:
Lankan Tamils. They included political, (1) Constitution prescribes that the number
religious, linguistic, social and economic of Dutch and French-speaking ministers
demands. Their demands are related to shall be equal in the Central Government.
legislature. (2) Many power of the Central Government
(2) In Sri Lanka, Sinb ala language is have been given to State Governments of
encouraged. Tamils demanded that ‘Tamil’ the two regions of the country.
must be recognised as official language. (3) Brussels, the capital of Belgium, has a
(3) Annoyed by facing various political separate government in which both the
biasness for years, Tamils have demanded communities have equal representations.
the establishment of regional autonomy.
(4) Even today, Tamils are struggling for 85. Discuss the power sharing in a democracy
the equality of opportunity in securing among different organs of the government.
education and jobs. Ans Comp 2014

83. Describe any three provisions of the Act 1. Power is shared among different organs
which was passed in Sri Lanka in 1956 to of government, such as the legislature,
establish Sinhala supremacy. executive and judiciary. This is called
Ans SQP 2020
horizontal distribution of power because
it allows different organs of government
Sri Lanka emerged as an independent placed at the same level to exercise different
country in 1948. The democratically elected powers. Such a separation ensures proper
government adopted a series of measures to check and balance in their respective roles.
establish Sinhala supremacy.
(1) In 1956, an Act was passed to make
Sinhala as the official language.
(2) The government followed preferential
policies favouring Sinhala applicants for
University positions and government jobs.
(3) The Constitution provided for State
protection for Buddhism.
The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the
major political parties led by to Buddhist
Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their
language and culture and denied them equal
2. A hierarchy of responsibility and
political rights which led to increased feeling
accountability is formed in a rational manner.
of alienation among them.

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(1) Legislature: The legislature is concerned 80. How is the idea of power sharing emerged?
with passing the laws, controlling the Explain different forms that have common
finances of the state and delivering on arrangements of power sharing.
matters of public importance. Ans Delhi 2019
(2) Executive: The executive machinery
Power sharing has emerged as a strong
implements the policies of the government
substitute to the idea of undivided political
and executes the rules made by the
power, which believed in giving power to one
legislative bodies.
person or a group of people located in one
(3) Judiciary: The judiciary is concerned with
place. The core principle of power sharing
the interpretation of the laws and has the
is that people are the source of all political
power to punish those who commit crimes
powers. Common forms of power sharing are:
or break the laws. The judiciary can also
(1) Vertical division of power : The sharing
check the functioning of the executives.
of power can be done at different levels of
the government — a central government
for the entire country and governments at
provincial or regional level. This type is
79. How did the Belgium government usually called federal government.
accommodate the social differences ? Explain (2) Horizontal division of power : In this
with examples. form, the power is divided among
different organs of the government. such
Ans � Comp 2021
as legislature, the executive and the
Belgium accommodated its social differences judiciary. It places different organs of the
by working out an arrangement which suited government at the same level.
to the needs of various communities. It was (3) Power is also shared among different social
done in the following ways: groups such as religious and linguistic
(1) Though the Dutch were in majority in the groups eg : community government.
country, the French and Dutch speaking (4) Various power sharing arrangement can
population was given equal representation also be seen in the way political parties,
in the Central government. pressure groups and movements control
(2) Belgium was declared as a Federal state, or influence those in power.
and thus State governments were given
important powers. The State governments 81. Explain the Belgium model of power sharing.
did not act a subordinate to the Central Ans Foreign 2012

government. Belgium model of power sharing :

(3) The capital city of Brussels had a separate (1) Constitution prescribes that the number
government. Though the French speaking of Dutch and French-speaking ministers
population was in majority in the city, shall be equal in the Central Government.
they accepted equal representation in No single community can take decisions
Brussels. This was because the Dutch unilaterally.
speaking people had accepted equal (2) The State Governments are not
representation in the Central government subordinate to the Central Government.
in spite of being in majority. (3) Brussels, the capital, has a separate
(4) Community government also existed government where both the communities
in Belgium which was elected by major have equal representation.
linguistic groups namely, Dutch, French (4) A third kind of government, ‘Community
and German speaking people. This Government’ is elected by people
government looked after educational, belonging to one language community
language and educational issues. Dutch, French and German speaking—no

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

shall be equal in the central government. (2) Following examples reflects the
No single community can make decision desirability of power sharing :
unilaterally. (i) In Belgium, power was centralised
(2) Decentralisation of power : Some of the around minority French speaking
powers of the central government have people. Here power was not shared
been given to the state governments of by the majority Dutch speaking
the two conflicting regions of the country. community. It was undemocratic and
(3) Autonomous state government : The resulted in conflict in the society.
state governments are not subordinate to (ii) In Sri Lanka, the majority Sinhalese
the central government. had powers and minority Tamils were
(4) Community government : Apart from deprived of it. Thus, Tamils started
central and state governments, a revolting against Sinhalese which
provision for the community government resulted into the ‘Civil War’ in the
elected by the people of one language has country.
been made. This government was given Thus, power sharing is fundamental feature
the power regarding cultural, educational of democracy and hence it is essential for the
and language related issues. growth and well-being of the society.
(5) Equal political representation : The
French-speaking people were given 99. What were the reasons for the alienation of
equal opportunity in Brussels, whereas Sri Lankan Tamils ? What was the effect of
the Dutch speaking community was this on the country ?
given equal opportunity in the central Ans Delhi 2013, 2018

government. Majoritarianism is a belief that the majority

98. Do you agree that sharing of power is community should be able to rule a country
desirable? Give examples in support of your in whichever way it wants, by disregarding
answer. the wishes and needs of the minority.
o Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka :
Why is power sharing desirable ? Give any (1) The leaders of the Sinhala community
three prudential reasons. of Sri Lanka sought to secure dominance
over government by virtue of their
Ans SQP 2009
majority (or more members).
(1) The power sharing is desirable because (2) In 1956 an Act was passed to recognise
of the following prudential reasons which Sinhala as the only official language, thus
emphasizes on its better outcomes : disregarding Tamils.
(i) Power sharing helps to reduce (3) The government followed preferential
the possibility of conflict between policies that favour Sinhala applicants for
social groups. Since social conflict university positions and government jobs.
often leads to violence and political (4) In Sri Lanka, maximum people believe in
instability, it is a good way to ensure Buddhism. A new constitution stipulated
the stability of political order. that the state shall protect and foster
(ii) Its absence results into imposition of Buddhism.
will by majority community. In the Due to above mentioned steps taken in
short run, it appears attractive. But favour of majority group of Sri Lanka, the Sri
in the long run, it undermines the Lankan Tamils felt that the Constitution and
unity of a nation. government policies had denied them equal
(iii)The domination of majority is not political rights. This was and is the reason of
only oppressive for minority but also conflicts between these two large communities.
ruins majority.

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3. Judiciary is kept aloof from all influences 88. What were the two main causes of resentment
probable from the Executive. in Belgium in 1960 ? How was the conflict
solved ?
86. How do political parties, pressure groups
Ans Comp 2012, SQP 2007
and movements help in power sharing in
democracy? Explain in any three points. The two main causes of resentment in
Ans Delhi 2017, 2010 Belgium in 1960 are as follows :
(1) Various special groups and movements (1) The minority French-speaking community
also participate through Governmental was relatively rich and powerful. This
Committees or influence the decision was resented by majority Dutch-speaking
making process of the government. community, who got economic and
(2) A coalition Government constituted of educational benefit much later.
many political parties leads to power (2) In the capital Brussels, the Dutch-
sharing. speaking people constituted minority
(3) Political competition between political and was dominated by French-speaking
parties ensures that power does not community.
remain in one hand and is shared among The conflict was solved by recognizing the
different political parties that represent existence of regional differences and cultural
different ideologies and social groups. diversities. Thus, the Belgian leaders took the
path of equal opportunity and representation
87. What is the difference between Horizontal for every community in government. There
Division of Power and Vertical Division of was vertical division of power and community
Powers ? government formed regarding educational,
Ans Foreign 2020 linguistic and cultural issues.
Horizontal Vertical Division 89. How many times was the Belgian Constitution
Division of Powers of Powers amended between 1970 and 1993 ? Mention
1. In this type In this type of any two positive effects of power sharing
power sharing power sharing arrangements in Belgium.
arrangement, shared among Ans OD 2009
power is shared governments at The Constitution of Belgium was amended
among different different levels. four times between 1970 and 1993.
organs of (1) They helped to avoid civic strife between
government the two major communities namely
2. In it the organs In it constitution Dutch-speaking community and French-
of government clearly lays down speaking community. This was done
exercise different the powers of by ensuring equal participation and
powers, i.e. there different levels of representation of both the communities
is a concept of government. in central government and autonomous
separation of state governments.
powers. (2) They saved the country from possible
3. It specifies the There is no such divisions on linguistic lines. This was done
concept of ‘checks concept of checks by formation of ‘Community government’
and balances’ in and balance. regarding cultural, educational and
order to check Powers are given language related issues. It is elected by
the exercise of clearly to the people belonging to one language —
unlimited powers constitution. Dutch, French and German-speaking, no
of the organs. matter where they live.

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

90. What is the difference between the policies involving higher and lower levels of
adopted by Belgium and Sri Lanka regarding government, it is called as vertical division
power sharing arrangement ? of power.
Ans Delhi 2016
(2) In India, this is done by a general
government for the entire country, which
The differences between the policies adopted is called as Union or Central Government
by Belgium and Sri Lanka regarding power and governments at provincial. or
sharing arrangement are as follows : regional level, which are called as State
(1) In Belgium, the leaders have realized that Governments.
the unity of the country is possible only (3) The Indian Constitution has clearly laid
by respecting the feelings and interests down the provisions for distribution
of different communities and regions of of power. This division of power is
French, Dutch and German-speaking further extended to levels of government
people. Such a realization resulted in lower than state governments, such as
mutually acceptable arrangements for Municipality and Panchayat.
sharing power.
(2) In Sri Lanka, the majority community of 93. What is meant by horizontal distribution of
Sinhalas wanted to force its domination over power ? Explain giving examples from India.
minority community of Tamils and refused Ans Comp 2021
to share power. This was majoritarianism.
This undermined the unity of the country (1) When power is shared among different
and resulted into civil war. organs of government, such as legislature,
executive and judiciary, placed at.same
91. Describe the way in which power can be level and exercise different powers, it is
shared among governments at different levels. called as horizontal distribution of power.
Ans SQP 2018, 2015
(2) In India, President and the council of
ministers act as executive, Parliament
Power can be shared among governments at as legislature and Supreme Court as a
different level by division of power involving part of judiciary. There is a separation
higher and lower levels of government. It is of power among them so that no one can
also called as vertical division of power. exercise unlimited powers.
(1) This can be done by a general government (3) Each organ can check other like, Indian
for the entire country, which is usually called judiciary can check the functioning of
as Federal Government and governments at legislative and executive and vice-versa. In
the provincial or regional levels. this way, they maintain a balance of power.
(2) In India, Federal Government is called
as Union or Central Government and
governments at provincial level are called
as State Governments.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
(3) This division of power can be extended
to levels of government lower than State 94. ‘Power sharing is the essence of a democratic
Governments, such as Municipality, government.’ Examine the statement.
Panchayati Raj, etc.
Ans � SQP 2021
92. What is meant by vertical distribution of (1) Power is shared among different organs
power ? Explain it with reference to India. of government, such as the legislature,
Ans Foreign 2011 executive and judiciary also called as
(1) When power is shared among governments Horizontal power sharing. Example –
at different levels by division of power India

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page 365

(2) Power can be shared among governments pressure group, the traders, farmers,
at different levels – a general government industrialists and worker’s association
for the entire country and governments at exercise power on government. Different
the provincial or regional level. Example social movement also influence
– India (Union Government & State government.
Government)
(3) Community government – Power may 96. What do you mean by Majoritarianism ?
also be shared among different social How did it cause ‘Civil War’ in Sri Lanka ?
groups such as the religious and linguistic Ans Foreign 2019

groups. Example – Belgium Majoritarianism : It is a type of belief that

(4) Power-sharing between political parties, the majority community should be able to
pressure groups and movements – Such rule a country in whichever way it wants.
competition ensures that power does not The majority generally disregards the wishes
remain in one hand. and needs of minority.
(5) In the long run, power is shared among Following are the majoritarian policies of Sri
different political parties that represent Lanka which led to ‘Civil War’ :
different ideologies and social groups. (1) The Sri Lankan government has adopted
95. Explain any four forms of power sharing in a series of measures to establish Sinhala
government. supremacy in social, economic and
o political fields.
Explain any three forms of power sharing in (2) In 1956, an act was passed to recognise
modern democracies. Sinhala as the only official language, thus
disregarding Tamil language.
Ans Delhi 2016
(3) In the field of education, Sinhala
Four forms of power sharing in the government applicants for university positions and
are as follows : government jobs were favoured.
(1) Power is shared among different organs (4) In the field of religion, Constitution
of government : The different organs of stipulated that the state shall protect and
government like legislative, excutive and foster Buddhism. This was a depriving
judiciary have power and they mutually step for Tamil Hindus.
exercise control over each other. It is
called horizontal division of power. 97. Explain any four initiatives taken by the
(2) Power is shared among government at Belgium government to resolve ethnic conflict
different levels : Power is divided between in the country.
Union and State governments and further o
between the local bodies: It is called How did the process of accommodation
federal or vertical division of power. operate in Belgium ? Give four points.
(3) Power is shared among different social o
groups : Different religious, linguistic, What are some of the basic elements of the
tribal and minority groups share powers Belgian model of power sharing ? Write any
in different degrees. This form of power three.
sharing may be democratic like in o
Belgium or constitutional as in India. Explain any three main features of the new
(4) Power is shared by political parties, Constitution of Belgium.
polities partial pressure groups and social Ans OD 2014, 2011

movements : In the coaliaion government, (1) Equality of opportunity : In Belgium

small political parties are more important Constitution prescribed that the number
and powerful. Secondly, in the form of of Dutch and French speaking Ministers

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

102. Read the given extract and answer the 3. (a) Freedom of choice entails competition
following questions. among the different parties.
(b) Such competition ensures that power
Power sharing arrangements can also be seen
does not remain in one hand, but
in the way political parties, pressure groups
is shared among different political
and movements control or influence those in
parties representing different
power. In a democracy, the citizens must have
ideologies and social groups.
freedom to choose among various contenders
for power. In contemporary democracies, this 103. Read the given extract and answer the
takes the form of competition among different following questions.
parties. Such competition ensures that power
does not remain in one hand. In the long Belgium and Sri Lanka both are democracies.
run, power is shared among different political Yet, they dealt with the question of power
parties that represent different ideologies and sharing differently. In Belgium, the leaders
social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing have realised that the unity of the country
can be direct, when two or more parties form an is possible only by respecting the feelings
alliance to contest elections. If their alliance and interests of different communities and
is elected, they form a coalition government regions. Such a realisation resulted in mutually
and thus share power. In a democracy, we acceptable arrangements for sharing power.
find interest groups such as those of traders, Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example. It
businessmen, industrialists, farmers and shows us that if a majority community wants
industrial workers. They also will have to force its dominance over others and refuses
share in governmental power, either through to share power, it can undermine the unity of
participation in governmental committees or the country.
bringing influence on the decision-making Questions:
process. 1. How was the power sharing arrangement
Questions: in Belgium different from that of in Sri
1. ‘Power sharing is an essential component Lanka?
of democracy.’ Give one example to prove 2. Explain why power sharing is desirable.
the statement. 3. List any two steps taken by the leaders
2. How is alliance building an example of of Belgium to accommodate all the
power sharing? communities.
3. How Political parties, pressure groups Ans
and movements help in controlling or 1. In Belgium, the leaders amended the
influencing those who are in power? constitution four times in order to enable
Ans 2023 everyone to live together within the
1. (a) It helps in reducing the possibility of same country, whereas in Sri Lanka, the
conflict between the social groups. Sinhala community adopted majoritarian
(b) power sharing is a good way to ensure measures to establish its supremacy over
the stability of political order the Sri Lankan Tamils.
2. (a) When two or more parties form an 2. Prudential Reason: Power sharing ensures
alliance to contest elections or to form stability of political order.
a government is called as sharing of Moral Reason: A democratic rule involves
power. sharing power with those affected by its
(b) Alliance could be between regional exercise, and who have to live with its
and national parties which is again effects.
an example of power sharing 3. (a) The Constitution prescribes that the
number of Dutch and French-speaking

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page 367

CASE BASED QUESTIO autonomy and equality of opportunity in

securing education and jobs.
3. Belgium amended their constitution four
100. Read the sources given below and answer the
times.
questions that follows:
Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country
in 1948. The leaders of the Sinhala community
sought to secure dominance over government
by virtue of their majority. As a result, the
democratically elected government adopted
a series of MAJORITARIAN measures to
establish Sinhala supremacy. In 1956, an Act 101. Read the given extract and answer the
was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only questions that follow :
official language, thus disregarding Tamil. Belgium is a small country in Europe, smaller
in area than the state of Haryana. It has borders
The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and
with France, the Netherlands, Germany and
struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an
Luxembourg. It has a population of a little
official language, for regional autonomy and
over one crore, about half the population of
equality of opportunity in securing education
Haryana. The ethnic composition of this small
and jobs. But their demand for more autonomy
country is ve per cent lives in the Flemish
to provinces populated by the Tamils was
region and speaks Dutch language. Another
repeatedly denied. By 1980’s several political
40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region
organisations were formed demanding an
and speak French. Remaining one per cent
independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern
of the Belgians speak German. In the capital
and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.
city Brussels, 80 per cent of the people speak
The Belgian leaders took a different path. They French while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking.
recognised the existence of regional differences Questions:
and cultural diversities. Between 1970 and 1. Explain the ethnic composition of
1993, they amended their constitution four Belgium.
times so as to work out an arrangement that 2. How did the Belgian Government solve
would enable everyone to live together within their ethnic problem ? Explain.
the same country. The arrangement they Ans
worked out is different from any other country
1. The Ethnic Composition of Belgium is
and is very innovative.
59% Dutch living in the Flemish region,
Questions:
40% French living in the Wallonia region,
1. Which act recognises the Sinhala as the
and the rest 1% Germans.
only official language?
2. They gave equal representation to both
2. Who launched parties and struggles for
communities. The leaders of Belgium
the recognition of Tamil as an official
came up with a solution for the problem
language?
between the French speaking and Dutch
3. How many time Belgium amended their
speaking communities in Brussels.
constitution?
They gave equal representation to both
Ans communities in the central cabinet of
1. The act of 1956 AD in Sri Lanka recognises ministers. By doing this, the Belgian
the Sinhala as the only official language. leaders felt that they respected the
2. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties feelings and the interests of the people
and struggles for the recognition of from both communities. They also gave
Tamil as an official language, for regional more powers to the State governments.

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Option : (b) Power sharing is suitable only for big

(a) A - 1948, B - Kannad countries that have regional divisions.
(b) A - 1948, B - Tamil (c) Every society needs some form of power
(c) A - 1938, B - Kannad sharing even if it is small or does not have
(d) A - 1938, B - Tamil social divisions.
Ans SQP 2017 (d) Power-sharing is not necessary at all.
(b) A - 1948, B - Tamil Ans SQP 2020

(c) Every society needs some form of power

47. With respect to the concept of power sharing,
sharing even if it is small or does not have
which of the following statements is not
social divisions.
correct about democracy?
(a) People rule themselves through 50. Modern democracies maintain a check and
representatives and institutions of self balance system. Identify the correct option
governance in a democracy. based on the horizontal power sharing
(b) People are the source of all political power arrangement.
and this power must be shared among (a) Central government, state government
them. and local bodies.
(c) Democratic countries believe in giving (b) Legislature, executive and Judiciary
respect to ethnically diverse groups and (c) Among different social groups
views. (d) Among different pressure groups
(d) Democracy does not allow the citizens
Ans Foreign 2017
to participate in the political process
because power is only shared among (b) Legislature, executive and Judiciary
representatives.
51. Assertion : Power Sharing is good.
Ans OD 2012, SQP 2007 Reason : It leads to ethical tension.
(d) Democracy does not allow the citizens to (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
participate in the political process because reason is the correct explanation of
power is only shared among representatives. assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
48. Consider the following statements and select reason is not the correct explanation of
the correct code. assertion.
(1) Power-sharing is good for democracy. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(2) Power-sharing helps to reduce the (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
possibility of conflicts among social groups.
Ans Comp 2021
(a) Statement (i) is true and statement (ii) is
false (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(b) Statement (i) is false but statement (ii) is Power Sharing is good because it helps in
true reducing the chances of conflict between
(c) Both statement are true different social groups and ensures stability
(d) Both statement are false of the political system.
Ans Delhi 2006 52. There are countries in which the constitution
(c) Both statement are true clearly lays down the powers of different
levels of government. This is called:
49. Which one of the following statements about (a) Unitary division of power
power-sharing arrangements is correct? (b) Federal division of power
(a) Power sharing is necessary only in (c) Legal division of power
societies which have religious, linguistic (d) Authoritarian division of power
or ethnic divisions.

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ministers shall be equal in the central Questions:

government. 1. How does people rule themselves in a
(b) Some special laws require the support democracy? Why power sharing is good?
of majority of members from each 2. Write one of the basic principle of
linguistic group. Thus, no single democracy?
community can make decisions Ans
unilaterally.
1. In a democracy, people rule themselves
104. Read the extract and answer the questions through institutions of self-government.
that follows: Power sharing is good because it reduces
the conflicts between the social groups.
The two different sets of reasons can be given
2. One basic principle of democracy is that
in favour of power sharing. Firstly, power
people are the source of all political
sharing is good because it helps to reduce the
power. People rule themselves through
possibility of conflict between social groups.
institutions of self government.
Since social conflict often leads to violence and
political instability, power sharing is a good 105. Read the extracts/sources carefully and
way to ensure the stability of political order. answer the following questions:
Imposing the will of majority community
over others may look like an attractive Power may also be shared among different
option in the short run, but in the long run it social groups such as the religious and linguistic
undermines the unity of the nation. Tyranny groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium
of the majority is not just oppressive for the is a good example of this arrangement. In
minority; it often brings ruin to the majority some countries there are constitutional and
as well. There is a second, deeper reason why legal arrangements whereby socially weaker
power sharing is good for democracies. Power sections and women are represented in the
sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A legislatures and administration.
democratic rule involves sharing power with Questions:
those affected by its exercise, and who have to 1. What is Community Government?
live with its effects. People have a right to be 2. Why is important to give representation
consulted on how they are to be governed. A to socially weaker sections and women in
legitimate government is one where citizens, the legislatures and administration?
through participation, acquire a stake in the Ans
system. The idea of power-sharing has emerged 1. A community government is one in
in opposition to the notions of undivided which different social groups are given
political power. For a long time it was believed the power to handle the affairs related
that all power of a government must reside in to their communities. They are expected
one person or group of persons located at one to work jointly for the benefit of the
place. It was felt that if the power to decide common masses without undermining
is dispersed, it would not be possible to take any one community.
quick decisions and to enforce them. But these 2. This type of arrangement is meant
notions have changed with the emergence of to give space in the government and
democracy. One basic principle of democracy administration to diverse social groups
is that people are the source of all political who otherwise would feel alienated from
power. In a democracy, people rule themselves the government. This method is used to
through institutions of self-government. In a give minority communities a fair share in
good democratic government, due respect is power.
given to diverse groups and views that exist
in a society.

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Ch 11 : Power-sharing CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

106. Read the extract and answer the questions

that follows:
The idea of power-sharing has emerged in
opposition to the notions of undivided political
power. For a long time it was believed that all
power of a government must reside in one
person or group of persons located at one
place. It was felt that if the power to decide
is dispersed, it would not be possible to take
quick decisions and to enforce them. But these
notions have changed with the emergence of
democracy. One basic principle of democracy
is that people are the source of all political
power.
Questions:
1. Identify one feature of democratic and
one of non-democratic government from
the given extract.
2. Write a notion that was against the idea
of power sharing.
Ans
1. (a) Democratic : People are source of all
political Power.
(b) Non-democratic : Undivided political
power.
2 It was believed that if the power is
divided it would not be possible to take
quick decisions and to enforce them.

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CHAPTER
12
Federalism

SUMMAR
local government or division of powers from
higher level to lower level.
10. Tier System : Tier system is the system
1. Federalism : A system of governance in which
which signifies levels of government. It may
different governments administer at different
be two levels or two tier and three levels or
levels and an organic link is established
three tier.
between them.
11. Union List : It is the list given under the
2. Unitary System : Territory administered by
jurisdiction of Union government. It
one level of government or the most sensitive
includes the subjects or matters of national
in energy to gather its federal units. Eg.
importance like defence, finance, external
Indian Government.
affairs, currency, etc. Union government alone
3. Federal form of Government : Union or
can make laws on the Union List subjects.
federal form of government is meant by a
12. State List : ‘State List’ is given under the
government adapted to decentralisation of
jurisdiction of State government. It includes
power or Power sharing in its levels, tiers,
the subjects or matters of state and local
organs and organelle that make easy access
importance. State government alone can
to each other. Eg. A garland with beads.
make laws on the State List subjects.
4. Jurisdiction : The scope of administrative
13. List System : ‘List System’ states the
power of any authority especially with
distribution of powers or subjects through
Judiciary in terms of demarcation of area,
the lists–the union list for central/union
region, taluk, mohalla, district, block, state
level, state list for state level, etc. It is the
and union etc.
specific feature of Indian federalism.
5. Coalition Government : A government of two
14. Concurrent List : Concurrent list stands
or several parties join together to prove their
for the subjects of common interest to
majority.
both the Union government as well as the
6. Constitution : The system of laws and basic
State government. For the Concurrent list
principles that a nation or a state or an
subjects both the Union as well as the State
organisation is governed by.
governments can make laws.
7. Federal System : A system of government
15. Language Policy : Language policy is the
in which the individual states of a country
safeguard, to the languages. It is one of the
have control over their own affairs but are
important aspects of our constitution. Under
controlled by a central government for
this policy besides, Hindi, 21 other languages
national and diplomatic decisions.
are recognised as scheduled languages by the
8. Residuary Subjects : Those subjects which
constitution.
are not in Union, State and Concurrent lists
and union government has the power to make
laws on these subjects.
9. Decentralisation : To transfer power,
authority, etc., from central government to

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO 3. Which of the following is a subject of the

Union List ?
1. Match the Column I with Column II and (a) Defence
choose the correct option : (b) Agriculture
(c) Trade
Column I Column II (d) Education
(List) (Jurisdiction Sphere)
Ans Comp 2021
I. Union list A. State Governments
(a) Defence
subjects alone make laws on
it. 4. Which of the following is a subject of the
II. State list B. For uniformity State List ?
subjects Central Government (a) Currency
Legislates on it. (b) Foreign Affairs
III. Concurrent C. Subjects under (c) Banking
subjects Jurisdiction of (d) Commerce
Centre and State Ans Comp 2021

Governments. (d) Commerce

IV. Residuary D. Central Government
5. What was the key change made in the
subjects legislates on new
Constitution of Belgium?
subjects.
(a) to reduce the power of the regional
I II III IV Government
(b) to reduce the power of the Central
(a) A B C D
Government
(b) C D A B (c) to reduce the power of the Constitution
(c) D C B A (d) to reduce the power of public
(d) B A C D Ans SQP 2020

(b) to reduce the power of the Central

Ans OD 2024
Government
(d) B A C D
6. Belgium was shifted from unitary form of
2. Match Column - A with Column - B and government to federal form of government in
choose the correct option: 1993. What does it mean?
(a) The regional governments were given
Column - A (Subjects) Column - B (List) constitutional powers and were not
A. E-Programming 1. Concurrent List dependent on the central government.
B. Police 2. Union List (b) The regional governments were under the
control of the central government
C. Education 3. State List
(c) constitution prescribes that the dutch
D. Defence 4. Residuary List and french ministers shall be equal in the
Options: central government
(a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2 (d) community government will undertake
(b) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2 the powers of the central government
(c) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2 Ans Delhi 2019
(d) A - 4, B - 2, C - 1, D - 3
(a) The regional governments were given
Ans OD 2023
constitutional powers and were not dependent
(a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2 on the central government.

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7. Which country changed from unitary to (d) Specified the pow ers of the states and
federal form of government in 1993? left the residuary powers with the centre.
(a) Belgium Ans OD 2014, SQP 2011
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) India (a) divided powers between centre and states
(d) US in three lists.

Ans OD 2020 11. The picture portrays about the :

(a) Belgium

8. Identify the kind of administrative system :

• It is prevailing only in 25 countries and
consists of two-level Government.
• USA is known for the oldest country
running this system successfully.
• One level of govt under this system is for
the entire country and another for states
that runs day to day administrative work.
• Both of this level of govt enjoys their
(a) Uneven Dispersal of power between the
power independent of each other.
Centre and State.
(a) Unitary
(b) Lack of harmonization between Centre
(b) Federalism
and State.
(c) Both
(c) The states plead for more power.
(d) None of these
(d) Demand for power by the states can never
Ans Delhi 2020, 2017 be met.
(b) Federalism Ans Foreign 2014

9. Assertion (A): Federations that are formed (c) The states plead for more power.
by ‘holding together’ do not give equal power
12. Find the odd one out -
to its constituent units.
Reason (R): Some states are granted special Column A Column B
powers. (a) Union of India Prime minister
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
(b) State Governor
correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the (c) Municipal Mayor
correct explanation of A. corporation
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) Gram panchayat Sarpanch
(d) A is false but R is true. Ans SQP 2016
Ans Comp 2018
(b) State- Governor
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A. 13. A system of government in which power
is divided between a central authority and
10. The Constitution of India various constituent unit of the country is
(a) divided powers between centre and states called____
in three lists. (a) Federalism
(b) divided powers between centre and states (b) Communalism
in two lists. (c) Socialism
(c) listed the powers of the states and left the (d) Democracy
undefined powers to the state.

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Comp 2021 Ans Delhi 2020, 2014

(a) Federalism (d) The central government can pass on orders

to the provincial or the local government.
14. Arrange the following in order of “Coming
together Federations” formation system. 17. Complete the following table with the correct
1. Various Independent states come information-
together.
Linguistic Reason of Basis of Example of
2. A bigger unit or federation is formed by State Resistance by creation linguistic
pooling sovereignty and retaining identity. the Center states
3. Negotiation among states begins The first Fear of A - ? B-?
4. Examples of Such Federations are : USA and a major Disintegration
and Australia. test for
(a) 1, 3, 2, 4 democratic
politics of
(b) 1, 2, 3, 4 India
(c) 2, 3, 4, 1
(d) 4, 3, 1, 2 (a) A -Language, B -Tamil Nadu
(b) A -Color, B -Tamil Nadu
Ans Foreign 2019
(c) A -Cast, B -Tamil Nadu
(a) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) A -Language, B -Rajasthan

15. Assertion : The Indian Union is not based on Ans SQP 2016

the principles of federalism. (a) A -Language, B -Tamil Nadu

Reason : The Constitution of India declared
India as a Union of States. 18. What ensures financial autonomy to all levels
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the of government?
correct explanation of A. (a) Sources of jobs for each level
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the (b) Sources of food for each level
correct explanation of A. (c) Sources of happiness for each level
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) Sources of revenue for each level
(d) A is false but R is true. Ans Comp 2016

Ans Comp 2010 (d) Sources of revenue for each level

(d) A is false but R is true. 19. Assertion : Third-tier of government is local
16. Which of the following is not the key feature government.
of federalism? Reason : It made democracy weak.
(a) There are two or more levels of (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
government. correct explanation of A.
(b) The jurisdictions of the respective levels (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
or tiers of government are specified in the correct explanation of A.
constitution. (c) A is true but R is false.
(c) The fundamental provisions of the (d) Both A and R are false.
constitution cannot be unilaterally Ans OD 2019

changed by one level of government such (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
changes require the consent of both levels
of government. 20. Which government enjoy their power
(d) The central government can pass on independent of the other?
orders to the provincial or the local (a) government for the entire country
government. (b) governments at the level of provinces or
states

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(c) Both these levels of governments (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
(d) none of these correct explanation of A.
Ans OD 2015, Delhi 2013
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
(c) Both these levels of governments (c) A is true but R is false.
21. In a ‘Holding together federation’ (d) Both A and R are false.
A. A large country divides its power between Ans SQP 2020
constituent states and the national (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
government
B. The central government tends to be more 24. Identify the kind of legislative power
powerful vis-a-vis the states distribution list by the Constitution of India :
C. All the constituent states usually have • It includes the subject of national interest.
equal powers • Provides uniformity throughout the
D. Constituent states have unequal powers country.
Which of the above statements are correct? • The Union govt alone has the power to
(1) A, B, C and D make laws related to the subjects of this
(2) A and D list.
(3) B and C • Banking, Defence and Communication
(4) A, B and D are some of the subjects under this list.
Ans Foreign 2011
(a) State List
(b) Union List
(d) A, B and D (c) Residuary List
22. Consider the following statements on the (d) All of these
practice of federalism in India. Identify those Ans OD 2017, SQP 2013
which hold true for decentralisation after (b) Union List
1992.
(1) Local governments did not have any 25. The below carton clearly state that :
power or resources of their own.
(2) It became constitutionally mandatory to
hold regular elections to local government
bodies.
(3) The state governments are required to
share some powers and revenue with local
government bodies.
(4) No seats are reserved in the elected bodies
for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and
other backward classes.
(a) 1 , 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 2 and 4
(a) Perils of running a coalition Govt.
Ans Delhi 2017 (b) A coalition govt have more work to do.
(c) 2 and 3 (c) The best way to run a democratic country
like India is Coalition govt.
23. Assertion : Coalition government is formed (d) Coalition govt increases the overall
during dearth of coal in the country. efficiency of the Govt and hence shall be
Reason : It helps in overcoming coal crisis. welcomed.

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Governor is at the top, and then there is (2) It also helps to inculcate the habit of
the Council of Ministers, the Legislature democratic participation among people.
and the High Court.

76. Why were the linguistic states created ?

What are their advantages ? SHORT Answer QUESTIO
Ans OD 2005
80. State any three important features of
The linguistic states were created to ensure
Federalism.
that the people who spoke the same language
lived in the same state. Ans � SQP 2021, Comp 2020
(1) It has made the country more united and Key features of federalism :
stronger. (1) There are two or more levels (or tiers) of
(2) It has also made administration easier. government.
77. What is a Panchayati Raj ? What is its (2) Different tiers of government govern
importance ? the same citizens, but each tier has its
own jurisdiction in specific matters of
Ans Delhi 2009
legislation, taxation and administration.
The rural local government is known as the (3) The jurisdictions of the respective levels
Panchayati Raj. or tiers of government are specified in the
Importance : constitution.
(1) It helps the people to directly participate (4) The fundamental provisions of the
in decision-making process. constitution cannot be unilaterally
(2) It helps in the decentralisation of power. changed by one level of government. Such
(3) It reduces the burden of the central changes require the consent of both the
government as well as state government. levels of government.
(5) Courts have the power to interpret the
78. Mention any four difficulties of the local
constitution and the powers of different
government in India.
levels of government. The highest court
Ans SQP 2014 acts as an umpire if disputes arise
(1) Most states have not transferred significant between different levels of government in
powers to the local governments. the exercise of their respective powers.
(2) There is a shortage of resources.
81. Describe any three steps taken by the
(3) Elections are not held regularly.
government towards decentralization in the
(4) The Gram Sabhas are not held regularly.
year 1992.
79. Explain the importance of local self- o
government in the light of decentralisation. Describe any three provisions of amendment
made in ‘Indian Constitution’ in 1992 for
Ans Foreign 2019
making ‘Three-Tier’ government more
Importance of local self-government : effective and powerful.
(1) There are a large number of problems o
and issues which are best settled at the Explain the steps taken by the Indian
local level. People have better knowledge government in the year 1992 to make the
of problems in their localities. They also third-tier of democracy more powerful.
have better ideas on where to spend
money and how to manage things more Ans � SQP 2021, 2019

efficiently. Major steps taken by Indian Government

towards decentralization in 1992.

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31. Some states in India has special powers or Ans Delhi 2017

status as compared to other states and this is (d) creation of linguistic state
evident from which article of the constitution
which deals with the special status of north 35. What was the name of independent India
eastern states? between August 15 1947 to January 26 1950
(a) A - 356 before it became the republic of India this
(b) A - 370 question is required ?
(c) A - 368 (a) The Dominion of India
(d) A - 371 (b) The constitution of India
(c) The government of India
Ans Foreign 2019
(d) The prime minister of India
(d) A - 371 Ans SQP 2006, 2010

32. Identify which one is the basic idea behind (a) The Dominion of India
decentralisation.
(1) Local problem can be better settled at 36. In 1947, the boundaries of several old States
local level. of India were changed in order to create new
(2) Local people have better idea where to States. This was done_________.
spend money. (a) to ensure that people who speaks the
(3) People directly can participate in decision same language lived in the same State.
making. (b) to please the political parties
(a) (1) and (2) (c) so that people of same religion can live in
(b) (2) and (3) the same state
(c) Only 2 (d) to avoid communal clashes
(d) All of the above Ans Foreign 2020

Ans SQP 2012, Delhi 2017 (a) to ensure that people who speaks the
(d) All of the above same language lived in the same State.

33. Assertion : It is very simple to make 37. Identify the unit of the Indian Union :
the changes in the basic structure of the • These units are generally very small in
constitution. size.
Reason : Both the houses have power to • These cannot be merged with states due
amend the constitution independently. to some reasons.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the • These units have very small powers.
correct explanation of A. • Examples are Chandigarh, Dadar and
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the nagar havelli.
correct explanation of A. (a) States
(c) A is true but R is false. (b) Villages
(d) Both A and R are false. (c) Union Territories
(d) Central Government
Ans Comp 2009
Ans Delhi 2018
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(c) Union Territories
34. The first and major test for democratic
politics in our country was 38. Assertion : The subjects which are not included
(a) caste problem in Union List, State List and Concurrent List
(b) language problem are considered as residuary subjects.
(c) problems related to union territories Reason : The subjects included that came
(d) creation of linguistic state after constitution was made and thus could
not be classified.

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans SQP 2012

correct explanation of A.
(a) Perils of running a coalition Govt. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
26. If it is desired in India to switch over to (c) A is true but R is false.
unitary system of government from the (d) Both A and R are false.
present federal structure such a change can
be brought about by Ans OD 2014

(a) A simple majority of the members of the (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
parliament reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) A two third majority of members present
and voting, provided it is not less than 29. Arrange the following stages or condition for
majority of the total members the formation of an Coalition Govt.
(c) A two third majority of the membership 1. No single party get majority to form the
of the parliament Govt in centre or in State.
(d) A special procedure in Parliament and 2. All Major and some regional parties enter
ratification by a majority of Sates in the into alliance.
Indian Union 3. After 1990, there was a rise in the regional
parties.
Ans Foreign 2015
4. Regional Parties alliance with the
(d) A special procedure in Parliament and national party led to power sharing and
ratification by a majority of Sates in the respect for the Autonomy of state Govt.
Indian Union (a) 1, 3, 2, 4
(b) 1, 2, 3, 4
27. Consider the following statements on the (c) 3, 1, 2, 4
practice of federalism in India. Identify those (d) 4, 3, 1, 2
which hold true for decentralisation after
1992. Ans OD 2011

A. Local governments did not have any (c) 3, 1, 2, 4

power or resources of their own.
B. It became constitutionally mandatory to 30. Complete the following table with correct
hold regular elections to local government information:
bodies. Act Full Date About
C. The state governments are required to Form Implementation
share some powers and revenue with local SRC A - ? B-? Reorganisation
government bodies. of state
D. No seats are reserved in the elected bodies boundaries
for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and (a) A -State reorganisation commission B
other backward classes. -Nov 1 1956
(a) B and C (b) A -Solid reorganisation commission B
(b) A and C -Nov 1 1956
(c) A and D (c) A -State reorganisation commission B
(d) B and D -Nov 1 1940
Ans Comp 2010 (d) A -State reorganisation company B -Nov
(a) B and C 1 1967
Ans Delhi 2016
28. Assertion : India is a federation.
Reason : Power resides with the central (a) A -State reorganisation commission B
authority. -Nov 1 1956
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the

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45. Where is the original Indian Constitution? Ans SQP 2012, 2009

(a) In Rajsthan Library (b) State list

(b) In State Library of the Parliament
(c) In Central Library of the Jammu 49. Identify the following
(d) In Central Library of the Parliament • Units of the Indian Union which enjoy
very little power.
Ans SQP 2017
• These territories do not have the powers
(d) Central Library of the Parliament of a State.
• The Central Government has special
46. Which of the following is incorrect regarding powers in running these areas.
a federal government? (a) Union Territories
(a) Federalism is a system of government in (b) Small States
which the power is divided between a (c) Central Institute
central authority and various constituent (d) Both B and C
units of the country.
(b) Federation has only one level of Ans Foreign 2014

government. (a) Union Territories

(c) One is the government for the entire
country that is usually responsible for a 50. Study the picture and answer the question
few subjects of common national interest. that follows:
(d) The others are governments at the level of
provinces or states that look after much
of the day-to-day administering of their
state.
Ans OD 2019

(b) Federation has only one level of

government

47. Assertion : Hindi is identified as the only

official language of India.
Reason : It helped in creating supremacy of Which of the following aspect best signifies
Hindi speaking people over others. above image?
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the (a) Federalism
correct explanation of A. (b) Coalition Government
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the (c) States pled for more power
correct explanation of A. (d) power sharing
(c) A is true but R is false. Ans Comp 2019
(d) Both A and R are false. (c) States pled for more power
Ans Delhi 2016
51. Assertion : India has a federal system.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Reason : Under a unitary system, either there
48. In India’s federal system, the state is only one level of government or the subunits
governments have the power to legislate on are subordinate to central government.
all those subjects which are included in the: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
(a) Union list correct explanation of A.
(b) State list (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
(c) Concurrent list correct explanation of A.
(d) Residuary subjects (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false.

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the 42. Federal power-sharing is more effective today
correct explanation of A. than in the past mainly because
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the (a) It is the age of coalition governments at
correct explanation of A. the centre
(c) A is true but R is false. (b) states today are more conscious of their
(d) Both A and R are false. rights
Ans OD 2013
(c) centre today depends more on states
(d) There are more powerful leaders at the
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and state level
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans Delhi 2006
39. Which of the following Indian states were (a) It is the age of coalition governments at
formed to recognise differences based on the centre
culture, ethnicity or geography rather than
on linguistic basis? 43. Complete the following table with correct
A. Nagaland information-
B. Uttarakhand
Name of Known Power is Power sharing
C. Jharkhand
countries as divided
Select the correct answer using the code between
given below:
India, A-? B-? More of
(a) A and B only
spain, centralization
(b) B and C only belgium of power then
(c) A and C only decentralization
(d) A, B and C
(a) A -Coming together federation, B -Centre
Ans SQP 2020, 2017
and state
(d) A, B and C (b) A -Holding together federation, B -Centre
and state
40. According to the Indian Constitution in (c) A -Holding together federation, B -Village
which year English was to be ended as the and state
language for official purpose? (d) A-Coming together federation, B -Centre
(a) 1950 and village
(b) 1947
Ans Comp 2015
(c) 1965
(d) 1999 (d) A -Holding together federation, B -Centre
and state
Ans Foreign 2019

(c) 1965 44. Assertion : Belgium and Spain has ‘holding

together’ federation.
41. After grouping of languages, the Census Reason : A big country divides power between
found ___ major languages. Of these ___ constituent states and national government.
languages are now included in the Eighth (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
Schedule of the Indian Constitution and are correct explanation of A.
therefore called ‘Scheduled Languages’. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
(a) 121, 22 correct explanation of A.
(b) 22, 167 (c) A is true but R is false.
(c) 148, 21 (d) Both A and R are false.
(d) 126, 11 Ans Delhi 2010
Ans Comp 2012
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(a) 121, 22 reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

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(c) A is true but R is false. 60. Assertion : A major step towards

(d) Both A and R are false. decentralization was taken in 1992 by
Ans Foreign 2005
amending the constitution.
Reason : Constitution was amended to make
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but the third tier of democracy more powerful
reason is not the correct explanation of and effective.
assertion. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
58. In a ‘Holding together federation’: correct explanation of A.
1. A large country divides its power between (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
constituent states and the national correct explanation of A.
government. (c) A is true but R is false.
2. The Central government tends to be more (d) Both A and R are false.
powerful vis-a-vis the States. Ans Comp 2007
3. Constituent states have unequal powers. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Which of the above statements are correct? reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(a) A, B, and C
(b) A and B 61. What are the dual objectives of federalism:
(c) B and C 1. Safeguard and promote unity of the
(d) A and C country
Ans OD 2018
2. Responsible for the rise of regionalism
3. Division of horizontal power
(a) A, B, and C 4. Accommodate regional diversity
(a) A and B
(b) A and D
(c) B and C
59. Consider the following four statements. (d) A, B and D
(i) In a federation the powers of the federal Ans OD 2008
and provincial governments are clearly
(b) A and D
demarcated.
(ii) India is a federation because the powers 62. Identify the institution -
of the Union and State Governments • It resolves disputes between the states
are specified in the Constitution and and state and centre.
they have exclusive jurisdiction on their • It interprets the constitution.
respective subjects. • It acts like an empire and decides
(iii)Sri Lanka is a federation because the neutrally.
country is divided into provinces. (a) Media
(iv) India is no longer a federation because (b) Executive
some powers of the States have been (c) Umpire
desolved to the local government bodies. (d) Judiciary
Which of the statements given above are Ans Foreign 2019
correct?
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) Judiciary
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv) 63. Arrange the following Scheduled language of
(c) (i) and (ii) only India in ascending order of the proportion of
(d) (ii) and (iii) only their speakers.
Ans SQP 2020, Foreign 2016 1. Bengali
(c) (i) and (ii) only 2. Marathi

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Delhi 2010

54. The state which violently demanded that the
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but use of English for official purpose should be
reason is not the correct explanation of continued, is
assertion. (a) Kerala
(b) Karnataka
52. The Constitution of India (c) Tamil Nadu
(a) divided powers between centre and states (d) Andhra Pradesh
in three lists.
(b) divided powers between centre and states Ans Delhi 2009, 2005

in two lists. (c) Tamil Nadu

(c) listed the powers of the states and left the
undefined powers to the state. 55. What is true regarding sources of revenue in
(d) Specified the pow ers of the states and a federal system?
left the residuary powers with the centre. (a) States have no financial powers or
independent sources of revenue.
Ans Foreign 2020
(b) States are dependent on revenue or funds
(a) divided powers between centre and states on the central government.
in three lists (c) Sources of revenue for each level of
government are clearly specified to ensure
53. Match the following and choose correct its financial autonomy.
option. (d) States have no financial autonomy.
Column A Column B Ans SQP 2013

(c) Sources of revenue for each level of

A. Gram sabha I. Gram panchayat government are clearly specified to ensure its
group together to financial autonomy.
form this unit.
B. Gram II. It reviews the 56. Which one of the following is not an important
panchayat performance of the feature of federalism?
gram panchayat. (a) Each level of government has its own area
of Jurisdiction.
C. Zila III. Decision making (b) The fundamental provisions of the
parishad body for the entire constitution cannot be changed unilaterally
village. by any one level of government.
D. Mandals IV. Mandals in a (c) Government has two or more than two
district together levels.
constitute zilla . (d) Courts have the power to change the
parishad constitution.
(a) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I Ans Comp 2019
(b) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I (d) Courts have the power to change the
(c) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II constitution.
(d) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Ans OD 2012 57. Assertion : Zilla Parishad Chairperson is the
political head of the zilla parishad.
(a) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Reason : Mayor is the head of municipalities.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.

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each other, or a dead lock is created, then Ans Comp 2012, OD 2006

the law made by the Union government will Federation is a system of government in which
prevail. the governmental power is divided between a
central authority and its various constituent
69. How many tier system of government are units.
there in Federal of India? Provision of division of powers : In India
Ans Foreign 2014 the Constitution divides all subjects under
Two tier system of government was adopted three types of constitutional lists. These are
in our country. These two tier were central called : [(i) Union List, (ii) State List and
government and state government. Later on a (iii) Concurrent list]. Rest of the subjects are
third tier of system was included in it in the suppose to be called residuary powers.
form of Municipalities and Panchayats. Thus 74. How did Belgium shift from a unitary to a
the division of power at three levels is called federal form of government ? What major
three tier system which is adopted in India. change was done in the Constitution of
70. “Federal system consists of two or more sets Belgium before 1993 as far as the power
of government.” How? sharing was concern ?
Ans OD 2016, 2011
Ans SQP 2020

Federal system power is divided between Belgium adopted power sharing at grass
union and its constituent units. Union route level while it was trying to shift from a
government governs the entire nation while unitary to a federal type of government.
other units such as states governs different As far as power sharing is concern one
states. That’s why federal system consists of key or important change was made in the
two or more sets of government. Constitution of Belgium to reduce the powers
of the central government before 1993.
71. Write any three features of Holding together
federation. 75. Describe any two federal characteristics of
the Indian Constitution.
Ans Delhi 2019
Ans Comp 2013
(1) A large country divides its power between
constituent states and the national Two federal characteristics of the Indian
government Constitution are as follows :
(2) The Central government tends to be more (1) Division of powers : According to Indian
powerful vis-a-vis the states. Constitution, the powers have been
(3) Constituent states have unequal powers. divided between the Union and the
states. According to this division, the
72. What is a federation ? Give two examples. powers have been mentioned into three
Ans Foreign 2010 lists. These are :
(i) The Union List,
A country consisting of a group of individual
(ii) The State List and
states that have control over their own affairs
(iii)The Concurrent List.
but are controlled by a Central Government
(2) Separate Government at the Union and
or organisation for national decision.
in the States : In India the separate
Examples : India and the United States of
government have been established at
America are two examples of a federation.
the Union as well as in the states. In the
73. Define federalism. How are the powers divided Central Government, the President is
between the centre and state governments in at the top and then there is a Council
India ? of Ministers, the Parliament and the
Supreme Court. In the states, the

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

3. Hindi Ans Delhi 2020

4. Tamil The problems of ‘Casteism’ in Indian politics

(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 are discussed below :
(b) 1, 2, 3, 4 (1) When parties choose candidates in
(c) 3, 1, 2, 4 elections, they keep in mind the caste
(d) 4, 2, 1, 3 composition of the electorate and
Ans Delhi 2011, OD 2008
nominate candidates from different castes
so as to get necessary support to win
(d) 4, 2, 1, 3 elections.
64. Assertion : Power is taken away from Central (2) Political parties and candidates in
and State Governments and given to local elections make appeal to caste sentiment
government and it is known as decentralization to muster support. Some political parties
Reason : Large number of problems and are known to favour some castes and are
issues are best settled at the local level and seen as their representatives.
it is the basic idea behind decentralisation. (3) Universal adult franchise and the principle
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the of one vote compelled political leaders
correct explanation of A. to gear up to the task of mobilising and
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the securing political support.
correct explanation of A. 67. Describe any three features of Indian
(c) A is true but R is false. federalism.
(d) Both A and R are false.
Ans SQP 2020
Ans SQP 2010
(1) Different tiers of government govern
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the the same citizens, but each tier has its
correct explanation of A. own jurisdiction in specific matters of
legislation, taxation and administration.
(2) Sources of revenue for each level of
VERY SHORT QUESTIO government are clearly specified to ensure
its financial autonomy.
(3) Courts have the power to interpret the
65. Mention any three features of ‘secularism’ constitution and the powers of different
described in the Indian Constitution. levels of government. The highest court
Ans Delhi 2020
acts as an umpire if disputes arise
between different levels of government in
The three features of ‘secularism’ described the exercise of their respective powers.
in the Indian Constitution are as follows;
(1) The Constitution of India does not give 68. Name any two subjects that are included in
special recognition to any religion and Concurrent List. How are laws made on these
there is no state religion in India, unlike, subjects? Explain.
Christianity in America, Buddhism in Sri Ans OD 2019
Lanka, etc.
(2) All individuals and communities have Concurrent List includes subjects of common
been given freedom to practice, profess interest to both the Union and State
and propagate any religion. government. These subjects are education,
(3) The Constitution of India puts ban on forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption, and
the discrimination on grounds of religion. succession etc.
Both the State and the Union governments
66. Mention the problem of ‘Casteism’ in Indian can make laws on these subjects. But if the
politics. laws made by both the government contradict

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page 385

(1) Constitution mandate to hold regular representation. Thus constitutional

elections to local government bodies. status for local government has helped to
(2) Reservation of seats in the elected deepen democracy in our country.
bodies and the executive heads of these (2) Local self-governments also have
institutions for the Scheduled Castes, helped to increase women’s voice and
Scheduled Tribes and other Backward representation in our democracy.
Classes. Difficulties :
(3) Reservation of at least one third of all (1) While elections are held regularly and
positions for women. enthusiastically, Gram Sabhas are not
(4) Creation of an independent institution held regularly.
called the State Election Commission (2) Most State Governments have not
in each state to conduct panchayat and transferred significant powers to the
municipal elections. Local Governments nor have they given
(5) The state governments are required to them adequate resources.
share some powers and revenue with local
government bodies. The nature of sharing 84. Write a short note on “Centralised Federation
varies from state to state. in India.”
Ans SQP 2020
82. What is the difference between the Federal
and the Unitary form of Government ? A federation is a union of a number of
independent political units got together to
Ans OD 2011
become a strong and big nation. India and
(1) In the unitary form of government there United States of America are the significant
is only one central government for the examples of this type. In federation the
whole country. While, in the federal powers are divided between political units,
form there is one central government and i.e. the centre and the states.
separate governments in the provinces. Features : The main features of the Indian
(2) In the federal form of government, the federation are given below :
whole country is divided into some (1) Indian federation consists of two types of
political units but in the unitary form the units :
whole country is a single unit. (a) Full-fledged states.
(3) In the unitary form, all the powers are (b) Union territories administrated by
vested in one central government. While the centre.
there is a division of powers between the (2) Indian federation is inclined towards the
federal and the state government in the unitary features.
federal form. (3) In the event of the proclamation of an
(4) In the federal form of government mostly emergency, India becomes a unitary
the constitution is written and as well as government.
rigid while it is not so in case of a unitary
state. 85. What do you know about language policy of
India ? Describe in short.
83. Explain two achievements and two difficulties Ans OD 2015, 2009
of local self governments in India.
(1) Our Constitution did not give the status
Ans Comp 2023
of national language to any one language.
Achievements : Hindi was identified as the official
(1) Local self governments make it possible language. But Hindi is the mother tongue
for the people at the local level to directly of only about 40 per cent of the Indians.
participate in decision making. This Therefore, there were many safeguards to
helps to inculcate a habit of democratic protect other languages.

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

105. Describe any three features of ‘federal and the judiciary to adjudicate without
government’. any share.
Ans Delhi 2020
(3) Uniformity of Laws : Another
characteristic of a unitary government
The features of ‘federal government’ are given is that the laws of the unitary system,
below : unlike in a federation, are uniform
(1) There are two or more levels (tiers) of because laws are made only by a single
government. central government for the whole state.
(2) Each level of government has its own Laws made by the centre are equally
jurisdiction in matters of legislation, enforced in the rest of the state without
taxation and administration even though any territorial distinction while in a
they govern the same citizens. federation; the nature of the law varies
(3) Powers and functions of each tier of from province to province.
government is specified and guaranteed
by Constitution. 107. How states were created in India on the basis
(4) The Supreme Court has been given of language ? Discuss it briefly.
power to settle disputes between federal Ans Foreign 2017
governments.
(5) Fundamental provisions of Constitution (1) This system was started in the very
cannot be altered by any one level of year when Constitution was given
government. effect or enforced in 1950 C.E. States
(6) The divisions of powers are defined by the Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956
Constitution and the legislative power. but, the first new state on the basis of
[Any three] language was formed in 1953 C.E. as
Andhra Pradesh, i.e. three years before
106. Describe any three features of ‘unitary the respective Act was passed.
government’. (2) In the 1950s the boundaries of several old
Ans Delhi 2020
states of India were changed in order to
create new states. This was done to ensure
The three features of ‘unitary government’ that people who spoke the same language
are given below : lived in the same state. Some states were
(1) Centralisation of Powers : All powers are created not on the basis of language but
centralised in the hands of the central to recognise differences based on culture,
government and the centre is the reservoir ethnicity or geography. These include
of all state powers. In this system, there states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and
are no provincial governments and the Jharkh an d
Constitution empowers the central (3) When the demand for the formation
government to legislate, execute and of states on the basis of lar\guage was
adjudicate with full might. raised, some national leaders feared that
(2) Single and Simple Government : A unitary it would lead to the disintegration of the
government is very simple system. With country. The Central Government resisted
the exception of Britain, there are neither linguistic states for some time. But the
provincial assemblies and executives nor experience has shown that the formation
the upper chambers at the center. There of linguistic states has actually made the
is a single central government at the country more united and stronger. It has
center. There is a unicameral legislature also made administration easier than
popularly elected. The central legislature before.
is there to legislate, executive to execute

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89. Distinguish between ‘coming together’ and (i) In the unitary form of government
‘holding together’ type of federations. power is mainly concentrated in the
Ans Delhi 2018
hands of central or union government.
(ii) In this system, the fundamental
Coming Together Holding Together provisions of the Constitution can
Federations Federations be unilaterally changed by the union
government.
(1) This federation When a large
(iii)In the unitary system, the state
involves country decides to
is not autonomous and cannot
independent divide its power
exercise independent powers. There
states coming between the
is no separate jurisdiction for the
together on their constituent states
state. Union is powerful in the state
own to form a and the national
administration.
bigger unit, so government,
that by pooling it is called as 91. Explain four major points of differences
sovereignty and holding together between the unitary and federal forms of
retaining identity federation. government.
they can increase India, Spain and Ans Comp 2021
their security. This Belgium are its
type of federation examples. (1) In the federal system, the central
includes countries government cannot order the state
like USA, government to do something. But in the
Switzerland and unitary system, province is subordinate
Australia. to the central government.
(2) In the federal system, the exact balance
(2) All the constituent The central
of power between the central and state
states usually government
governments varies from one federation
have equal power tends to be more
to another. But in the unitary form,
and are strong vis- powerful vis-a-vis
power is concentrated in the union. India
a-vis the federal the states. Very
is a good example of it.
government. often different
(3) In the federal system, the state
constituent units
government has powers of its own. The
of the federation
state government is not answerable to the
have unequal
central government, but in the unitary
powers. Some
system indepent powers of the state do
units are granted
not exist.
special powers.
(4) In the federal system, the fundamental
provisions of the Constitution cannot
90. What is unitary form of government ?
be unilaterally changed by the union
Mention its three features.
legislative ? But in the unitary system, it
Ans SQP 2019 can be done by the union legislature.
(1) (i) In the unitary form of government
92. Give two positive and negative features each
either there is only level of government
of the federal system of government.
or the sub-units are subordinate to
the central government. Ans Comp 2019

(ii) The central government can pass an (1) Positive features of the federal system :
order to the provincial government. (i) In the federal system, power is shared
(2) Following are the principal features of the at different levels, especially the
unitary form of government :

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages The total population of countries having
recognised as scheduled languages by the federal political system is 40 per cent of
Constitution. the total world’s population.
(3) A candidate in an examination conducted (2) Belgium and federalism : It is an
for the national government positions approach of administration in the facts
may opt to take the examination in and circumstances reviewed and when
any of these languages. States too have partisanal attitude is found on the
their own official languages. Much of basis of language that reflects diversity
the government work takes place in the in the womb of stereotypes, prejudices,
official language of the concerned state. inequality and discrimination. It is
(4) Unlike Sri Lanka, the leaders of our an accommodation of ailing minds in
country adopted a very cautious attitude separate sanatoriums.
in spreading the use of Hindi. According
to the Constitution, the use of English for
official purposes was to stop in 1965.

86. What values differentiate the Federal and the

Unitary Government ?
o
Which values distinguish Federal and Unitary 88. How has federal division of power in India
Government ? help national unity ?
Ans Foreign 2017 Ans OD 2013

Values given below distinguish Federal and (1) Irrespective of internal conflicts and
Unitary Government : disharmony, India still has maintained
(1) In unitary form of government there is unity and integrity through power
only one central government for the sharing—a consensus forming mechanism.
whole country while in a federal form It is manifested in issues relating to
of government there is one central foreign affairs, diplomatic relations, unity
government and separate governments in at war-time (1965, 1971, 1999 wars with
the provinces. Pakistan).
(2) In federal form of government, all the (2) Every state as well as Union Territories
powers are vested in the hands of political elect and send their representatives
units, but in the unitary government all to Central Legislature. The members
powers vested in single unit. of Indian Parliament belong to entire
(3) In a federal form of government mostly country. They choose the Prime Minister
the constitution is rigid while in case of of the country. The Prime Minister
unitary government it is not so. submits the lists of the Council of
Ministers to the President of the country,
87. Write the number of countries having federal
who is a nominal head of the federal state
political system. What is the total population
of India.
of these countries out of the world population
(3) During the emergency days, our federal
? If federalism works only in big countries,
system takes unitary form without losing
why did Belgium adopt it ?
a single second.
Ans Delhi 2008 (4) All Indians feel that they are part and
(1) Number and population of countries parcel of the government. They feel that
having federal system : The total number if the government is weak, they will
of countries having federal political system remain weak and the country will remain
is 25 out of the world’s 192 countries. backward and weak.

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(1) In both Belgium and India, federal (ii) Also, a major judgment of the Supreme
structure is mainly based on the Court made difficult for the centre to
linguistic division of the country. That is, dismiss state governments arbitrarily.
separate states were created on the basis Thus, federal power sharing is more
of language. These regional governments effective today.
were given constitutional powers that
were no longer dependent on the central 97. What do you mean by decentralisation of
government. The centre had only limited powers ? What are the purposes or benefits
control over the states. of decentralisation. Give three points.
(2) The federal system in India and Belgium o
differs mainly on the basis of the name of What is decentralisation ? In what three
the community government. In Belgium, ways does it help, the successful functioning
community government is elected by of democracy ?
the people belonging to one language Ans Delhi 2012

community — Dutch, French, German- (1) When some power is taken away from
speaking, no matter where they live. This the central or the state government and
government has power regarding cultural, given to the local government, it is called
educational and language related issues. decentralisation. The basic idea behind
Such a system of community government decentralisation is that a large number
is not found in Indian federal system. of problems and issues can be settled at
96. How has federal power sharing in India local levels.
become more effective than in early years (2) Following are the purposes or benefits of
after the Constitution came into force -? decentralisation :
Explain. (i) The main purpose of decentralisation
o is to ensure community participation
‘Federal power sharing is more effective for proper growth and development of
today than it was in the early years after the the community itself. It ensures social,
Constitution come in to force.’ Justify the economic and political development
statement by analysing the situation before of the community.
and now. (ii) In decentralisation, there are two
ways of power-sharing. First, power
Ans SQP 2007
directly goes to the local bodies from
(1) For a long time, the same party ruled both the union and second, the powers
at the centre and in most of the states. of the state are shared by the local
As and when the ruling party at the state bodies and the state.
level was different, the parties that ruled (iii)Decentralisation is also oriented to
at the centre tried to undermine the ensure no or less interferences in the
power of the states. local affairs by the union and the state
(2) The centre would often misuse the executive bodies. It has been executed
Constitution to dismiss the state to make village, little Republic’..
governments that were controlled by rival
parties. This undermined the spirit of 98. “The decentralisation has led to strengthening
federalism. In recent times, of Panchayati Raj system in India”. Justify.
(i) due to coalition governments at the o
centre, a new culture of power sharing “There has been qualitative and quantitative
and respect for the autonomy of state change in the powers of local government
governments was developed. after constitutional Amendment Act 1992.”
Justify.

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

3. Major Step Towards Decentralisation the Government of India. Promotion does

(a) Constitutionally mandatory for not mean that the Central Government can
holding regular elections for local impose Hindi on states where people speak a
government bodies. different language. The flexibility shown by
(b) Seats reserved in the elected bodies Indian political leaders helped our country
and executive heads of the institutions avoid the kind of situation that Sri Lanka
for Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled finds itself in.
Castes, and Other Backward Classes. Questions :
(c) Creation of an independent institution 1. Our Constitution did not give the status
called the State Election Commission of national language to any one language.
in each state to conduct panchayat Why?
and municipal elections. 2. Evaluate the importance of continuing
English as the official language of India.
115. Read the given extract and answer the 3. State the differences between India and Sri
following questions. Lanka on the basis of status of language.
A second test for Indian federation is the Ans
language policy. Our Constitution did not
1. Our Constitution did not give the status
give the status of national language to any
of national language to any one language
one language.
because Only 40 per cent people speak in
Hindi was identified as the official language. Hindi. It is improper to give the status
But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about of national language to any particular
40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there were language.
many safeguards to protect other languages. 2. According to the Constitutions, the use of
Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages English for official purposes was to stop
recognised as Scheduled Languages by the in 1965. But many non-Hindi speaking
Constitution. A candidate in an examination states demanded to continue English as
conducted for the Central Government an official language along with Hindi.
positions may opt to take the examination in Some states, specially states in South
any of these languages. India, like Tamil Nadu revolted violently
against the removal of English. Thus,
States too have their own official languages. Central Government took the decision to
Much of the government work takes place in continue English as official language.
the official language of the concerned state. 3. Sri Lanka declared Sinhala as the only
Unlike Sri Lanka, the leaders of our country official language whereas in our country,
adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading there is no national language.
the use of Hindi.
116. Read the given extract and answer the
According to the Constitution, the use of
following questions.
English for official purposes was to stop in
1965. However, many non-Hindi speaking Federalism is a system of government in
states demanded that the use of English which the power is divided between a central
continue. In Tamil Nadu, this movement authority and various constituent units of the
took a violent form. The Central Government country. Usually, a federation has two levels
responded by agreeing to continue the use of of government. One is the government for the
English along with Hindi for official purposes. entire country that is usually responsible for
a few subjects of common national interest.
Many critics think that this solution favoured
The others are governments at the level of
the English speaking elite. Promotion of
provinces or states that look after much of the
Hindi continues to be the official policy of

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page 391

and efficient management to deal Ans OD 2020

with problems. The rationales behind the implementation of

(2) Provisions : (i) It is constitutionally decentralisation in India are :
mandatory to hold regular elections to (1) India is a vast country; central government
local government bodies. is unable to hear the needs of people from
(ii) Seats are reserved in the elected different areas.
bodies and the executive heads of (2) The local government can easily
these institutions for the Scheduled understand the needs and demands of
Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other their people.
Backward Classes. Also, one-third of (3) It helps women to participate in decision
all positions are reserved for women. making process because 33% seats are
reserved for women in local government.
102. State any two achievements and any two (4) It takes off burden from central and state
problems of the Panchayati Raj system in government.
India. (5) It strengthens democracy.
Ans SQP 2012 (6) At the local level it is possible for the
The Panchayati Raj system of India is the people to directly participate in decision
largest experiment in democracy conducted making.
anywhere in the world. Its achievements are 104. Describe any three steps taken by the Indian
as follows : Government towards decentralisation of
(1) Achievements : power in 1992.
(i) The constitutional status for local
government has helped to deepen Ans OD 2020, 2016

roots of democracy in India. The major steps taken towards the

(ii) It has also increased representation decentralisation of powers in India in 1992
and voice of Scheduled Castes, are given below :
Scheduled Tribes and women in (1) It formalised the local self government
Indian democracy through measures (Panchayati Raj system).
of reservation. (2) It empowers lower level management or
(2) Problems : people participation in decision making
(i) While elections are held regularly and to solve problems and issues at the local
enthusiastically, Gram Sabhas are not level.
held regularly. (3) To hold regular elections of the local
(ii) Most state governments have not governing bodies.
transferred significant powers to the (4) Reserve one third seats for the women in
local governments. Nor they have the local self government.
been given adequate resources. India (5) The state governments are needed for the
is thus still a long away from realizing purpose of sharing some powers and the
the ideals of self-government. revenue with local self governing bodies.
(6) Prior to 1992, local government bodies
were under the control of the government
but after 1992, these bodies were given
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO constitutional status. Seats are reserved
for SC, ST and OBC in elected bodies
and executive head of the Institutions to
103. Describe the rationale behind the
ensure their equal participation.
implementation of Decentralisation in India.
[Any Three]

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

union and the province. Thus it is nation as a whole, is a federal feature.

more democratic in nature. But, Supreme Court’s superiority or
(ii) In the federal system, both the unity domination over the High Courts is a
and integrity of the nation, and the unitary feature.
accommodation of regional diversities Thus, it can be reasonably concluded that
are together promoted. The different Indian political system is federal in form but
regional, sectional, linguistic and unitary in nature.
other groups have chances to realise
their interest. 94. Explain any three ways in which federalism
(2) Negative features of federalism : in India is practiced.
(i) In the federal system, the conflict over Ans Comp 2020

power sharing between the union and Following are the ways in which federalism is
state is very frequent. The conflict practiced in India.
becomes more sharp when the union (1) In India, the creation of linguistic
government is different from the state states was the first and the major test
government. for democracy and federal system. The
(ii) Sometimes the regional interests clash linguistic division was done to insure the
with the national interest. In this people who spoken the same language
situation, it becomes very difficult for lived in the same state. Some states like
the union to formulate a uniform law for Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand
widely diversified and stratified society. were created to recognise the differenceg
93. “Do you agree that Indian political system based on culture, ethnicity and geography.
is federal in form but unitary in nature ?” (2) The second way India practices federalism
Justify your answer giving four reasons. is that our Constitution did not give the
status of national language to any one
Ans Foreign 2015, 2006
language. Hindi was identified as the
(1) Power-sharing : The power sharing official language and till now 21 regional
arrangement between the union and languages have been recognised as the
the state given in the Constitution of scheduled languages.
India clearly distributes powers between (3) Restructuring the centre-state relation
the two. In this sense, it is federal. But is one more way in which federalism
the system becomes unitary when the has been strengthened in practice. In
residuery power rests, with the union. the present day political scenario, the
(2) Concurrent list : Both the union and state governments are practicing their
state have their separate subjects under powers more independently. Now they do
union and state lists respectively. It shows not follow the footprints of the central
federal nature of Indian government. government. They can think their better
Both can legislate over the state list but self. This envisages the strengthening of
in case of conflict, union legislation is federal nature of the government.
final. It reflects the unitary nature.
(3) Financial : Both, union and state has 95. Give one feature each in which federalism in
its own financial institutions, sources India is similar to and different from that of
and distribution of revenues. In this Belgium.
way it is federal. But state’s demands Ans OD 2011, Foreign 2014

of grants from the centre show of Indian Following are the ways in which federalism
government’s unitary feature. in India is similar to as well as different from
(4) Judiciary : The provision of High Court that of Belgium :
for the state and Supreme Court for the

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108. What makes India a federal country ? professionals, administrators, political

Discuss in brief, all major features of Indian leaders, grocers and sellers including
federation. common people. HDI shows that among
Ans SQP 2014, Delhi 2011
177 countries of the world, India stands
at 126 in terms of human development
The features of Indian Federalism : here.
(1) Two tier system of government. Third (3) Perspective of Economic Progress :
tier added subsequently to government Small states, by remaining independent,
is that of Local Self-Government or individually—cannot make progress
Panchayati Raj through Zila Parishad in the economic field. They cannot
and municipality. compete effectively in the world market,
(2) Three organs of Government are : (a) they cannot make very big projects in
Legislature, (b) Executive and (c) Judiciary. each state. They can form a federation
(3) Three lists containing subjects to be ruled and can act unitedly. Thus, the aim of
are union list, state list and concurrent economic progress is a strong factor in
list. Residuary powers are also with the the formation of the federation, very big
Central Government. states become super¬power and can take
(4) Division of powers with the President in research work continuously in all fields of
executive, legislative, financial, judicial knowledge, science and technology etc.
and emergency.
(5) Fine accommodation of unitary and 110. Why central government been made more
federal nature. powerful in the federal structure of India ?
(6) Written constitution with abundant Analyse three significant reasons.
scope for amendments in provisions. Ans OD 2012
(7) Strong power sharing arrangements
witnessed in policies, strategies, schemes, (1) Union List bears more subjects dealt with
plans, projects and programmes. Central Government or the Union viz. 97
(8) Rational process of nation-wide consensus subjects.
in law-making for the land. (2) Residual powers are exclusively conferred
(9) Independent judiciary. to centre. .
(3) In case, any controversy takes place
109. Examine the factors which are responsible for between decisions made by the Centre
the formation of a federation in India. and the State, the decision made by the
Ans Foreign 2019
Centre shall be deemed prevailing over
the state.
There are some factors that encourage the (4) The Central Government has emergency
independent states to form a federation. powers overriding other State
Some important factors are as under : governments because Governor in state
(1) Fear of foreign invasion : Sensitive but acts as representative of the Central
non-resolute at physical level—the people Government.
of India; had experienced partition and Three significant reasons for making Centre
prolong slavery of the British. They more powerful are the following :
were, therefore, cautious in the matter of (1) The framers of the Indian Constitution
defence from foreign invasion. aimed at a strong and united India.
(2) Illusion of economic development as (2) By means of power sharing and allowing
human development : It is all understood Centre, supreme power over nation-state,
that India is lingering behind at HDI. We unity and integration among all levels of
can say, therefore, that Indian Federation government can be fostered and made us
is misunderstood by its people comprising of, in proper way.

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(3) It is necessary in order to maintain Panchayati Raj : The rural local government
sovereignty i.e., an essential component is popularly known as Panchayati Raj. It
of the state. consists of Gram Panchayats, Panchayat
Samiti and Zila Parishad.
111. Write a detailed note on the centre-state (a) Panchayat :
relations in Indian federation. (i) There is a panchayat in each village or
Ans Delhi 2019, 2007 group of villages.
Centre-State relations in India : (ii) It is a council which has several ward
(1) Restructuring the Centre-State relations members (panch) and a president
is one more way in which federalism has (sarpanch).
been strengthened in practice. (iii)They are directly elected by all the
(2) The constitutional arrangements for adult population living in that ward
sharing power work in reality depend to or village.
a large extent, on how the ruling parties (iv) Panchayat is a decision-making body
and leaders follow these arrangements. for the entire village.
(3) For a long time, the same party ruled both (v) It works under the overall supervision
the centre and in most of the states. This of Gram Sabha.
meant that the state governments did (vi) Gram Sabha consists of all the voters
not exercise their rights as autonomous and meets twice or thrice in a year
federal units. As and when the ruling to approve the annual budget of the
party at the state level was different, Gram Panchayat and to review its
the parties that ruled at the centre tried performance.
to undermine the power of the states. (b) Panchayat Samiti or block or mandal
In those days, the Central Government : A few Gram Panchayats are grouped
would often misuse the Constitution together to form a Panchayat Samiti.
to dismiss the state governments that The members of this body are elected by
were controlled by rival parties. This all the members of the panchayats in that
undermined the spirit of federalism. area.
(4) All this changed significantly after 1990. (c) Zila Parishad : All the panchayat samities
This period saw the rise of regional parties in a district constitute Zila Parishad,
in many states of the country. This was whose members are elected. Members of
also the beginning of the era of coalition the Lok Sabha and MLAs of that district
governments at the centre. Since no and some other officials of other district
single party got a clear majority in Lok level bodies are also its members. Zila
Sabha, the major national parties had to Parishad chairperson is the political head
enter into an alliance with many parties of the Zila Parishad.
including several regional parties to form
a government at the centre. This led to a
new culture of power sharing and respect
for the autonomy of the state governments.
CASE BASED QUESTIO
This trend was supported by a majority.
113. Read the given source and answer the
112. Write the composition of rural local
questions that follow :
government in India.
DECENTRALISATION IN INDIA
Ans Foreign 2008
This new system of local government is the
A brief description of the rural local largest experiment in democracy conducted
government is given below anywhere in the world. There are now about 36

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page 395

lakh elected representatives in the panchayats DECENTRALISATION IN INDIA

and municipalities etc., all over the country.
When power is taken away from Central
This number is bigger then the population of
and State governments and given to local
many countries in the world. Constitutional
government, it is called decentralization.
status for local government has helped to
The basic idea behind decentralization is that
deepen democracy in our country. It has also
there are a large number of problems and
increased women’s representation and voice
issues which are best settled at the local level.
in our democracy. At the same time, there
People have better knowledge of problems in
are many difficulties. While elections are held
their localities. They also have better ideas on
regularly of Panchayats and people participate
where to spend money and how to manage
enthusiastically in it but meetings of gram
things more efficiently. Besides, at the local
sabhas are not held regularly.
level it is possible for the people to directly
Questions :
participate in decision making. This helps to
1. Why is Indian decentralisation considered
inculcate a habit of democratic participation.
as the largest experiment in democracy ?
Local government is the best way to realise
2. Analyse how constitutional status for
one important principle of democracy, namely
local government has helped to deepen
local self-government.
democracy in India ?
3. Explain any two steps taken by the Indian The need for decentralisation was recognized
Government for decentralisation. in our Constitution. Since then, there have
been several attempts to decentralize power to
Ans
the level of villages and towns. Panchayats in
1. The third tier of local government in villages and municipalities in urban areas were
India is the biggest in the world thanks set up in all the States. But these were directly
to the decentralisation experiment. More under the control of State Governments.
than 35 lakh elected officials serve in Elections to these local governments were not
panchayats and municipalities across the held regularly.
nation. Questions :
2. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional 1. Explain Decentralization in democracy.
Amendment Acts granted constitutional 2. Explain the importance of Local self
status to the third branch of government. Government in democracy.
As a result, the local government now 3. Describe any two steps taken by Indian
operates more effectively and has more government for decentralization.
authority in a number of areas.
Ans
3. Two steps taken by the government for
decentralisation are as follows: 1. Democratic decentralization is the process
(a) Establishing the panchayats as the of devolving the functions and resources
third level of government and giving of the state from the centre to the elected
them the authority and means to representatives at the lower levels so as
function effectively. to facilitate greater direct participation
(b) Allowing for the reservation of one of citizens in governance.
third of the seats. to the female 2. The local self-governmental institutions
members of local government to are the best centers for imparting
increase their involvement in political democratic thoughts and education.
discussions and decision-making. People prefer democracy because they
want to live in an environment of equality
114. Read the given extract and answer all and liberty. In local self government, the
questions : members have close and intimate contact
with the local people

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Foreign 2017

(iii)Social Justice and equitable
(1) The constitutional Amendment Act-1992 development of the community have
(73rd) created a three tier system of local been executed through Panchayats.
government at village, block and district (iv) Since it is locally available government,
levels. At each level, members are elected it not only saves time and money of the
in a democratic process. people but also provides immediate
(2) It has led to participation of village and effective relief.
community in power-sharing. Now
village Panchayat is a more powerful 100. Explain any three measures to decentralise
and autonomous unit. Power is shared in powers in India.
democratic process. Ans OD 2017, 2010

(3) Women, scheduled castes, other backward Following are the principal measures to
castes (OBC) and deprived sections decentralise powers in India :
have been provided reservation in the (1) Legislative measures : Under the 73rd
Panchayat to ensure uniformity in proper and 74th Amendment Acts of 1992 and
participation of deprived class in the 1993 respectively, the Panchayati Raj
government. and Nagar Palika have beep given powers
(4) The village Panchayat has been given to make laws on the local issues.
legislative, executive and judicial powers, (2) Executive measures : Under the same
and all these powers are mutually shared acts, both the local bodies can implement,
by the community. check and administer the local affairs
Thus, decentralisation has led to moral independently. Provisions have also
democratisation and ensured community been made to ensure less bureaucratic
participation in village Panchayat. interferences in the local affairs.
(3) Judicial measures : Both, the Panchayati
99. What do you mean by Panchayati Raj Raj and Nagar Palika have judicial powers
System? What are its significance ? to judge the legality and applicability of
Ans Comp 2007
local legislation. The local judiciary can
impose fine or give the prescribed mode
(1) The rural local government is popularly of punishment to the accused.
known by the name of Panchayati Raj.
Each village or a group of village (in 101. Give two arguments in favour of
some states) has a Gram Panchayat. This decentralisation of powers to local
is a council consisting of several ward governments. Give two provisions under the
members, often called Panch, a President amendment of 1992 which empowers local
or Sarpanch. They are directly elected by governments in India.
the adult population living in the ward. Ans Delhi 2016
(2) Following are the significance of
Panchayati Raj : (1) Arguments : (i) It fulfils the need of
(i) It has ensured greater participation of power sharing in a vast and diversified
local people in power sharing through country like India, which cannot be run
its three tier structure. only through federal governments. Thus,
(ii) The processes of community it modifies the concept of democracy.
participation and democratisation (ii) It helps in settlement of large number
have been strengthened as a result of of problems and issues at the local
decentralisation of power in the form level because local people have
of Panchayati Raj. better knowledge of problems in their
localities. They also have better ideas

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day-to-day administering of their state. Both foreign affairs, banking, communications

these levels of governments enjoy their power and currency. They are included in this list
independent of the other. because we need a uniform policy on these
Questions : matters throughout the country. The Union
1. How is unitary form of government Government alone can make laws relating to
different from federal form of government? the subjects mentioned in the Union List.
2. Mention any one aspect of Federalism.
State List contains subjects of State and local
3. Differentiate between coming together
importance such as police, trade, commerce,
and holding together federations.
agriculture and irrigation. T he State
Ans Governments alone can make laws relating to
1. In the unitary form of government, there the subjects mentioned in the State List.
will be either one level of government
Concurrent List includes subjects of common
or the sub-units are subordinate to the
interest to both the Union Government as well
central government, whereas in a federal
as the State Governments, such as education,
structure, the power is divided between
forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and
a central authority and other sub-units.
succession. Both the Union as well as the
The sub-units are not answerable to the
State Governments can make laws on the
central government.
subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws
2. (a) Governments at different levels should
conflict with each other, the law made by the
agree to some rules of power-sharing.
Union Government will prevail.
(b) They should also trust that each would
Questions :
abide by its part of the agreement.
1. How many items are listed in the Union
3. Difference between coming together and
List?
holding together federations :
2. Which kind of subjects are listed in the
Coming together Holding together state list?
federations federations 3. Who makes laws in the concurrent list? It
conflict occurs then what happen in the
(i) Independent A large country
List?
states come divides its
together on their power between Ans
own to form a the central 1. There are 100 numbered items listed
bigger unit. government and in the Union List (before 97 numbered
its sub-units. items were listed). These include subjects
(ii) All states usually The central of national importance such as defence,
have equal power government foreign affairs, banking, communications
and are strong tends to be more and currency.
with regard to powerful with 2. Subject like police, trade, commerce,
federal/central regard to the agriculture and irrigation are listed
government. states. in State List. It is of state and local
importance.
(iii) Examples- The Examples- India,
3. Both the Union as well as the State
USA, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium.
Governments can make laws on the
Australia.
subjects mentioned in the Concurrent
List.
117. Read the sources given below and answer the
If their laws conflict with each other, the
questions that follows:
law made by the Union Government will
Union List includes subjects of national prevail.
importance such as defence of the country,

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

118. Read the extracts/sources carefully and official language. But Hindi is the mother
answer the following questions: tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians.
Therefore, there were many safeguards to
Regional governments existed in Belgium
protect other languages. Besides Hindi, there
even earlier. They had their roles and
are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled
powers. But all these powers were given to
Languages by the Constitution. A candidate
these governments and could be withdrawn
in an examination conducted for the Central
by the Central Government. The change
Government positions may opt to take the
that took place in 1993 was that the regional
examination in any of these languages.
governments were given constitutional powers
that were no longer dependent on the central States too have their own official languages.
government. Thus, Belgium shifted from Much of the government work takes place in
a unitary to a federal form of government. the official language of the concerned State.
Sri Lanka continues to be, for all practical
Unlike Sri Lanka, the leaders of our
purposes, a unitary system where the national
country adopted a very cautious attitude in
government has all the powers. Tamil leaders
spreading the use of Hindi. According to the
want Sri Lanka to become a federal system.
constitution, the use of English for official
The exact balance of power between the purposes was to stop in 1965. However, many
Central and the State government varies non-Hindi speaking states demanded that
from one federation to another. This balance the use of English continue. In Tamil Nadu,
depends mainly on the historical context in this movement took a violent form. The
which the federation was formed. There are central Government responded by agreeing to
two kinds of routes through which federations continue the use of English along with Hindi
have been formed. for official purposes. Many critics think that
Questions : this solution favoured the English-speaking
1. What form of government has been elite. Promotion of Hindi continues to be the
adopted by Belgium and Sri Lanka? Also official policy of the Government of India.
state one difference between the two. Promotion does not mean that the Central
2. Name the two routes through which most Government can impose Hindi on States
of the federations have been formed. where people speak a different language. The
Ans flexibility shown by Indian political leaders
helped our country avoid the kind of situation
1. Belgium - Federal that Sri Lanka finds itself in.
Under this, the power is divided between Questions :
a central authority and its various 1. How many official languages recognised as
constituent units. scheduled Languages by the constitution?
Sri Lanka - Unitary 2. How does Constitution of India safeguard
Under this, there is only a single the other languages?
government controlling all the powers. 3. How does India avoid the kind of situation
2. (a) Coming together federation. that Sri Lanka finds itself in?
(b) Holding together federation.
Ans
119. Read the extract and answer the questions 1. There are 22 Languages recognised as
that follow: Scheduled Languages by the constitution.
A second test for Indian federation is the 2. The constitution of India did not give
language policy. Our Constitution did not the status of national language to any
give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as
one language. Hindi was identified as the the official language. states too have
their own official languages. Much of

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the government work takes place in the Questions :

official language of the concerned state. 1. How many items are listed in the Union
Although only 40% of Indians speak List?
Hindi. Therefore the constitution of 2. Which kind of subjects are listed in the
India safeguards the other languages and state list?
recognised 22 languages as the scheduled 3. Who makes laws in the concurrent list? It
languages. conflict occurs then what happen in the
3. Unlike Sri Lanka, the leaders of our List?
country adopted a very cautious altitude Ans
in spreading the use of Hindi. Therefore
government of India agreed to continue 1. There are 100 numbered items listed
the use of English along with Hindi for in the Union List (before 97 numbered
official purposes. items were listed). These include subjects
Although, promotion of Hindi continues of national importance such as defence,
to be the official policy of the Government foreign affairs, banking, communications
of India. Promotion does not mean that and currency.
the Central Government can impose Hindi 2. Subject like police, trade, commerce,
on states where people speak a different agriculture and irrigation are listed
language. The flexibility shown by Indian in State List. It is of state and local
political leaders helped our country avoid importance.
the kind of situation that Sri Lanka finds 3. Both the Union as well as the State
itself in. Governments can make laws on the subjects
mentioned in the Concurrent List.
120. Read the sources given below and answer the If their laws conflict with each other, the law
questions that follows: made by the Union Government will prevail.
Union List includes subjects of national 121. Read the sources given below and answer the
importance such as defence of the country, questions that follows:
foreign affairs, banking, communications
and currency. They are included in this list Federalism is a system of government in
because we need a uniform policy on these which the power is divided between a central
matters throughout the country. The Union authority and various constituent units of the
Government alone can make laws relating to country. Usually, a federation has two levels
the subjects mentioned in the Union List. of government. One is the government for the
entire country that is usually responsible for
State List contains subjects of State and local a few subjects of common national interest.
importance such as police, trade, commerce, The others are governments at the level of
agriculture and irrigation. T he State provinces or states that look after much of the
Governments alone can make laws relating to day-to-day administering of their state. Both
the subjects mentioned in the State List. these levels of governments enjoy their power
independent of the other.
Concurrent List includes subjects of common
interest to both the Union Government as well The Parliament cannot on its own change this
as the State Governments, such as education, arrangement. Any change to it has to be first
forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and passed by both the Houses of Parliament with
succession. Both the Union as well as the at least two-thirds majority. Then it has to be
State Governments can make laws on the ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the
subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws total States. The judiciary plays an important
conflict with each other, the law made by the role in overseeing the implementation of
Union Government will prevail. constitutional provisions and procedures.

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Ch 12 : Federalism CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

In case of any dispute about the division of

powers, the High Courts and the Supreme
Court make a decision. The Union and
State governments have the power to raise
resources by levying taxes in order to carry on
the government and the responsibilities.
There were many safeguards to protect
other languages. Besides Hindi, there are
21 other languages recognised as Scheduled
Languages by the Constitution. A candidate
in an examination conducted for the Central
Government positions may opt to take the
examination in any of these languages. States
too have their own official languages. Much
of the government work takes place in the
official language of the concerned State.
Questions :
1. What do you mean by Federalism?
2. Why is the role of Judiciary important in
democracy?
3. How many languages are recognised as
Scheduled Languages by the Constitution?
Ans
1. Federalism is a system of government in
which the power is divided between a
central authority and various constituent
units of the country. Usually, a federation
has two levels of government.
2. The judiciary plays an important role
in overseeing the implementation of
constitutional provisions and procedures.
3. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages
recognised as Scheduled Languages by
the Constitution.

www.nodia.i

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page 401

CHAPTER
13
Gender, Religion and Caste

SUMMAR
13. Family Laws : Those laws that deal with
family related matters such as marriages,
divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our
1. Sexual Division of Labour : A system in
country every community has its own family
which all work inside the home is either done
law.
by the women of the family, or organised by
14. Gender Division : It is a form of hierarchical
them through the domestic helpers.
social division based on social expectations
2. Feminist : A woman or a man who believes
and stereotypes.
in equal rights and opportunities for women
15. Universal Adult Franchise : It implies that
and men.
Right to Vote is given to every adult citizen
Patriarchy : A family system in which father
of the country. It is one of the political rights
occupies dominant position in all kinds of
of the people.
decision-making.
3. Urbanisation : Shift of population from rural
areas to urban areas.
4. Occupational Mobility : Changing nature of MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
occupation–not hereditary.
5. Caste Hierarchy : A ladder-like formation in
which all the caste groups are placed from 1. Read the given statements :
the ‘highest’ to the ‘lowest’ order. (1) India has no official religion.
6. Casteism : Superiority or inferiority complex (2) All the communities have freedom to
owing to different ladders in caste hierarchy. profess and practice any religion in India.
7. Communalism : It means to distinguish Which one of the following constitutional
people on the basis of religion to treat the term is used for the above statements?
persons belonging to one’s own religion as (a) Republic
friends and others are enemies. (b) Secular
8. Inequality of Women : Gender bias in (c) Sovereign
allocation, performance and valuation of (d) Socialist
works, acts, chores, occupations and in Ans OD 2024
political recognition, etc.
(b) Secular
9. Secularism : The belief that religion should
not involved in the organisation of society. 2. Read the following statements and choose
10. Untouchability : Social exclusion due to one’s the correct option:
not falling in hierarchy of caste on account of I. There is no official religion in India.
certain violation to social norms/canons. II. Communities have freedom to profess
11. Minorities : Lesser number of people in any and practice their religion.
region, state, district or area under census. III State helps communities by giving aid to
12. Social Change : Modification in popular mode educational institutions run by them.
of seeing things and people, ideas, standards, IV. India believes in theocracy.
pattern of behaviour etc.

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Options: 6. Observe the following table of child sex ratio

(a) I, II and III 0-6 years in India between 1981-2011 and
(b) I, II and IV answer the question:
(c) II, III and IV
S.No. Year No. of Girls per
(d) I, III and IV
1000 Boys
Ans OD 2023
1. 1981 962
(a) I, II and III
2. 1991 945
3. Which one of the following countries has 3. 2001 927
the highest representation of women in their
4. 2021 919
National Parliament?
(a) Russia Which reason is responsible for the decline in
(b) Australia the child sex ratio in India?
(c) Sweden (a) Nature of patriarchal society.
(d) India (b) Attraction toward son over daughter.
(c) Even after legalization of ban over sex
Ans OD 2023
identification of unborn child, these
(c) Sweden activities are still revealing in society.
(d) All of these
4. The participation of women in public life is
very high in Ans SQP 2020

(a) Sweden (d) All of these

(b) Norway
(c) Finland 7. It is believed that the main responsibility of
(d) All of these a girl is to:
(a) take care of house
Ans Comp 2023
(b) look after children to cook
(d) All of these (c) to cook
(d) all of the above
Ans Delhi 2020

(d) all of the above

5. Identify the kind of belief where:
• One religion is presented as superior to 8. Assertion : Universal Adult Franchise gives
those of other religions. right to vote to everyone.
• When the demand of one religious group Reason : Right to vote should be given to
are formed in opposition to another. people of upper caste and class for taking
• When state power is used to establish the wise decision.
domination of one religious’ group over (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
rest. reason is the correct explanation of
• Sometimes this kind of belief can led to assertion
disintegration of Nation. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
Options reason is not the correct explanation of
(a) Secularism assertion
(b) Communalism (c) Assertion is true but reason is false
(c) One Nation (d) Both assertion and reason are false
(d) One Relgion
Ans Foreign 2010
Ans Comp 2023
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(b) Communalism.

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9. Identify the person who said that: Ans Comp 2014

• Religion can never be separated from (a) Political Biasness against women for more
Politics. representation in Parliament.
• Politics can be guided by ethics drawn
from religion 12. Assertion : Equal Remuneration Act, 1976,
• Those who believe religion and politics provides that equal wages should be paid for
aren’t connected don’t understand either. equal work, irrespective of gender and caste.
• Nations are born out of travail and Reason : Women are physically weak so they
suffering are righteously paid less than men.
Options (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
(a) Mahatma Gandhi reason is the correct explanation of
(b) BR Ambedkar assertion
(c) Jotiba Phule (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(d) Periyar Ramaswami Naiker reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion
Ans OD 2019
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (d) Both assertion and reason are false

10. Which is not a threat to Indian democracy? Ans Delhi 2020

(a) Low gender ratio (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(b) Caste system
(c) Communalism 13. Choose the correct option about matriarchal
(d) None of these society.
(a) Educated society
Ans Delhi 2018, 2015
(b) Male dominated society
(a) Low gender ratio (c) Female dominated society
(d) Equal gender society
11. The following picture talks about the reality
of Indian Political System intended for: Ans OD 2017

(c) Female dominated society

14. Arrange the following states of India (in the

descending order) regarding their Child Sex
Ratio as per Census-2011?
1. Arunachal Pradesh 972
2. Haryana 834
3. Jammu and Kashmir 862
4. Uttar pradesh 902
Options
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1
(c) 3, 1, 4, 2
(a) Political Biasness against women for (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
more representation in Parliament. Ans SQP 2009

(b) Lesser participation of women in (b) 2, 3, 4, 1

Parliament.
(c) Lack of women movements for more 15. Complete the following table with correct
participation in Elected bodies. information with regard to the cultivation of
(d) Reluctant Ness in women for their wheat:
political right.

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

29. Who among the following fought against Ans OD 2012

caste inequalities? (c) 3, 1, 4, 2

(a) Periyar Ramaswami Naiker
(b) BR Ambedkar 33. Urban areas have become particularly ..........
(c) Jotiba Phule for women.
(d) All of them (a) safe
(b) Unsafe
Ans Delhi 2019
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) All of them (d) none of the above

30. Assertion : India is a secular state. Ans Delhi 2017, 2014

Reason : Constitution gives freedom to (b) Unsafe

everyone to profess, practice and propagate
any religion without prejudices or any 34. In 2011, sex ratio was
discrimination. (a) 914
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (b) 900
reason is the correct explanation of (c) 850
assertion. (d) 950
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but Ans SQP 2011

reason is not the correct explanation of (a) 914

assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. 35. Complete the following table with correct
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. information with regard to the Secular state:
Ans Comp 2021 Secular Principle India Pakistan
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and state
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. State have (A)-? (B)-?
no religion
31. The literacy rate among the women as
compared to men in only: (a) A - Not a secular state, B - A secular
(a) 54% state
(b) 98% (b) A - A secular state, B - Not a secular
(c) 68% state
(d) 70% (c) A - Not a secular state, B - Not a secular
state
Ans Foreign 2014
(d) A - A secular state, B - A secular state
(a) 54%
Ans Comp 2007

32. Arrange the following regions in the ascending (b) A - A secular state, B - Not a secular
order of the percentage of Women in their state.
national parliaments:
1. Europe 36. The gender division is mainly:
2. Nordic Countries (a) private
3. India (b) public
4. America (c) both (a) and (b)
Options (d) none of the above
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1 Ans Foreign 2016
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1
(c) both (a) and (b)
(c) 3, 1, 4, 2
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1

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(a) Both assertion and reason are true and 26. Following picture of a woman portray about:
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false
(d) Both assertion and reason are false
Ans Foreign 2018

(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

24. Communal politics is based on the idea of

(a) caste is the basis of social community
(b) religion and caste are the basis of social
community
(c) religion is the basis of social community
(d) None of the above
Ans Comp 2019

(c) religion is the basis of social community

25. Arrange India’s Religious diversity as per

census 2011:
1. Muslims
2. Sikhs
3. Hindus (a) Struggle of a woman during Independence
4. Christians Era.
Options (b) Poverty and Detroit condition of woman
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1 (c) Woman’s Strength
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1 (d) Demand for more political rights
(c) 3, 1, 4, 2 Ans SQP 2007
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
(c) Woman’s Strength
Ans Delhi 2011
27. Which social division is unique to India?
(c) 3, 1, 4, 2
(a) Economic division
(b) Caste division
(c) Racial division
(d) Religious division
Ans Foreign 2020

(b) Caste division

28. Heredity, rituals, birth are the basis of

(a) economic system
(b) caste system
(c) racial division
(d) class system
Ans OD 2012, 2010

(b) caste system

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) The literacy rate among women is only necessary support to win elections. When
54 per cent as compared with 76 per cent governments are formed, political parties
among men. usually take care that representatives of
(2) Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl different castes and tribes find a place in it.
students go for higher studies. Girls are (2) Political Parties as the Representatives of
performing as well as boys in school. But Caste : Political parties and candidates in
they drop out because parents prefer elections make appeals to caste sentiments
to spend their resources for their boys to muster support. Some political parties
education rather than spending equally are known to favour some castes and are
on their sons and daughters. seen as their representatives, e.g., BSP in
(3) The proportion of women among the India.
highly paid and valued jobs is still very (3) Caste influences Universal Adult
small. On an average an Indian women Franchise : Universal adult franchise
works one hour more than an average and the principle of one- person one-
man everyday. vote compelled political leaders to gear
(4) The Equal Wages Act provides that equal up to the task of mobilising and securing
wages should be paid for equal work. political support. It also brought new
However in almost all areas of work, from consciousness among the people of
sports and cinema, to factories and fields, different castes that were hitherto treated
women are paid less than men, even when as inferior and low.
both do exactly the same work. (4) Various caste groups are required to
(5) In many parts of India, parents prefer to enter into a coalition with other castes
have sons and find ways to have the girl or communities and thus enter into a
child aborted before she is born. Such sex dialogue and negotiation.
selective abortion led to a decline in child (5) New kinds of caste groups have come up
sex ratio. in the political arena like “backward” and
(6) The political representation of women “forward caste groups.”
is very poor. A very small percentage of
women in India has political participation 86. Mention any three forms in which
and representation. There are reports of communalism is expressed in politics. Describe
various kinds of harassment, exploitation the solution provided by the Constitution
and violence against women. Urban areas framers of India to meet this challenge?
are increasingly becoming unsafe for Ans SQP 2019

women. Communalism can take various forms in

(7) Women face harassment, exploitation and politics :
violence on the domestic front. (1) The routinely beliefs involve religious
85. “Caste can take various forms in Politics.” prejudices, stereotypes of religious
Explain with examples. communities and belief in the superiority
of one’s religion over other religions.
Ans OD 2020 , 2016
(2) A communal mind often leads to a quest
Caste is the sole basis of social community. for political dominance of one’s own
It can take various forms in politics due to religious community.
following reasons : (3) For those belonging to majority
(1) Selection of Candidates in Politics : When community, this takes the form of
parties choose candidates in elections, majoritarian dominance. For those
they keep in mind the caste composition belonging to the minority community, it
of the electorate and nominate candidates can take the form of a desire to form a
from different castes so as to muster separate political unit.

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37. The women’s movement is called: (c) 3, 1, 4, 2

(a) Women’s movement (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
(b) Female Agitation Ans OD 2011, 2009
(c) Feminist Movement
(d) none of the above (d) 4, 3, 2, 1

Ans OD 2013 42. Assertion : Sex-selective abortion led to

(c) Feminist Movement decline of sex ratio in India.
Reason : Desire of for a male child makes
38. Assertion : A casteist is a person who thinks Indian families abort girl.
that caste is the principal basis of community. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Reason : All castes are equal and man-made. reason is the correct explanation of
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and assertion.
reason is the correct explanation of (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
assertion. reason is not the correct explanation of
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but assertion.
reason is not the correct explanation of (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
assertion. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Ans Delhi 2017
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and
Ans Delhi 2015
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
43. Which factor does not weaken the caste
39. Communal politics is based on the idea that inequalities?
religion is the principal basis of : (a) Urbanisation
(a) social community (b) Literacy growth
(b) society (c) Education
(c) people (d) Politics
(d) none of the above Ans Foreign 2020
Ans SQP 2010
(d) Politics
(b) society
44. Gender means differentiation between male
40. Women also do outside work like: and female based on:
(a) fetching water (a) sex
(b) collecting fuel (b) society
(c) working in fields (c) religion
(d) all of the above (d) none of the above
Ans Comp 2016 Ans OD 2005

(d) all of the above (a) sex

41. Arrange the following in the correct sequence: 45. Literacy rate means ratio of
1. Social Reform Movement (a) educated people in a country
2. Caste inequality (b) uneducated people in a country
3. Caste system (c) educated women in the country
4. Social community (d) All of the above
Options Ans Comp 2016
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1 (a) educated people in a country

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

46. Assertion : Sometimes a caste group becomes (b) Both assertion and reason are true but
vote bank for a party. reason is not the correct explanation of
Reason : Selecting the candidate from same assertion
caste helps in ensuring better governance. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (d) Both assertion and reason are false
reason is the correct explanation of Ans OD 2017, 2015
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is not the correct explanation of reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
assertion. 49. The most common expression of communalism
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious
Ans OD 2005 communities and belief in the superiority of
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. one’s religion over other religions. This is so
common that we often fail to notice it, even
47. Following picture tells the meagre when we believe in it.
participation of women in Indian Parliament Analyse the above given statement,
which can be solved or improved by: considering one of the following correct
option.
(a) There is no official religion for the Indian
State.
(b) All societies have some kind of social
inequality and some form of division of
labour.
(c) No party wins the votes of all the voters
of a caste or community.
(d) Communalism is based on the idea the
religion is the principal basis of social
community.
Ans Foreign 2019

(a) Making women aware about their rights (d) Communalism is based on the idea
(b) Making women motivated towards joining the religion is the principal basis of social
national or state level political parties community.
(c) Telling their male counterpart to make
more efforts for women participation 50. Match the following items given in column A
(d) Make a legal binding to have a fair with those in Column B. Choose the correct
proportion of women in elected bodies answer from the options given below:
Ans Delhi 2007 Column A Column B
(d) Make a legal binding to have a fair A. A form of guarantee 1. Gomasthas
proportion of women in elected bodies against loan
48. Assertion : Women face discrimination and B. Supervise Weavers, 2. Shroffs and
disadvantage in India in many ways. collect supplies, Chettairs
Reason : India is a patriarchal society. and examine the
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and quality of cloth
reason is the correct explanation of
assertion

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C. Group of bankers 3. Collateral (2) Expression of various social diversity

and traders who results in their cancelling one another out
financed export of and thus reducing their intensity.
agriculture (3) They also help to uplift the marginalised
D. Caste system was 4. Outcaste or deprived section of society which also
based on exclusion leads to strengthening of democracy.
and discrimination
against 53. “Social divisions affect politics.” Examine
the statement.
Options
(a) A – 4, B – 1, C – 3, D – 2 Ans Delhi 2019

(b) A – 3, B – 1, C – 2, D – 4 Yes, social division affect politics in the

(c) A – 2, B – 1, C – 3, D – 4 following ways :
(d) A – 2, B – 3, C – 4, D – 1 (1) It strengthens the idea of communal
Ans Comp 2018
politics.
(2) Government mainly supports the
(b) A – 3, B – 1, C – 2, D – 4 majority community, by denying the
51. Assertion : Men and women should be given rights of minority community.
equal rights. (3) Politics of social division is very normal
Reason : Men are superior to women and can be healthy, it allows people to
physically and emotionally. express their grievances.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and (4) Its outcome depends on how people
reason is the correct explanation of perceive their identity, or how political
assertion. leaders raise their demands, and it
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but depends on how the government react to
reason is not the correct explanation of demands of different groups.
assertion. 54. Explain the three factors that are crucial
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. in deciding the outcome of politics of social
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. divisions.
Ans OD 2015
Ans Delhi 2018
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Three factors which determine the outcome
of politics of social division are :
(1) Peoples’ perception of their identifies :
VERY SHORT QUESTIO When this is singular, the accommodation
of other identities becomes difficult.
52. “The assertion of social diversities in a (2) Representation of a community by
democratic country is very normal and can political leaders : While representing a
be healthy.” Justify the statement with community if politicians raise demands
arguments. that are constitutional then it is easier to
Ans Delhi 2019 accommodate those demands.
The assertion of social diversities in a (3) The government’s reaction : If the
democratic country is very normal and can reasonable demands of a community are
be healthy because : suppressed by the government, then it
(1) This allows various disadvantaged and leads to social division, which in turn
marginal social groups to express their threaten the integrity of the country.
grievances and get the government to
attend to them.

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(iii)These agitations demanded enhancing tension and enmity. They are organising
the political and legal status of women themselves on caste basis to snatch more-
and improving their educational and and-more privileges in political, social
career opportunities. and economic fields. There is overtension
(iv) More radical women’s movements which often erupts into violence.
aimed at equality in personal and (4) Casteism encourages violence : Casteism
family life as well. has led to violence and extremism
(v) Women’s movement has argued in Indian politics. There are clashes
that family laws of all religions between the Brahmins and Sudras, the
discriminate against women. So, they Shias and the Sunnis, thus weakening
have demanded that government the foundation of democracy. Elections
should change these laws to make on the basis of caste must be removed to
them more equitable. make democracy successful in India.
Methods to eradicate the evils of Caste
96. How has casteism affected the Indian System :
democratic system ? Suggest some methods (1) The names of educational institutions
to eradicate the evil effects of casteism. referring to castes should be given up.
o (2) All the political parties should decide to
Evaluate the impact of caste-system on discourage casteism.
Indian democracy. (3) The political parties based on casteism
Ans Foreign 2018 should be removed from the political
Casteism : Casteism has not only disturbed horizon.
the amity of Hindu community it has also 97. With the help of two examples explain how
affected Indian politics. During the British social divisions have affected politics.
period the government itself had tried to
create rift between various communities Ans OD 2010, 2007

and castes. After independence, two Social divisions of one kind or another exist
contradictory developments have taken place. in most countries. It does not matter whether
The Constitution has established equality the countries are small or big. India is a vast
of all people, but high caste Hindu tried to country with many communities. Belgium is
dominate the politics. Casteism has become a small country. Social divisions have always
an integral part of Indian politics. Caste affected politics of countries. We can give the
plays an important role in the elections. following examples to explain the statement :
Effects of Casteism on Democracy : (1) Social divisions takes place when some
(1) Democracy in India is getting support social differences overlap with other
from casteism : Political parties which differences. The difference between the
strengthen democracy are based on Blacks and Whites becomes a social
caste groups. Caste is a factor in putting division in the United States, because
up candidates for election, appointing the Blacks tend to be poor, homeless and
ministers and other decision.. discriminated against the Whites.
(2) National interests are ignored : Caste (2) In India, Dalit (or Damit) tend to be
considerations are determining policies poor and landless. They, generally, face
and decisions on the national level. dicrimination and injustice. Situations
Caste interest gets priority and national of this type produce social division. One
interests are ignored. type of social difference beconies more
(3) Casteism creates suspicion and hatred important than the other and people
: Various caste groups are now hating start feeling that they belong to different
and suspecting each other. This creates community.

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63. Besides caste, which other factors do matter Ans SQP 2018, 2015

in electoral politics ? Explain. Gandhiji had very firm views about religion
Ans SQP 2009
and politics. He often said that religion
should never be separated from politics. But
Besides caste, there are other factors which here his meaning of religion was not by any
do matter in electoral politics. particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but
(1) The voters have strong attachment to the meaning of his religion was moral values
political parties which is often stronger which exist in all the religions. He was of
than their attachment to their caste or the views that the ethics of all the religions
community. should guide the politics and political system.
(2) People within the same community have
different interests depending on their 67. “Unless women control power, their problems
economic status. Rich and poor, men or will not get adequate attention.” How far do
women from the same caste often vote you agree with the above statement ?
very differently. Ans OD 2012

64. What are feminist movements ? Name any Partly I agree with the above statement
four social reformers who advocated and because ‘democracy favours and believes in
worked to establish a society in which caste sharing of power and not controlling power
inequalities are absent. by any particular gender or group.
Ans Foreign 2017
I think women should get due share in power
at all levels and capacity. Neither males or
(1) Feminist Movements : The movements females should control power.
which aimed at equality of men and
women in all spheres of life. 68. Highlight the features of a secular state. On
(2) Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, Dr. B.R. the basis of these features where do you place
Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami. India ? Explain.

65. What do you understand by the term Ans Delhi 2020

‘Feminist movement’ ? What were their’ Following are the features of a secular state :
main demands ? (1) Secular state grants full freedom of
Ans Comp 2011
practice of all religions, faiths and sects.
(2) Such state keep itself secular or aloof in
The movement which was started to grant the matter of religion.
equal status to women in the society is called Place of India : India is a truly secular state.
Feminist movement : It believes and practises fully secularism.
Main demands of Feminist movement : In India all citizens have full recognition,
(1) The movement lead by feminist demanded protection and religious freedom. They are
equal rights for women in all spheres of provided equal opportunities to hold highest
life. administrative or government posts.
(2) As a result of the agitation led by feminist
movement different countries extended 69. “Caste is not the only factor in determining
the right to vote for women. the success of candidates in elections”. Justify
(3) These movements also demanded for your answer by giving arguments.
equal participation of women in career Ans OD 2008
opportunities.
It is a true that caste is not only factor in
66. What were Gandhiji’s views about religion determining the success of candidates in
and politics ? election. The following points justify it :

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

mistaken impression that the proportion of the Questions :

Muslims in the country’s population is going to 1. What is the main difference of caste
overtake other religious communities. Expert system in India from others in other
estimates done for the Prime Minister’s High societies ?
Level Committee (popularly known as Sachar 2. How is caste system influencing the value
Committee) show that the proportion of the of democracy in India ?
Muslims is expected to go up a little, by about Ans
3 to 4 per cent, in the next 50 years. It proves
that in overall terms, the population balance 1. It is different from other societies is that
of different religious communities is not likely in this system, hereditary occupational
to change in a big way. division was sanctioned by rituals.
Questions : Members of the same caste group were
1. What do you mean by atheist? supposed to form a social community that
2. How much growth rate of Muslim practiced the same or similar occupation,
population fall in compare to last decadal married within the caste group and did
census? not eat with members from other caste
3. What did happen in population proportion groups.
of six major religious communities in 2. In India caste system too is undermining
India since Independence? the value of democracy in the following
ways :
Ans (a) Political parties choose candidates in
1. The atheist in the broadest sense means elections keeping in mind the caste
an absence of belief in the existence of composition of the electorate.
deities or God or Goddess. In other sense (b) At the time of formation of the
an atheist believe in no religion. governments political parties take
2. The population of Muslim witness sharp care that representatives of different
fall in growth rate to 24.60% in 2001-2011 castes and tribes find a place in it.
decadal census from the previous figure (c) Political parties and the candidates
of 29.52% (1991-2001). Such sharp fall make appeal to the voters on caste
in population growth rate for Muslims basis to get votes of their own caste.
didnot happened in the last 6 decades.
3. Since Independence, the total population 105. Read the sources given below and answer the
of each community has increased questions that follows:
substantially but their proportion in the Communalism was and continues to be one
country’s population has not changed of the major challenges to democracy in our
much. But in percentage terms, the country. The makers of our Constitution were
population of the Hindus, Jains and aware of this challenge. That is why they chose
Christians has declined marginally since the model of a secular state. This choice was
1961 reflected in several constitutional provisions
that we studied last year. There is no official
104. Read the passage given below and answer the
religion for the Indian state. Unlike the status
questions that follow :
of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in
“Casteism is rooted in the belief that caste is Pakistan and that of Christianity in England,
the sole basis of social community. According our Constitution does not give a special status
to this way of thinking, people belonging to to any religion.
the same caste belong to a natural social
All societies have some kind of social inequality
community and have the same interests which
and some form of division of labour. In most
do not share with anyone from another caste.”
societies, occupations are passed on from one

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page 413

cultural processes through which nationalism (3) The literacy rate amongst women is also
captured people’s imagination. low when compared to men. Literacy rate
(1) History and fiction, folklore and songs, is only 54% as compared to 76% among
popular prints and symbols, all played a men. This shows the discrimination women
part in the making of nationalism. have to face. Men are still considered to
(2) The identity of India came to be visually be the head of the family. A lot of dowry
associated with the image of Bharat issues still emerge everywhere. Men are
Mata, which was created in 1870 by known to dominate women in every field
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who using strength as a factor. Women are
wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as made to stay quiet even in cases of rapes,
a hymn to the motherland. Inspired by betrayal etc.
the Swadeshi Movement, Abanindranath
Tagore painted his famous image of 76. Discuss any three factors responsible for poor
Bharat Mata. and miserable conditions of women in India.
(3) The idea of nationalism was also developed Ans Delhi 2017, 2010

through reviving Indian folklore. In late- The following factors are responsible for poor
nineteenth-century India, nationalists and miserable conditions of women in India :
began recording folk tales sung by bards (1) Illiteracy : This social evil is responsible
and they toured villages to gather folk for great extent for poor and miserable
songs and legends. This was done to conditions of Indian women. Even today
promote the traditional culture that had (after the independence of 62 years) the
been corrupted and damaged by outside female illiterary rate in our country is
forces. 54% only.
75. “Our society is still a male dominated (2) Sexual division of labour : Due to sexual
society.” Explain the statement with the help division of labour, the women have been
of examples. restricted to the four walls of the house
and men have taken hold of the public life.
Ans OD 2019
Women are still far away from high pay
India is considered to be a patriarchal society. and upper labour jobs or their number is
(1) Political participation of women in India very less in such jobs.
is very less when compared to other (3) Lack of representation in politics : Even
countries. Only 10% of the total members after constituting half of the country’s
in the Lok Sabha are women. The population, women have low or negligible
situation is worse in State Assemblies representation in the legislature (Indian
where only 5% of the total members are Parliament or State Assemblies).
women. The Women reservation bill to
encourage the participation of women is 77. How far is it correct to say that it is not
still pending since the past decade. politics that gets caste ridden, but it is the
(2) Women have entered, into every field but caste that gets politicised? Explain.
they are still paid less than their male Ans SQP 2012

counter parts. Proportion of women in It is correct to say that it is not politics that
highly paid jobs is still less and studies gets caste ridden, but it is the caste that gets
have shown that on an average they work politicised. Caste can take various forms in
more than men and yet are paid less. politics.
Although the Equal Remuneration Act (1) Each caste group tries to become bigger
provides provisions for equal wages to be by incorporating within it neighbouring
paid for equal work. castes or sub-castes which were earlier
excluded from it.

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

55. What do you mean by the term social Ans Comp 2020

equality? (1) The social inequality is based on casteism.

o In such a society, the people belonging
Briefly mention the meaning of social equality. to the higher caste exploit the people of
Ans Comp 2021
lower castes.
(2) The economic inequality in the society
Meaning of the term social equality : Social means that some people in the society are
equality refers no discrimination in society very
based on gender or caste or religion or on
colour etc. All human being-male or female, 60. Suggest some way to create communal
people of all religions and faiths or sects as harmony among various communities of
well as the people of low and upper castes or India.
having white colour or black colour should Ans OD 2020
be treated equally in society as well as before
the law of the country. The one way to create communal harmony
among various communities of India are
56. What do you mean by the term `gender given below :
division’ ? (1) To show respect to the religion of others.
Ans SQP 2011, 2008
(2) To prevent activities that exploits the
right of other communities.
Meaning of the term Gender Division :A (3) To celebrate all religious functions
state (or situation) in which women feel together.
injustice is done against them in allocation (4) To make others aware about the need for
of work, chores, participation, contribution, paying respect to the religion and social
opportunities and in distribution of wealth practices of people belonging to different
and property vis-a-vis then as a whole. When faiths. [Any one]
they feel themselves deserted, dominated,
intimidated and humiliated. 61. Why constitution framers wanted to make
India a ‘Secular State’ ?
57. Which are the cause of communalism ?
Ans SQP 2018, Delhi 2012
Ans Foreign 2019
Constitution framers wanted to make
Causes of communalism : India a secular state because of the fear of
(1) Religion is taken as the basis of the nation communalism. Many religions live here in
(2) When one religion is discriminated India and they wanted that no religion should
against other. be given more importance than others. Equal
(3) Demands of one religious group are importance should be given to all so that no
formed in opposition to another. communal riots could occur in the society.
58. What does the concept sexual division of 62. Why does Kerala have a lowest Infant
labour signifies ? Mortality Rate?
Ans OD 2017, SQP 2011
Ans Delhi 2019, 2010
Sexual division of labour signifies that: The success of different programmes like
(1) Gender division emphasis division on the neonatal resuscitation programme which is
basis of nature of work. a training programme given to nurses and
(2) Division between men and women. doctors on taking care of new borns has
59. Distinguish between social inequality and helped Kerala to record the lowest Infant
economic inequality by giving relevant Mortality Rate.
examples.

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page 415

This strengthens the basic structure of LONG ANSWER QUESTIO

democracy.
(3) New groups t New kinds of caste groups
have came up in the political arena like 83. ‘Communalism can take various forms in
`backward’ and ‘forward’ caste system. politics.’ Explain.
Ans OD 2020
81. Mention any three provisions of the Indian
Constitution which makes it a secular state. Communalism can take various forms in
politics are discussed below :
Ans Foreign 2013
(1) When religious beliefs of a person involve
(1) No official religion : There is no official prejudices and stereotypes, claiming one
religion of the Indian state. Unlike the religion’s ideas to be superior to another.
status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Islam (2) When a majority community tries to
in Pakistan and Hinduism in Nepal, establish its domination over the other
our Constitution does not give a special communities with the help of the state.
status to any religion. Minority communities under such
(2) Fundamental Rights : Under the Right circumstances, retaliates by demanding
to Freedom of Religion, our Constitution the formation of separate state for
provides to all citizens freedom to profess, them. Political mobilisation on religious
practise and propagate any religion, or lines occurs when religious symbols and
not to follow any. Under the Cultural leaders make an emotional appeal to the
and Educational Right, our Constitution people in order to bring the members of a
prohibits discrimination on grounds of particular community together.
religion. (3) Communal violence is the worst form of
(3) Equality : The constitution allows the communalism. It acquires the political
state to intervene in the matters of form when it is sponsored by the state.
religion in order to ensure equality within (4) Political mobilisation on religious lines is
religious communities. To ensure equality, another frequent form of communalism.
untouchability has been banned. This involves the use of sacred symbols,
religious leaders, emotional appeal and
82. How gender equality was achieved by women?
plain fear in order to bring the followers
Ans OD 2012 of one religion together in the political
Women had very little role to play in public arena.
life in earlier times. But slowly and slowly (5) In a democracy, communalism may
gender issue was raised in politics. take the form when the majoritarian
(1) Women started to organize themselves in community starts believing in the
different parts of the world and demanded superiority of their religion and ignores
equal rights. the wishes of the minorities.
(2) They agitated to get right to vote for
84. “In India, women still lag behind men despite
women.
some improvement since Independence.”
(3) They organized movements so that more
Support the statement with examples.
and more legal, educational and career
opportunities could be given to them. Ans Delhi 2019, OD 2019

Many great men also raised their voice In our country, women still lag much behind
for women. men despite some improvements since
(4) Many radical feminist movements were Independence. Women face disadvantage,
also started to achieve gender equality. discrimination and oppression in various
With the help of all these activities women ways :
were able to achieve gender equality.

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) Castes are scattered and not accumulated (1) When the people of various religions are
in majority in any states of India. treated differently.
(2) It is not necessary that all people in a caste (2) When the demands of one religion are
are unenlightened. Some among them against the demands of the other religion,
cast their votes in the nation’s interest or distrust among the people of other religion
for common good of all citizens. take place.
(3) When the beliefs and ideology of one
70. Write any three steps taken by the government religion is shown to be superior over the
to improve the social status of women in the beliefs and ideology of other religions.
Indian society. (4) Whenever state machinery used to show
Ans Foreign 2017 the domination of one particular religion
(1) Several programmes have been launched against the others.
to promote women education in India. 73. How have regional imbalances greatly affected
(2) Anti-dowry laws are being implemented Indian democracy ?
strictly.
(3) Female infanticide has been declared Ans SQP 2019, 2014

a criminal act. Strict laws were made Regional imbalances have greatly affected
against domestic violence against women. Indian democracy :
(4) Equal Wages Act has been made. (1) Regional imbalances create a psychological
(5) Under the Panchayati Raj system in India, tension among the people of different
one-third posts/seats in the Panchayats regions. People belonging to various
and Municipalities have been reserved for regions develop an attitude giving much
the women. stress on regional interests ignoring the
national interest.
71. Explain with examples, the increasing role of (2) Many political parties have been formed
women in public life. under the spell of regionalism. For
Ans Delhi 2009 example : D.M.K., A.I.A.D.M.K. and
(1) Women do all work inside the home such Akali Dal are regional politics parties:
as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, (3) The voters cast their votes under the urge
tailoring, looking after children etc. of regionalism. They do not caste their
(2) In villages, women fetch water, collect votes for national interests. Regionalism
fuel and work in the fields. is pasing a great threat to India’s unity
(3) In urban areas, poor women work as and it should spell out to save democracy.
domestic helper in middle class homes,
while middle class women work in offices.
(4) Now women are working as scientists,
doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers
SHORT Answer QUESTIO
and college and university teachers which
were earlier not considered suitable for 74. How did people belonging to different
women. communities, regions or language groups
develop a sense of collective belonging in the
72. How does the problem of communalism
nineteenth century India? Explain.
become more acute ?
Ans OD 2012
Ans � SQP 2021

The problem of communalism become more This sense of collective belonging came
acute in following ways : partly through the experience of united
struggles. But there were also a variety of

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page 417

(4) Political mobilisation on religious lines is (2) How political leaders raise demands
another frequent form of communalism. of any community. It is easier to
This involves the use of sacred symbols, accommodate demands that are within
religious leaders, emotional appeal and the constitutional framework and are not
plain fear in order to bring the followers at the cost of another community. The
of one religion together in the political demand for ‘only Sinhala’ was at the cost
arena. of the interest and identity of the Tamil
(5) Sometimes, communalism takes its most community in Sri Lanka.
ugly form of communal violence, riots (3) How Government reacts to demands
and massacre. of different groups. If the rulers are
The makers of our Constitution were willing to share power and accommodate
aware of this challenge. That is why they the reasonable demands of minority
chose the model of a secular state. This community, as in Belgium, social divisions
choice was reflected in several constitutional become less threatening for the country.
provisions like : But if the demand is suppressed in the
(1) There is no official religion for the Indian name of national unity, as in Sri Lanka,
state. the end result is quite opposite. Such
(2) The Constitution provides to all attempts at forced integration sow the
individuals and communities freedom seeds of disintegration.
to profess, practice and propagate any
religion, or not to follow any. 88. Women face disadvantage, discrimination
(3) The Constitution prohibits discrimination and oppression in various ways even today.
on grounds of religion. Assess the statement by giving five suitable
(4) At the same time, the Constitution allows arguments.
the state to intervene in the matters of Ans SQP 2018

religion in order to ensure equality within (1) The literacy rate among women is only 54
religious communities. per cent compared with 76 percent among
87. “Three factors are crucial in deciding the men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl
outcome of politics of social divisions.” students go for higher studies. Many of them
Elaborate upon the statement. drop out because parents prefer to spend
their resources for their boys’ education.
Ans SQP 2018
(2) The proportion of women among the
Three factors determining the outcome of highly paid and valued jobs is still very
politics of social divisions are: small. On an average an Indian woman
(1) How people perceive their identities. If works one hour more than an average
people see their identities in single and man every day. Yet much of her work is
exclusive terms, it becomes difficult not paid and therefore often not valued.
to accommodate. As long as people in (3) The Equal Wages Act provides that equal
Northern Ireland saw themselves as only wages should be paid to equal work.
Catholic or Protestant, their differences However, in almost all areas of work, from
were difficult to reconcile. It is easier if sports and cinema, to factories and fields,
identities are complimentary with the women are paid less than men, even when
national identity. This helps to stay both do exactly the same work.
together. This is how most people in our (4) In many parts of India parents prefer to
country see their identity. They feel and have sons and find ways to have the girl
think as Indians as well as belonging to child aborted before she is born. Such
a state or a language group or a social or sex-selective abortion led to a decline in
religious group. child sex ratio.

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Federalism ‘holding ‘coming 19. Family law deals with

together’ together’ (a) marriage
federations federations (b) divorce
(c) adoption
India (A) –? (d) inheritance
(a) A - USA
Ans SQP 2016
(b) A - France
(c) A - Russia (d) inheritance
(d) A - Itlay 20. Most of the victims of communal riots in our
Ans Comp 2005 country are
(a) A - USA (a) people from religious minorities
(b) women and children
16. The hierarchical unequal roles assigned to (c) illiterate people
men and women by the society is known as (d) All of the above
(a) sex ratio
Ans Delhi 2017, OD 2012
(b) equal wages ratio
(c) gender division (a) people from religious minorities
(d) male ratio 21. Read the given data and find out which
Ans Delhi 2010 language has the highest proportion of
(c) gender division speakers:
Language Proportion Language Proportion of
17. Assertion : Communal ism is based on the of Speakers Speakers (%)
idea that religion is the principal basis of (%)
social community.
Assamese 1.28 Oriya 3.21
Reason : Caste should be kept away from
politics. Bodo 0.13 Punjabi 2.83
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Dogri 0.22 Tamil 5.91
reason is the correct explanation of Kannada 3.69 Telugu 7.19
assertion. Malayalam 3.21 Urdu 5.01
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
(a) Urdu
reason is not the correct explanation of
(b) Telugu
assertion.
(c) Kannada
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Tamil
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Comp 2017
Ans OD 2013
(b) Telugu
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of 22. Communalism problem is associated with
assertion. (a) religion
(b) caste
18. “Religion can never be separated from
(c) secularism
politics” is said by
(d) inequalities
(a) BR Ambedkar
(b) GK Gokhale Ans SQP 2015, 2013

(c) Mahatma Gandhi (a) religion

(d) Swami Vivekananda
23. Assertion : Stereotypical gender roles for
Ans Foreign 2020
males and females helps in avoiding conflicts.
(c) Mahatma Gandhi Reason : India is a matriarchal society.

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Ans OD 2019
ratio is 914 (as per 2011 census) females
(1) Communalism involves religious per thousand males.
prejudices, stereotypes of religious
communities and belief in the superiority 94. “It is not politics that gets caste hidden it is
of one’s religion over other religions. the caste that gets politicized.” Comments.
(2) A communal mind often leads to a quest Ans Delhi 2009

for political dominance of one’s own In India politics do not ride on casteism
religious community. but in reality casteism dominate politics. It
(3) Political mobilisation on religious lines is means casteism is more harmful than political
another frequent form of communalism. system. We can give the following arguments:
In electoral politics, this often involves (1) There are certain pressure groups which
special appeal to the interests or emotions are totally based on respective caste and
of voters of one religion in preference to they work and take political decisions only
others. keeping in view in favour and interest of
(4) Sometimes communalism in India takes their own class-fellows. 455
its most ugly form of communal violence, (2) There are certain political parties which
riots and massacre. are mainly supported by certain caste only.
(5) Communal prejudices and propaganda For example in Tamil Nadu AIADMK
need to be countered in everyday life and is mainly a political party of Brahmans
religion based mobilisation needs to be while the DMK is political party of non-
countered in the arena of politics. Brahmans. Similarly Bahujan Samaj
93. Explain the status of women’s representation Party (BSP) is consider a political party
in India’s legislative bodies. of Dalits mainly.
o (3) All political parties choose their
Assess the status of women’s representation candidates to contest election keeping in
in India’s legislative bodies. view the total number of voters of caste.
(4) Voters cast their votes keeping in mind
Ans SQP 2012, 2010
their own caste.
(1) Central Legislature : Less than 10% of its (5) Even ministers are appointed on the basis
total strength are women. of caste.
(2) State Legislature : Less than 5% of its
total strength are women. 95. What is sexual division of labour ? Mention
(3) Panchayati Raj : 1/3 of the seats are the political demand of the worldwide
reserved for women. women’s agitations.
(4) India is among the bottom group of Ans Comp 2017

nations in the world, in this respect. (1) Sexual division of labour is a system in
(5) Women’s organizations and activists have which all work inside the home is either
been demanding a similar reservation of done by the women of the family, or
at least 1/3 of seats in the Lok Sabha organised by them through the domestic
and State Assemblies. But, the bill to this helpers.
effect, has not been passed. (2) (i) Gradually the gender issue was raised
(6) In many parts of India, parents prefer to in politics. Women in different parts
have sons and find ways to have the girl of the world organised and agitated
child aborted before her birth. for equal rights.
(7) Decline in sex ratio : It is because, (ii) There were agitations in different
preference is given to male child. A girl is countries for the extension of voting
considered as a burden. The present sex rights to women.

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Ch 13 : Gender, Religion and Caste CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) Various caste groups are required to Ans Comp 2021

enter into a coalition with other castes

Gender division Religious differences
or communities and thus enter into a
dialogue and negotiation. 1. It is a universal It is only fairly
(3) New kinds of caste groups have come up difference. wide-spread in the
in the political arena like ‘backward’ and world today.
`forward’ caste groups. 2. It is not expressed Religious
Caste plays different kinds of roles in in the field of differences are
politics. In some cases, politics gives many politics. This often expressed in
disadvantaged communities the opportunity expression of social the field of politics.
to demand their share of power. Politics has division in the Here, religious
helped people from OBCs and Dalits castes arena of politics is difference takes the
to gain better access to decision-making. positive. form of a negative
But sometimes exclusive attention to caste expression.
can produce negative results like tension,
3. Political expression Political
conflicts and violence in our society.
of gender division mobilisation in
78. What is communal politics ? Explain the idea and its political religious lines
behind the communal politics. mobilisation has is a form of
helped to improve communalism
Ans Foreign 2009
women’s role in involving the use of
The use of religion in politics, where one public life. emotional appeal
religion is shown as superior to other religions and plain fear in
is called communal politics. Here, one order to bring the
religious group is against the other religious followers of one
group and the demands of one religious group religion together in
are against the demands of the other religious the political arena.
group.
Communal politics is based on the 80. ‘Politics too influences the caste system’.
idea that religion is the basis of forming a Explain the statement.
community. It believes that followers of a
Ans Delhi 2010, 2007
one religion belong to the same community.
Their interest, ideas and opinions are the Politics too influences the caste system and
same. It also follows that people belonging caste identities by bringing them into the
to different religions cannot be a part of the political arena. Thus, it is not the politics
same community. Their ideas and demands that get caste-ridden, it is the caste that get
are bound to be different. politicised. Politics in caste normally takes
In an extreme case of communalism, it the following forms :
follows that people from different religions (1) Wide base : Each caste tries to widen its
are not equal citizens and cannot live together base to gain majority. Each caste group
within one nation, which leads to partition of tries to become bigger by incorporating
that country. within it the neighbouring castes or sub-
castes which were earlier excluded from
it.
(2) Coalition : Various caste groups are
required to enter into a coalition with
other castes or communities, and thus
79. What is the difference between gender
enter into a dialogue and negotiation.
division and religious differences ?

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page 421

Political party follow the vote politics. Some 99. How is gender division understood in Indian
party may favour the people of upper caste society ? To what extent does the political
or some parties may favour the people of mobilization on this question help to improve
so-called Other Backward Castes (OBC) or women’s role in public life ?
Dalit. Similarly in United States of America, o
Republican may favour the Blacks and the How is gender division understood in Indian
Democrats may favour Blacks as well as society? How does political mobilization of
migrants or in certain states Whites only. In women on this question help to improve
democracy people prefer to caste their vote women’s role in public life ?
to people of different communities or castes Ans SQP 2016
or colours.
(1) (i) In India, gender division is based on
social expectations and stereotypes.
In most families, women are expected
to do all works inside the home such
98. Due to the socio-economic changes caste as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes,
system in modern India has undergone many tailoring, looking after children, etc.
changes. Explain. (ii) In v:llages women fetch water, collect
o fuel and work in fields. In urban areas,
Mention any five socio-economic changes poor women work as domestic help.
responsible for breaking down the old notion (iii)The middle class women in urban
of caste hierarchy in India. areas do some sort of jobs but their
work is not valued and does not get
Ans Delhi 2012
recognition.
(1) With economic development, large scale (2) Political mobilization on this question
urbanisation, growth of literacy and helped to improve women’s role in public
education, occupational mobility, the life.
weakening of the position of landlords in (i) Now women work as scientists,
villages and the disappearing old notions doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers
of caste hierarchy have brought a great and college and university teachers
change in the caste system. which were earlier not considered
(2) Urbanisation attracted p ‘Or is towards suitable for them.
cities. The conditions in the cities do not (ii) Despite some improvements, ours is
permit them to follow their caste related still a male dominated patriarchial
practices like untouchability, etc. They society. Women still face disadvantage,
have to work together, live together, eat discrimination and oppression in
together breaking their caste barriers. various ways.
(3) Youths living in the cities, in many cases
go for inter-caste marriages. It has also
weakened the caste-systems. The credit CASE BASED QUESTIO
also goes to modern education in the
cities.
100. Read the given source and answer the
(4) New generation is now exploiting new
questions that follow :
opportunities. They are leaving their
traditional occupations. How many languages do we have in India ?
(5) The ‘caste hierarchy’ has now become The answer depends on how one counts it.
irrelevant. The persons are now valued by The latest information that we have is from
their skills and abilities and not by their the Census of India held in 2011. This census
caste. recorded more than 1300 distinct languages

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(5) Women are not safe even within their (ii) Now people are making voice for the
own home from beating, harassment and end of discrimination based on caste
other forms of domestic violence. lines.
(iii)They are now asking for more dignity
89. Is caste system coming to an end ? Write and more access to land and other
your views. resources and opportunities.
o (2) Negative changes/Disadvantages
Explain the factors that have led to the (i) Some political parties are known to
weakening of the caste system in India. favour some castes and ai-e seen as
Ans Foreign 2014 their representatives. Sometimes, it
(1) The Constitution of India prohibited promotes social differences.
any caste-based discrimination and laid (ii) It can also divert attention from
the foundations of policies to reverse the other pressing issues like poverty,
injustices of the caste system. Yet caste development and corruption.
has not disappeared from contemporary (iii)Sometimes, it also disrupts social
India. Some of the older aspects of caste harmony.
have persisted. Even now most people 91. How religion can be used in politics in a
marry within their own caste or tribe. positive manner ? Express your viewpoint.
(2) No parliamentary constituency in the o
country has a clear majority of one single Can religion be used positively in politics ?
caste. So, every candidate and party needs Support your answer with arguments.
to win the confidence of more than one
caste and community to win elections. Ans Foreign 2020

(3) The voters have strong attachment to (1) Unlike gender differences, the religious
political parties which is often stronger differences are often expressed in the field
than their attachment to their caste or of politics.
community. (2) Politics must be guided by ethics drawn
(4) People within the same caste or from religion. Gandhi used to say that
community have different interests religion can never be separated from
depending on their economic condition. politics and he meant by religion was
Rich and poor or men and women from moral values that inform all religions.
the same caste often vote very differently. (3) Ideas, ideals and values drawn from
(5) People’s assessment of the performance different religions can ,.-nd perhaps should
of the government and the popularity play a role in politics. People should be
rating of the leaders matter and are often able to express in politics their needs,
decisive in election. interests and demands as a member of a
religious community.
90. Describe the positive and negative aspects of (4) Political power should, sometimes, be able
relationship between caste and politics. to regulate the practice of religion so as
o to prevent discrimination and oppression.
Highlight the positive and negative impact of (5) The political acts are not wrong as long
casteism with regard to political expression. as they treat every religion equally.
Ans Comp 2017, 2014
92. How does communalism threaten the Indian
(1) Positive changes/Advantages Democracy ? Explain.
(i) Caste-politics has helped people from o
Dalits and OBCs to gain better access Communalism will weaken India’s unity.
to decision-making. Explain.

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Ans 3. How does the Indian Constitution ensure

1. When state power is used to establish equal representation for women?
domination of one religious group over the
Ans
rest of the groups and the demands of one
religious group are formed in opposition 1. In India, the literacy rate among women is
to another, communalism happens at only 54% compared to 76% among men. A
that time. smaller proportion of girl students go for
2. If the followers of different religions have higher education. This is because parents
some communalities then, these will be prefer to spend their resources for their
superficial and immaterial from the stand boys’ education rather than spending
point of communalism. Their interests equally on their sons and daughters.
should be different according to the 2. In many parts of India, parents prefer to
believers of communal politics. have sons and find ways to have the girl
3. Communal politics is able to suppress child aborted before she is born. Such
many vioces within the same community sex-selective abortion is an example of
when people of same religion do not have patriarchal society.
the same interests and aspirations and 3. (a) The Equal Wages Act provides that
any attempt is made to bring all followers equal wages should be paid to equal
of same religion together. work.
(b) One-third of seats in local
102. Read the given extract and answer the government bodies - in panchayats
following questions. and municipalities are reserved for
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that women.
the main responsibility of women is housework
and bringing up children. This is reflected in 103. Read the extract and answer the questions
a Sexual Division of Labour in most families; that follow:
women do all work inside the home such as The Census of India records the religion of
cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring, each and every Indian after every ten years.
looking after children, etc., and men do all The person who fills the Census form visits
the work outside the home. It is not that men every household and records the religion of
cannot do housework; they simply think that it each member of that household exactly the
is for women to attend to these things. When way each person describes it. If someone says
these jobs are paid for, men are ready to take she has ‘no religion’ or that he is an ‘atheist’,
up these works, Most tailors or cooks in hotels this is exactly how it is recorded. Thus we
are men. Similarly, it is not that women do have reliable information on the proportion of
not work outside their home. In villages, different religious communities in the country
women fetch water, collect fuel and work in and how it has changed over the years. The
fields. In urban areas, poor women work as pie chart below presents the population
domestic helper in middle class homes, while proportion of six major religious communities
middle class women work in offices. In fact the in the country. Since Independence, the total
majority of women do some sort of paid work population of each community has increased
in addition to domestic labour. But their work substantially but their proportion in the
is not valued and does not get recognition. country’s population has not changed much.
Questions : In percentage terms, the population of the
1. “Our society is still male-dominated Hindus, Jains and Christians has declined
patriarchal society”. Give an example to marginally since 1961. The proportion of
support the statement. Muslim, Sikh and Buddhist population has
2. Mention any one feature of a patriarchal increased slightly. There is a common but
society.

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which people mentioned as their mother This happens when beliefs of one religion
tongues. These languages were grouped are presented as superior to those of other
together under some major languages. For religions, when the demands of one religious
example languages like Bhojpuri, Magadhi, group are formed in opposition to another
Bundelkhandi, Chhattisgarhi, Rajasthani and when state power is used to establish
and many others were grouped together domination of one religious group over the
under ‘Hindi’. Even after this grouping, the rest. This manner of using religion in politics
Census found 121 major languages. Of these is communal politics.
22 languages are now included in the Eighth
Communal politics is based on the idea
Schedule of the Indian Constitution and
that religion is the principal basis of social
are therefore called ‘Scheduled Languages’.
community. Communalism involves thinking
Others are called ‘Non-Scheduled Languages’.
along the following lines. The followers
In terms of languages, India is perhaps the
of a particular religion must belong to one
most diverse country in the world.
community. Their fundamental interests are
Questions :
the same. Any difference that they may have
1. Explain the importance of language
is irrelevant or trivial for community life. It
diversity in India.
also follows that people who follow different
2. Differentiate between Scheduled and
religions cannot belong to the same social
Non-Scheduled Languages.
community. If the followers of different,
3. The fusion of languages has united the
religion have some commonalities these are
country into one cultural entity.’ Explain
superficial and immaterial. Their interests are
the statement with an example.
bound to be different and involve a conflict.
Ans In its extreme form communalism leads to
1. Language diversity is very important in the belief that people belonging to different
India because it reflects the country’s religions cannot live as equal citizens within
rich cultural and social heritage. one nation.
2. (a) Scheduled Languages are those 22
Either, one of them has to dominate the rest
languages which are included in
or they have to form different Nations.
the Eight Schedule of the Indian
Constitution. This belief is fundamentally flawed. People of
(b) Non-Scheduled Languages are those one religion do not have the same interests
99 languages which are not included and aspirations in every context. Everyone
in the Eight Schedule of the Indian has several other roles, positions and
Constitution. identities. There are many voices inside every
3. It means that India’s diverse languages community. All these voices have a right to
and cultures have merged to form a shared be heard. Therefore, any attempt to bring all
sense of national identity.<br />For followers of one religion together in context
example, the Indian Army developed other than religion is bound to suppress many
the Camp language. Bollywood films are voices within that community.
renowned for incorporating a variety of Questions :
musical and linguistic styles. 1. State the circumstances due to which
communalism happen in our society
101. Read the given extract and answer the 2. What are the consequences faced when
following questions. the followers of different religion have
Communalism becomes more acute when some communalities?
religion is expressed in politics in exclusive 3. When does a communal politics is able
and partisan terms, when one religion and to suppress many voices within same
its followers are pitted against another. community?

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page 425

generation to another. Caste system is an families: women do all work inside the home
extreme form of this. This system, hereditary such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes,
occupational division was sanctioned by tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men
rituals. Members of the same caste group do all the work outside the home. It is not
were supposed to form a social community that men cannot do housework; they simply
that practiced the same or similar occupation, think that it is for women to attend to these
married within the caste group and did not eat things. When these jobs are paid for, men are
with members from other caste groups. ready to take up these works. Most tailors or
cooks in hotels are men. Similarly, it is not
Caste system was based on exclusion of and
that women do not work outside their home.
discrimination against the ‘outcaste’ groups.
In villages, women fetch water, collect fuel
They were subjected to the inhuman practice
and work in the fields. In urban areas, poor
of untouchability. That is why political
women work as domestic helper in middle
leaders and social reformers like JotibaPhule,
class homes, while middle class women work
Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar
in offices. In fact the majority of women do
Ramaswami Naicker advocated and worked to
some sort of paid work in addition to domestic
establish a society in which caste inequalities
labour. But their work is not valued and does
are absent. Partly due to their efforts and
not get recognition. The result of this division
partly due to other socio-economic changes,
of labour is that although women constitute
castes and caste system in modern India have
half of the humanity, their role in public
undergone great changes.
life, especially politics, is minimal in most
Questions :
societies. Earlier, only men were allowed to
1. What is the basic principle of secular
participate in public affairs, vote and contest
state?
for public offices. Gradually the gender issue
2. What is Caste system?
was raised in politics. Women in different
3. Write some important name of political
parts of the world organised and agitated
leaders and social reformers.
for equal rights. There were agitations in
Ans different countries for the extension of voting
1. The basic principle of secular state is that rights to women. These agitations demanded
there is no official religion for the Indian enhancing the political and legal status of
state. women and improving their educational and
2. Caste system is an expression of social career opportunities. More radical women’s
division on the basis of caste. In this movements aimed at equality in personal
system, hereditary occupational division and family life as well. These movements are
was sanctioned by rituals. called FEMINIST movements.
3. The political leaders and social reformers Questions :
like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. 1. Give an example of sexual division of
Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami labour in most families.
Naicker advocated and worked to establish 2. What will be the resultant of division of
a society in which caste inequalities are labour especially on the women?
absent. 3. What is feminist movement?
Ans
106. Read the extract and answer the questions
that follows: 1. An example of sexual division of labour in
most families- women do all work inside
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the home such as cooking, cleaning,
the main responsibility of women is housework washing clothes, tailoring, looking after
and bringing up children. This is reflected in a children, etc., and men do all the work
SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR in most outside the home.

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2. The women constitute half of the

humanity and if they are discriminated
on the basis of gender then half of the
legitimate population will be destitute.
3. (i) Women in different parts of the
world organised and agitated for
equal rights. There were agitations in
different countries for the extension
of voting rights to women.
(ii) These agitations demanded enhancing
the political and legal status of women
and improving their educational and
career opportunities.
(iii)More radical women’s movements
aimed at equality in personal and
family life as well. These movements
are called FEMINIST movements.

www.nodia.i

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CHAPTER
14
Political Parties

SUMMAR
13. Two-Party or Bi-Party System : A political
system where there are two major parties. In
this system power usually changes between
1. Political Party : A group of persons who
two main parties, e.g., United Kingdom and
come together to contest elections and hold
United States of America.
power in the government.
14. Multi-Party System : It is a political system
2. Partisan : Supporter of any party group or
where more than two parties exist and contest
fraction of the society.
elections to come to power.
3. Ruling Party : Political party that runs
Alliance : A political condition in multi-
government.
party system when several parties join hands
4. Defection : To join political party other than
for the purpose of contesting elections and
one’s own till then rival.
acquiring power.
5. Politics : The policies involved in getting and
using power in public life and being able to
influence decisions that affect a country or a
society.
6. Opposition : The main political party that MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
is opposed to the government viz. parties in
parliament but are not part of the government.
7. National Party : Political party which have 1. Which one of the following countries have
secured not less than 4% of the total valid One Party System?
votes in four states in course of the previous (a) China
general elections held. (b) India
8. State or Regional Party : Parties whose (c) Pakistan
influence is upon federal units or states. (d) America
9. Recognised Political Parties : Parties listed Ans OD 2023
by Election Commission of India.
(a) China
10. Election Commission : It is an independent
multi-member body which is constituted for 2. A party that secures at least 6% of the
the superintendence, direction and conduct total votes in an election to the Legislative
of free and fair elections. Assembly of a State and wins at least two
11. Affidavit : It is a signed judicial document seats is recognised as a
submitted to election officer, where a (a) Political party
contestant makes a sworn statement regarding (b) State Party
his/her personal information. (c) National Party
12. One-Party/Mono-Party System : “Mono- (d) Regional Party
party system” means a system in which only
Ans Comp 2023
one party operates in the political system for
various reasons. In this system there is no (b) State Party
opposition e.g., China.

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3. Which is the essential element of a political

party?
(a) Organisation
(b) National interest
(c) Fundamental principles
(d) All of the above
Ans OD 2020

(d) All of the above

4. Choose the wrong statement about political

party.
(a) Political party contests election.
(b) Political party acts as an opposition (a) We have very large political parties base
party. compared to any other country in the
(c) Political party does not make law. world.
(d) None of the above (b) Political parties can have different
Ans Delhi 2019 opinions based upon different interest
(c) Political party does not make law. Groups.
(c) Most political parties have detailed
5. Which is not the component of a political agenda for development and progress
party? during elections time but disappear
(a) The leaders during time of peril.
(b) The followers (d) In democracy,having large population all
(c) The active members the promises written in party manifesto
(d) The ministers can’t be fulfilled.
Ans Foreign 2020 Ans OD 2015

(d) The ministers (c) Most political parties have detailed

agenda for development and progress during
6. How many national parties are there in
elections time but disappear during time of
India.?
peril.
(a) 10 (b) 12
(c) 07 (d) 20 9. Identify the political party which have:
Ans SQP 2018 • Presence in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur,
West Bengal and Tripura
(c) 07
• In General Election 2019 got 4.09% vote
7. Which is not a function of political party? share
(a) To contest election • Was 4th largest party in Lok Shaba 2019
(b) Faith in violent methods • Recognised as a national party in 2016
(c) Political education to the people Option :
(d) Form public opinion (a) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)
(b) Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)
Ans Delhi 2010
(c) Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD)
(b) Faith in violent methods (d) All India Trinmool Congress
8. Following Caricature about political parties Ans Delhi 2012

of India portrays that: (d) All India Trinmool Congress

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10. Arrange the following National Political 13. How many political parties are in India
parties in the correct sequence of their (approximately)?
foundation year: (a) 200
1. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) (b) 750
2. Bhartiya Janta Party (c) 500
3. Indian National Congress (d) 650
4. Communist Party of India-Marxist Ans Comp 2016
(CPI-M)
Option : (b) 750
(a) 1, 2, 4, 3 14. Under which system, only one-party is
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1 allowed to function?
(c) 3, 4, 2, 1 (a) Single-party system
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 (b) Bi-Party system
Ans Comp 2020 (c) Multi-party system
(c) 3, 4, 2, 1 (d) None of these
Ans Delhi 2012, 2008
11. .......... is an organised group of person who
come together to contest election and try to (a) Single-party system
hold power in government. 15. Elephant is the election symbol of
(a) Political party (a) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
(b) Democracy (b) Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)
(c) Parliament (c) Indian National Congress (INC)
(d) None of these (d) Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD)
Ans OD 2009
Ans SQP 2010

(a) Political party (a) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

12. Complete the given table with correct 16. Following Picture of Protest suggest that:
information:
Party Symbol Influences
Regional A- ? Particular
Party region only
National It has a permanent B - ?
Party symbol. Can not
be changed.
Option :
(a) A - Entire nation, B - It can be changed
and repeated in another state
(b) A - It can be changed and repeated in
another state, B -It can be changed and (a) Everyone has the right to protest in
repeated in another state democracy.
(c) A - Entire nation, B - Entire nation (b) All such protests shall not be allowed as
(d) A - It can be changed and repeated in they are politically motivated.
another state, B - Entire nation (c) Protests like this have no place in
Democratic country like India.
Ans SQP 2017
(d) These protests create very big challenges
(d) A - It can be changed and repeated in for the law and order and hence shall not
another state, B - Entire nation be permitted.

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34. The political parties of a country have a 38. Arrange the following countries (in ascending
fundamental political .......... in a society. order) according to their Political Party
(a) choice membership in the world in the correct
(b) division sequence:
(c) support 1. India
(d) power 2. China
Ans Comp 2018
3. Canada
4. Bangladesh
(b) division Option :
35. Arrange the following political parties as per (a) 2, 4, 3, 1
their year of foundation... (b) 2, 3, 4, 1
1. Bahujan Samaj Party (c) 3, 2, 1, 4
2. All India Trinamool Congress (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
3. Indian National Congress Ans OD 2020
Option : (c) 3, 2, 1, 4
(a) 2, 4, 3
(b) 4, 2, 3 39. Who among the following is the founder of
(c) 3, 2, 1 the Bahujan Samaj Party ?
(d) 3, 1, 2 (A) Kanshi Ram
Ans SQP 2007
(B) Sahu Maharaj
(C) B.R. Ambedker
(d) 3, 1, 2 (D) Jyotiba Phule
36. Members of ruling party follows the directions Ans Delhi 2017
of: (a) Kanshi Ram.
(a) people
(b) party leaders 40. Consider the following statements on parties:
(c) pressure groups A. Political parties do not enjoy much trust
(d) None of the above among the people.
Ans Delhi 2015, 2008
B. Parties are often rocked by scandals
involving top party leaders.
(b) party leaders C. Parties are not necessary to run
37. Consider the following statements on parties. governments.
(i) Political parties do not enjoy much trust Which of the statements given above are
among the people. correct ?
(ii) Parties are often rocked by scandals (a) A, B and C
involving top party leaders. (b) A and B
(iii)Parties are not necessary to run (c) B and C
governments. (d) A and C
Which of the statements given above are Ans SQP 2015
correct? (b) A and B.
(a) (i), (ii), and (iii)
(b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (iii)
Ans Foreign 2011

(b) (i) and (ii)

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(b) societies 31. Assertion (A) : Political Parties are important

(c) political parties in the functioning of democracy.
(d) pressure groups Reason (R) : The media plays an important
Ans SQP 2010, 2007
role in the making of Political Parties.
(c) political parties Options:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
27. Without the political parties, the utility of correct explanation of (a).
the government will remain: (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not
(a) uncertain the correct explanation of (a).
(b) powerful (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(c) peaceful (d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(d) none of the above Ans OD 2023
Ans OD 2008
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not
(a) uncertain the correct explanation of (a).
28. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
1. But all political expression of social 32. Political parties are there in a country to give
divisions need not be always dangerous. people:
2. Social divisions of one kind or the other (a) freedom
exist in most countries. (b) choice
3. Parties try to win political support by (c) protection
appealing to social divisions. (d) none of the above
4. Some social differences may result in Ans Delhi 2019, 2010
social divisions. (b) choice
Option :
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1 33. Complete the given table with correct
(b) 4, 2, 3, 1 information:
(c) 3, 2, 1, 4
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 Party Found- Symbol Foun- Main AIM
ation der
Ans Comp 2021 Year
(b) 4, 2, 3, 1 Bahujan A-? B-? to represent
Samaj and secure
29. Parties are a necessary condition for a: Party power for the
(a) democracy (BSP) bahujansamaj
which
(b) authoritarian includes
(c) dictatorship the dalits,
(d) none of the above adivasis,
OBCs and
Ans SQP 2012
religious
(a) democracy minorities.

30. In a democratic country, any group of citizens Option :

is free to form: (a) A - 1984, B - Mayawati
(a) a political party (b) A - 1984, B - Kanshi Ram
(b) society (c) A - 1974, B - Mayawati
(c) religion (d) A - 1974, B - Kanshi Ram
(d) all of the above Ans OD 2016

Ans Foreign 2017 (b) A - 1984, B - Kanshi Ram

(a) a political party

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(2) Active Members : Another component (3) It supports new economic reforms but
of political party are the active members with a human face. Currently, it is a
who contest elections for the party and leading opposition party against the
are elected as representatives. They are Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) led coalition
the ones, who climb the ladder from being government at the Centre.
the follower and become the assistants of
the leaders to gain knowledge about the 50. How has multi-party system strengthened
politics. Democracy in India ? Explain.
(3) Followers : The last one are the followers Ans OD 2020

who support a political party and in (1) If several parties compete for power, and
elections make their party victorious. more than two parties have a reasonable
They are simply the ardent followers chance of coming to power either on their
of the leaders and work under the able own strength or in alliance with others,
guidance of the active members. we call it a multi-party system.
47. State any three functions of the Election (2) In this system, government is formed
Commission of India. by various parties coming together in a
coalition.
Ans SQP 2017
(3) This system allows a variety of
(1) Every party in the country has to register interests and opinions to enjoy political
with the Election Commission. representation.
(2) While the Commission treats all parties,
equally, it offers some special facilities to 51. What is a political alliance ? Highlight one
large and established parties. merit and one demerit of it.
(3) The Election Commission has laid down Ans Delhi 2017, 2007

detailed criteria of the proportion of votes When several parties in a multi-party system
and seats that a party must get in order join hands for the purpose of contesting
to be a recognized party. elections and winning power, it is called an
48. Name any three regional parties and the alliance or a front.
states to which they belong. (1) Merit : This system allows a variety of
interests and opinions to enjoy political
Ans Foreign 2014
representation.
(1) Janata Dal (U) — Uttar Pradesh and (2) Demerit : It often appears messy and
also in Jharkhand and Nagaland. leads to political instability.
(2) Jammu and Kashmir People’s Democratic
Party — Jammu and Kashmir. 52. ‘A challenge is not just any problem but
(3) Shiromani Akali Dal (1920) — Punjab an opportunity for progress.’ Analyse the
statement.
49. Highlight the ideologies and programmes of Ans Delhi 2018
Indian National Congress.
A challenge is not a hurdle in the way of
Ans Comp 2012, 2005
our success rather it’s an opportunity for
(1) Indian National Congress (INC) was progress. Challenges always force us to
founded in 1885. So, it is one of the oldest prove our worth in a positive way. Different
parties of the world. It is a centrist party countries face different kinds of challenges :
in its ideological orientation. (1) Foundational challenge
(2) This party supports secularism and (2) Challenge of expansion
welfare of weaker sections and minorities. (3) Deepening of democracy

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41. The following cartoon tells about the: (B) Revolutionary democracy
(C) Integral humanism
(D) Rast rawad (Nationalism)
Ans . Foreign 2006

(C) Integral humanism.

44. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:

1. All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)
2. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
3. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
4. Communist Party of India (CPI)
Option :
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1
(b) 4, 2, 3, 1
(c) 3, 2, 1, 4
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
Ans OD 2018
(a) Citizen’s state of mind that they don’t
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
need politicians anymore.
(b) Power to rule should be given alternatively
to each political party.
(c) All the democracies of the world have VERY SHORT QUESTIO
political party system.
(d) Public opinion about the parties and
politics differs from person to person. 45. Explain the role of Election Commission
Ans Comp 2013
regarding recognition of Political Parties in
India.
(a) Citizen’s state of mind that they don’t
need politicians anymore. Ans OD 2023

The Election Commission plays an important

42. Identity the kind of party system: role concerning the political parties:
• Prevails in USA and UK (1) Every party has to register itself with the
• Several small parties exist and won few Election Commission for contesting the
seats elections. They are allotted symbols by
• Most of the seats are won by two major the Election Commission.
parties (2) The Election Commission also recognises
• Fair election is assured by the constitution the National Parties and State Parties
Option : based on some criteria and some special
(a) Single Party System privileges are provided to these parties.
(b) Two Party System
(c) Three Party System 46. Explain the three components of political
(d) Multy Party System party.
Ans Delhi 2010, 2013 Ans Delhi 2019

(b) Two Party System (1) Leader : A leader is the one who takes
the major decisions of the party and his
43. What is the guiding philosophy of the decision is the supreme command for the
Bharatiya Janta Party ? party. He contests elections and performs
(A) Bahujan Samaj the administrative job.

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Ans Foreign 2006

3. Rajasthan
(a) Everyone has the right to protest in 4. Sikkim
democracy. Option :
(a) 1, 2, 4, 3
17. Bhartiya Jana Sangh is the mother party of (b) 2, 3, 4, 1
(a) Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) (c) 3, 2, 1, 4
(b) Indian National Congress (INC) (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
(c) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)
(d) Samajwadi Party (SP) Ans Foreign 2020

Ans Comp 2012

(a) 1, 2, 4, 3

(a) Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) 22. Political parties can be reformed by
(a) reducing the role of muscle power
18. Identify the person who was : (b) reducing the role of money
• Prime minster of Italy and a top (c) state funding of election
Businessmen (d) All of the above
• Leader of Forza Italia
• Owns a bank and Football Club Ans Comp 2013

• Owner of TV channels (d) All of the above

Option :
(a) Victor Emmanuel II 23. Name the party that emerged out of mass
(b) Berlusconi movement.
(c) Count Cavour (a) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)
(d) Giuseppe Garibaldi (b) Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)
(c) Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD)
Ans OD 2014, 2013
(d) Janta Dal
(b) Berlusconi Ans OD 2016

19. Bahujan Samaj Party stands for the cause of (a) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)
(a) interest of literate
(b) interest of oppressed people 24. Lack of Internal democracy is the challenge
(c) interest of elite class faced by
(d) None of the above (a) national party
(b) regional party
Ans Delhi 2017
(c) political party
(b) interest of oppressed people (d) None of the above

20. Which of the following is a regional party? Ans Delhi 2020

(a) Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) (c) political party

(b) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
(c) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) 25. A political party is an association of:
(d) Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI (a) people
(b) children
Ans SQP 2019
(c) parties
(c) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) (d) none of the above

21. Arrange the following states according to the Ans Foreign 2015

number of regional Political parties (as on (a) people

January 2007) in the correct sequence:
1. Jammu Kashmir 26. The clearly visible institutions of a democracy
2. Uttar Pradesh are:
(a) people

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Once we overcome a challenge, we tickets for contesting elections. Sometimes

automatically go to a higher level than deserving members are denied tickets.
before. State any two goals of development Political parties do not practice open and
other than income. transparent procedures. Top positions such
as President or General Secretary are always
53. Discuss advantages of single political party controlled by members of one family. This
system. is unfair to the other members of the party.
Ans . SQP 2011 It is also bad for democracy because people
Under a single party system, the country has without adequate experience come to occupy
only one political party, communist country the top positions in the party. This tendency
like China a good example of a such system. is present in some measure all over the world,
We can describe main advantages and system including in some of the older democracies.
in the following way. 56. What is a multi-party system? Why has India
Advantages of Single Party System : adopted a multi-party system? Explain.
(1) This system makes the government very
strong and powerful. Ans Delhi 2015

(2) Generally the head or president or general (a) If several parties compete for power, and
secretary of the party has complete more than two parties have a reasonable
control over the functioning of the party chance of coming to power either on their
within nation. As no body (members) own strength or in alliance with others, it
can dare to challenge the biggest boss of is called a multi-party system. In India,
the party, therefore complete discipline we have a multi¬party system.
prevails in the party, government and (b) India has adopted multi-party system
even in the army. because the social and geographical
diversity is not easily absorbed by two or
54. Write in short the disadvantages of single three political parties.
political party system. Secondly, India is such a large country that
Ans . OD 2017 it may not be possible for a political party
Disadvantages of Single Party System : to have its organisation or branches in every
(1) Generally under this system the corner of the country.
governments becomes totalitarian and its Thirdly, people of different regions, castes,
curbs the rights of the citizens. religions and communities have different
(2) Generally the head of the party acts like problems which compel them to have their
a dictator in the country. Infact political political party to press for demands for their
democracy does not prevails under such welfare and development.
system. History tells us during the period 57. What are National Political Party?
of Stalin (the President of former USSR
or the Soviet Union) was ruled by Stalin Ans . Foreign 2020, 2018

just a dictator. There was no freedom of A national party has influence all over the
press or expression. country. It secures more than 4 per cent
of total valid votes in the previous general
55. “Dynastic succession is one of the most elections atleast in four states.
serious challenges before the political parties.” There are six national political parties in
Analyse the statement. India.
Ans Comp 2019 1. Congress (I).
Family members or people more close to top 2. Bharatiya Janta Party.
leaders are favoured at the time of granting 3. The Communist Party (Marxist).
4. The Communist Party of India.

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2. What do you understand by the term overcome these challenges in order to remain
‘responsible government’ ? effective instruments of democracy.
3. State any two features of representative
In order to face these challenges, political
democracy.
parties need to be reformed. The question is:
Ans Are political parties willing to reform? If they
1. Political parties are necessary for the are willing, what has prevented them from
effective and efficient running of the reforming so far? If they are not willing, is it
democracy because political parties possible to force them to reform? Citizens all
contest elections. They play a decisive over the world face this question. This is not
role in making laws for a country. They a simple question to answer. In a democracy,
form and run governments and also play the final decision is made by leaders who
the role of opposition. represent political parties. People can replace
2. Responsible government refers to a them, but only by another set of party leaders.
government that is responsible to the If all of them do not wish to reform, how can
people. It takes the form of a Cabinet anyone force them to change?
that depends on the support of an elected Questions :
assembly, rather than a monarch or their 1. How can you say that there is lack of
representatives. internal democracy within political
3. Two features of representative democracy parties?
are 2. List any one major challenge which the
• It is a form of governance in which the political parties face in the present era?
people of a nation elect the officials who 3. “Defection makes democracy weak”
will administer legislation and run the Explain the steps taken by our leaders to
state on their behalf. end defection.
• Elections are often held in a representative Ans
democracy on the basis of an all-adult 1. (a) The concentration of power is in the
franchise. It means that everyone, hands of one or few leaders at the top.
regardless of gender, caste, creed, area, (b) Ordinary members of the party do not
language or culture, is eligible to cast a get sufficient information about party
ballot in a general election after reaching decisions and those who disagree
the required age (such as 18 or 21 years with the decisions find it difficult to
old). continue in the party.
2. (a) Lack of internal democracy
92. Read the given extract and answer the
(b) Dynastic succession
following questions.
(c) Growing role of money and muscle
We have seen how crucial political parties are power
for the working of democracy. Since parties (d) Parties do not seem to offer a
are the most visible face of democracy, it is meaningful choice to the voters.
natural that people blame parties for whatever 3. The Constitution was amended to prevent
is wrong with the working of democracy. elected MLAs and MPs from changing
All over the world, people express strong parties. This was done because many
dissatisfaction with the failure of political elected representatives were indulging in
parties to perform their functions well. defection in order to become ministers or
This is the case in our country too. Popular for cash rewards. Now the law states that
dissatisfaction and criticism has focused on if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or
four problem areas in the working of political she will lose the seat in the legislature. This
parties. Political parties need to face and new law has helped bring defection down.

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62. State the conditions as laid down by the 64. Discuss the main policies of the Communist
Election Commission to recognize a ‘State Party of India and the Communist Party of
party’ and ‘National Party’. India (Marxist).
o Ans . OD 2018, 2014
State the conditions required for a political
party to be recognized as a National Party. The main policies of the above given parties
are the following :
Ans SQP 2017
(1) These parties are against the imperialism
(1) Every party in the country has to and capitalism.
register with the Election Commission. (2) They want to establish democracy of
The Election Commission has laid down the type in which there should be the
detailed criteria of the proportion of votes government of the peasants and labourers,
and seats that a party must get in order i.e. poletariates.
to be a recognised party. (3) To nationalise all the banks, insurance
(2) State Party : A party that secures at companies and big industries.
least six per cent of the total votes in (4) To provide free and compulsory education.
an election to the Legislative Assembly (5) To provide equal democratic right to
of a state and wins at least two seats is women.
recognised as a state party.
(3) National Party : A party that secures 65. How have state political parties become more
at least six per cent of the total votes important than National parties in India ?
in the Lok Sabha election or Assembly Explain.
elections in four states and wins at least Ans Comp 2023

four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized State political parties have become more
as a national party. important than National parties in India
63. “No party system is ideal for all countries because :
and in all situations.” Analyse the statement. (1) Over the last three decades, the number
and strength of these parties has
Ans Foreign 2020
expanded.
“No party system is ideal for all countries (2) This made the Parliament of India
and in all situations”. This statement is true politically more and more diverse.
because : (3) No one national party is able to secure
(1) Party system is not something, any on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a
country -,an choose. It evolves over a long result, the national parties are compelled
time depending on the nature of society, to form alliance with state parties.
its social and regional divisions, its history (4) Since 1996, nearly everyone of the State
of politics and its system of elections. parties has got an opportunity to be a
These cannot be changed quickly. part of one or the other national level
(2) Each country develops a party system coalition government.
that is conditioned by its special (5) This has contributed to the strengthening
circumstances. of federalism and democracy in our
(3) For example, if India has evolved a multi- country.
party system, it is because the social and
geographical diversity in such a large 66. Exhibit the role of money and muscle power
country is not easily absorbed by two or among political parties during elections.
even three parties. Ans SQP 2019

Role of money and muscle power among

political parties during elections :

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(7) There should be state funding of elections. (3) A political party has three components
The government should give parties : (a) the leaders, (b) the active members
money to support their election expenses. and (c) the transparent policy
(4) A political party makes effort to promote
74. Describe the role of political parties in India. collective good for the society through its
o policies and plans.
Why do we need political parties? Explain. (5) A political party tries to persuade people
o why its policies are better than other
Discuss the main functions of a political parties.
party. (6) Each political party is registered with
Ans SQP 2020, Comp. 2020 Election Commission of India and drafts
The role of the political parties are as follows: a manifesto containing list of works that
(1) Parties contest elections. In most party would perform if voted to power by
democracies, elections are fought mainly people in respective elections.
among the candidates put up by political (7) Each party puts forward, different policies
parties. and programmes and these are the people
(2) Parties put forward different policies and who choose, what is suitable to them.
programmes and the voters choose from 76. Describe the necessity of political parties in
them. democratic countries.
(3) Parties play a decisive role in making
laws for a country. Ans OD 2020, Comp. 2020, 2018

(4) Parties form and run governments. The The reasons for the necessity of the political
big policy decisions are taken by political parties in India are given below :
executive that comes from the political (1) Modern democracies cannot exist
parties. without political parties. The necessity
(5) Those parties that lose in the elections of a political party in democracy can be
play the role of opposition to the parties understood from the given points.
in power, by voicing different views and If every elected representative is
criticising government for its failures or independent, and then no one can make
wrong policies. promise for any major policy changes.
(6) Parties shape public opinion. They raise The government may be formed but
and highlight issues. Parties sometimes its utility will remain always uncertain.
launch movements for the resolution of Non-party based Panchayat election also
problems faced by people. Often opinions creates same problems.
in the society crystallise on the lines (2) The rise of political parties is directly
parties take. linked to the emergence of representative
(7) Parties provide people access to democracies. As society became larger
government machinery and welfare and complicated, they also need some
schemes implemented by governments. agency to gather different views on
various issues and to present these to the
75. What are the characteristics of a political government.
party ? (3) Political parties inform the people about
Ans . Delhi 2020 the working of the ruling party. They
Characteristics of a political party : discuss the problems of the state, the
(1) A political party is a synonym to working and failure of the government
democracy all in the visible form. and give suggestion for the upliftment of
(2) A political party is a fundamental political masses.
division in a society.

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(2) The BJP is against to give special (1) It prepares electoral rolls for the election
recognition and status to Jammu and of Parliament, state legislatures as well as
Kashmir at political level. local bodies.
(3) Its motto is that all religions and people (2) It supervises and controls the election
of India have same and uniform rights. machinery throughout the country, lays
In 1996, party was widely supported and down general rules for election and issues
accepted for governance. notification of dates and schedules of
(4) On the basis of its ideology this party election.
got recognition from all states of India at (3) It allots symbols and accords recognition
national level. to political parties.
(4) Election Commissioner implements
71. Describe the importance of regional political the Code of Conduct and punishes any
parties in strengthening democracy. candidate or party that violets it.
Ans Comp 2018

The state parties also referred to as regional

parties are not necessarily regional in
ideology. Some of these parties are all India
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
parties that happen to have succeeded only
in some states. Over the last three decades, 73. Suggest and explain any five ways to reform
the number and strength of these parties has Political Parties in India.
expanded. This made the parliament of India Ans SQP 2021
politically more and more diverse. No one
national party is able to secure on its own a Political Reforms to Strengthen Democracy :
majority in the Lok Sabha. (1) To prevent defection, the law has been
As a result, the national parties are made so that if any MLA/MP changes
compelled to form alliances with state parties. his/her party, he/she will lose his/her
Since 1996, nearly every one of the state seat in the legislature.
parties got an opportunity to be a part of (2) It has been made mandatory by the
one or the other national level coalition Supreme Court that every candidate who
government. This has contributed to the is contesting an election, has to file an
strengthening of federalism and democracy affidavit giving details of his/ her property
in our country. and criminal cases pending against him/
Examples of state parties having national her.
level political organisation with units in (3) The Election Commission passed an order
several states are Samajwadi Party (SP), making it necessary for political parties
Rashtriya Janata Dal, Samata Party. to hold their organisational elections and
file their Income Tax Returns.
72. State any three functions of the Election (4) A law should be made to regulate the
Commission of India. internal affairs of political parties. e.g.,
Ans SQP 2010 following constitution, maintaining
register of its members, holding internal
For the conduct of fair and impartial election
elections.
the Constitution provides for an independent
(5) It should be made mandatory for the
body in the form of Election Commission
parties to give one-third of their party
which consists of Chief Election Commissioner
tickets to women candidates.
and such other commissioners.
(6) In each party, there should be a quota for
It performs the following functions :
women in the decision-making bodies of
the party.

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(3) Elected representatives will be leaders from their parties launch campaign
accountable to their constituency for for them.
what they do into at locality. But no one (3) After the declaration of results of
will be responsible for how the country is elections, the candidates of the winning
run. political party are elected to Lok-Sabha
(4) It may be mentioned here that even or Vidhan Sabha. If a single party gets
during the non-party based elections to clear majority or a combination of some
the Panchayats, the parties do not contest political parties get the majority it forms
formally but it is generally noticed that the government and other political parties
the village gets it into more than one sit as the opposition in the house.
faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of (4) The leader of the winning political party
its candidates. This function performed or the concensus leader of the combination
by political parties in a democracy. That of parties select Prime Minister and the
is why we need political parties in almost Chief Minister in the Centre and the
the countries of the world. state respectively.
(5) Modern large scale societies need Conclusion : In short, we can say that before
representative democracy which in turn election, during the election and after the
need some vacency to gather different election, the political parties are required to
views on various issues and present these play very vital role in a democratic form of
to the government. This function is done government.
by political parties. Thus, parties are a
necessary condition for democracy. 81. Name the six ‘National Political Parties’ in
India in a chronological order.
80. What role do political parties play in Ans SQP 2016
competition and contestation ?
(1) Indian National Congress (INC) :
Ans . Foreign 2018
Popularly known as the Congress Party.
Political parties play a significant role in the One of the oldest parties of the world
proper functioning of democracy through founded in 1885.
competition and contestation at different (2) Communist Party of India (CPI) : It
stages. was formed in 1925. The party believes
In theory, democracy is a form of in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and
government in which the country is run by democracy. This is against the forces of
representatives of the people. This is done in secessionism and communalism.
two stages. At the first stage the people elect (3) Communist Party of India—Marxist
their representatives by voting. At the second (CPI-M) : It was founded in 1964. The
stage, these elected representatives form a party believes in Marxism-Leninism.
government that works in co-operation with It supports socialism, secularism and
its legislature. democracy and opposes imperialism and
In view of above stages of functioning, communalism.
political parties play their role as under : (4) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) : It was
(1) Election is contested by candidates on founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile
behalf of their parties. Bharatiya Jana Sangh. It wants to build
(2) Political parties nominate the candidates a strong and modern India by drawing
and organise an election campaign. When inspiration from India’s ancient culture
the campaign goes on in a constituency, and values. Cultural nationalism (or
it is not only the candidates who organise Eindutva’) is an important element in
and speak at meetings but also important its conception of Indian nationhood and
politics.

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(4) Political party acts as a link between 78. Discuss the impacts of regional political
government and masses. parties of India.
(5) Political parties from and run governments. Ans . OD 2011, 2005
The executive body is formed by people
from the ruling party. Various political The positive impacts of regional political
leaders are assigned different ministries parties : The positive impact of regional
to carry out the task of governance. political parties gets reflected in the following:
1. It has extended the scope of
77. “All over the world, people express their decentralisation of powers or power
dissatisfaction with the failure of political sharing.
parties to perform their functions well.” 2. These parties are more in touch with
Analyse the statement with arguments. regional ground realities.
Ans Foreign 2019
3. These parties have created public
awareness towards politics and
Arguments in support this statement : partisanship.
(1) In political parties there is a tendency 4. These parties have made the electoral
towards the concentration of power process more competitive.
is one or few leaders at the top. They Negative impacts of regional political parties:
do not keep membership registers, hold The negative impact of regional political
organisational meetings and conduct parties gets reflected in the following :
internal elections regularly. As a result, 1. Regional political parties are bound to
the ordinary members of the party do affect the unity and integrity of a nation.
not get sufficient information on what 2. Many of the regional political parties
happens inside the party. do not hesitate to encourage violence or
(2) Most of the political parties do not pursue violent means and methods to
practice open and transparent procedures achieve their goals.
for their functioning. It leaves very few 3. Abundant use of money and muscle power
ways for an ordinary worker to rise to can be witnessed in regional politics.
the top in a party. Besides, those who
happen to be the leaders are in a position 79. “Modern democracies cannot exist without
of unfair advantage to favour people close political parties.” Examine the Statement.
to them or even their family members Ans Delhi 2009
certainly this is unfair to other members
of the party and is bad for democracy. Political parties perform various functions
(3) Because the parties are focussed only on such as contesting elections, formation
winning elections, they tend to use short- of government, act as opposition party.
cuts methods to win elections. They We, therefore, need political parties in a
desire to nominate those candidates who democracy. But it question is raised why
can raise lots of money. In some cases modern democracies cannot exist without
they support the candidates with criminal political parties. The reasons for this are as
backgrounds to win elections. Obviously, mentioned below :
this practice is not good for democracy. (1) In the absence of political parties,
(4) The political parties do not seem to give a every candidate in the elections will be
meaningful choice to the voters. Besides, independent. No one will be able to make
in recent years there has been a decline any promises to the people about any
in the ideological differences among the major policy changes.
parties also. For this act, they face severe (2) The government may be formed, but its
criticism also. unity will remain uncertain.

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and avenues to resolve conflicts among (2) As people get some benefits of democracy,
different sections of the society. they ask for more and want to make
(4) It promotes equality among citizens by democracy even better. When people are
providing them with equal opportunity asked about the way democracy functions,
for development. they always come up with more expectations.
(5) If a mistake has been committed, there is This denotes the success of democracy.
always a room to correct it in a democracy. (3) Increasing expectations from and many
complaints against democracy are routine
85. “Democracy is seen to be good in principle observations. The fact that people are
but felt to be not so good in practice.” Justify complaining is itself a testimony to the
the statement. success of democracy.
Ans SQP 2016 (4) People have developed awareness and the
(1) Democracy is responsive and accountable ability to expect and to look critically
but it often frustrates the needs of the at power holders and the high and the
people and often ignores the demands of mighty. This signals democracy’s success.
a majority of its population. (5) A public expression of dissatisfaction
(2) If democracies are expected to produce with democracy shows the success of the
good governments, then it is not fair democratic project.
to expect that they would also produce (6) People’s thinking that their votes make a
development. Evidence shows that in difference to the way the government is
practice, many democracies did not fulfil run and to heir own self-interests.
this expectation. 87. What are the various challenges faced by
(3) When we see many developed, political parties ?
underdeveloped and developing countries o
throughout the world, over all, we cannot Describe the different challenges faced by
say that democracy is a guarantee of political party ?
economic development.
(4) It is expected in a democracy that there Ans . OD 2010, 2008

will be a just distribution of goods and In a democracy political parties face various
opportunities. In actual life, democracies different types of challenges. We can briefly
do not appear to be very successful in mention these challenges under the following
reducing economic inequalities. headings :
(5) In democracies, all individuals have equal (1) Meaningful choice to the voters : All
weight in electing representatives. Parallel political parties have to feel the pulse of
to the process of bringing individual into the voters. Voters want a candidate which
the political arena on an equal footage, may prove himself or herself as a very
one can see growing economic inequalities. good choice for them. In-fact all political
Rich people are becoming richer and parties know it that their opponents or
among poor, poverty is increasing. rival political parties also try to give the
same policy and programmes which are
86. When is democracy considered as successful? like by the majority of the voters. If we
Explain. go deeply to find out the various types
Ans Foreign 2015
of policy and programmes and different
political parties we find that their is no
(1) The examination that democracy has to clear difference between them and during
undergo, never comes to an end. As one elections as such voters do not have a
examination is passed, another begins. meaningful choice among the different
This is due to expectation that people political parties.
have from democracy.

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(5) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) : It was Democracy is better than any other form
formed in 1984 under the leadership of of government in responding to the needs
Kanshi Ram. It seeks to represent and of the people.
secure power for the Bahujan Samaj (2) A democratic decision always involves
which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs many persons, discussions and meetings.
and religious minorities. This reduces the chances of rash or
(6) Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) : It irresponsible decisions. Thus, democracy
was formed in 1999 following a split in the improves the quality of decision-making.
Congress Party. It espouses democracy, (3) In any society, people are bound to have
Gandhian secularism, equity, social differences of opinions and interests.
justice and federalism. Democracy provides a method to deal
with differences and conflicts. In a diverse
82. “Lack of internal democracy within parties country like India, democracy keeps our
is the major challenge to political parties all country together.
over the world.” Analyse the statement. (4) Democracy is based on the principle of
o political equality, on recognizing that the
“Lack of internal democracy within parties is poorest and the least educated have the
a challenge to political parties.” Explain. same status as the rich and the educated.
Ans Delhi 2013 Democracy enhances the dignity of
(1) There is the concentration of power in citizens.
the hands of one or few leaders at the (5) In a democracy mistakes cannot be
top. hidden for long. There is a space for
(2) Parties do not keep membership registers, public discussion on these mistakes. And,
do not hold organisational meetings there is a room for correction. Either the
and do not conduct internal elections rulers have to change their decisions, or
regularly. the rulers can be changed.
(3) Ordinary members of the party do not get 84. How is democracy a better form of government
sufficient information on what happens in comparison to other forms of governments?
inside the party. Explain.
(4) They do not have means or the contacts o
needed to influence the decisions. Why is democracy considered a better form
(5) As a result, the leaders assume greater of government ? State any three reasons.
power to make decisions in the name of o
the party. Why is a democratic government considered
(6) Since one or few leaders exercise better than dictatorship? Explain any three
paramount power in the party, those reasons.
who disagree with the leadership, find it
difficult to continue in the party. Ans Comp 2020

(7) More than loyalty to party principles and Democracy is considered a better form of
policies, personal loyalty to the leader government for the following reasons :
becomes more important. (1) It improves the quality of decision-making
by following a set procedure and giving
83. On what basis you support democracy in participation to the representatives of the
your respective country ? Explain. people in this process.
Ans OD 2012, 2010 (2) It protects rights of the people and takes
(1) A democratic government is a better care of the dignity of the individuals.
government because it is a more (3) Democracy believes in the principle
accountable form of government. of common good. It provides methods

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one will be responsible for how the 3. Democracy enables people to vote for their
country will run. chosen representatives. In the absence of
(d) As societies become large and a clear majority, political parties may
complex, they also need some agencies form a coalition.
to gather different views on various
issues and to present these to the 90. Read the given extract and answer the
government. following questions.
In some countries, power usually changes
89. Read the passage, observe the image given
between two main parties. Several other
below and answer the questions that follow.
parties may exist, contest elections and win
a few seats in the national legislatures. But,
only the two main parties have a serious
chance of winning majority of seats to form
government. Such a party system is called two-
party system. The United States of America
and the United Kingdom are examples of two-
party system.
If several parties compete for power, and more
than two parties have a reasonable chance of
coming to power either on their own strength
The cartoon above refers to the problems of or in alliance with others, we call it a multi-
running Germany’s grand coalition government party system. Thus in India, we have a multi-
that includes the country’s two major parties, party system. In this system, the government
namely the Christian Democratic Union and is formed by various parties coming together
the Social Democratic Party. The two parties in a coalition. When several parties in a
are rivals to each other. They had to form a multi-party system join hands for the purpose
coalition government because neither of them of contesting elections and winning power, it
got a clear majority of seats on their own is called an alliance or a front.
in the 2005 elections. They take divergent
positions on several policy matters but jointly For example, in India there were three such
run the government. major alliances in 2004 Parliamentary
Questions : elections- the National Democratic Alliance,
1. Which disadvantage of coalition the United Progressive Alliance and the Left
governments is the image highlighting? Front. The multi-party system often appears
2. Why did the rival parties choose to make very messy and leads to political instability.
a coalition despite being rivals? At the same time, this system allows a variety
3. How does a democratic system, at times, of interests and opinions to enjoy political
cause such a challenge? representation.
Ans 2023 So, which of these is better? Perhaps the best
1. A coalition government may not agree answer to this very common question is that,
on policy decisions which can affect a this is not a very good question. Party system
country’s progress. is not something any country can choose. It
2. The government at the centre enforces evolves over a long time, depending on the
policy decisions that affect the entire nature of society, its social and regional
country including the people who support divisions, its history of politics and its system
each party, thus the rivals preferred to of elections. These cannot be changed very
make a coalition. quickly. Each country develops a party system
that is conditioned by its special circumstances.

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(2) Lack of internal democracy : Generally, needed a mechanism to support or restrain the
most of the political parties lack say government, make policies, justify or oppose
internal democracy. A few leaders of them. Political parties fulfil these needs that
the top position decide everything or every representative government has. We can
every matter of the party. Even after say that parties are a necessary condition for
thumping majority or good success, the a democracy.
ordinary members and even the public Questions :
are completely ignored. 1. Explain the meaning of a political party.
(3) Dynastic succession : In India or even 2. ‘‘The rise of political parties is directly
some other countries also real power linked to the emergence of representaive
in a political party is occupied by the democracies.” Support this statement.
members of a family. This dynastic rule 3. Why are political parties a necessary
sometimes proves a great hurdle in the condition for a democracy ? Explain.
functioning of political parties as well as Ans
far true democracy.
(4) Money power and muscle power : Now- 1. Political Party is a group of people who
a-days elections are very costly. A lot of come together to contest election, form
money is require to contest and win the policies, mobilise voters to support their
elections. After winning the elections, the cause and policies, and hold power in the
political parties try to fund wealth for the government. Political parties are required
next election or for their near and dear. In so that they make policies that help in
other words we can say the role of money fulfilling the needs of the citizens through
power promotes corruption before, during the representatives.
and even after elections. 2. Large scale societies need representative
Like money power, muscle power also democracy. As societies became large
play a major role in winning the elections. and complex, they also needed some
Criminals or even the law breakers get tickets agency to gather different views on
from the political parties. They directly or various issues and to present these to the
indirectly threaten and provoked the voters. government. They needed some way to
Poor or weaker sections of the society do not bring various representatives together
caste their votes freely. so that a responsible government could
be formed. They needed a mechanism to
support or restrain the government, make
CASE BASED QUESTIO policies, justify or oppose them. Political
parties fulfill these needs that every
representative government has.
88. Read the given source and answer the 3. Political parties are necessary condition
questions that follow : for a democracy because of follwoing
reason :
The rise of political parties is directly (a) Without political parties, democracies
linked to the emergence of representative cannot exist. If we do not have
democracies. As we have seen, large societies political parties, every candidate will
need representative democracy. As societies be independent.
became large and complex, they also needed (b) No one will be able to make any
some agency to gather different views on promises to people about major
various issues and to present these to the policy changes.
government. They needed some ways, to bring (c) Elected representatives will be
various representatives together so that a accountable to their constituency for
responsible government could be formed. They what they do in their locality but no

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Ch 14 : Political Parties CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

which part it stands for, which policies it at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an
supports and whose interests it upholds. election to the Legislative Assembly of a state
3. To make programs and policies to win and wins at least two seats is recognised as a
the support of public and to oppose State party. A party that secures at least six
government in the legislature. per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections
4. The leaders, the active members and the or Assembly elections in four states and
followers. wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is
recognised as a national party.
95. Read the following extract and answer the Questions :
questions that follow: 1. Which function of political parties is
Parties shape public opinion. They raise highlighted here?
and highlight issues. Parties have lakhs of 2. Which type of political party system is
members and activists spread all over the the best one? Why?
country. Many of the pressure groups are the 3. Every party in the country has to register
extensions of political parties among different with the Election Commission. Why?
sections of society. Parties sometimes also Ans
launch movements for the resolution of
1. Political party shapes public opinion.
problems faced by people. Often opinions in
2. None is the best one because each
the society crystallise on the lines parties take.
country develops a party system that is
Party system is not something any country conditioned by its special circumstances.
can choose. It evolves over a long time, For example, if India has evolved a multi-
depending on the nature of society, its social party system, it is because the social and
and regional divisions, its history of politics geographical diversity in such a large
and its system of elections. These cannot be country is not easily absorbed by two or
changed very quickly. Each country develops even three parties. No system is ideal for
a party system that is conditioned by its all countries and all situations.
special circumstances. For example, if India 3. Because it is already written in the Indian
has evolved a multi-party system, it is because Constitution.
the social and geographical diversity in such a
96. Read the following extract and answer the
large country is not easily absorbed by two or
questions that follow:
even three parties. No system is ideal for all
countries and all situations. All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)
was launched on 1 January 1998 under the
Every party in the country has to register leadership of Mamata Banerjee. Recognised as
with the Election Commission. While the a national party in 2016. The party’s symbol
Commission treats all parties equally, it offers is flowers and grass. Committed to secularism
some special facilities to large and established and federalism. Has been in power in West
parties. These parties are given a unique Bengal since 2011. Also has a presence in
symbol – only the official candidates of that Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura.
party can use that election symbol. Parties In the General Elections held in 2014, it got
that get this privilege and some other special 3.84% votesand won 34 seats, making it the
facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election fourth largest party in the Lok Sabha.
Commission for this purpose. That is why
these parties are called, ‘recognised political Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was formed in
parties’. The Election Commission has laid 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.
down detailed criteria of the proportion of Seeks to represent and secure power for the
votes and seats that a party must get in order bahujansamaj which includes the dalits,
to be a recognised party. A party that secures adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities.

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For example, if India has evolved a multi- 91. Read the given extract and answer the
party system, it is because the social and following questions.
geographical diversity in such a large country
We can understand the necessity of political
is not easily absorbed by two or even three
parties by imagining a situation without
parties. No system is ideal for all countries
parties. Every candidate in the elections will
and all situations.
be independent. So, no one will be able to
Questions :
make any promises to the people about any
1. What do you understand by multi-party
major policy changes. The government may
system?
be formed, but its utility will remain ever
2. Why political parties are necessary in
uncertain.
smooth functioning of democracy?
3. Highlight any two differences between Elected representatives will be accountable
multi-party and bi-party system. to their constituency for what they do in the
Ans locality. But, no one will be responsible for
how the country will be run.
1. Multi-party system is a political system
in which multiple political parties across We can also think about it by looking at the
the political spectrum run for national non-party based elections to the panchayat
elections, and all have the capacity to gain in many states. Although, the parties do
control of government offices, separately not contest formally, it is generally noticed
or in coalition. that the village gets split into more than one
2. Political parties are essential institutions faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its
for smooth functioning of democracy. candidates.
By competing in elections parties offer
Thus, it exactly what the party does. That
citizens a choice in governance and while
is the reason, we find political parties in
in opposition they can hold governments
almost all countries of the world whether
accountable. When citizens join political
these countries are big or small, old or new,
parties, volunteer their time, donate
developed or developing .
money and vote for their leaders, they are
exercising their basic democratic rights. The rise of political parties is directly
3. Differences between multi-party and bi- linked to the emergence of representative
party system are democracies. As we have seen, large societies
Multi-party System Bi-party system need representative democracy. As societies
became large and complex, they also needed
A multi-party A bi-party some agency to gather different views on
system is one which system, on the various issues and to present these to the
has several (more other hand, is the government. They needed some ways, to bring
than two) political one which has various representatives together so that a
parties to contest only two parties responsible government could be formed. They
and gain control of who contest for needed a mechanism to support or restrain the
the government. gaining power government, make policies, justify or oppose
and control of the them. Political parties fulfill these needs that
government. every representative government has. We can
There are various There are two say that parties are a necessary condition for
political parties candidates a democracy.
at regional and from two major Questions :
National levels. parties. 1. What is the necessity of political parties
in the efficient and effective running of
the democracy?

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Ch 14 : Political Parties CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

5. Bahujan Samaj Party SHORT Answer QUESTIO

6. Nationalist Congress Party

58. Write a short note on Bahujan Samaj Party. 60. How do political parties function within a
Ans . Delhi 2013 democratic system? Explain.
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) : Ans OD 2024

(1) This political party was formed in 1984 The following are the functions of political
under the leadership of Late Kanshi Ram. parties within a democratic system:
This party seeks to represent and secure (1) They provide a platform and
power for the Bahujan Samaj which representation to various sections of
includes the Dalits, Adivasis, OBCs and society.
religious minorities. The party draws (2) They provide a platform for public debates
inspiration from the ideas and teachings and articulation of different opinions.
of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, (3) They contest elections and form a
Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Dr.B.R. government. Thus, they are a vehicle of
Ambedkar. democracy.
(2) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) stands for (4) They give shape to policies and legislation
the cause of protecting the interests and on the basis of their election manifestos.
welfare of the dalits and oppressed people.
(3) Now-a-days Ms. Mayawati is the most 61. Explain any three functions of opposition
popular leader of the party. This party political parties.
has its main base in the state of Uttar Ans Delhi 2019
Pradesh and substantial presence in
The Opposition’s main role is to question
neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh,
the government of the day and hold them
Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and
accountable to the public. In legislature, the
Punjab.
Opposition Party has a major role and must
59. Write a short note on Nationalist Congress act to discourage the party in power from
Party. acting against the interests of the country
and the common man. They hustle to
Ans . OD 2010, 2006
present themselves as a suitable alternative
Nationalist Congress Party was formed in government.
1999 following a split in the Indian National Following are the three functions of opposition
Congress. The party espouses democracy, parties:
Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice (1) They question the ruling government and
and federalism. This party wants that high make them accountable to the public.
offices in government be confined to natural (2) Their role is to ensure that the government
born citizens of the country. A major party in should not take any step which is against
Maharashtra and has a significant presence in the interest of the public.
Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. A coalition (3) Their duty is to check and ensure that
partner in the state of Maharashtra in the action of the ruling party is for the
alliance with the Indian National Congress. benefit of the masses and to support
Since 2004, NCP is a member of the United the government in such things. They,
Progressive Alliance at centre. Sharad Pawar thus, facilitate formation of public
is its creator and most powerful leader. opinion and are a way in which the
schemes of government are checked and
communicated to the public.

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93. Read the given extract and answer the promote the collective good. Since there can be
following questions. different views on what is good for all, parties
try to persuade people why their policies are
Political parties are easily one of the most
better than others. They seek to implement
visible institutions in a democracy. For most
these policies by winning popular support
ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to
through elections.
political parties. If you travel to remote parts
of our country and speak to the less educated Thus, parties reflect fundamental political
citizens, you could come across people who divisions in a society. Parties are about
may not know anything about our Constitution a part of the society and thus involve
or about the nature of our government. But PARTISANSHIP. Thus, a party is known
chances are that they would know something by which part it stands for, which policies
about our political parties. At the same time it supports and whose interests it upholds.
this visibility does not mean popularity. Most A political party has three components: the
people tend to be very critical of political leaders, the active members and the followers.
parties. They tend to blame parties for all that
The rise of political parties is directly
is wrong with our democracy and our political
linked to the emergence of representative
life. Parties have become identified with social
democracies. As we have seen, large scale
and political divisions.
societies need representative democracy. As
Questions :
societies became large and complex, they also
1. What are the three main components of a
needed some agency to gather different views
political party?
on various issues and to present these to the
2. Who is a partisan?
government. They needed some way to bring
3. Explain one merit and one demerit of the
various representatives together so that a
opposition party.
responsible government could be formed. They
Ans needed a mechanism to support or restrain the
1. The three main components of a political government, make policies, justify or oppose
party are : them. Political parties fulfil these needs that
(a) The leaders every representative government has. We can
(b) The active members say that parties are a necessary condition for
(c) The followers a democracy.
2. A person who is strongly committed to Questions :
a party. A partisan person always take 1. What do you mean by a political party?
side of a group and is unable to give a 2. Draw the relationship between parties
balanced view. and the society.
3. Merit- It voices different views and 3. Write any two functions of the political
criticises government for its failures or parties.
wrong policies. Demerit- In many cases, 4. What are the three components of any
opposition party tends to hinder the work political party?
of ruling party which can led to delay in Ans
important decision-making.
1. Political party is a group of people who
94. Read the following extract and answer the come together to contest elections and
questions that follow: hold power in the government.
2. Parties reflect fundamental political
A political party is a group of people who come
divisions in a society. Parties are about
together to contest elections and hold power in
a part of the society and thus involve
the government. They agree on some policies
partisanship. Thus, a party is known by
and programmes for the society with a view to

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Ch 14 : Political Parties CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(1) Since, parties are focussed only on winning Ans . Foreign 2009

elections, they tend to use shortcuts to The Chief types of political party system :
win elections. A political party is a body of several persons
(2) They tend to nominate those candidates having similar views of the chief public issues.
who have or can raise lots of money. There are three types of party system :
(3) Rich people and companies who give (a) A Single party system : This is the system
funds to the parties tend to have influence wherein a country has only one political
on the policies and decisions of the party. party, e.g., Russia and China.
(4) In some cases, parties support criminals (b) A Bi-party System : Under this system
who can win elections. two prominent political parties function
(5) Democrats all over the world are worried in a country. England and United States
about the increasing role of rich people of America has such system.
and big companies in democratic politics. (c) A Multi-party system : Under this
(with explanation) system there are a number of small and
large political parties in a country. Such
67. Illustrate the situations which display lack of a system exists there in India, France,
internal democracy within a political party. Italy, etc.
Ans SQP 2019, 2015
69. Write two opinions each in favour and against
Situations which display lack of internal the value or importance of two-party system.
democracy within a political party :
(1) Parties do not keep membership registers, Ans . Comp 2016

do not hold organisational meetings, Value or in favour of two-party system :

and do not conduct internal elections (1) It strengthens the national unity and
regularly. integrity.
(2) Ordinary members of the party do not get (2) Democracy becomes more successful as
sufficient information on what happens this system given opportunity to only
inside the party. that political party to form government
(3) They do not have the means or the which secure absolute majority.
connections needed to influence the It is prevalent in U.K. (England).
decisions. As a result the leaders assume Against :
greater power to make decisions in the (1) India is a multi-cultural, linguistic
name of the party. religious country. Only multi-party
(4) Since, one or few leaders exercise system can provide chances to the people
paramount power in the party, those of all states under that system.
who disagree with the leadership find it (2) Multi-party system provides more choice
difficult to continue in the party. to voters than two party system.
(5) More than loyalty to party principles and
policies, personal loyalty to the leader 70. Name the National Political Party which gets
becomes more important. inspiration from India’s ancient culture and
values. Mention four features of that party.
68. Mention and discuss the single order political Ans Delhi 2017, 2013
party system.
The National Political Party which gets
o
inspiration from India’s ancient culture and
Discuss briefly the following :
values is BJP (Bhartiya Janata Party). Its
(a) A Single party system
four main features are as follows :
(b) A Bi-party system
(1) Cultural nationalism (Hindutva) is an
(c) A Multi-party system
important element in its conception of
Indian nationhood and politics.

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Draws inspiration from the ideas and foster proper leadership, good governance and
teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, build a new Bangladesh. He felt that only a
Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb political party different from the traditional
Ambedkar. Stands for the cause of securing ones would bring about new political culture.
the interests and welfare of the dalits and His party would be democratic from the
oppressed people. grassroot level.
Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed The launching of the new party, called
in 192.5. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, Nagarik Shakti (Citizens’ Power), has caused
secularism and democracy. Opposed to the a stir among the Bangladeshis. While many
forces of secessionism and communalism. his decision welcomed, some did not like it.
Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means “Now I think Bangladesh will have a chance
of promoting the interests of the working to choose between good and bad and eventually
class, farmers and the poor. Became weak have a good government”. said Shahedul Islam,
after the split in the party in 1964 that led to a government official, “That government, we
the formation of the CP (M). hope, would not only keep itself away from
Questions : corruption but also make fighting corruption
1. When was All India Trinamool Congress and black money a top priority.”
(AITC) recognised as a national party?
But leaders of traditional political parties who
2. From where Kanshi Ram draw inspiration
dominated the country’s politics for decades
while forming the political party?
were apprehensive. “There was no debate
3. What is the best example of parliamentary
(over him) winning the Nobel, but politics
democracy according to the Communist
is different—very challenging and often
Party of India (CPI)?
controversial” said a senior leader of the
Ans Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Some others
1. All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) were highly critical. They asked why he was
recognised as a national party in 2016. rushing into politics. “Is he being planted in
2. Kanshi Ram draw inspiration from the politics by mentors from outside the country,”
ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, asked one political observer.
Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Questions :
Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. 1. Do you think Yunus made a right decision
3. Communist Party of India (CPI) accepts to float a new political party ?
parliamentary democracy as a means of 2. Do you agree with the statements and
promoting the interests of the working fears expressed by various people ?
class, farmers and the poor. 3. How do you want this new party organised
to make it different from other parties ?
97. Read the following extract and answer the 4. If you were the one to begin this political
questions that follow: party how would you defend it ?
Muhammed Yunus is a famous economist of Ans .
Bangladesh. He received several international 1. Yes, it is a right decision of Muhammad
honour for his efforts to promote socio- Yunks to floating Nagrik Shakti (Citizens’
economic and social development for the Power) party in Bangladesh to fight
benefit of the poor. He and the Grameen corruption in Bangladesh.
Bank, for this great initiative he started 2. No. I do not agree with statements and
jointly received the Nobel peace prize for the fears expressed by various people because
year, 2006. In February, 2007 he decided to these are baseless. It is usual that people
launch a political party and contest in the have always different opinions because of
parliamentary elections. His objective was to their taking things for direct benefit or

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Ch 14 : Political Parties CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

advantages. Corruption-free people like

the first government officials, appreciate
such steps while—the bureaucrats and
representatives profiteering through
corrupt practices, will naturally criticise
likewise efforts.
3. It will make it different because of being
its leader, eminent scholar (awardee of
Nobel Peace Prize, 2006) and the fund, he
has from Grameen Bank set-up by him.
He can launch policies and programmes
for common good of people in Bangladesh
without any impediments—that generally
bring in dead lock to implementation of
policies.
4. I would have defended likewise political
party by opening branch offices in
each nook and corner of the country. It
would develop direct interaction with
people in country side and towns. Time-
to-time surveys, meetings, seminars,
workshops etc., would have won the
confidence of people. I would have also
set-up a study cell to write articles on
contemporary events, their consequences
and an appropriate course of action that
might have cured flaws and defects. My
Grameen Bank would have launched
certain plans, schemes to provide credit
facilities at reasonable rate of interest
with all needy people. These, all efforts
would have definitely made my party’s
stronghold in Bangladesh.

www.nodia.i

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CHAPTER
15
Outcome of Democracy

SUMMAR
13. Measures for Democratic Outcome : Regular
free and fair elections, open public debate on
major policies, right to information given to
1. Outcomes : The result or effect of an action
the people.
or event.
14. Accountable : Responsible, answerable,
2. Dignity : A sense of one’s own importance
legitimate to the individual/posts and their
and value.
needs and expectations.
3. Authoritarianism : Rule by imposition of
15. Racial Discrimination : Superiority or
authority e.g. absolutism.
inferiority complex among citizens on the
4. Development : The gradual growth of
basis of their ethnicity or race (caste)
mankind so that it becomes more advanced
economy.
and stronger than before/existing.
16. Rule of Law : Ruling with strict allegiance to
5. Security : The activities involved in protecting
constitution of a country.
a country, building or person against attack,
17. Human Rights : Basic rights that everyone
danger etc.
has to be equally treated fairly and not in a
6. Outcomes of Democracy : The results as
cruel way especially, by the government of a
witnessed through analysis of certain period
country.
under democracy.
18. Apartheid : Political, social and economic
7. Monarchy : The government ruled by the
discrimination on the basis of colour, caste,
monarch or king of the country i.e., monarch
and religion. e.g. apartheid in South Africa.
or king is the head of the country who is
19. Civil Liberties : Rights of people to be free to
hereditary.
say or do, what they want while respecting
8. Dignity : The word denotes privileged
others and staying within the law.
position, honourable rank or importance
20. Secession : An area or group becoming
given to any particular post or personality.
independent from the country or a larger
9. Inequality : Absence of equal opportunities,
group that it belongs to.
equal treatment and equal status at any
21. Democratic Reforms : An expertise of
level, social, economic or political is known
democratic government in meeting challenge
as inequality.
of expanding democracy viz. Power Sharing,
10. Transparency : Right or means to examine
accommodation of diversity, managing
the process of decision- making.
education, widening in sight and positive
11. Expectation of Democracy : An ideal ruling
thinking attitude cultured among people so
in which citizens attain to conscience of
as they respect national interest.
sustainable development abiding by the rule
of co-existence thereby clashes, class-wars,
conflicts and chances of unrest are reduced
to minimum.
12. Regionalism : Priority given to regional
interests over the national interests e.g.
partisanship in minds.

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO (c) Both a and b

(d) None of the above
Ans Foreign 2019
1. What role do ‘checks and balances’ play
in a democratic country? Choose the most (c) Both a and b
suitable option from the following.
6. Choose the wrong statement about
(a) To establish a direct form of government
democracy.
without representatives
(a) Promotes equality among citizens
(b) To create a separation of powers to
(b) Enhances the dignity of the individual
prevent from authoritarianism
(c) Provide a method to resolve conflicts
(c) To prevent any change to the Constitution
(d) Does not have room to correct mistakes
(d) To ensure absolute power for one branch
of government Ans Comp 2019

Ans OD 2024 (d) Does not have room to correct mistakes

(b) To create a separation of powers to 7. Study the picture and answer the question
prevent from authoritarianism that follows:
2. How many countries of the world have
democratic set-up of government?
(a) More than hundred countries
(b) Less than hundred countries
(c) Less than fifty countries
(d) More than fifty countries
Ans Comp 2023

(a) More than hundred countries

Which of the following aspect best signifies
3. Rule of law is the feature of which form of
above image?
government?
(a) Economic Distribution
(a) Dictatorship
(b) Dignity and freedom of the citizens
(b) Democracy
(c) Accommodation of social diversity
(c) Monarchy
(d) Economic growth and development
(d) All of these
Ans OD 2017
Ans OD 2020
(a) Economic Distribution
(b) Democracy
8. Identify the form of Govt. which provide:
4. Democracy is preferred over dictatorship
• Dignity and freedom to its citizens
everywhere except
• Mostly found in large countries
(a) Nepal (b) Pakistan
• Listens and try to accommodate the
(c) India (d) Bangladesh
demand of various diverse sections
Ans Delhi 2019 • Practised in India Since Independence
(b) Pakistan Option :
(a) Dictatorship
5. The record of democracies is not impressive (b) Democracy
because (c) Monarchy
(a) It often frustrates the needs of the people (d) All of these
(b) It often ignores demands of a majority of
Ans Delhi 2020
its population
(b) Democracy

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page 455

9. Which country has democratic government 14. Following caricature on democracy illustrates
since Independence? that:
(a) India (b) Pakistan
(c) Bhutan (d) Nepal
Ans Foreign 2017

(a) India

10. Arrange the following democracies (from high

to low) according to their degree of inequality
of income:
1. South Africa
2. USA
3. Denmark
4. Russia
Options :
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3
(a) Democracy has to accommodate all the
(b) 1, 3, 4, 2
diverse demand from different section of
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1
society.
(d) 4, 2, 3, 1
(b) Various pressure and Interest groups have
Ans Comp 2021, 2018 vested interests in all democracies.
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (c) Democracy can’t be run or successful
without diverse demand and pressure
11. Choose the correct statement.
groups.
(a) Democracy not to lag behind dictatorship.
(d) Democracy is meant to fulfil all the
(b) Democracy is not guarantee of economic
demands of people for the people.
development.
(c) Economic growth is better in non- Ans Foreign 2020

Democratic government. (a) Democracy has to accommodate all the

(d) USA is a democratic government but diverse demand from different section of
remarkable economic development. society.
Ans OD 2014
15. Democracy has failed on which grounds?
(b) Democracy is not guarantee of economic (a) Corruption
development. (b) Economic inequality
12. Rule of one individual is feature of (c) Literacy rate
(a) Dictatorship (b) Monarchy (d) All of these
(c) Democracy (d) Communism Ans Comp 2021

Ans Delhi 2019 (d) All of these

(a) Dictatorship
16. Which government is superior to any other
13. No deliberation and negotiation for taking government in promoting dignity?
decisions is part of (a) Monarchy
(a) democratic government (b) Dictatorship
(b) non-democratic (c) Democracy
(c) monarchy (d) None of the above
(d) dictatorship Ans OD 2018, 2015
Ans SQP 2010, 2008
(c) Democracy
(b) non-democratic

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

of his property and criminal cases pending representatives. Parallel to the process of
against him. It should be made mandatory for bringing individuals into the political arena
political parties to give a minimum number of on an equal footing, we find growing economic
tickets, about one-third, to women candidates. inequalities. A small number of ultra-rich
Similarly, there should be a quota for women enjoy a highly disproportionate share of
in the decision making bodies of the party. wealth and incomes. Not only that, their share
There should be state funding of elections. in the total income of the country has been
The government should give parties money to increasing. Those at the bottom of the society
support their election expenses. This support have very little to depend upon. Their incomes
could be given in kind : petrol, paper, telephone have been declining. Sometimes they find it
etc. Or it could be given in cash on the basis difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such
of the votes secured by the party in the last as food, clothing, house, education and health.
election. Questions :
Questions : 1. “Democracy ensures reduction of
1. Explain the meaning of the term inequalities and poverty”. Explain the
‘Defection’ with reference to political statement.
party system of India. 2. List the factors that affect economic
2. Evaluate the significance of an Affidavit growth.
which is given by the candidate while 3. How can accommodation of social
contesting elections. diversity work in a democracy?
3. State any one suggestion which is made Ans
to reform the position of women in Indian
political party system. What is the 1. Democracy ensures equal distribution
significance of this suggestion? of goods, income and opportunities. A
democratic government always tries to
Ans
reduce poverty ratio and works for welfare
1. Defection is changing party allegiance (a of people.
person’s continued support for a political 2. These are : population size, global
party) from the party on which a person situation, cooperation and economic
got elected to a legislative body to a priorities.
different party. (a) In a democracy, the majority needs
2. Due to the Supreme Court order candidate to work with minority so that the
has to give the details of his property and government functions to represent the
criminal case report through an Affidavit. general view.
It helps the public to decide the suitable (b) Every citizen has a chance of being in
candidate to elect. majority at some point of time.
3. Many suggestions are made to reform
political parties. Among these one of the 97. Read the extracts carefully and answer the
most important reforms is to give at least following questions:
one-third number of tickets to women Every individual wants to receive respect from
candidate. fellow beings. Often conflicts arise among
This helps women to participate in direct individuals because some feel that they are
politics and they can raise their voice for not treated with due respect. The passion for
their own demands. respect and freedom are the basis of democracy.
96. Read the given extract and answer the Democracies throughout the world have
following questions. recognised this, at least in principle. This has
been achieved in various degrees in various
Democracies are based on political equality. democracies.
All individuals have equal weight in electing

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page 457

3. Pakistan Option :
4. Sri Lanka (a) A - France, B - The women rights
Options : movement
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) A -France, B - The civil rights movement
(b) 1, 3, 4, 2 (c) A - America, B - The women rights
(c) 4, 1, 2, 3 movement
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) A - America, B - The civil rights movement
Ans SQP 2019 Ans Delhi 2009

(c) 4, 1, 2, 3 (d) A - America, B - The civil rights movement

24. Democracy attain people happiness by 28. The political parties and democratic
(a) government function to represent general government is accountable to:
view (a) people
(b) equal distribution of resources (b) society
(c) better governance (c) world
(d) All of the above (d) none of the above
Ans Foreign 2016 Ans SQP 2012

(d) All of the above (a) people

25. Many countries of the world claim and 29. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
practice: 1. Policies and programmes of the
(a) authoritarianism government
(b) democracy 2. Government
(c) dictatorship 3. Election
(d) none of the above 4. Voter card
Options :
Ans Comp 2020
(a) 1, 4, 2, 3
(a) uncertain (b) 1, 3, 4, 2
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1
26. Why is the democratic government regarded
(d) 4, 3, 1, 2
as a better choice?
(a) It promotes equality among citizen Ans Foreign 2016

(b) It ensures economic development (c) 4, 3, 2, 1

(c) It provides a method to resolve conflict
30. In the context of assessing democracy
(d) Both a and c
which among the following is odd one out.
Ans OD 2014, SQP 2009
Democracies need to ensure :
(d) Both a and c (a) free and fair elections
(b) dignity of the individual
27. Complete the following table with correct (c) majority rule.
information: (d) equal treatment before law.
Name Citizen Movement Famous for Ans Comp 2017
of the of which started by
(d) equal treatment before law.
personality country her
Rosa parks A-? B-? the 31. Identify the country
Montgomery • Except this country Democracy is
bus boycott preferred everywhere over dictatorship
• It doesn’t matter to its citizens who
comes in power and go

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

17. Democracy can lead to 20. Following cartoon talks about the condition
(a) handle social differences of:
(b) secular society
(c) harmonious social life
(d) All of the above
Ans Delhi 2013

(d) All of the above

18. Identify the form of Govt. in which:

• There is no freedom of speech and so as
to press
• Decisions are taken by single ruling
authority without consulting other
interest groups
(a) Lack of opportunity for the poor kids.
• Prevails in most of gulf and African
(b) Hurdles for a poor kid to come over for
Country
his or her overall development.
• People have no right to protest and their
(c) Lack of transparencies in government
voice is hardly heard by the ruler.
policies for the development of all sections.
Option :
(d) Government support is needed in section
(a) Dictatorship
of poverty to eradicate this problem.
(b) Democracy
(c) Monarchy Ans Comp 2019

(d) All of these (b) Hurdles for a poor kid to come over for
Ans SQP 2020, 2012 his or her overall development.
(a) Dictatorship 21. Least expectation from democracy is that
(a) It cannot accommodate various social life
(b) It should produce a harmonious social life
(c) It develops procedure to conduct
competition
(d) It reduces the possibility of violent
tensions
Ans OD 2009, 2005

19. Arrange the following regimes and countries (a) It cannot accommodate various social life
in ascending order of their economic growth
Rates for year 1950-2000: 22. We can judge democracy by its:
1. All democratic regimes (a) people
2. All dictatorial regimes (b) outcomes
3. Poor countries under dictatorship (c) political parties
4. Poor countries under democracy (d) none of the above
Options : Ans Delhi 2010

(a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) outcomes

(b) 1, 2, 3, 4
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 23. Arrange the following countries (in the
(d) 4, 2, 1, 3 ascending order) as per their citizen’s
Ans Foreign 2017
preference of democracy over dictatorship:
1. India
(b) 1, 2, 3, 4 2. Nepal

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page 459

persons and groups may and should form Ans Foreign 2016

a majority. (1) Democracy is an accountable government

because citizens have the right to choose
36. How can democratic reforms be carried out their leaders and control over them, i.e.,
by political conscious citizens? it is a representative government. Citizens
Ans Delhi 2019 have the rights and means to examine the
The most important concern should be to process of decision-making.
increase and improve the quality of political (2) Democracy is a responsive government
participation by ordinary citizens. When because it promotes the formation of
politically conscious citizens are aware of public opinion and cares about the
their duties and rights as entitled by the opinions, needs and expectations of the
constitution, it gives them an upper hand citizens.
for they are able to judge between right and (3) Democracy is a legitimate government as
wrong. They are also able to spread this it is elected by people themselves through
awareness around by holding discussions or elections after every five years.
generally through word of mouth and help in 39. “Democracy means delay in decision
formation of Public opinion. Politically aware making”. Justify the statement with any
citizens have better knowledge of diplomacy three arguments.
and world politics.
Ans Comp 2023
37. How are the democratic governments better (1) The cost of time that democracy pays
than the other forms of governments? in decision making is perhaps worth it.
Compare. As democracy is based on the idea of
Ans . SQP 2012, 2009 deliberations and negotiations, some
Democracy is better than any other form of delay is bound to take place.
government or dictatorship for the following (2) We can imagine a government that may
reasons : take decision very fast. But it may take
(1) It promotes equality among citizens and decisions that are not accepted by the
the dignity of individuals. people and may, therefore, face problems.
(2) As democracy is based on deliberations (3) In contrast, the democratic government
and negotiations, it improves the quality will take more time to follow procedures
of decision making process. before arriving at decisions. But because
(3) It provides a proper method of conflict it has followed a procedure, its decisions
resolution and reduces tensions because may be both more acceptable to the
the majority work with the majority. people and more effective.
(4) In democracy there is ample scope 40. “Most negative feature of democracy is that
of amendment. The deliberation and its examination never gets over”. Support the
discussion in the legislature may change statement with three arguments.
an existing or make an amendment in
public interest. Ans OD 2018

Following arguments can be given in support

38. “Democracies produce an accountable, of this statement :
responsive and legitimate government.” (1) People always come up with more
Support the statement with three suitable expectations from the democratic set up.
examples. (2) When people get advantage from
o democracy or when any of their problem
How does democracy produce a legitimate, is settled, they ask to solve a new problem
accountable and responsive government ? and this trial never comes to an end.

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

• Have a long history of unstable democratic Ans SQP 2008

rule (a) Government can invade the privacy of

• According to Oxford university 2007 data people but not vice versa.
14% of its citizens thinks that dictatorship
is better then Democracy
Option :
(a) India VERY SHORT QUESTIO
(b) Pakistan
(c) Srilanka 34. What factors sustain democracy in India ?
(d) Bhutan
Ans . Delhi 2020
Ans Delhi 2008
The following factors sustain democracy in
(b) Pakistan
India :
32. Studies on political and social inequalities in (1) Democracy is liked by almost all Indians.
democracy show that It is based on the principle of equality,
(a) Democracy and development go together freedom and brotherhood.
knowledge. (2) To achieve the prescribed goals
(b) Law of democratic right exist in (secularism, socialism, democratic
democracies. republic, national unity and international
(c) Inequalities do not exist under security, etc.), the framers of the Indian
dictatorship. Constitution revived completely on the
(d) Dictatorship is better than democracy. norms of democracy.
Ans OD 2013
(3) The framers of the Indian Constitution
provided for a representative democracy
(b) Inequalities exist in democracies. in a liberal framework.
33. Following picture about the confidentiality 35. How is social diversity accommodated in
tells that: democracy? Explain with examples.
Ans OD 2017 Term 2

It is a fair expectation that democracy should

produce a harmonious social life. Democracy
must fulfill two conditions in order to achieve
social harmony even though there is social
diversity.
(1) It is necessary to understand that
democracy is not simply ruled by
majority opinion. The majority always
needs to work with the minority so that,
(a) Government can invade the privacy of the possibility of tensions, becoming
people but not vice versa. explosive or violent reduces. Majority and
(b) People can look into the Government minority opinions are not permanent.
matters if they desire to do so under (2) It is also necessary that rule of the
various IT acts. majority does not become the rule of
(c) It is worldwide practice especially in third the majority community in terms of
world countries to invade the privacy of religion or race or linguistic group. Rule
people by the Government. of the majority means that in case of
(d) Such practices are now not common due every decision or every election, different
to stringent IT laws.

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(1) Democracies are expected to produce legal and moral force there. In this way,
development; but rate of development democracy has maintained the dignity of
may be slow as compared to dictatorship. women in the country.
(2) Development depends upon many factors
like size of population, global situation, 48. Explain any three demerits of democracy.
cooperation from other countries, etc. o
(3) In democracies, time is taken on discussion Why is a democratic government considered
and reaching at a decision. So, it is slow, less efficient ? Give any three reasons.
but it is not too behind. o
Why does democracy lead to delay in
46. “Democracy provides a method to resolve decision- making ? Explain.
conflicts.” Justify the statement. Ans Comp 2010
Ans SQP 2019, 2016
Democratic governments are less efficient for
(1) Democracies usually develop a procedure the following reasons :
to conduct their competition. For example, (1) Deliberations and discussions in the
election to choose their representatives. legislature consume a lot of time.
This reduces the possibility of tensions (2) The fear of majority and public opinion is
becoming explosive or violent. a big obstacle in the efficient working of
(2) Democracies accommodate various social the government.
divisions. They make us learn to respect (3) Once a decision is made, there come
the differences and to evolve mechanisms many socio-politico and socio-economic
to negotiate the differences. Democracy is issues in its way during implementation.
best suited to produce this outcome. It destroys the very essence of a decision
(3) Non-democratic regimes often turn a and renders democracy less efficient.
blind eye to or suppress internal social
differences. Ability to handle social 49. ‘Complaints are treated as testimony to the
differences, divisions and conflicts is thus, success of democracy.’ Justify this statement.
a definite plus point of democratic regimes. Ans Comp 2018

But, democracy remains democracy only Democracy provides scope for complaints
as long as every citizen has a chance of through:
being in majority at some point of time. (1) Freedom of speech and expression,
47. How does democracy maintain the dignity of carrying out of agitations and struggles
women? Explain. through different methods by different
sections of people. A democratic
Ans Foreign 2017 government is the only government that
constantly improves itself. Complaints
(1) The respect to and equal treatment of
therefore help in improving a democracy.
women are necessary ingredients of a
It is then that a democracy strengthens
democratic society.
and deepens itself.
(2) Actually, women are always not treated
(2) Complaints make a democratic
with respect. But, once the principle is
government accountable and in the
recognised, it becomes easier for women
process ensure better decision-making.
to wage a struggle against what is now
(3) A democratic government is legitimate
unacceptable legally and morally.
and this makes ordinary citizens value
(3) In a non-democratic set-up, this
their democratic rights and take a
unacceptability would not have legal
position that democracy can address all
basis because the principle of individual
social, economic and political problems.
freedom and dignity would not have the
Critical evaluation of the policies of the

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

91. Explain the role of political equality in a (1) A small number of ultra-rich people enjoy
democratic political system. a highly disproportionate share of wealth
Ans Delhi 2011
and income.
(2) The poor are becoming poorer so much,
Democracy is based on a fundamental that they are unable to meet their basic
principle of political equality which ensures necessities like food, clothing, housing,
each adult citizen must have one vote and education, health, etc.
each vote must have one value. (3) The poor who constitute a large
(1) Democracy enhances the dignity of proportion of voters are not provided
citizens. As democracy is based on with opportunities on an equal footing.
the principle of political equality, on (4) The democratically elected governments
recognising that the poorest and the least do not appear to be as keen to address
educated has the same status as the rich the question of poverty.
and the educated. (5) In Bangladesh, more than half of the
(2) People are not subjects of a ruler, they population lives in poverty. People in
are the rulers themselves. Even when several countries are now dependent on
they make mistakes, they are responsible rich countries even for food supplies.
for their conduct.
(3) The principle of Universal Adult 93. How has democracy been able to reduce
Franchise has now come to be accepted inequality and poverty in India ? Explain
almost all over the world. Yet, there are with examples.
many instances of denial of equal right to o
vote. How far has democracy reduced poverty in
(i) In Saudi Arabia, women do not have India ? Explain
the right to vote. Ans OD 2008
(ii) Estonia has made its citizenship rules
in such a way that people belonging (1) So far as India is concerned, the success
to Russian minority find it difficult to achieved in the arena of political equality
get the right to vote. to the individuals could not be achieved
(iii)In Fiji, the electoral system is such in the economic field also. We observe
that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has increasing inequalities.
more value than that of an Indian- (2) A small number of ultra-rich people enjoy
Fijian. a highly disproportionate share of wealth
and incomes.
92. “Do democracies lead to a just distribution (3) Not only that, their share in the total
of goods and opportunities ?” Justify your income of the country has been increasing.
answer by three suitable arguments. (4) Those at the bottom of the society have
o very little to depend upon. Their incomes
“Democracies do not appear to be very have been declining.
successful in reducing economic inequalities.” (5) Sometimes, people from lower level of the
Describe the statement with five relevant social ladder find it difficult to meet their
facts. basic needs of life, such as food, clothing,
Ans Comp 2018, 2014
house, education and health.
So, it can be said that, in actual life,
No, usually democracies do not lead to a just democratic government in India does not
distribution of goods and opportunity due to appear to be very successful in reducing
following reasons : economic inequalities.

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page 463

55. In what ways a democratic government is 57. Examine any three features on the basis of
better than its alternatives ? which maximum number of countries claim
o to practice democratic politics ?
How do you feel that democracy is better Ans OD 2012, 2008
than any other form of government ?
(1) They have made written Constitutions
Ans Comp 2010
which provide basic guidelines to
Following are some ways in which a administer the country.
democratic government is certainly better (2) They use to hold free and fair elections
than its alternatives : on regular intervals.
(1) A democratic government is a legitimate (3) They have given space to different
government. It may be slow, less efficient, opinions and policies adopted by different
not always very responsive or clean. But political parties.
a democratic government is people’s (4) Through the constitutional provision,
own government. This is why there is they have guaranteed certain rights to
an overwhelming support for the idea of their citizens.
democracy all over the world.
(2) As evidence from South Asia shows, 58. Why do we criticize democracy ? How far is
the support exists_ in countries with it logical?
democratic regimes as well as countries Ans Delhi 2011

without democratic regimes. We criticize democracy because it may be

(3) People wish to be ruled by representatives slow, less efficient, not always very responsive
elected by them. They also believe that or clean.
democracy is suitable for their country. It is not logical to criticize democracy because
Hence, democracy’s ability to generate its it is better than its alternatives as :
own support is itself an outcome that cannot (1) People wish to be ruled by representatives
be ignored. elected by them.
56. What is defection ? What measures have (2) They also believe that democracy is
been taken to curb it ? suitable for their country.
(3) Democracy’s ability to generate its own
Ans Delhi 2009, 2005
support is itself an outcome that cannot
(1) In order to gain some favour or power or be ignored.
money, it has been seen that MLAs and
MPs change their parties. This changing
of party by an elected representative is
called defection. SHORT Answer QUESTIO
(2) Following are the measures taken to curb
defection: 59. What are the conditions under which
(i) If any MLA/MP changes his/her democracies accommodate social diversities ?
party, he/ she will lose the seat in the
legislature. Ans . Comp 2023

(ii) This new law has helped bring (1) Power sharing at grassroot levels.
defection down. (2) Allowing equal participation in political
(iii)At the same time, this has made any process.
dissent even more difficult. (3) Majority is not taken in terms of perception
(iv) MPs and MLAs have to accept i.e. recognition, ethnicity, language, etc.,
whatever the party leaders decide. but in concept—all reasonable and duly
thought over.

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(3) More and more suggestions and complaints 43. Examine any three factors responsible for
by the people is also a testimony to the making democracy less attractive to its
success of democracy. alternative forms of governments.
Ans Foreign 2006
41. How can the principles of democracy be
applied to all spheres of life ? (1) A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a
Ans Delhi 2013
highly disproportionate share of wealth
and income. Their share in the total
The principles of democracy can be applied income of the country has been increasing.
in such a way like : (2) Those at the bottom of the society have
(1) The word democracy in its basic sense is a very little to depend upon. Their incomes
method of taking decisions. A democratic have been declining. Sometimes they
decision involves consultation and the find it difficult to meet their basic needs
consent of all those who are affected by like food, clothing, house, education and
the decision. health.
(2) Every individual irrespective of his wealth, (3) The democratically elected governments
status and power has the same right in do not appear to be as keen to address
decision-making. This can equally apply the question of poverty: People in several
to a government, a family or any other poor democratic countries are dependent
organization. in the rich countries even for food supplies.
Thus, principles of democracy can be applied
to any sphere of life. 44. What outcome can one reasonably expect of
democracies ?
42. What is the relationship of democracy with o
economic growth and economic inequalities ? How can we assess democracy on the basis of
Give any three points. its expected outcome ?
o
Ans OD 2007
What are the economic outcomes of
democracy ? Give any three points. The following outcomes one can reasonably
Ans SQP 2015
expect of democracy :
(1) In the political sphere, it has been
(1) On an average, dictatorships have slightly provided to the people in general the
higher rate of economic growth. But if we Right to vote and contest elections. In
compare their record with democracies this way, people can participate in the
only in poor countries, this difference is government.
negligible. (2) In the economic sphere, democracy takes
(2) There is very high degree of inequalities a welfare view and works for common
within democratic countries. For example, good. It is true that democracy has
in the countries like South Africa and minimised economic inequalities.
Brazil, the share of 20% of their population (3) In the social sphere, it has taken care of
in national income is more than 60%, underprivileged and downtrodden people.
while bottom 20% population shares less It gives equal protection to women, SCs,
than 3% of the national income. STs and OBCs.
(3) Poorer’ sections in the democratic society
face inequality of opportunity as well. 45. Establish the relationship between democracy
They face extreme poverty. They cannot and development.
afford the costs of housing, health care, Ans Comp 2021
schooling, etc.
Democracy and development :

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(ii) Citizens have the right to evaluate Following are the features of a good
the decisions-making process. democracy :
(2) Democracy provides a responsible (1) Unlike dictatorship or kingship, in a
government in the following ways : democracy, rulers are elected by the
(i) Government is responsible towards people. As rulers they are representatives
the needs and aspirations of people. of the people and are authorized to take
It promotes the formation of public decisions on behalf of the people.
opinions, needs and expectations of (2) A good democracy provides its people
citizens. an equal opportunity to get elected
(ii) There is proper deliberation and as representatives or elect their
negotiation before arriving at any representatives.
conclu4ion in _decision-making. (3) Free and fair elections in democracy give
an opportunity and choice to the people
64. Examine any three conditions under which to elect their representatives.
democracies accommodate social diversities. (4) A good democracy protects rights of the
o people.
Explain any three conditions that democracies (5) A good democracy works for the common
must fulfil in order to accommodate diversities good of the people and provides them
and divisions. with equal opportunity of development.
Ans Comp 2017
66. “Although democracy is said to be the solution
(1) Democracy develops competitive attitude to all problems, yet it is believed that the
amongst its citizens. economic growth rate in dictatorship is better
(2) Democracy harmonizes social differences than that in democratic rule”. Support the
through sharing of power. Belgium is statement with any three suitable arguments.
a good example of accommodation of
diverse ethnic groups. Non-democratic Ans Foreign 2007

governments ignore or supress internal (1) If we consider all democracies and all
social differences. dictatorships for the fifty years between
(3) In democracy the majority works with 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly
minority and the government represents higher rate of economic growth.
the general view of citizens. (2) But, this alone cannot be reason to reject
(4) Rule by majority should not become democracy. As economic development
religious minority or linguistic minority or depends on several factors : country’s
racial minority. It implies in case of every population size, global situation,
decision or in every election, different cooperation from other countries,
persons or groups can form majority. economic priorities adopted by the
country, etc.
65. Explain the necessary conditions required for (3) However, the difference in the rates
democracy. of economic development between less
o developed countries with dictatorships
Define the term democracy. Explain any four and democracies is negligible.
features of democracy. Over all, we cannot say that democracy is
o a guarantee of economic development. But,
Describe any five characteristics of democracy. we can expect democracy not to lag behind
Ans OD 2013 dictatorships in this respect.
Democracy is the form of government in
which rulers are elected by the people take
all the major decisions.

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(4) Rule by majority should not become rule (2) People wish to be ruled by representatives
of a community in terms of religion or elected by them.
race or linguistic group. Every citizen (3) They also believe that democracy is
should have a chance of being a part suitable for their country.
of majority in one case or the other for (4) Democracy has the ability to generate its
healthy democracy. own support which itself is an outcome
that can not be ignored.
60. How is democracy accountable and responsive
(5) It provides people the option to choose
to the needs and expectations of the citizens?
their own rulers.
Analyse.
Ans OD 2020 62. What should be the expected outcomes of a
Democracy produces an accountable and democracy?
responsive government in the ways as o
mentioned below : What are the things that we should expect
(a) Accountability : There is transparency from democracy ?
iii the decision making process in a Ans Delhi 2020
democracy. The decision making process
Democracy must provide the following things:
is based on norms and procedures. So a
(1) The people should have the right to choose
citizen may know if decision was taken
their rulers and they should have control
through the correct procedures or not.
over them. That is, the basic outcome of
Such is not the case in non-democratic
democracy should be that it produces a
governments. Thus democracy is a
government accountable to the citizens.
government that follows procedures and
(2) The people should be able to participate
is accountable to the people.
in decision-making that affects them
(b) Responsive : Generally it is expected
all. That is, the democratic government
from a democratic government that it is
should be responsive to the needs and
attentive to the needs and demands of the
expectations of the citizens.
people and is largely free of corruption.
(3) Democracy should ensure that decision-
But in practice it is not so. Democracies
making will be based on norms and
often frustrate the needs of the people
procedures.
and ignore the demands of a majority
(4) There should be transparency in the
of its population. So it is not fully
process of decision-making. Citizens
responsive. There are cases of corruption
should have the right and the means to
in democratic countries. On the whole, it
examine the process of decision-making.
can be stated that there should be free
and fair election, public discussion on 63. “The most basic outcome of democracy
important issues and right to information should be that it produces a government that
to make democracy accountable and is accountable to the citizens and responsive
responsive. The government should look to the needs and expectations of the citizens.”
after the needs of the people and for that Support the statement.
it must be corruption free too. Ans SQP 2019, 2016

61. Why is a democratic government called a (1) Democracy provides accountable

legitimate government ? government in the following ways :
Ans Foreign 2020 (i) People have the right to elect the
(1) Democratic government is people’s own leaders to form government and if
government that is why, there is an possible they participate in decision-
overwhelming support for the idea of making process.
democracy all over the world.

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o the government. Dictatorship curbs

How does the dissatisfaction of people show individual liberty and leads to violence
the success of democracy ? Explain. and tensions in the country.
Ans Delhi 2009, 2006
(3) Suppression of Civil Liberties : People are
not allowed to disagree with the policies
(1) Expectations from democracy also and programmes of the government.
function as the criteria for judging any They have to follow the orders of the
democratic country. The distinctive government. There is no liberty of
feature about democracy is that its thought, speech and writing and strict
examination never gets over. censorship is exercised over the mass
(2) As people get some benefits of democracy, media.
they ask for more and want to make
democracy even better and ask about
the way democracy functions, and many
complaints. LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
(3) The fact that people are complaining
is itself a testimony to the success of
democracy. 73. Analyse the positive outcomes of the
(4) A public expression of dissatisfaction democracy.
with democracy shows the success of the Ans OD 2024
democratic project: it transforms people Democracy can have many positive outcomes,
from the status of a subject into that of a including:
citizen. (1) Accountable government : Democratic
(5) Most individuals today believe that their governments are responsive to the needs
votes make a difference to the way the of citizens and are held to account. They
government is run and to their own self- are also more stable and responsible, and
interest. are expected to deliver effective results.
72. Discuss any three demerits or disadvantages (2) Improved decision making : Decisions
of dictatorship. are based on norms and procedures, and
the process is transparent. Citizens have
Ans . SQP 2014
the right to examine the decision-making
Dictatorship means “rule by a few”. All the process.
powers in the government are with a single (3) Equality : Democracy promotes equality
person or with a single party. The following among citizens, and gives equal rights to
are the demerits of dictatorship : people regardless of sex, religion, color,
(1) Wrong Decisions Taken by the Dictator : or caste. It also provides a redistributive
All the decisions are taken by the dictator mechanism to help underprivileged
himself. He, generally, does not consult people, and governments can intervene
anybody before taking the decision. This to promote equity through the tax and
means that the decisions taken by him benefits system.
can be wrong also. But the cost of such (4) Dignity : Democracy enhances the dignity
wrong decisions has to be paid by the of all individuals.
citizens of the country. (5) Conflict resolution : Democracy provides
(2) Violence at Home : Since the masses are a method to resolve conflicts, and
not consulted before taking decisions, requires the majority and minority to
there is, generally, dissatisfaction among work together and respect each other’s
them. This dissatisfaction often results opinions.
in violent conflicts and protests against

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

67. How is poverty a major challenge to 69. “Democracy allows room to correct mistakes”.
democracy ? Explain. Explain.
Ans OD 2015, 2010 Ans Foreign 2018

(1) Evidence shows that in practice, (1) No, form of government is free of mistakes.
democracies could not produce expected Mistakes do take place. Democracy too
development. The inability of democracy is no exception. It is a better form of
to achieve higher economic development government because it allows room to
worries us. correct its own mistakes.
(2) If we consider all democracies and all (2) The advantage in democracy is that
dictatorships for the fifty years between mistakes, if any, cannot be kept hidden
1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly for long. Sooner or later the public comes
higher rate of -economic growth. to know about them.
(3) Within democracies, there are very high (3) There is always a space for public
degree of inequalities. A small number of discussion on these mistakes. And there
ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate is a room for correction as well.
share of wealth and incomes. Those at the (4) Correction of mistakes results in either
bottom of the society have very little to the rulers changing their decisions or the
depend upon. Yet, democratically elected rulers themselves can be changed through
governments do not appear to be keen to an election.
address the question of poverty. (5) Such a correction of mistakes or change
cannot take place in non-democratic
68. Describe the social outcome of democracy. government.
Ans Delhi 2013
70. On the basis of which values will it be a fair
Democracy produces a peaceful and expectation that democracy should produce
harmonious life among citizens and a harmonious social life? Explain.
accommodates various social divisions.
(1) Ability to handle social differences, Ans OD 2017 Term 2

divisions and conflicts is the basic The basic values of democracy which
outcome of democracy. provides fair expectation that democracy will
(2) Non-democratic regimes often turn a produce harmonious social life are : (a) Social
blind eye to or suppress internal social Equality, (b) Freedom,
differences. (c) Justice, (d) Economic justification, (e)
(3) No society can fully and permanently Political freedom, civil and fundamental
resolve conflict 3 among different groups rights.
but democracy evolves mechanisms to Moreover, following can be understood.
negotiate the differences. (1) Democracy is a form of government in
(4) Democracies usually develop a procedure which the supreme power is vested in
to conduct their competition. This reduces the people and the representatives of the
the possibility of tensions becoming people are elected by the voters on the
explosive or violent. basis of adult franchise.
(5) Democracy provides the only peaceful (2) It promotes equality among citizens.
solution to this problem. In democracy, (3) It looks after the interest of the people.
no one is a permanent winner. No one is (4) It allows accommodation of social
a permanent loser. Different groups can diversity.
live with one another peacefully.
In a diverse country like India, democracy 71. How are complaints treated as testimony to
keeps our country together. the success of democracy ? Explain.

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page 469

It is people’s own government, thus a All the conflicts and divisive forces are
legitimate government. kept in check under dictatorship.
(2) Democracy ensures that decision making (4) Stability : There are no competing
will be based on norms and procedures. political parties in the system. There is
The government follows all the rules and no competition in the political system
regulations and is accountable to the to win the elections. Also there are no
people. opposition parties to criticise the ruling
(3) In Democracy, the opposition parties government. This ensures stability in the
question and criticise the policies of the government.
government. This ensures that the laws
being implemented are not prejudiced or 79. How is democratic government known as
autocratic. responsive government ? Explain with an
(4) Democracy enhances the dignity and example.
importance of every individual in a Ans SQP 2019, 2010

nation. The meaning of democratic government is

(5) Democracy generates trust and faith in the government of the people, for the people
the law and constitution among citizens. and by the people. Therefore the democratic
(6) The elections are regular, free and government is a responsible government due
representative. The feeling of belongingness to the following reasons:
is generated among its citizens. (1) The Members of Parliament who are
78. Discuss three merits of dictatorship or winners in election can be the members
Authoritarianism. of the working government. The party
which has the maximum number of MPs
Ans . Foreign 2013
forms the government because majority
Dictatorship means “rule by a few”. A of people has elected maximum number
particular individual has large powers in the of MPs. The members of other parties
government and he exercises his own will form the opposite group. The governing
while taking the decisions. Dictatorship is body is responsible to answer the doubts
admired by some, on the following grounds : of opposite group.
(1) Quick and Decisive Action : The dictators (2) The governing body is active for the
take all the decisions themselves. They suggestions, needs and demands of the
do not have to consult anybody before people. It is the responsibility of the
taking decisions. They also don’t need to government.
discuss the issue in the parliament before (3) The government follows all the laws and
making decisions. This enables them to acts of the constitution which are for the
take quick and decisive decisions. This benefits of the people.
saves a lot of time and speeds up the (4) All the members are elected for five
process of decision-making. years so they fear that if they do not
(2) Efficiency : Dictatorship regimes are work according to the requirements of
efficient. All the decisions are taken by the people, they will not be given chance
one individual or a party. The decisions further in the next coming session.
get executed quickly also. This means the For example : The government increased the
orders are carried out as soon as they are prices of LPG, Petrol and Diesel and gave
passed. This brings speed and efficiency the reason for price hike. In the same way it
in the system. has to be explain the reasons for price hike of
(3) National Cohesion : Dictators do not allow food items. The opposition group will oppose
any disagreement in the country. This for it. Thus they cannot do against the will of
keeps the people united in the country. the people without certain reasons.

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(6) Economic growth : Democracy can lead (3) There is overwhelming support for the
to economic growth and development. idea of democracy all over the world.
(7) Social diversity : Democracy can People of South Asia, Bangladesh, Sri
accommodate social diversity, and Lanka, India, Pakistan and Nepal do not
ensures that people’s individual choices doubt the suitability of Democracy for
are respected. their own countries.
(8) Citizen awareness : Democratic (4) People wish to be ruled by representatives
governments ensure that people are well- elected by them. Democracy’s ability
versed in basic political knowledge, so to generate its support makes it more
they can make informed decisions when legitimate.
voting.
76. How is Democracy a better form of government
74. Analyse the political outcomes associated in comparison to dictatorship? Explain.
with democracy. Ans OD 2023
Ans OD 2024
Democracy is a better form of Government
Democracy can have many political outcomes, when compared with any other Form of
including: Government because of the following reasons:
(1) Accountability : A democratic government (1) Democracy promotes equality among
is accountable to the people and responsive citizens. Every citizen of the country
to their needs and expectations. This is has equal rights before the law. All
because citizens have the right to choose individuals have equal weight in electing
their representatives and participate in representatives.
decision-making. (2) Democracy enhances the dignity of the
(2) Equality : Democracy can promote individual. Giving its citizens equal
equality among people, including rights enhances the dignity and freedom
political, social, and economic equality. It of the individual. Democracy gives equal
can also reduce inequality and poverty by treatment and respect to women, deprived
ensuring equality before the law. and discriminated castes in our society.
(3) Dignity : Democracy can enhance the (3) Democracy improves the quality of
dignity of individuals and promote decision-making. As there is an open
respect among people. debate on major issues in democracy
(4) Decision-making : Democracy can thus, the quality of decisions improves.
improve the quality of decision-making (4) Democracy provides a method to
by allowing for open public debate and resolve conflicts. Democracy reduces the
consensus among citizens. possibility of social tension which leads
(5) Conflict resolution : Democracy can to a peaceful social life. It allows room to
provide methods to resolve conflicts. correct mistakes.
(5) A Democratic Government is a legitimate
75. Why is Democratic Government considered government. Democracy gets the popular
as Legitimate Government? Explain. support of the people by holding regular,
Ans OD 2023 free and fair elections.
(1) A Democratic Government is called a 77. Describe any five outcomes of democracy.
legitimate government because it is the
people’s government. Ans Delhi 2019, 2017

(2) It may be slow, less efficient and not (1) Democracy is a form of government, in
very responsive and clean, but it is the which the citizens have a right to elect
people’s government. their representatives, of their own choice.

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several countries are now dependent on Ans OD 2011, 2008

rich countries even for food supplies. (1) Democracy promotes dignity and freedom
of the individual. The passion for respect
83. Democracy is seem to be good in principle and freedom is the basis of democracy.
but fell to be not so good in practice. Justify (2) Democracies throughout the world have
the statement. recognised this and also this has been
Ans OD 2019 achieved in various degrees in various
Democracy means the Government is made of democracies.
the people, of the people and by the people. It (3) Most of the societies of the world were
should have all the characters which are ideal male dominated. Long struggles by women
and good for the well beings of the people. It have created some sensitivity today that
should have the following characters: respect to and equal treatment of women
(1) Moral soundness of the Citizens : The are necessary ingredients of democratic
success of democracy depends on the moral society.
soundness of the citizens. They should (4) Once the democracies have accepted this
not focus only on their personal interests in principle, it became easier for women
but take actions for the collectively good. to wage a struggle against what is now
They should place national interests unacceptable legally and morally.
above the personal interests. (5) The same is true of caste inequalities.
(2) Free and fair elections : Elections should Democracy in India has strengthened
be held regularly in the country. They the claims of the disadvantaged and
should be in the impartial. The role discriminated castes for equal status and
money and muscle power should not be equal opportunities. No doubt, there are
involve in elections. instances still of caste-based inequalities
(3) Economic equality : There should be and atrocities, but these lack in the moral
sufficient economic security for the and legal sanction.
individual. Any in equality in the These are the things that only democracies
ownership of the resources should be can provide.
minimised. 85. ‘A democratic government is efficient and
Democracy is not so good in practice : effective.’ Analyse the statement.
(1) All the above mentioned features are true
on paper but not in practice. As we see Ans Foreign 2008

all people to work for the benefits of their (1) Some people think that democracy
own and never think about other citizens. produces less effective government on the
(2) The process of elections is not fair. The following grounds :
use of money and muscle power is open (i) Democracy is based on the idea of
everywhere. The person who has enough deliberation and negotiation which
money and muscular powers can get makes democratic government
maximum votes and win the election. inefficient.
(3) Every person works for its self interest (ii) Non-democratic rulers do not
to earn more money. He don’t cares for have to bother about deliberation
others. in assemblies or to worry about
Thus it is clear that democracy is good in majorities and public opinion. So,
principle but not in practice. they can be very quick and efficient in
decision-making and implementation.
84. How can democracy adjust the dignity of (2) (i) In contrast, as it has to follow
women and caste discrimination in one procedures, its decisions may be both
system? more acceptable to the people and

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

80. “The ideals, principles and norms of (2) The very first General Election of 1952
democracy require certain conditions to be under the new Constitution was hailed
implemented”. Explain the statement. as an apex achievement of a country
Ans . Comp 2012
of millions of illiterates. The successful
working of a system of popular democratic
These prerequisites are required in every government based on adult franchise,
sphere : guaranteed fundamental rights and an
(1) Social Conditions : The social conditions independent judicial system was later on
comprise social equality of status, appreciated by scholars and observers.
equality before law and equality of General elections at scheduled intervals
opportunity; educationally and culturally and the peaceful and relatively efficient
developed citizenry; absence of all kinds manner have demonstrated that inspite
of discrimination and equal opportunities of their poverty and widespread illiteracy,
to participate in social, cultural and people of India have allegiance to their
educational processes. constitutional right.
(2) Economic Conditions : Absence of
widespread inequalities; fulfilment of 82. “Do democracies lead to a just distribution
minimum material needs for a dignified of goods and opportunities”? Justify your
human existence; justifiable distribution answer by three suitable arguments.
of resources; equal opportunities for o
gainful employment, equal pay for equal “In actual life, democracies do not appear
work and protection against exploitation. to be very successful in reducing economic
(3) Political Conditions : Political conditions inequalities.” Support this statement giving
include rule of law; equality of citizens three arguments.
and equal opportunities for participation o
in political affairs; guaranteed and What is the main outcome of democracy
protected rights-particularly freedom of with reference to reduction of inequality and
thought, belief and expression. It also poverty ? Give any two arguments to support
include freedom of participation in civil your answer.
and political processes; government by Ans SQP 2020
the people or their representatives, free
and fair elections and respect for dissent No, usually democracies do not lead to a just
and opposition. distribution of goods and opportunity due to
following reasons :
81. “Introduction of democracy in India in 1950 (1) A small number of ultra rich people enjoy
was a revolutionary act.” Explain it briefly. a highly disproportionate share of wealth
Ans . Delhi 2020
and income,.
(2) The poor are becoming poorer by the day
(1) It was so because the prevailing conditions so much, that they are unable to meet
of India at that time were not very good. their basic necessities like food, clothing,
India was a poor country. Economic housing, education, health, etc.
disparity in the country was at peak (3) The poor who constitute a large
(top) and Indian agricultural industry, proportion of voters are not provided
transports, communications—all were with opportunities on an equal footing.
very backward. Most of the people were (4) The democratically elected governments
illiterate. In that dismal scenario of do not appear to be as keen to address
parliamentary democracy and universal the question of poverty.
adult franchise gave the Indian masses a (5) In Bangladesh, more than half of the
sense of identity. population lives in poverty. People in

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(4) On the economic front also, we have 90. How far can democracy prove to be a better
achieved remarkable success. form of government regarding economic
(5) We have great expectations from growth of a country? Explain.
democracy in our country. Expectations Ans Delhi 2009
from democracy also function as the
criteria for judging any democratic (1) It is true that during last 50 years
country. What is most distinctive about dictatorships have shown slightly higher
democracy is that its examination never rate of economic growth in comparison to
gets over. As people get some benefits of many of the democracies.
democracy, they ask for more. It shows (2) But, we all know that there are many
that people have developed awareness other factors that determine the economic
and the ability to expect. growth of a country like—population size,
global situation, cooperation from other
89. “Democratic government is attentive to countries, economic priorities adopted by
the need and demands of the people and the country, etc.
is largely free of corruption.” Support your (3) So, even when there is a nominal
answer with arguments. difference in the rate of economic growth
o between countries under dictatorship
How is democracy accountable and responsive and democracy, it is better to prefer
to the needs and expectations of the citizens? democracy as it has several other positive
Analyse. outcomes. Some of these are given below:
Ans OD 2015
(a) It enhances the dignity and freedom
of the citizens which dictatorship and
(1) Democracy is better than any other form
other forms of government do not
of government in responding to the needs
believe in.
of the people.
(b) It accommodates various social
(2) People will have the right to choose
divisions.
their rulers and people will have control
(c) It leaves space and scope for
over the rulers. Whenever possible and
correction of the mistakes that might
necessary, citizens are able to participate
be committed.
in decision-making, that affects them
(d) It provides an accountable, responsible
all. That is why, democracy produces a
and legitimate government.
government that is accountable to the
(e) It is people’s own government.
citizens, and responsive to the needs and
(f) Most of its decisions are taken keeping
expectations of the citizens.
in mind their acceptability to the
(3) Democracy ensures that decision-making
people.
will be basesd on norms and procedures.
(g) It provides transparent norms and
So, a citizen who wants to know if a
procedure of decision-making.
decision was taken through the correct
(h) It honestly tries to reduce inequality
procedure can find this out. This is known
and poverty.
as transparency.
(4) Demorcatic government develops
mechanisms for citizens to hold the
government accountable and mechanism
for citizens to take part in decision-
making whenever they think fit.
(5) Democracies have had greater success in
setting up regular and free elections and in
setting up conditions for open public debate.

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Ch 15 : Outcome of Democracy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

99. Read the extracts carefully and answer the Questions :

following questions: 1. What are the basic values of democracy?
2. Why do conflicts arise among individuals
Our interest in and fascination for democracy
in democracies ?
often pushes us into taking a position that
democracy can address all socio-economic Ans
and political problems. If some of our 1. The basic values of democracy are : (i)
expectations are not met, we start blaming Equality, (ii) Freedom, (iii) Social equality
the idea of democracy. Or, we start doubting and justice, (iv) Economic justification
if we are living in a democracy. The first step and freedom, (v) Political freedom, civil
towards thinking carefully about the outcomes and fundamental rights.
of democracy is to recognise that democracy 2. Due to following reasons conflicts arise
is just a form of government, It can only among individuals in democracy :
create conditions for achieving something. (i) Some feel that they are not treated
The citizens have to take advantage of those with due respect (for example due to
conditions and achieve those goals. untouchability and hierarchial caste
Questions : system, the people of low castes are
1. State any two problems on which not treated with due respect).
democracy has failed. (ii) In some democracies male dominates
2. How does democracy create conditions and considered superior to women.
for a better government? Explain by Women agitate to get equal social,
giving two examples. economic and political status as well
Ans as rights.
1. Corruption and Sharing information with 101. Read the extracts carefully and answer the
the citizens. following questions:
2. (i) Democracy is an accountable
responsive and legitimate government. Nannu is a daily wage earner. He lives in
(ii) Democracy maintains dignity and Welcome Mazdoor Colony, a slum habitation
freedom of citizens. in East Delhi. He lost his ration card and
applied for a duplicate one in January,
100. Read the following passage and answer the 2004. He made several rounds of the local
question that follow : Food and Civil Supplies Office for the next
three months. But the clerks and officials
Democracy stands much superior to any other
would not even look at him, leave alone do
form of government in promoting dignity and
his job or bother to tell him the status of
freedom of the individual. Every individual
his application. Ultimately, when he filed an
wants to receive respect from fellow beings.
application under the Right to Information
Often conflicts arise among individuals because
Act asking for the daily progress made on his
some feel that they are not treated with due
application, names of the officials who were
respect. The passion for respect and freedom
supposed to act on his application and what
are the basics of democracy. Democracies
action would be taken against these officials
throughout the world have recognized this, at
for their inaction. Within a week of filing
least in principles. This has been achieved in
application under Right to Information Act,
various degrees in various democracies. For
he was visited by an inspector from the Food
societies which have been built for long on
Department, who informed him that the card
the basics of subordination and domination,
had been made and he could collect it from the
it is not a simple matter to recognize that all
office. When Nannu went to collect his card
individuals are equal.
next day, he was given a very warm treatment

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CASE BASED QUESTIO Ans

1. The economic outcomes of democracy
can be resolved with the help of facts or
94. Read the given extract and answer the figure analysis.
following questions. 2. The given fact indicates that poorer
Arguments about democracy tend to be very sections are often ridden with unequal
passionate. This is how it should be, for opportunities.
democracy appeals to some of our deep values. 3. The differences between democracy and
These debates cannot be resolved in a simple dictatorship are
manner. But some debates about democracy Democracy Dictatorship
can and should be resolved by referring to
In a democratic form In dictatorship form
some facts and figures. The debate about
of government, the of government, the
the economic outcomes of democracy is one
head of the country sole authority lies
such debate. Over the years many students of
is elected by the with one individual
democracy have gathered careful evidence to
people in the form and no institution
see what the relationship of democracy with
of votes through a can keep a check
economic growth and economic inequalities is.
general election. over his powers.
A particular study shows that on an average The political Elections didn’t
dictatorial regimes have had a slightly better control is provided take place in such
record of economic growth. But when we through free and fair forms of government
compare their record only in poor countries, elections conducted as it restricts
there is virtually no difference. While another after completion of a political parties and
study shows that within democracies there fixed tenure. associations.
can be very high degree of inequalities. In
democratic countries like South Africa and 95. Read the given extract and answer the
Brazil, the top 20 per cent people take away following questions.
more than 60 per cent of the national income,
leaving less than 3 per cent for the bottom 20 The recent efforts and suggestions in our
per cent population. Countries like Denmark country to reform political parties and its
and Hungary are much better in this respect. leaders:

One can easily infer that there is often The Constitution was amended to prevent
inequality of opportunities available to the elected MLAs and MPs from changing
poorer sections. parties. This was done because many elected
Questions : representatives were indulging in Defection in
1. Which type of outcomes of democracy order to become ministers or for cash rewards.
can be resolved with the help of facts or Now the law says that if any MLA or MP
figures analysis? changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in
2. Benefits of higher national income are the Legislature.
enjoyed by a’ small proportion of its This new law has helped bring defection down.
population while a larger proportion has At the same time this has made any dissent
to settle with the remaining small portion even more difficult. MPs and MLAs have to
of the national income. What is strongly accept whatever the party leaders decide. The
indicated by this fact? Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the
3. Differentiate between democracy and influence of money and criminals. Now, it is
dictatorship form of government. mandatory for every candidate who contests
elections to file an Affidavit giving details

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more effective. The cost of time that voters. This lessens the very spirit of
democracy pays is perhaps worth it. democratic values.
(ii) Democracy ensures that decision- (2) Increasing influence of rich people in
making will be based on norms and political parties : There is an ever-
procedures. Democracy produces a increasing tendency among the political
government that follows procedures parties to give tickets to those who are
and is accountable to the people. rich. The parties think that they could
(iii)The democratic government develops win not only their own seats but also help
mechanisms for citizens to hold the party monetarily.
the government accountable and (3) Frequent scams : Now, scams by leaders
mechanisms for citizens to take part and governments have become a routine
in decision-making whenever they tale in the Indian democracy. Many of
think fit. the popular leaders are facing trials for
corruption charges against them.
86. How do people take part in decision-making (4) Favouritism : It has been seen that
in a democracy ? Explain. the wards of the prominent leaders of
Ans Comp 2014 a political party easily get tickets for
(1) Decisions are made by the representatives elections. The party workers keep serving
elected by the people. These for years but seldomly get the ticket.
representatives represent the ideas and (5) Dynastic succession : It has now become a
opinions of those voters who have elected tradition in many of the popular political
them to take decisions on their behalf. parties that the chair is inherited.
(2) In a democracy, people want to know All these are enough to convince that
if a decision was taken through correct democracy is not free from the evil of
procedures, can find this out. In this way, corruption which has become a serious
they have some degree of control over the problem for Indian democracy.
whole process of decision-making. 88. Describe any five factors that are responsible
(3) In a democracy, people have the right and for the successful working of democracy in
means to examine the process of decision- India.
making. o
(4) Sometimes, important issues are put Explain the factors that denote the successful
forward by the government for public working of democracy in India.
debate before a decision is taken.
(5) Demonstration, movement, pressure Ans Foreign 2016, 2013

groups, etc. provide means in the hands (1) Democracy in India has strengthened
of people to influence decision-making. the claims of the disadvantaged and
discriminated castes for equal status
87. How has corruption become a serious and equal opportunity. Perhaps, it is the
problem for Indian democracy ? Explain with recognition that makes ordinary citizens
examples. value their democratic rights.
Ans Delhi 2005 (2) There has been regular, free and fair
Following are the ways in which corruption elections in India during almost 70 years
has become a serious problem for Indian of independence.
democracy : (3) There has been open public debate on
(1) Use of money for winning an election : major policies and legislations. In this
It has now become an accepted fact that way, it has improved the quality of
leaders use money to win favour of the decision-making.

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Democracy stands much superior to any other politics: they have formal constitutions, they
form of government in promoting dignity and hold elections, they have parties and they
freedom of the individual. Every individual guarantee rights of citizens. While these
wants to receive respect from fellow beings. features are common to most of them, these
Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind democracies are very much different from each
eye to or suppress internal social differences. other in terms of their social situations, their
Ability to handle social differences, divisions economic achievements and their cultures.
and conflicts is thus a definite plus point Clearly, what may be achieved or not achieved
of democratic regimes. It is necessary to under each of these democracies will be very
understand that democracy is not simply rule different.
by majority opinion. Questions :
1. Explain the fascination for democracy
Whenever possible and necessary, citizens
amongst various countries.
should be able to participate in decision
2. Explain democracy on the basis of
making that affects them all. Democracy
expected and actual outcome.
in India has strengthened the claims of the
disadvantaged and discriminated castes for Ans
equal status and equal opportunity. There are 1. Fascination about democracy amongst
instances still of caste-based inequalities and various countries is because:
atrocities, but these lack the moral and legal (i) It gives its people freedom of life and
foundations. Perhaps it is the recognition that freedom of speech.
makes ordinary citizens value their democratic (ii) A democratic country has a strong
rights. economic system and all the people
Questions : get equal opportunities.
1. What are the basis of democracy? 2. The actual democracies on the basis
2. Why democracy is considered as the of expected and actual outcomes are
superior form of government? explained below:
3. How does the Indian democracy (i) Regular, free and fair elections, open
strengthened the claims of the public debate on major policies and
disadvantaged and discriminated castes? legislations.
Ans (ii) Citizens right to information about
the government and its functioning.
1. The passion for respect and freedom are
Democracies on the basis of actual
the basis of democracy.
outcomes are explained below:
2. The democracy is considered as the
(i) Holding elections that offer a fair
superior form of government because
chance to everyone.
it promotes dignity and freedom of the
(ii) Not every decisions comes forward in
individual.
a public debate.
3. Democracy in India has strengthened
(iii)Sharing information with people
the claims of the disadvantaged and
rarely happens.
discriminated castes for equal status
(iv) Democracies have never been free of
and equal opportunity as they are able
corruption and government has failed
to participate in decision making that
to pay attention to the needs and
affects them all.
expectations of people.
98. Read the extracts carefully and answer the
following questions:
Over a hundred countries of the world today
claim and practice some kind of democractic

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government by the electronic media and (3) Although the poor constitute a large
newspapers also results in a healthier and proportion of voters, yet democratically
vibrant democracy. elected governments do not provide them
opportunities on equal footing.
50. Why is a democratic government considered
better than dictatorship? Explain any three 53. An ideal government should not only keep
reasons. itself away from corruption but also make
Ans Delhi 2006
fighting corruption and black money a top
priority. Justify the statement by highlighting
(1) In a democratic set up, there are regular, the values attached to it.
free and fair elections.
(2) Unlike dictatorship, in a democracy, there Ans SQP 2014

is open debates on major policy decisions. The values attached to the above statement
(3) A democracy is always attentive to the signify the following practices and institutions:
needs of the people. (1) An ideal government is always
(4) Democratic governments have the transparent. It decisions are based on
popular support of the voters hence they norms and procedures. The citizens have
are legitimate government. the right and the means to examine the
(5) Women and weaker sections of the society process of decision-making.
have better status in a democracy. (2) Corruption and black money are closely
linked to each other. They flourish when
51. Why do people prefer democracy ? Explain the government grope them. Hence, it is
any three reasons. the responsibility of the government to
Ans OD 2010, 2007 put these two closely linked issues on top
(1) Democracy promotes equality among priority and give punishment to all those
citizens. who are indulged in them.
(2) It enhances the dignity of the individual. (3) The government should give emphasis on
(3) It improves the quality of decision- building the character of its people. Only
making. the men with high moral values will keep
(4) It provides a method to resolve conflicts. themselves away from corruption and
(5) It allows rooms to correct mistakes. money making business.

52. Do democracies lead to a just distribution 54. What values make democracy better than
of goods and opportunities ? Justify your her alternative ?
answer by three suitable arguments. Ans . Foreign 2017

Ans . Delhi 2012 The values which make democracy better

No. Reasons in support of my answer are as than her alternative are as under :
under : (1) Democracy is a government of the people.
(1) Although individuals have political (2) It ensures the value of dignity and
equality, we find growing economic equality.
inequalities. A small number of ultra-rich (3) It guarantees right to vote i.e. universal
enjoy a highly disproportionate share of adult franchise.
wealth and incomes. (4) It involves people in decision-making
(2) The income of those at the bottom of mechanism.
the society is declining so much so that (5) It always provides room to correct
it becomes difficult to meet their basic mistakes.
needs, such as food, clothing, housing etc.

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by the Food and Supply Officer (FSO), who is

the head of a circle. The FSO offered him tea
and requested him to withdraw his application
under Right to Information, since his work
had already been done. [Impact of Right]
Questions :
1. What does Nannu’s example show ?
2. What impact did Nannu’s action have on
officials ?
3. Ask your parents their experiences when
they approach government officials to
attend to their problems ?
Ans
1. Nannu’s example show that Right to
Information Act is very important, useful
and it forces the government official and
head of the department to initiate action
on time promptly asa a part of duty.
2. The such offences in Food and Civil
Supplies Department would strength
the duty implementation applications of
people like Nannu in future.
3. I have asked my parents about their
experiences when they approach
government official to attend their
problems. They told me that likewise
carelessness is adopted by officials in each
government department or offices. They
make people wandering to and fro even
for the matters that fall in their routine.
But overall of somehow protect the right’s
of civilian and

www.nodia.i

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page 481

CHAPTER
16
Development

SUMMAR
9. Human Development Report : It is published
by UNDP which compares countries based
on the educational levels of the people, their
1. Development : It means growth and
health status and per capita income.
advancement altogether and not separately.
10. Economic Growth : Development connected
2. Environmental Degradation : A process
with the trade, industry and wealth of a
whereby various environmental elements like
country.
air, water, soil etc. get polluted and lose their
11. Economic Activities : All those activities
usefulness.
that produce enough profit in perpetuity or
3. Developed Economies : These are those
regular manner.
economies which are characterised by high
12. Non-Economic Activities : Activities which
level of per capita income and high standard
do not earn any direct income in return.
of living. Examples : USA, Japan, Germany,
13. Average Income : A calculation by adding
UK, Russia, Singapore etc.
several incomes together, finding a total and
4. Developing Economies : Those economies
dividing it by the number of amount viz.
which are passing through the stages of
total income of the country divided by its
growth and development. In such economies,
total population.
significance of agriculture tends to decline
14. Income of a country : It means initially, the
whereas the industrial sector grows sharply.
income of all the residents of the country.
Example : China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
15. Per Capita Income : Total income of a
etc.
country divided by its total population viz.
5. Underdeveloped Economies : Under-
average income also is per capita income.
developed economies are the economies
16. Consumption : The use of goods that meet
which income and miserable standard of
the direct needs of the people.
living. Such economies are not able to exploit
17. National Income : The sum total of all the
their natural resources. Example : Nepal,
goods and services produced within a country
Myanmar (Burma), etc.
during a period on one year plus net income
6. Developing Countries : These are poor
from abroad is called National Income.
countries trying to make their industry and
18. Full form of UNDP : United Nations
economic system, more advanced. Example :
Development Programme
Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc.
7. Economic Development : Economic
development is a process whereby the real MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
per capita income of an economy increases
over a long period of time. 1. Which one of the following indices is given
8. Human Development Index : It measures the priority by the World Bank with respect to
average achievement in basic three dimensions development?
of human development i.e., long and healthy (a) Infant Mortality Rate
life, knowledge and decent standard of living. (b) Equality

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(c) Body Mass Index (c) University Grants Commission

(d) Per Capita Income (d) Union Public Service Commission
Ans OD 2024 Ans OD 2023

(d) Per Capita Income (a) Planning Commission

2. Suppose, the monthly income of the family 6. Identify the kind of Income which is :
members is as follows respectively : 1. The total income of the country divided
1. Mother - Rs. 50,000/- by its total population
2. Father - Rs. 40,000/- 2. Also known as Per capita Income
3. Son- Rs. 20,000/- 3. Provide a basis for the government to
4. Daughter - Rs. 20,000/- formulate their policy
The average income of the family would be : 4. Helps the Government to formulates the
(a) Rs. 32,000/- yearly budget
(b) Rs. 30,000/- Option :
(c) Rs. 32,500/- (a) National Income
(d) Rs. 33,000/- (b) Personal Income
Ans OD 2024
(c) Total Income
(d) Income
(c) Rs. 32,500/-
Ans Comp 2023
3. Which of the following are developmental (a) National Income
goals of a prosperous farmer? Choose the
correct from the given options. 7. Arrange the following States from high to low
I. Better wages as per their Literacy Rate % (2011 Census):
II. Higher support prices for crops 1. Haryana
III. Assured high family income 2. Kerala
IV. More days for work 3. Bihar
Options : 4. Goa
(a) Only I and II are correct (a) 1, 2, 3, 4
(b) Only II and IV are correct (b) 4, 3, 2, 1
(c) Only II and III are correct (c) 1, 3, 4, 2
(d) Only I and IV are correct (d) 2, 4, 1, 3
Ans OD 2024
Ans Comp 2021

(c) Only II and III are correct (d) 2, 4, 1, 3

4. Which one of the following organizations 8. Assume there are four families in a locality.
prepares the World Development Report’ ? If the income of each family is `6,000, `4,000,
(a) World Bank `7,000 and `3,000 then find out the average
(b) International Monetary Fund income of the locality from the following
(c) World Health Organisation options:
(d) International Labour Organisation (a) `5,000 (b) `3,000
(c) `2,000 (d) `6,000
Ans OD 2023
Ans OD 2015
(a) World Bank (a) `5,000
5. Which one of the following is the preceding 9. Assertion (A): Different people have different
Government Agency of NITI Aayog? development goals.
(a) Planning Commission Reason (R): People want freedom, equality,
(b) Election Commission security and respect

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Options: (b) People have different developmental

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the goals.
correct explanation of A. (c) Poor people have to share their seats
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the (d) Rich people do not want to share
correct explanation of A. Ans OD 2011
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true. (a) ‘Averages’ are useful for comparison, they
also hide disparities.
Ans � SQP 2021
13. Assertion : Suppose the literacy rate in a
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the state is 78% and the net attendance ratio in
correct explanation of A. secondary stage is 47%.
10. Which one of the following is not a Reason : More than half of the students
developmental goal for the landless rural are going to other states for elementary
labourers? education.
(a) More days of work and better wages. (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
(b) Local school is able to provide quality and reason is the correct explanation of
education for their children. assertion.
(c) There is no social discrimination. (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
(d) They can not become leaders in the reason is not the correct explanation of
village. assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
Ans Delhi 2020, 2016
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(d) They can not become leaders in the Ans Delhi 2008
village.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
11. Arrange the following countries according to
their Human Development Index (HDI) rank 14. Which among the following is a developmental
in world (2018): goal for the landless rural labourers?
1. Sri Lanka (a) To get electricity and water
2. Pakistan (b) To educate their children
3. India (c) More days of work and better wages
4. Bangladesh (d) To shift to the cities
Option : Ans Comp 2022, 2020
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (c) More days of work and better wages
(b) 4, 3, 2, 1
(c) 1, 3, 4, 2 15. What would be the most appropriate
(d) 3, 4, 2, 1 aspiration of a prosperous farmer from
Ans Comp 2020
Punjab?
(a) local school is able to provide quality
(c) 1, 3, 4, 2 education for their children
12. Which option signifies best this picture? (b) there is no social discrimination
(c) able to pursue her job in abroad.
(d) proper supply for irrigation
Ans Foreign 2018

(d) proper supply for irrigation

(a) ‘Averages’ are useful for comparison, they 16. “Besides seeking more income, people also
also hide disparities. seek things like equal treatment, freedom,

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2. The people seek things like equal 116. Answer the following questions on the basis
treatment, freedom, security and respect of the table given below :
of others because they wanted to avoid
State Infant Mortality Literacy Rate
the discrimination.
Rate (2003) (%) (2001)
3. The job may give you less pay but
enhances your sense of security because Punjab 49 70
it offer regular employment. Kerala 11 91
4. People seek:
Bihar 60 47
(i) Income
(ii) Other aspects like security, health, Questions :
equal treatment, freedom, security, 1. Which state has largest literacy rate ?
and respect of others. 2. Which state has the lowest infant
mortality rate ?
115. Study the data given below in the table and 3. Identify the state which has the greatest
answer the questions that follow : Human Development Index (HDI).
Some Comparative Data on Punjab, Kerala Ans
and Bihar 1. Kerala (2) Kerala (3) Kerala.
State Infant Literacy Net
Mortality Rate (%) Attendance 117. Study the table given below and answer the
Rate (2001) Ratio for following questions :
per 1000 Class I to
(2003) V (1995- Country Per capita HDI Rank in
1996) income in US the World
$ 2004
Punjab 49 70 81
Sri Lanka 4390 93
Kerala 11 91 91
India 3139 126
Bihar 60 47 41
Pakistan 2225 134
Questions :
1. Which state has the highest infant Questions :
mortality rate? 1. Name any one country whose per capita
2. Why has this state the highest infant income is more than that of India and by
mortality rate ? Give two reasons. how much ?
2. What is the HDI Rank of India in the
Ans
World ?
1. Bihar. Ans
2. This state has the highest infant mortality 1. Sri Lanka : 4390 - 3139 = 1251 US
rate due to following two reasons : 2. 126
(a) In Bihar literacy rate is lower than
Kerala and Punjab both.
(b) Net Attendance Ratio for Class I to 118. Study the table given below and answer the
V during 1995-96 was only 41. While following questions :
in its comparison Kerala had 91 and State Infant Mortality Literacy Rate
Punjab had 81. Rate per 1000 (%) (2001)
(2003)
Punjab 49 70
Kerala 11 91
Bihar 60 47

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(c) an indicator to show the living standard (a) Low pumping of water by tubewells.
of people in a country (b) If we use more water than what is being
(d) an indicator to show the living standard replenished by rain.
of children in a country (c) Use of tap instead of hand pumps.
Ans Delhi 2010
(d) Low annual rain-fall.

(c) an indicator to show the living standard Ans Comp 2008

of people in a country (b) If we use more water than what is being

replenished by rain.
23. Assertion : A small town has a high rate of
robbery; however, a locality in this town has 25. ___is the number of deaths per 1,000 live
well- maintained law and order. births of children under one year of age.
Reason : The people in the locality are aware The rate for a given region is the number of
of the importance of having security guards, children dying under one year of age, divided
and they collectively pay to have the security by the number of live births during the year,
guards in the locality. multiplied by 1,000.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and (a) Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) Post-Neonatal Mortality Rate (PNMR)
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but (c) Infant mortality rate (IMR)
reason is not the correct explanation of (d) Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR)
assertion. Ans Foreign 2012
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. (c) Infant mortality rate (IMR)
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans SQP 2011
26. Identify the category of person based on the
developmental goal for himself
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and 1. Higher income expected due to high support
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. price for their crop from Government.
24. Which option signifies best as the reason for 2. Looking for cheap labourer for their fields
the depletion of Groundwater as shown in the 3. Looking to settle its kids in abroad
picture? 4. Most of the persons in this state are into
this profession.
Option :
(a) Prosperous farmers from Punjab
(b) Landless rural labourers
(c) Urban unemployed youth
(d) An adivasi from Narmada valley
Ans Delhi 2017

(a) Prosperous farmers from Punjab

27. Assertion : A country that was extremely rich

in natural resources has mainly relied on oil
extraction for revenue generation for several
centuries. However, the scientists predict that
the country may become poor in the future
if other means of generating income are not
devised.
Reason : Oil is a non-renewable resource,
and it is likely to get exhausted if not used
judiciously.

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of the natural resources. Minerals are non- of major communicable and non-
renewable resources. communicable diseases and health
Exhaustion of natural resources and other concerns.
problems : 3. The mortality rate has been going down
If the natural resources such as minerals are because of National Health Programmes
used indiscriminately, they will be exhausted. such as to control and eradication of
For example, if people in the world continue malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS, leprosy,
to use crude oil in the present manner, it will blindness, cancer, iodine deficiency,
run out of stock in next 43 years. Then there diabetes etc. The infant mortality rate
are countries like USA which are using their declined from 134 per thousand at the
military and economic power to get maximum time of independence to about 64 in
oil from other countires. India is dependent 2006 in case of male and about 67 in
on other countries for oil and spending a lot case of female children per thousand. Life
of foreign exchange on its import. expectancy has risen from 32 years (1974)
Steps for solving problems : to about 64 years (2006).
In view of the above problems, steps should be
taken for the sustainability of development. 101. What is the main criterion used by the World
1. Natural resources like crude oil should Bank in classifying different countries ? What
not be used indiscriminately. are the limitations of this criterion, if any ?
2. Alternate modes of energy i.e., solar o
energy or wind energy and others should Describe the main criterion used by World
be used so that a part of limited natural Bank to classify different countries of the
resources may be preserved for future World.
generations. Ans Comp 2015, 2010

3. There should be planned and judicious I. Average Income or Per Capita Income
use of natural resources. : In World Development Report, 2006,
4. In countries like India where a large the World Bank has used the criterion
amount of foreign exchange is being spent of average income or per capita income
on import of crude oil, efforts must be in classifying different countries. The
made for its planned and judicious use. average income or the per capita income
100. Describe various efforts made by the is the total income of the country divided
Government of India in the field of health. by its population. According to above
o report, countries with per capita income
What efforts have been made by the of Rs. 4,53,000 per annum and above in
government to provide health services after 2004 are called rich countries and those
independence ? with per capita income of Rs. 37,000 or
less are called low income countries.
Ans OD 2016
II. Limitations : Limitations of this criterion
1. The government has created an extensive are that while average income is useful
network of Community Health Centres, for competition, it does not tell us how
Primary Health Centres (PHC) and sub- this income is distributed among people.
centres to take care of health services in A country may have more equitable
rural areas. distribution. People may be neither very
2. In the field of health a wide range of rich nor extremely poor. But in another
activities are covered under health such country with same average income, one
as population control, family welfare, person may be extremely rich, while
prevention of food adulteration, drug others may be very poor. So, the method
control, immunization and eradication of average income does not give correct

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32. Since the second half of the twentieth century, (c) These days it is a matter of discussion
a number of scientists have been warning that among different countries of the world.
(a) Health and nutrition level is declining. (d) Global warming, acid rain, etc., are
(b) Per capita income is unstable. to be controlled by one nation. It is a
(c) Levels of resources are not sustainable. personal matter of thinking and finding
(d) Levels of development are not sustainable. the solutions.
Ans OD 2010 Ans Foreign 2007

(d) Levels of development are not sustainable (d) Global warming, acid rain, etc., are to
be controlled by one nation. It is a personal
33. We have not inherited this earth from our matter of thinking and finding the solutions.
forefathers; we have borrowed it from our
children.who said these words? 36. Study the picture and answer the question
(a) Mr. Rajendra prashad that follows:
(b) Gandhiji
(c) Mr. Lester Brown
(d) Mr. George Brown
Ans Delhi 2013, 2011

(c) Mr. Lester Brown

34. Assertion : Different people have different

developmental goals.
Which of the following aspect best signifies
Reason : The capitalist approach to
above image?
development is detrimental to poor section
(a) Country with no rich and no poor
of the society.
(b) Country with rich and poor
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of (c) Country with only poor
assertion. (d) Country with only rich
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but Ans Comp 2012

reason is not the correct explanation of (b) Country with rich and poor
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. 37. Assertion : Sustainable development is
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. essential for economic growth of the countries.
Ans SQP 2012 Reason : Sustainable development ensures
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but that environment friendly measures are
reason is not the correct explanation of adopted for carrying out production processes.
assertion. (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of
35. “Consequences of environmental degradation assertion.
do not respect national or state boundaries.” (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
which of the following statement not justify reason is not the correct explanation of
this statement. assertion.
(a) Environmental degradation issue is no (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
longer a regional or national issue. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(b) Our future is linked together.
Ans OD 2011
Sustainability of development is essential
for all the mankind and it is our common (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and
responsibility to save the environment. reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

security arrangement in an area should be your friends in your life. You may desire their
made collectively and not on individual friendship. Similarly, there are many things
basis to make it valuable and successful. that are not easily measured but they mean a
lot to our lives. These are often ignored.
111. Study the given table carefully, and answer
the questions that follow : For development, people look at a mix of
Country Human Development Index of India and its Neighbours
goals. It is true that if women are engaged in
Per Life Literacy Gross HDI
paid work, their dignity in the household and
Capita expectancy rate for enrolment rank society increases. However, it is also the case
Income at birth 15 + yrs ratio for in the
in US S population three levels world that if there is respect for women there would
India 3139 64 61 60 126 be more sharing of housework and a greater
Myanmar 1027 61 90 48 130 acceptance of women working outside. A safe
Pakistan 2225 63 50 35 134 and secure environment may allow more
Bangladesh 1870 63 41 53 137 women to take up a variety of jobs or run a
Nepal 1490 62 50 61 138 business. Hence, the developmental goals that
Sri Lanka 4390 74 91 69 93 people have are not only about better income
Questions : but also about other important things in life.
1. What are the components of human Questions :
development ? 1. What are the things other than income
2. Why is Sri Lanka’s rank higher than which people seek for living?
India ? 2. Write any two developmental goals of
3. What is the per capita income of India ? middle-class woman.
4. Which country has the highest per capita 3. What is the role of other important things
income? than income, in life?
Ans Ans
1. Engagement in paid work, their dignity
1. Per capital income, longevity and
in the household and society
education.
2. Income gives good standard of living but
2. Because Sri Lanka leads in all components
other important things than income give
like the per capita income, education and
quality of life.
longevity.
3. Equal treatment, freedom, security and
3. $ 3,139.
respect of others
4. Sri Lanka, i.e., $ 4,390.
113. Read the sources given below and answer the
112. Read the extract and answer the questions
questions that follows:
that follow:
The idea of development or progress has
Besides seeking more income, one way or
always been with us. We have aspirations or
the other, people also seek things like equal
desires about what we would like to do and
treatment, freedom, security, and respect of
how we would like to live. Similarly, we have
others. They resent discrimination. All these
ideas about what a country should be like.
are important goals. In fact, in some cases,
What are the essential things that we require?
these may be more important than more
Can life be better for all? How should people
income or more consumption because material
live together? Can there be more equality?
goods are not all that you need to live. Money
Development involves thinking about these
or material things that one can buy with it,
questions and about the ways in which we can
is one factor on which our life depends. But
work towards achieving these goals.
the quality of our life also depends on non-
material things mentioned above. If it is not In World Development Reports, brought out
obvious to you, then just think of the role of by the World Bank, this criterion is used

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page 489

3. Kerala 47. Identify the Indian State which according to

4. Bihar Economic Survey 2018–19, it have
Option : • Per capita Income of 34,409
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 • Considered as a backward state
(b) 4, 3, 2, 1 • Suffer lots of natural calamities eg. Floods
(c) 1, 3, 4, 2 etc every year
(d) 3, 4, 2, 1 • Have high Infant Mortality rate year 2017
Ans OD 2009
Option :
(a) Goa (b) Bihar
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (c) Maharashtra (d) Kerala
45. Assertion : A high average income is not Ans OD 2015
indicative of the overall well-being or human (b) Bihar
development in a country.
Reason : Average income does not cover 48. Complete the following table with correct
indicators like level of literacy rate, health information: Select the correct option for A
facilities and public facilities in a country. and B.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
Countries with per Are Example
and reason is the correct explanation of
capita income of called
assertion.
(2017)
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of US $ 12,056 annum Rich B-?
assertion. and above countries
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. US $ between 955 or A - ? India
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. 12,056
Ans SQP 2018 (a) A low middle income countries, B-United
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and States, Luxembourg, Ireland
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) A high income countries, B- Bhutan,
Pakistan, India
46. Economy is said to be under developed if: (c) A low middle income countries, B-Bhutan,
1. About 60 to 80% of the population Pakistan, India
is engaged in agriculture and allied (d) A high income countries, B-United States,
activities. Luxembourg, Ireland
2. Burden of population and dependent
Ans Foreign 2020
population is very high
3. Capital formation is very low due to lack (a) A low middle income countries, B-United
of saving. States, Luxembourg, Ireland
4. Productivity of labour production facility
49. Study the picture and answer the question
and standard of living is very low.
that follows:
5. Incidence of underemployment and
unemployment is very high.
Which of the above statement are correct?
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (iii), (iv) and (v)
(d) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
Ans Comp 2008, 2006, 2005

(d) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

2. For example, for industrialists mining 95. Explain with examples the significance of the
means availability of natural resource for usage of non-conventional sources of energy
other developmental works, e.g., iron for for the country.
steel. Ans OD 2024
For them it also generates revenue, income for
local people, development of infrastructure of Non-conventional energy sources, also known
that area, generating employment. Whereas as renewable energy sources, are becoming
for an other group of people it may mean increasingly important due to the depletion
deforestation, exploitation of resources and of fossil fuels, rising energy demands, and
local people, environmental hazard and the need to reduce pollution. They offer a
pollution, etc. clean, sustainable alternative to conventional
Thus there is no one notion of development. energy sources. Some of the benefits of using
non-conventional energy sources include:
1. Reduced pollution: They produce minimal
waste and don’t emit greenhouse gases or
other pollutants.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO 2. Sustainability: They are naturally
replenished and can meet the energy
demands of present and future generations.
94. How is the per capita consumption of 3. Security of energy supply: They help
electricity considered as an index of reduce dependence on fossil fuels, which
development? Explain with examples. are finite and subject to price fluctuations
Ans OD 2024 and potential shortages.
Per capita electricity consumption is considered 4. Cost-effectiveness: They can be obtained
an index of development because it indicates at a low cost.
how much of a country’s population has access 5. Wide availability: They are abundant in
to electricity. Electricity is considered an nature.
important part of a developing country, and 96. Is it correct to say that environmental
the more areas that are covered by electricity, degradation is not just a national issue ?
the more the country is developing. Illustrate with examples.
Per capita electricity consumption also
Ans Comp 2023
indicates that people are using electricity for
many things in their daily lives, such as: 1. It is correct to say that environmental
1. Machines: Electricity powers machines degradation is not just a national issue.
such as pumps for agriculture and It is no longer region or nation specific.
household appliances Development has caused a high degree
2. Transportation: Electricity is used for of environmental degradation in many
transportation countries. When the `tsunami’ hit the
3. Healthcare: Electricity is used for South and South-East Asian coasts,
healthcare various countries of the world came
There is a strong correlation between per- forward to help the victims. The ice
capita electricity consumption and the in the Arctic and Antarctic is melting
Human Development Index (HDI). The because of increased emission of green
HDI is a single index measure that aims to house gases into the atmosphere. This
record the three key dimensions of human may cause floods in low lying areas like
development: access to knowledge, a decent Bangladesh and the Maldives.
standard of living, and long and healthy life. 2. The environmental degradation as a
global problem : In the long run, the

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page 491

which plays an important role in providing 57. What is meant by human development ?
food security to the people. Mention various criteria of measuring human
3. Improving infrastructure facilities like development.
railway, airways, waterways, banking etc. Ans Foreign 2009
to become affordable for common people.
1. Meaning of Human Development :
55. Give the meaning of economic development. Human development touches upon social,
What are the two indicators to measure the economic, political and cultural aspects
development of a country ? of human life with special emphasis on
o reduction in poverty and narrowing down
What is meant by economic development the gap of inequality and unemployment.
? Write the two basis of measuring the 2. Various criteria of measuring Human
economic development of a country. Development : A long and healthy
Ans Foreign 2011
life, to get education, information and
knowledge, to have opportunities to earn
Economic development is a process through livelihood, to have access to the natural
which per capita income and economic welfare resources for a decent standard of life,
of the people increases in a long term process. to have a personal and social security,
Indicators to measure the development of a equality and enjoyment of human rights.
country :
1. National Income : It is the sum total of 58. Suggest some ways which can be helpful in
all factor income of the country during a creating employment in rural areas.
period of one year. Ans Comp 2019
2. Per Capita Income : National Income
Total Population Some measures to create employment in rural
areas are :
56. Describe any three public facilities needed for 1. By promoting rural industries like craft
development. industry and other small scale industry.
Ans SQP 2020, 2018 2. By providing them skill based training.
Public facilities needed for development are 3. By supporting them financially to
as follows: establish self-employment.
1. Pollution free environment : Government 59. Explain ‘national income’ and ‘per capita
should take care to provide pollution free income.
environment by setting industries outside
Ans OD 2007
residential areas, by keeping check on
vehicles, by planting more trees etc. National income is defined as the total value
2. Government should open more schools of all final good and services produced within
and colleges so that most of the children a country plus net income from transactions
get educated and should also arrange it (like export and import) with other countries.
at most nominal cost. When total national income is divided by
3. Collective security for the whole locality the total population, it is called per capita
: It should be government’s responsibility income. It is also called average income.
to provide security to the people for the
60. Why is per capita income of different
localities as a whole.
countries calculated in dollars and not in
their own currencies by the World Bank ?
Ans Delhi 2019

Dollar is a hard currency. It is accepted

by all member nations of the World Bank.

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

38. Which of the following neighboring country (c) before the age of one year as a proportion
has a better performance in terms of human to 100 live births in that particular year.
development than India? (d) out of 1000 live births in that particular
(a) Bangladesh (b) Sri Lanka year.
(c) Nepal (d) Pakistan Ans SQP 2010
Ans Delhi 2018
(a) before the age of one year as a proportion
(b) Sri Lanka to 1000 live births in that particular year.

39. Assertion : Non-renewable resources are 43. Look at the picture carefully. What should
abundant in nature. be the prime developmental goal for such an
Reason : Non-renewable resources can be area?
replenished over a period of time.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Foreign 2019

(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

40. The development goals can be classified into

which one of the following groups?
(a) Material and spiritual
(b) Physical and mental
(c) Short-term and long-term
(d) Material and non-material
Ans SQP 2010, 2008

(d) Material and non-material (a) Slums should be removed from here
(b) The number of storey of the building
41. How would you calculate Body Mass Index? should be increased.
(a) Dividing the weight by the square of the (c) Through regular work and better wages,
height. the income of slum area people should be
(b) Dividing the height by weight. increased.
(c) Dividing the weight by height. (d) Availability of amusement park.
(d) Adding height to the weight of the person.
Ans Comp 2022
Ans Delhi 2007
(c) Through regular work and better wages,
(a) Dividing the weight by the square of the the income of slum area people should be
height increased.
42. Infant mortality rate refers to the number of 44. Arrange the following as PER CAPITA
the children that die : INCOME of these STATES (from high to
(a) before the age of one year as a proportion low):
to 1000 live births in that particular year. 1. Goa
(b) before the age of five years as a proportion 2. Haryana
to 1000 live births in that particular year.

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page 493

centralised control and direction over 3. Quality education for their children.
economy and society. Everybody desires better generation of
their families.
67. How education can play an important role in
development ? 70. A girl from a rich urban family has some
Ans OD 2020
development goals for her. State any three of
such goals.
Education of good quality is the need
of hour. Learning is a life long process. It Ans Comp 2019

includes not only academic qualification but 1. She wants to get as much freedom as her
also professional and occupational education brother has.
based on morality and ethics. Free and 2. She wishes to be able to decide what she
compulsory education must be given upto wants to do in life.
senior secondary level. Special arrangement 3. Her brother should also share in the
of good schools should be made for all needy, household work.
poor and backward sections of the society. 4. She should be able to pursue her studies
Schools and colleges are not only needed in abroad.
urban areas but also in rural areas. An ample
arrangement of professional education and 71. What do you mean by human development
training is equally necessary. index ? What are its three components ?
Ans Foreign 2015, 2011
68. Mention any three characteristics of
development. 1. HDI means Human Development Index.
It is another measure of the level of
Ans SQP 2016
development of a country. It includes
1. Per capita income : This is the total other things than income. It compares
national income (GDP) divided by the countries based on the educational levels
total population. of the people, their health status and per
2. Life expectancy at birth : This is the capita income.
number of years, a new born child is 2. It comprises : (i) Life expectancy, (ii)
expected to live if subject to the mortality Gross Enrolment Ratio and (iii) Per
risks prevailing for the population Capita Income.
concerned.
3. Literacy rate : This is the total percentage 72. What is meant by economic development?
of the population of an area at a particular What are the two bases of measuring
time aged 7 years or above, who can read economic development of a country ?
and write with understanding atleast one Ans Comp 2015

language. 1. Economic Development means a long

69. Landless rural labourers also have term increase in the per capita income
developmental goals for them. State any along with rise in standard of living.
three such goals. 2. It is measured by calculating the average
or per capita income.
Ans Delhi 2006
Another bases of measuring economic
1. There should not be social discrimination development are : Per Capita Income and
in the village on the basis of economic National Income.
position or status.
2. More days of work and better wages. It 73. What is Public Distribution system ? Explain
will provide them more working days and its two advantages.
more income.

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Why are only ‘final goods and services’ as a comprehensive scorecard of a given
counted? In contrast to final goods, goods such country’s economic health.
as wheat and the wheat flour in this example 2. GDP is the sum of the money value of
are intermediate goods. Intermediate goods are final goods and services produced in each
used up in producing final goods and services. sector during a particular year within a
The value of final goods already includes the country. Only the value of final goods
value of all the intermediate goods that are and services are counted in GDP because
used in making the final goods. Hence, the the value of final goods already includes
value of ` 60 for the biscuits (final good) the value of all the intermediate goods.
already includes the value of flour (` 10). 3. Differences between final and intermediary
Similarly, the value of all other intermediate goods are
goods would have been included. To count
the value of the flour and wheat separately is Basis for Final Intermediate
therefore not correct because then, we would Comparison Goods Goods
be counting the value of the same things a Meaning Final Intermediate
number of times. First as wheat, then as flour goods are goods are
and finally as buscuits. The value of final the goods goods which
goods and services produced in each sector ready can be
during a particular year provides the total for sale used as raw
production of the sector for that year. And the to the materials for
sum of production in the three sectors gives ultimate production of
is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) the other goods.
of a country. It is the value of all final goods consumer,
and services produced within a country during to satisfy
a particular year. GDP shows how big the their
economy is. In India, the mammoth task of wants.
measuring GDP is undertaken by a Central Nature Finished Unfinished
Government Ministry. This Ministry, with goods or partly-
the help of various government departments finished
of all the Indian states and Union Territories, goods
collects information relating to total volume
of goods and services and their prices and 108. Study the given data carefully and answer
then estimates the GDP. the following questions:
Table: INDIA : Growth of GDP and major
Questions : sectors in (%).
1. What do you understand by term GDP?
2. Why only final goods are counted while Sector 2002-2007 2007-2012
calculating GDP? (10th plan (11th plan
3. Highlight the difference between final and project) project)
intermediary goods. Agriculture 1.7 4.1
Ans Industries 8.3 10.5
1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the Services 9.0 9.9
total monetary or market value of all
GDP 7.2 9.0
the finished goods and services produced
within a country’s borders in a specific Questions :
time period. As a broad measure of 1. What was the growth rate of India’s GDP
overall domestic production, it functions in 11th Five Year Plan?

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page 495

3. The government to provide the loans at 2. The issue of sustainability is important

cheap rates in case of any calamity like for development because if the natural
drought etc. resources are not used carefully, they may
(b) (i) More ornaments and beautiful clothes. not be available for future generations.
(ii) To provide good education to her 3. The depleting resources of a country may
children. ultimately result in a lack of development
(iii) To marry her children in good families. of the country.

80. What can be aspirations/goals of a rural 83. Why is the issue of sustainability important
woman from land owning family ? for development? Explain with examples.
Ans Foreign 2009, 2005 Ans OD 2023

1. More ornaments and beautiful clothes. The issue of sustainability is important for
2. To provide good education to her children. the development for a variety of reasons:
3. To marry her children in good families. 1. The fast pace of development has
caused serious environmental concerns
81. Explain the causes of environmental to environment as land degradation,
degradation. exploitation of resources, loss of habitat
Ans SQP 2013 for living organisms and many more.
Causes of environmental degradation : These things are causing a great threat
1. Population is increasing on one hand and to survival and have to be dealt with
awakening civilization has made aware of efficiently.
so many articles of comforts and luxuries 2. There is a rise in different kinds of
on the other hand. pollution like land, air, water and noise
2. The demand for the necessities, comforts which are harming the environment. It is
and luxuries has been increasing with the the need of the hour to adopt a model
flood of knowledge and awakening. It has of sustainable development which meets
led the man to bigger exploitation of the the demands of the present without
natural resources. compromising the future.
3. The over cultivation of these natural gifts 3. Sustainable development has become the
has disturbed the ecolOgical balance and necessity of the hour if we have continued
it has created environment problems- to exploit the resources at the same
range from national to local levels. All rate as we are now then the future of
these have created such an atmosphere in our upcoming generations will be under
which it has become difficult to live in. severe threat.

84. “Money in your pocket cannot buy all the

goods and services that you need to live
SHORT Answer QUESTIO well.” Explain giving suitable examples.
Ans Comp 2021

82. How is the issue of sustainability important 1. The per capita income of Punjab is higher
for development? Explain. than Kerala, but still it lacks behind in
Ans OD 2024 education and health facilities.
1. Sustainable development is a development 2. In Kerala, out of 1000 childien born alive,
that meets the needs of the present 11 die before completing one y6r of age
without compromising the ability of but in Punjab the proportion of children
future generations to meet their own dying within one year of birth is 49, which
needs. is nearly five times more.

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans OD 2011 Ans Comp 2008, 2006

1. Public Distribution System is a system 1. Life expectancy at birth denotes average

to distribute ration to the poor at a expected length of life of a person at the
reasonable rate through government time of birth.
ration shops. 2. Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels
1. Poor people get ration items at a means enrolment ratio for primary school,
subsidized rate. secondary school and higher education
2. Health and nutritional status of the poor beyond secondary school.
can be improved. 3. Per Capita Income, i.e., nation’s average
income is calculated in dollars for all
74. Explain the concepts of Human Development countries so that it can be compared wish
Index (HDI) and that of the per capita that of other countries.
income.
Ans SQP 2014
77. What is the meaning of ‘Infant Mortality
Rate’ (IMR)’ ? Give two main reasons for low
1. Human Development Index and per capita IMR in Kerala.
income are two measures to evaluate the
level of development of a country. They Ans OD 2014

are based on different criterion. 1. Infant Mortality Rate indicates the

2. HDI is average of educational level index, number of children that die before the
health status index and per capita income age of one year as a proportion of 1000
index, whereas per capita income is live children born in that particular year.
average income of the country, i.e., total 2. Reasons for low IMR in Kerala :
income of the country divided by its total (i) High literacy rate
population. (ii) Good health facilities.

75. Why is literacy essential for the economic 78. Explain any three main aspects of measuring
development? Explain. Human Development Index according to
Ans Delhi 2014
UNDP Report of 1990.

Literacy is essential for economic development Ans Comp 2012

because it : 1. Per Capita Income - It means total income

1. gives knowledge and skill and generates generated divided by the total population
employment. of a country.
2. develops the ability to implement modern 2. Life Expectancy at Birth - It denotes
technology and establishes new enterprise. average expected length of life of a person
3. reduces health cost by making people at the time of birth.
aware about sanitation, hygiene, different 3. Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels
kinds of illness and ways to prevent them. - It means enrolment ratio for primary
4. does researches to invent better school, secondary school and higher
technologies to improve productivity education beyond secondary school.
and follows the path of sustainable
development. 79. What can be the aspirations or goals of
farmers who depend only on rain for growing
76. Explain the following terms : crop ?
1. Life expectancy at birth Ans Foreign 2018
2. Gross enrolment ratio
1. Sufficient rain at the proper time.
3. Per capita income in dollars
2. The prosperous farmers in the village to
provide the food grains in case of failure
of rains.

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page 497

Note : This criterion is not applicable to this level of development to go up further

growing children as their speed of growth is or atleast be maintained for future
generally extra-ordinary. generations.
2. Since, the second half of the 20th century,
89. Why do different persons have different a number of scientists have been warning
notions of development ? Discuss. that the type and levels of development
Ans SQP 2019, 2015 are not sustainable.
Causes responsible to have different notions 3. Groundwater is an example of renewable
of development : Different persons have resource. But if we use more than what is
different notions of development because replenished by nature, then we would be
life situations of persons are different. Some overusing this resource.
persons are poor and some are rich. They 4. Once the non-renewable resources would
think about those things which are most be exhausted, we won’t be able to use
important to them. Poor person will think them in future. So, using the resources
about his basic needs such as food, clothing judiciously will help in maintaining the
and shelter. He cannot think about costly sustainability of development of our eco-
things like car. On the other hand, a rich system.
person think of having another luxurious 92. Distinguish between developed and
car. Thus people have different notions of underdeveloped countries.
development and think according to their life
situations. Ans Comp 2016, 2011

Developed Countries :
90. What is meant by National Development ? 1. These countries have high per capita
Give your own opinion. income.
Ans Comp 2019 2. The standard of living of the people is
The notion of national development is varied. high.
Every individual has his own developmental 3. For example, USA, UK, Japan etc.
goal which may sometimes differ or even Underdeveloped Countries :
conflict with goals of others. However, the 1. These countries have low per capita
idea is to benefit large number of people. It income.
may include : 2. The standard of living of the people is
1. fair and just path for all. low.
2. provide pollution free environment. 3. For example, Nepal, Pakistan etc.
3. provide best health, education facilities. 93. With the help of an example show how
4. develop best kind of infrastructure, i.e. , two groups may have different notions of
road, railways, industry, etc. development.
5. increase per capita income.
6. increase purchasing power parity. Ans Foreign 2009

1. For example, two groups of people may

91. What does sustainability of development have different notions of development.
mean ? How can sustainable development be Industrialists may consider construction
achieved? of dams as development as it provides
Ans SQP 2008 electricity that they need. Tribals,
Sustainability of development is an important farmers and other groups may resent this
issue because : as the construction of darn may lead to
1. Suppose presently, a particular country is submergence of their land and thus lead
quite developed. We would certainly like to displacement and loss of livelihood.

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Which of the following aspect best signifies Ans � SQP 2021

above image? 1. Sustainable development aims at fulfilling

(a) Development (b) Per capita income the needs of today without compromising
(c) Average income (d) Sustainability the needs of the future generation.
Ans Delhi 2013 2. Sustainability is the capability to use the
resources judiciously and maintain the
(a) Development
ecological balance.
50. Assertion : The average income of a country 3. It lays emphasis on environmental
is about USS 12,056; however, the country is protection and check environmental
still not a developed country. degradation.
Reason : The income levels are highly skewed 4. Sustainability is important to stop over
for the country. exploitation and over use of resources.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
53. “Different persons can have different
and reason is the correct explanation of
developmental goals.” Support the statement
assertion.
with example.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of Ans � Comp 2021
assertion.
Different persons can have different
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
developmental goals. People have varied
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
growth goals because their needs, wants, and
Ans OD 2006 ways of living vary from one another.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and 1. For instance, a landless worker in the
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. countryside may have wage growth as
one of his development goals. Farmers
who rely on rain to grow their crops may
expect more rain to provide healthy crops
VERY SHORT QUESTIO that will support their livelihood.
2. A wealthy farmer, for example, may want
to ensure a high family income through
51. How to create more employment in rural
greater support prices for their crops,
areas? Explain with examples.
hard labour, and inexpensive labourers,
Ans OD 2023 children to be settled overseas, whereas a
There are several ways to create more landless rural labourer may prefer more
employment in rural areas: days of work and better salaries.
1. There should be the promotion of
54. Suggest any three ways to improve public
other manufacturing and service-based
facilities in India.
activities in the villages so that the
dependence on the agriculture industry Ans Delhi 2020

gets reduced. The three ways to improve public facilities in

2. The Self Help Groups and the cooperatives India are given below :
should work to establish and promote new 1. Imparting education because it is the
economic activities like the establishment most important public facility which is
of cottage industries in the village which required both by the rich as well as the
can employ the people. poor.
2. Improving Public Distribution System
52. ‘The issue of sustainability is important for
because it is another important facility
development.’ Examine the statement.

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ecology crisis will adversely affect all of imagine a society or a nation. Number
us. Actions of one country effect not only of the people is not so vital as their’s
other countries but future generations being in good health and education not
as well. If, all non-renewable resources confined merely to subjects but imbued
are exhausted then nothing will be in thorough knowledge upon sustainable-
left for future generations. Thus, the living for all (viz. peaceful co¬existence
environmental degradation has become with eco-system as a whole).
an international issue and must be tackled 2. For development of personality of
by all countries jointly, otherwise future individuals : Healthy mind is in a healthy
generations will suffer all over the world. body. If we want building a powerful
nation, we should be very careful about
97. “Advancement of international trade of a the health of the people comprising
country is an index of economic development”. physical, mental and spiritual (intuitive)
Justify the statement. health-all at a place viz. at and within
Ans OD 2019 each individual.
The statement can be justified through the 3. Education modifies the behaviour of
following point : people : Education is second important
1. As no country is self-sufficient in all factor after health care. Education
resources, it cannot survive without modifies behaviour of every person. It
international trade. extracts of the best of an individual.
2. If the balance of international trade is Without education, man is merely a
favourable in a country, it will be able to mammal like cattle and cats. Better the
earn more foreign exchange. education, the better will be the people of
3. International trade encourages a country the country.
to develop secondary and tertiary sectors 4. Education impoves the skills of the people
for exporting those goods which can fetch : A well educated or well trained person
more foreign exchange. in a profession or skill is definitely can
4. A country’s economic development and work better as an engineer, as a doctor, as
prosperity can be gauged by the health of a planner, as an industrialist or even as a
its international trade. ordinary worker than totally uneducated
5. A country can earn large amount of or untrained person. For an individual,
foreign exchange through international for family, for society or for country and
trade. India exports approximately 7500 even now a days in unified world educated
commodities to about 190 countries and population is a blessings because he can
imports about 6000 commodities from 140 contribute for tackling global problems
countries. India exported commodities in a better way such as environment
worth US $ 318.2 billion in 2014. And protection or problem of earth warming
India’s share in export is increasing every or pollution, deforestation, low level of
year. earth water, air pollution etc.

98. Why people should be healthy and 99. What do you understand by the term natural
ornamented with education ? resources? How does exhaustion of natural
resources become a great problem ? Suggest
Ans SQP 2018
some steps to solve various problems related
1. Causes of importance of education for with natural resources.
the people in the process of development Ans Delhi 2017, 2012
: People of a country or human resource
available there is the most valuable Natural resources are available with nature.
wealth. Without people, we cannot Land, water, minerals and forests are some

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(a) Both assertion and reason are true, 30. Complete the following table with correct
and reason is the correct explanation of information regarding BMI. Select the correct
assertion. option for A and B.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
BMI How to BMI of a BMI of
reason is not the correct explanation of
calculate person who a person
assertion.
is under- who is
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
nourished overweight
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Body A - ? less than 18.5 B - ?
Ans Comp 2015
Mass
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and Index
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(a) A-Divide the weight of a person (in kg)
28. What do you mean by Net Attendance Ratio? by the square of the height (in metres)
(a) It implies the total number of children of B-less than 25
age group 6-10 attending school (b) A-Divide the weight of a person (in gram)
(b) It implies the total number of children of by the square of the height (in metres)
age group 12-15 attending school B-More than 25
(c) It implies the total number of children of (c) A-Divide the weight of a person (in kg)
age group 14-16 attending school by the square of the height (in metres)
(d) It implies the total number of children of B-More than 25
age group 17-19 attending school (d) A-Divide the weight of a person (in kg)
by the square of the height (in metres)
Ans Foreign 2015, 2012
B-More than 50
(a) It implies the total number of children of
Ans Comp 2011
age group 6-10 attending school
(c) A- Divide the weight of a person (in kg)
29. “Girls in India in the rural sector are by the square of the height (in metres) B-
sometimes not able to get secondary level More than 25
education”which of the following is not the
correct reason for this situation. 31. Assertion : The crude oil reserves are going
(a) Society’s mind set which prefers boys down for the entire world, and the countries
getting better secondary and higher need to find substitute fuel for crude oil.
education. Reason : A country that is dependent on
(b) Due to Poverty people are unable to imports for crude oil will demand more crude
provide basic education to their children oil in the future.
(c) In villages women also constitute a major (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
agricultural workforce which again works and reason is the correct explanation of
to their disadvantage. assertion.
(d) Decreasing crime against women (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of
Ans Delhi 2006
assertion.
(d) Decreasing crime against women (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans SQP 2013

(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but

reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.

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picture of a country. This system hides Ans 2024

disparities among people. 1. Equal treatment, freedom, security, and

respect for others. All these are important
goals besides an enhanced income. We
don’t live by just material needs. Friends
CASE BASED QUESTIO in our lives are very important and their
friendship mean a lot in our lives.
2. I would consider accepting a job which
102. Read the source given below and answer the
gives me the required pay along with
questions that follow:
facilities for my family and the time
Besides seeking more income, one way or to spend with them. It should have a
the other, people also seek things like equal good working atmosphere enabling good
treatment, freedom, security, and respect for opportunity to learn and job security.
others. They resent discrimination. All these I should have a sense of security and
are important goals. In fact, in some cases, freedom.
these may be more important than more
income or more consumption because material 103. Read the source given below and answer the
goods are not all that you need to live. questions that follow:
Money, or material things that one can buy For comparing countries, their income is
with it, is one factor on which our life depends. considered to be one of the most important
But the quality of our life also depends on attributes. Countries with higher income are
non-material things mentioned above. If it more developed than others with less income.
is not obvious to you, then just think of the This is based on the understanding that
role of your friends in your life. You may more income means more of all things that
desire their friendship. Similarly, there are human beings need. Whatever people like,
many things that are not easily measured and should have, they will be able to get with
but they mean a lot to our lives. These are greater income. So, greater income itself is
often ignored. However, it will be wrong to considered to be one important goal. Now,
conclude that what cannot be measured is not what is the income of a country? Intuitively,
important. Consider another example. If you the income of the country is the income of
get a job in a far off place, before accepting all the residents of the country. This gives us
it you would try to consider many factors, the total income of the country. However, for
apart from income, such as facilities for your comparison between countries, total income is
family, working atmosphere, or opportunity not such an useful measure. Since, countries
to learn. In another case, a job may give you have different populations, comparing total
less pay but may offer regular employment income will not tell us what an average person
that enhances your sense of security. Another is likely to earn. Are people in one country
job, however, may offer high pay but no job better off than others in a different country?
security and also leave no time for your Hence, we compare the average income which
family. This will reduce your sense of security is the total income of the country divided
and freedom. by its total population. The average income
Questions : is also called per capita income. In World
1. Do you think an enhanced income is the Development Reports, out by the World Bank,
only goal of one’s life? Substantiate your this criterion is used in classifying countries.
answer with any two examples. Questions :
2. Which factors would you consider before 1. Explain the significance of per capita
you accept a job? Income.

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Therefore every country calculates its per 2. Countries with higher income are more
capita income in dollars to provide real and developed than others with less income.
exact picture of its economic growth as well 3. This is based on the understanding that
as economic standard of their people. It is more income means more of all the things
very easy to compare the per capita incomes that human beings need. Whatever
of different countries having the datas of people like, and should have, they will
different countries in one important currency be able to get with greater income. So,
like dollars. greater income itself is considered to be
one important goal.
61. What contributes to the human development?
Ans SQP 2011
65. Explain the following terms :
(a) Infant Mortality Rate.
There are many economic as well as non- (b) Net Attendance Ratio
economic factors which contribute to the (c) Literacy Rate
human development.
1. Living a long and a healthy life. Ans OD 2017

2. To have education, information and (a) Infant Mortality Rate : It indicates the
knowledge. number of children that die before the
3. Enjoying a decent standard of living. age of one year as a proportion of 1000
4. To have equality and enjoyment of human live children born in that particular year.
rights. (b) Net Attendance Ratio : It is total number
5. Enjoying basic fundamental rights like of children of age group 6-10 attending
freedom, security, education etc. school in a percentage of total number of
children in the same age group.
62. What are the aspirations or developmental (c) Literacy Rate : It measures the proportion
goals of landless rural labourers ? of literate population in the 7 and above
Ans OD 2005 age group.
1. More days of work and better wages.
2. Educational facilities to provide quality
education to their children.
3. There should be no social discrimination
so that their children could became
leaders in the village.

63. What can be the aspirations or goals of

prosperous farmers of Punjab ? 66. Explain the meaning of the following terms :
(a) Macro-Economics,
Ans Foreign 2020
(b) Economic Growth
1. Higher support prices for their crops. (c) Central Planning
2. Hard working and cheap labourers.
Ans Foreign 2017, 2015
3. To settle their children abroad.
(a) Macro-Economics : Study of large
64. Why do you think average income is an economic systems such as those of whole
important criterion for development ? country or areas of the world.
Explain. (b) Economic Growth : Development
Ans Comp 2022 connected with the trade, industry and
1. For comparing countries, their income wealth of a country.
is considered to be one of the most (c) Central Planning : A form of economic
important attributes. and social planning associated with state

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relationship between poverty and population. The average income is also called
population. Per Capita Income.
Ans 2024 In World Development Reports, brought out
1. Investments in better healthcare provide by the World Bank, this criterion is used
people with access to essential healthcare in classifying countries. Countries with Per
services, such as vaccinations, prenatal Capita Income of US $ 12,056 per annum and
care, and treatment for common diseases. above in 2017, are called rich countries and
This can help to reduce the number of those with her capita income of US $ 955 or
people who die from preventable diseases less are called low-income-countries. India
(mortality) and who suffer from chronic comes in the category of low middle income
conditions (morbidity). countries because its Per Capita Income in
2. An expanding population can exert 2017 was just US $ 1820 per annum. The
pressure on a country’s resources, rich countries, excluding countries of Middle
including food, water, and land, which East and certain other small countries, are
can consequently result in heightened generally called developed countries.
poverty levels as individuals may face Questions :
insufficient access to nourishment and 1. Which factors are not considered while
adequate housing. calculating total income?
(to be assessed as a whole) 2. What is the significance of classification
3. Population growth can strain resources of countries by the World Bank?
and infrastructure, potentially increasing 3. World Development Report has
poverty. categorised the India as low middle income
(a) The age structure of a population country. Do you agree with theresults of
affects labour markets and social this report.
support systems, which can impact Ans
poverty levels.
1. The total income calculates the sum total
(b) Rural-urban distribution determines
of income earned only. It do not considers
access to essential services and
the total number of population into which
economic opportunities, further
that income is divided.
influencing poverty rates.
2. Classification of countries by the World
(c) Poverty can contribute to specific
Bank is a way to know how many
population dynamics, such as high
countries fall in rich, middle and low
fertility rates and limited access to
income groups. With this information,
healthcare, perpetuating the cycle of
the World Bank terms the countries as
poverty.
developed or developing.
(d) any other relevant point
3. Yes, World Development Report on
(two points to be assessed for two marks)
categorising India as low middle income
106. Read the given extract and answer the country is correct because India’s per
following questions. capita income is much lower than the
income of developed countries like US. At
However, for comparison between countries, the same time, the per capita income of
total income is not such an useful measure. India is higher than low income countries.
Since, countries have different populations, Therefore, India’s category as a low
comparing total income will not tell us what middle income country is correct.
an average person is likely to earn. Hence,
we compare the average income which is the 107. Read the given extract and answer the
total income of the country divided by its total following questions.

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

3. Money or higher per capita income cannot 4. Disparity among people.

buy a pollution-free environment or good 5. Health indicators are not good.
health. 6. Literacy level is low.
4. Money cannot buy peace and democracy.
In short we can say that money is 87. Why are public facilities needed for the
important but it is not everything. development of the country ? Explain any
four public facilities.
85. Explain any three aspects of comparison of o
economic development of different nations/ What do you mean by public facilities ?
states. Why are they important? Name two public
Ans Comp 2020
facilities available in India.

The bases or aspects of comparison of Ans Foreign 2020

economic development : 1. Public facilities refer to facilities which

1. National Income : A country with higher a person cannot purchase or arrange at
level of national income is considered individual level; these are provided by the
more developed/advanced than a country government.
which has a low level of national income. These are important because money
As the size of national income expands in our pocket cannot buy all services
there is more availability of goods and required for a better quality of life. For
services in the country. More goods and example, pollution free environment,
services mean higher level of consumption better transport, safety, protection from
and standard of living of the people. infectious diseases.
2. Per Capita Income : Per capita income 2. Following are the main public facilities
is considered as a better indication of which are needed for development :
economic development. Increase in per (i) Pollution free environment
capita income leads to improvement in (ii) Protection from infectious diseases
the standard of living. (iii)Good infrastructure
3. Life expectancy at birth : It indicates the (iv) Good law and order situation
number of years newborn is expected to (v) Provision for safe drinking water,
live. sanitation and public distribution
4. Gross enrolment ratio : It refers to system.
enrolment ratio for primary schools,
secondary schools and higher education 88. How is BMI calculated ?
beyond secondary schools. Ans OD 2013

86. Why are countries of the Middle East not BMI or Body Mass Index is calculated by
called ‘developed’ in spite of high per capita taking the following three steps :
income ? Step No. 1 : Weight of person in kg and height
in metres is taken.
Ans OD 2011
Step No. 2 : Divide the weight by the square
Countries of the Middle East are not called of the height.
‘developed’ because their performance on Weight
BMI =
various indicators related to development is ^Heighth2
low. For example, Step No. 3 : If BMI < 18.5, then person
1. There is no freedom of speech and isundernourished.
expression in many countries. If BMI > 25, then person is overweight.
2. Women and men are not treated equally.
3. Preferential treatment to people belonging
to one religion.

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2. What was the growth rate in agriculture Ans

in the 11th Plan, i.e., 2007-12? 1. Small producers refer to those producers
3. Mention any factor responsible for the who are producing consumer goods of
low growth rate of the agricultural sector. small value like footwear, garments,
Ans sports items, etc.
2. Government invites large MNCs for the
1. Growth rate in 2007-12 = 9. following reasons
2. About four per cent. • The large MNCs invest in the country by
3. (a) The government has reduced the public opening factories, offices which provide
investment in the agriculture sector, employment to people.
particularly in irrigation, power, rural • Large MNCs support local producers by
roads, market and mechanisation. giving them bulk orders.
(b) Subsidy on fertilisers and the inputs 3. MNCs interlink production by
has been decreased leading to an • Buying the local companies completely.
increase in the cost of production. • Setting up partnership with local
109. Read the given extract and answer the companies.
following questions.
110. Read the passage given below and answer the
Large MNCs in developed countries place questions that follow :
orders for production with small producers.
Garments, footwear, sports items are examples “Money in your pocket cannot buy all the
of industries where production is carried out goods and services that you may need to live
by a large number of small producers around well. So, income by itself is not a completely
the world. The products are supplied to the , adequate indicator of material goods and
MNCs, which then sell these under their own services that citizens are able to use. For
brand names to the customers. These large example, normally, your money cannot buy
MNCs have tremendous power to determine you a pollution-free environment or ensure
price, quality, delivery and labour conditions that you get unadulterated medicines, unless
for these distant producers. you can afford to shift to a community that
already has all these things. Money may also
Thus, we see that there are a variety of not be able to protect you from infectious
ways in which the MNCs are spreading their diseases, unless the whole of your community
production and interacting with local producers takes preventive steps.”
in various countries across the globe. Questions :
By setting up partnerships with local 1. Between Punjab and Kerala which state
companies, by using the local companies for has more average income but lags behind
supplies, by closely competing with the local in public facilities ?
companies or buying them up, MNCs are 2. What is the value of providing some
exerting a strong influence on production at services collectively? Explain with
these distant locations. As a result, production examples.
in these widely dispersed locations is getting Ans
interlinked.
1. Punjab.
Questions :
2. It is cheaper and valuable to provide
1. Explain the term ‘small producers.
some goods and services collectively. For
2. State the reason due to which large MNCs
example, a school cannot be opened by
are invited by a government in a country.
the rich for their only son or a daughter.
3. How MNCs interlink production?
There should be a school where all
Explain.
children are able to study. Similarly

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

2. What are the classifications of countries Ans 2024

based on per capita income, and which 1. Millets have high nutritional value.
entity is responsible for determining these (a) They are rainfed, hardly need any
classifications?” irrigation facilities and hence can be
Ans 2024
grown in arid and semi-arid regions.
(b) Millets do not require a lot of
1. The Per capita income enables comparisons investment to flourish which can
between countries and provides insights help them be great commercial grain
into the relative economic performance substitutes in poorer nations.
and living standards across different 2. It is important to start planning for CSA
nations. in India because of the changing climate
Per capita income also serves as an due to global warming.
important indicator of the standard of 3. (a) use of genetically-modified seeds
living in a country. resistant to insect damage for
2. The courtiers are classified into “High cropping
income or Rich countries and low income (b) shift towards organic and natural
countries based on their per capita farming methods
Income. If it is US $ 49,300 per annum
they will be classified as rich country and 105. Read the passage given below and answer the
if the per capita income is US$ 2500 per questions followed:
annum it will be called a poor country.
Population trends and dynamics can have
World Bank determines this classification.
an enormous effect on prospects for poverty
104. Read the information about climate-smart reduction and sustainable development.
agriculture and answer the question that Poverty is influenced by – and influences –
follows. population dynamics, including population
growth, age structure, and rural-urban
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an distribution. All of this has a critical impact
approach that helps guide actions to transform on a country’s development prospects and
agri-food systems towards green and climate- prospects for raising living standards for the
resilient practices. CSA supports reaching poor. Investments in better health, including
internationally-agreed goals such as the reproductive health, are essential for
Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris individual security and for reducing mortality
Agreement on climate change. CSA supports and morbidity (the condition of suffering
the Food and Agriculture Organisation from a disease or medical condition), which
Strategic Framework 2022-2031 based on in turn improve a country’s productivity and
the Four Betters: better production, better development prospects.
nutrition, a better environment and a better Questions :
life for all, leaving no one behind. 1. How does investing in improved
Source (edited): Food and Agriculture healthcare infrastructure contribute to
Organisation the reduction of preventable diseases and
Questions : chronic conditions?
1. A CSA expert suggested increased 2. Explain the relationship between
production and consumption of millets in population trends and poverty reduction.
India. Justify their stance. 3. ‘Poverty is influenced by – and influences
2. What is the necessity to think of CSA in – population dynamics, including
India? population growth, age structure, and
3. Suggest two methods through which rural-urban distribution.’ Analyse the
India can shift towards CSA. statement and highlight the mutual

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in classifying countries. Countries with per is one factor on which our life depends. But
capita income of US $ 12,056 per annum and the quality of our life also depends on non-
above in 2017, are called rich countries and material things mentioned above. If it is not
those with per capita income of US $ 955 or obvious to you, then just think of the role of
less are called low-income countries. India your friends in your life. You may desire their
comes in the category of low middle income friendship. Similarly, there are many things
countries because its per capita income in that are not easily measured but they mean
2017 was just US $ 1820 per annum. a lot to our lives. These are often ignored.
However, it will be wrong to conclude that
Groundwater is an example of renewable
what cannot be measured is not important.
resources. These resources are replenished
Consider another example, if you get a job in
by nature as in the case of crops and plants.
a far off place, before accepting it you would
However, even these resources may be overused.
try to consider many factors, apart from
For example, in the case of groundwater, if we
income, such as facilities for your family,
use more than what is being replenished by
working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.
rain then we would be overusing this resource.
In another case, a job may give you less
Questions :
pay but may offer regular employment that
1. What do you mean by economic
enhances your sense of security.
development?
2. Why India comes in the category of low Another job, however, may offer high pay
middle income countries? but no job security and also leave no time
3. Why groundwater is the best example of for your family. This will reduce your sense
renewable resources? of security and freedom. Similarly, for
Ans development, people look at a mix of goals.
It is true that if women are engaged in paid
1. The economic development is the process work, their dignity in the household and
of improving economic well-being and society increases. However, it is also the case
quality of life of a nation, region or local that if there is respect for women there would
community. be more sharing of housework and a greater
2. India comes in the category of low middle acceptance of women working outside. A safe
income countries because its per capita and secure environment may allow more
income in 2017 was just US $ 1820 per women to take up a variety of jobs or run a
annum. business. Hence, the developmental goals that
3. The groundwater is the best example people have are not only about better income
of renewable resources because these but also about other important things in life.
resources are replenished by nature as in Questions :
the case of crops and plants. 1. What do you mean by income?
114. Read the extract and answer the questions 2. Why people seek things like equal
that follows: treatment, freedom, security, and respect
of others?
Besides seeking more income, one-way or 3. Why does job may give you less pay but
the other, people also seek things like equal enhances your sense of security?
treatment, freedom, security, and respect of 4. What are the things people seek for
others. They resent discrimination. All these development?
are important goals. In fact, in some cases,
Ans
these may be more important than more
income or more consumption because material 1. The term income refer to the financial
goods are not all that you need to live. Money, gain occruing over a given time period.
or material things that one can buy with it,

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Ch 16 : Development CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

security and respect of others”. What does Reason : There are medical facilities in the
the given statement signify? state, but people fail to take their children to
(a) Mixed goals are important for people for hospital in time.
development. (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
(b) Common goals are important for people and reason is the correct explanation of
for development. assertion.
(c) Conflicting goals are important for people (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
for development. reason is not the correct explanation of
(d) Similar goals are important for people for assertion.
development. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
Ans OD 2006
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

for development. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

17. Match the following and choose correct 19. Besides seeking more income, one-way or the
option: other, people not seek things like
(a) equal treatment
Problems faced by Some possible
(b) freedom
farming sector measures
(c) security
1. Unirrigated A. a Setting up agro- (d) discrimination
land based mills
Ans Comp 2017
2. Low prices for B. b Cooperative
(d) discrimination
crops marketing
societies 20. Which one among the following is a
3. Debt burden C. c Procurement development goal for the landless rural
of food grains by labourers?
government (a) To get electricity and water.
(b) To educate their children.
4. No job in the D. d Construction
(c) More days of work and better wages.
off season of canals by the
(d) To shift to the cities.
government
Ans Foreign 2005
5. Compelled to E. e Banks to provide
sell their grains credit with low (c) More days of work and better wages
to the local interest
21. If you get a job in a far off place before
traders soon
accepting it you would try to consider-
after harvest
(a) Facilities for the family
(a) 1-A 2-B 3-C 4-D 5-E (b) Job security
(b) 1-D 2-C 3-E 4-A 5-B (c) Opportunity to learn
(c) 1-C 2-D 3-E 4-A 5-B (d) all of these
(d) 1-B 2-C 3-E 4-D 5-A
Ans OD 2016, 2013
Ans Delhi 2010
(d) all of these
(b) 1-D 2-C 3-E 4-A 5-B
22. What is per capita income?
18. Assertion : A state has a per capita income of (a) an indicator to show the living standard
Rs. 225,000 per annum. The infant mortality of men in a country
rate in the state is 2%. So, the state cannot be (b) an indicator to show the living standard
considered a developed state. of ministers in a country

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Questions : 2. Are both the countries equally developed?

1. Calculate the difference in the infant 3. Which country is better and why ?
mortality rate of Punjab and Kerala. Ans
2. Calculate the difference in literacy rate of
Kerala and Bihar. 1. The sum of income of country A is
3. Which state has the lowest HDI and why? = 9500 + 10500 + 9800 + 10000 + 10200
Ans = 50000
The average income is
1. 49 − 11 = 38
2. 91 − 47 = 44% = 50000 = 10000
5
3. Because the Infant Mortality Rate of Similarly, for country B
Bihar is high, i.e., 60, and its literacy
= 500 + 500 + 500 + 500 + 48000
level is low, i.e., 47%, so Bihar has the 5
lowest HDI. = 10000
119. Study the table given below and answer the 2. The national average of income of both
following questions : the countries is the same, however,
country A is more equitably developed
State Per capita income for 2002 - 2003 as the income is equitably distributed. In
(in Rs.) country B, most of the people are poor
Punjab 26000 except one section whose income is 48000.
Kerala 22800 3. Country A is better because the citizens
of country A are equally prosperous.
Bihar 5700
Questions :
1. Which state has the lowest per capita www.nodia.i

income and why?

2. Which state has the highest per capita
income and why?
Ans
1. Bihar has the lowest per capita
income because its literacy rate is low,
health status is also poor and there is
unempolyment in Bihar.
2. Per capita income of Kerala is the highest
because literacy rate is high, there is
better health status and more avenues of
employment.

120. On the basis of the given table answer the

following questions :
COMPARISON OF TWO COUNTRIES
I II III IV V Average
Country A 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200
Country B 500 500 500 500 48000

Questions :
1. Calculate the average income of countries
A and B.

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page 511

CHAPTER
17
Sectors of the Indian Economy

SUMMAR
8. Private Sector : The private sector is owned
and controlled by individuals or a group
of individuals with the objective of profit
1. Sector : A group of particular economic
making.
activities e.g. Primary, Secondary sectors.
9. Public Sector : Public sectors are controlled
2. Service Sector : All kinds of economic
and owned by the government with the aim
activities worth exchange in money, that
of social welfare in general.
cater to human needs and of public utility
10. NREGA, 2005 : Under NREGA 2005, all
within and even outside a country through
those (villagers) who are able to tend in need
interstate and international trade.
of work have been guaranteed 100 days of
3. Occupation : An economic activity known as
employment in a year by the government. If
job, profession, vocation, business etc.
the government fails to provide employment
4. Double Counting : It occurs when we count
it will have to give unemployment allowances
the value of the same commodity more
to the people.
than once. This creates a problem in the
11. Organised Sector : It covers those enterprises
calculation of GDP.
or places of work which are registered by the
5. Intermediate Goods : Those goods which are
government and follow government rules and
used up in production of another good e.g.,
regulations under the Factories Act.
cloth is used up in production of a pair of
12. Un-organised Sector : It covers those small
jeans.
and scattered units which are largely outside
6. Primary Activity : Primary activity includes
the control of the government.
those occupations which are closely related
13. Employment : It is an activity undertaken for
to man’s natural environment. Gathering,
the sake of income in cash or kind.
hunting, fishing, lumbering, animal rearing,
14. Unemployment : It refers to a situation in
farming and mining are some of the important
which all able and willing persons do not get
examples of primary activity.
suitable jobs.
7. Secondary Activity : The occupations which
15. Seasonal Unemployment : Unemployment
produce finished goods by using the products
caused by the change in season.
of primary activities as raw materials
16. Disguised Unemployment : A situation in
are included in the secondary activity.
which more persons are employed on a work
Manufacturing of cloth from cotton, sugar
than are actually required.
from sugarcane and steel from iron-ore are
17. Quarternary Sector : A group of economic
important examples of secondary activities.
activities-that require high intelligence
Tertiary Activity : Tertiary activity consists
and initiation as also thought study upon
of all service occupations. Transport,
three sectors to make them more viable,
communication, trade, health, education and
efficient and productive than these are in
administration are important examples of
existing material form e.g., technical know-
tertiary activity.
how, techniques, framework, road map, re-

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

structurisation etc. This is popularly called 4. Which one of the following activities comes
Research and Development (R & D) sector. under ‘Primary sector’ ?
18. Interdependence : An integral or inseparable (a) Mining (b) Transport
link between or among different units or (c) Education (d) Storage
fractions of the whole in which one remains
Ans � Comp 2021
inert if another is not added to the same. e.g.,
interdependence of the words upon the brain (a) Mining
while writing.
5. Which of the following profession belongs to
19. G.D.P. : Gross Domestic Product – The total
the tertiary sector of economy ?
value of final goods and services produced
(a) Fisherman (b) Farmer
in a year within a country or nation. It
(c) Factory worker (d) Teacher
includes contribution of all sectors (Primary,
Secondary and Tertiary) of economy. Ans SQP 2020

(d) Teacher

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO 6. The employment and non-employment figures

are taken from ____ to study the data.
(a) Real-Time Handbook of Statistics on
1. Which one of the following is an example of
Indian Economy.
organized sector activities?
(b) National Statistical Office (NSSO)
(a) A farmer irrigating his field
(c) NITI Aayog
(b) A handloom weaver working in her house
(d) Statistics information Bureau
(c) A headload worker carrying cement
(d) A teacher taking classes in a government Ans Comp 2020

school (b) National Statistical Office (NSSO)

Ans OD 2024
7. What is the secondary sector?
(d) A teacher taking classes in a government (a) production of a good by exploiting natural
school resources
2. Which one of the following pairs is correctly (b) activities in which natural products are
matched? changed into other forms through ways of
(a) Primary Sector – Money Lender manufacturing
(b) Secondary Sector – Priest (c) activities, by themselves, do not produce
(c) Tertiary Sector – Bank a good but they are an aid or support for
(d) Manufacturing Sector – Gardener the production process.
(d) Mineral excavation
Ans OD 2023
Ans Foreign 2020, 2017
(c) Tertiary Sector – Bank
(b) activities in which natural products are
3. Which one of the following is an activity of changed into other forms through ways of
the unorganized sector? manufacturing
(a) A teacher teaching in a school.
(b) A worker going to work in a big factory. 8. Identify the sector:
(c) A doctor treating patients in a hospital. 1. It provides various things needed by
(d) A daily wage labourer working under a the society as a whole which the private
contractor. sector will not provide at a reasonable
Ans OD 2023 price.
2. The purpose of this sector is not just to
(d) A daily wage labourer working under a
earn profits but to social service also.
contractor.

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3. It creates employment opportunities 11. Choose the incorrect option from the
through creation and expansion of following :
infrastructure
List I List II
4. It controls private monopolies.
Option : (a) Courier Tertiary Sector
(a) Public Sector (b) Fisherman Primary Sector
(b) Tertiary sector
(c) Carpenter Primary Sector
(c) Primary Sector
(d) Private Sector (d) Banker Tertiary Sector
Ans OD 2006 Ans OD 2020

(a) Public Sector (c) Carpenter - Primary Sector

9. Assertion : Employment opportunities in the 12. “Harita attends her office from 9:30 am to
organized sector have been expanding slowly. 5:30 pm. She gets her salary regularly at the
Reason : Many organized sector enterprises end of every month. In addition to the salary,
work in the manner of unorganized sector. she also gets Provident Fund and other
and the organized sectors don’t want to give facilities as per the rules laid down by the
high wages to the workers. Government.”
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, Identify the employment sector in which
and reason is the correct explanation of Harita is working.
assertion. (a) Public Sector
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but (b) Organized sector
reason is not the correct explanation of (c) unorganized sector
assertion. (d) Private Sector
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. Ans Comp 2019
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(b) Organized sector
Ans Delhi 20112

(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and 13. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. 1. Large workers enter unorganized sector.
2. Many organized sector enterprises work
10. From the given option select the functioning in the manner of unorganized sector.
activity of the Tertiary sector. 3. The organized sectors don’t want to give
(a) goods that are produced would need to high wages to the workers.
be transported by trucks or trains and 4. Employment opportunities in the
then sold in wholesale and retail shops organized sector have been expanding
(b) this sector gradually became associated slowly.
with the different kinds of industries Option :
(c) activities in which natural products are (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 3, 1, 4, 2
changed into other forms through ways of (c) 2, 1, 3, 4 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
manufacturing Ans SQP 2008
(d) produce a good by exploiting natural
resources (a) 1, 2, 3, 4

Ans SQP 2020, 2015 14. Assertion : GDP shows how big an economy
(a) goods that are produced would need to be is.
transported by trucks or trains and then sold Reason : GDP is the value of all goods
in wholesale and retail shops and services produced within the domestic
territory of a country in a year.

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

3. Private sector charges high rate for these All activities which do not give any income
services. in return are called non-economic activities.
4. Govt. has to undertake such heavy Example : doing social work, helping the
expenditure and ensure that these poor, going to temple, etc.
facilities are available for everyone.
62. Why should we be worried about the problem
59. Explain with suitable examples that which of underemployment ?
part of the service sector is not growing in Ans Foreign 2020
importance.
1. Underemployment is the situation when
Ans Comp 2023
the people are visibly employed but
1. Unorganised sector or unskilled worker they are actually unemployed. In this
of the service sector is not growing in situation, more people are engaged in
importance. a work than required. That is, they are
2. There are a very large number of workers made to work less than potential. This
engaged in service sector such as small situation is also known as disguised or
shopkeepers, repair persons, transport hidden unemployment.
persons, etc. 2. It is a matter of great worry because
3. Casual workers in urban areas who have lakhs of people are underemployed in
to search for daily employment. They India. This situation is generally found
are employed as printers, plumbers, in agirucltural sector. In addition, it also
repair persons and doing other odd jobs. exists in other sectors such as casual
Many of them don’t find work everyday. workers in the service sector in urban
Sometimes, they may spend the whole areas. If these people work elsewhere, the
day but earn very little. income earned by them would increase
the total income of their families.
60. Classify the following into primary, secondary
and tertiary occupations : 63. What is an organised sector ? Give any three
Mining, sugar mills, banking, lumbering, iron advantages of it.
and steel industry, transportation, doctors, Ans OD 2019
textile mills, animal-rearing.
Organised sector covers those enterprises or
Ans OD 2020
places of work where the terms of employment
1. Primary occupations : Mining, lumbering are regular and therefore, people have assure
and animal rearing. work.
2. Secondary occupations : Iron and steel Advantages of the organised sector :
industry, textile mills, sugar mills. 1. Workers enjoy security of employment.
3. Tertiary occupations : Banking, 2. If they are asked to work for longer hours,
transportation and doctors. they are paid extra money for overtime.
3. They get paid leaves, holidays, provident
61. Differentiate between economic and non- fund and gratuity etc.
economic activities. Give any two points of
difference. 64. Explain the importance of secondary sector
Ans SQP 2020, 2016
in the Indian economy.

All activities that give an income return are Ans Foreign 2011

called economic activities. The importance of secondary sector in the

Example : People going for work in factories, Indian economy :
farms, banks, hospitals, school etc.

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19. The economic activity shown in the picture is 22. In India, contribution of agriculture to GDP
related to which sector? (in percentage terms) has .......... from period
of independence to the current date.
(a) increased
(b) decreased
(c) remained constant
(d) nothing can be said
Ans OD 2018

(b) decreased
(a) Public Sector (b) Private Sector 23. Which of the following statements is correct
(c) Primary sector (d) Secondary Sector with regards to India?
Ans Comp 2010 (a) Tertiary sector contributes the maximum
to GDP.
(d) Secondary Sector
(b) India is basically a socialist economy.
20. Which of the following statements is correct? (c) In India, distribution of income and
(a) Service sector contributes more than half wealth is quite equitable.
of the GDP of India. (d) None of the above
(b) The scope of attracting tourists is limited Ans Delhi 2017
as there is hardly any place of tourist
(a) Tertiary sector contributes the maximum
attraction in India.
to GDP.
(c) As an economy grows, first service sector
grows and then agriculture and industrial
sector grows.
(d) None of the above
Ans OD 2019, 2015 24. Study the picture and answer the question
that follows:
(a) Service sector contributes more than half
of the GDP of India.

21. Assertion : The development of agriculture

and industry leads to the development of
service sector.
Reason : As the primary and secondary
sectors develops, the demand for transport,
storage structures, banks, insurance, etc.,
increases.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but Which of the following aspect best signifies
reason is not the correct explanation of above image?
assertion. (a) Primary Sector
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. (b) Secondary Sector
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (c) Tertiary Sector
Ans Foreign 2010 (d) All of the above
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and Ans OD 2009

reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (a) Primary Sector

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

36. Assertion : Mohan is a shopkeeper who pays

his taxes on time. He has employed two
workers Rakesh and Raghu in his shop. He
pays them well, however, none of the workers
get any paid leaves in the year.
Reason : Rakesh and Raghu are employed in
unorganized sector.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans OD 2015

(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and (a) Employment Rights Act.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) MGNREGA.
If Rakesh and Raghu were employed in (c) Equal Remuneration Act.
organized sector, they would receive benefits (d) Industrial Disputes Act.
such as paid leaves, medical insurance and
pension schemes from the employer. Mohan Ans OD 2012

is not following labour laws as he does not (b) MGNREGA

provide any paid leave to his employees in
the year. 40. The .......... covers activities in which natural
products are changed into other forms through
37. When we produce a good by exploiting ways of manufacturing that we associate with
natural resources, it is an activity of the industrial activity.
(a) Secondary sector (b) Primary sector (a) Secondary sector
(c) Tertiary sector (d) Essential sector (b) Primary sector
Ans Delhi 2005
(c) Tertiary sector
(d) Industries
(b) Primary sector
Ans Comp 2014

(a) Secondary sector

41. Assertion : When calculating the total value

of goods and services produced in a country,
38. Which sector is also called agricultural the value of all goods and services at each
related sector? stage of production should be calculated.
(a) Primary (b) Secondary Reason : At each stage of production some
(c) Tertiary (d) Private value is added to a good or service, therefore,
Ans SQP 2015, 2012 the value added at each stage of production
(a) Primary is added to derive the total value of gods and
services in an economy.
39. Identify the employment act, under which the (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
following activity is given and solely meant and reason is the correct explanation of
for the rural sector: assertion.

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Which of the following aspect best signifies (b) Tertiary sector

above image? (c) Primary Sector
(a) Sugar making (d) Secondary Sector
(b) Jaggery making Ans Delhi 2018
(c) Colour making
(d) Potato boiling (c) Primary Sector

Ans Delhi 2010 35. Complete the following table with correct
(b) Jaggery making information and choose correct option.
Act Full Form Passed Main
32. Assertion : Leela works five days a week,
in year aim
receives her income on the last day of each
month and gets medical facilities from her MGNREGA Mahatma A -.? B -.?
firm. Gandhi
Reason : Leela is working in organized sector. National
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, Rural
and reason is the correct explanation of Employment
assertion. Guarantee
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but Act
reason is not the correct explanation of (a) A- 2000, B-to enhance livelihood security
assertion. in rural areas by providing at least 100
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. days of wage employment in a financial
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. year to every household whose adult
Ans Foreign 2011 members volunteer to do unskilled
manual work
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and
(b) A-2005, B-to enhance livelihood security
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
in rural areas by providing at least 100
33. Which of the following does not come under days of wage employment in a financial
Primary sector? year to every household whose adult
(a) Cotton cultivation members volunteer to do unskilled
(b) Milk production manual work
(c) Fishermen (c) A-2010, B-to down livelihood security in
(d) Priest rural areas by providing at least 100 days
Ans OD 2016
of wage employment in a financial year
to every household whose adult members
(d) Priest volunteer to do unskilled manual work
34. Identify the sector: (d) A-2015, B-to enhance livelihood security
1. It deals with raw materials and their in rural areas by providing at least 100
production. days of wage employment in a financial
2. It includes all those activities the end year to every household whose adult
purpose of which consists in exploiting members volunteer to do unskilled
natural resources. manual work
Ans Comp 2015, 2010
3. also called as agricultural and allied
(b) A-2005, B- to enhance livelihood security
sector services
in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of
4. examples- agriculture, fishing, forestry,
wage employment in a financial year to every
mining, deposits
household whose adult members volunteer to
Option :
do unskilled manual work
(a) Public Sector

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(a) Both assertion and reason are true, The primary The secondary This
and reason is the correct explanation of sector uses sector uses sector uses
assertion. traditional more reliable modern-day
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but techniques methods of logistics
reason is not the correct explanation of and is production methods to
assertion. mostly and is execute its
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. unorganised. organised. functions
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. and is well
Ans Comp 2012 organised.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and This sector It involves B-?
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. consists of manufacturing
forestry, units, large
15. In India, percentage of population employed agriculture firms,
in Agriculture has .......... from period of and mining small scale
independence to the current date. activities. units and
(a) increased multinational
(b) decreased organisations.
(c) remained constant
(d) nothing can be said (a) A-Secondary sector changes one good
into another by building more from it. B-
Ans SQP 2009
It involves dairy, minerals activities.
(b) decreased (b) A-Secondary sector changes one good
into another by building more from
it. B-Insurance trade, Banking and
communications come under this sector.
(c) A-Secondary sector forms the base for
16. Which of these can be an indicator of all other products that we subsequently
economic growth for a country? make. B- It involves houses and buildings
(a) Balance of payment position (d) A-Secondary sector may not directly help
(b) Increase in government spending on in the production of goods. B-Insurance
defence trade, Banking and communications
(c) increase in labour productivity come under this sector.
(d) demographic changes Ans Delhi 2008
Ans OD 2005
(b) A-Secondary sector changes one good into
(c) increase in labour productivity another by building more from it. B-Insurance
trade, Banking and communications come
17. Complete the following table with correct
under this sector.
information and choose correct option.
18. In India, Contribution of Agriculture to GDP
Primary Secondary Tertiary
(in absolute amount terms) has .......... from
Raw A-? This sector period of independence to the current date.
materials for provides (a) increased
goods and services to (b) decreased
services are both the (c) remained constant
provided for primary (d) nothing can be said
the Primary and
Ans OD 2011
Sector. secondary
sector (a) increased

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(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion. assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Foreign 2011 Ans SQP 2019

(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.

42. The sectors are classified into public and 46. Which of the following statements about
private sector on the basis of agricultural sector in the economy of India
(a) employment conditions is/are correct?
(b) the nature of economic activity A. Agricultural growth has reduced poverty
(c) ownership of enterprises of the people locally and, through its
(d) number of workers employed in the external effects, also in many other parts
enterprise of the country.
Ans OD 2012
B. Food and nutrition security in the country
(c) ownership of enterprises has increased substantially.
C. The area of cultivation has increased in
43. As the methods of farming changed and the recent past as agriculture has become
agriculture sector began to prosper, most of a full-time employment for the people,
the goods produced were ____from the which was not so a few years back.
primary sector and most people were also (a) Only A
employed in this sector? (b) Only B
(a) Synthetic products (c) Only C
(b) Involved machines (d) Both A and B
(c) Natural products Ans OD 2006
(d) Mixed products
(d) Both A and B
Ans Comp 2015
(c) Natural products 47. Consider the following statement :
1. Agriculture and related sector is called
44. Arrange the following in the correct sequence: the primary sector of the economy.
1. Transporting cloth to the work shops 2. Primary activities are those which are
2. Sale in shops and showrooms directly produced from natural resources.
3. Spinning the yarn Which of the able statement are correct?
4. Weaving of the fabric (a) Only 1
Option : (b) Only 2
(a) 1, 4, 3, 2 (b) 3, 4, 1, 2 (c) Both 1 and 2
(c) 4, 2, 1, 3 (d) 1, 3, 4, 2 (d) none
Ans Delhi 2020
Ans Foreign 2012
(b) 3, 4, 1, 2 (c) Both 1 and 2

45. Assertion : An individual who manufactures 48. Assertion : There are several goods and
flour from wheat is engaged in primary sector. services that the society needs; however, the
Reason : When some process of manufacturing private sector does not produce all of them.
is used the product is a part of secondary sector. Reason : Private sector is profit driven.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion. assertion.

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

104. What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? 5. Due to Globalization, people have
How do we count the various goods and become more aware of new services like
services for calculating Gross Domestic Transport, Communication because of
Product ? Explain with examples. which Tertiary sector has gained more
Ans Foreign 2005
importance.
6. The sector has a big contribution to the
GDP is the market value of final goods and growth of Indian Economy.
services produced in a country in a year.
1. The final value of goods and services 106. ‘Public sector contributes to the economic
produced in a sector is calculated. development of India.’ Justify the statement.
2. Only the final value of a product or Ans � SQP, 2020 Comp 2021
service is taken into account to avoid
Public sector contributes to the economic
double counting. For example, suppose a
development of India because
farmer sells wheat to a flour, it to a baker
1. It promotes rapid economic development
for Rs. 10 and then baker after converting
through creation and expansion of
it into a bread sells to a consumer for Rs.
infrastructure.
20. Here the final product is bread, so Rs.
2. It creates employment opportunities.
20 should be added not Rs. 8 + Rs. 10 +
3. It generates financial resources for
Rs. 20 = Rs. 38.
development.
3. Similarly, the final value of products or
4. It is ensuring equality of income, wealth
services produced is calculated.
and thus, a balanced regional development
4. The sum total of all the final goods
5. It encourages development of small,
and services produced in all the sectors
medium and cottage industries.
provides GDP.
6. It ensures easy availability of goods at
moderate rates.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIO 7. Contributes to community development,
Human Development Index i.e. health
and educational services.
105. ‘Tertiary sector is playing a significant role in
the development of Indian Economy’. Justify 107. Rohan works in a bank as a clerk while Sumit
the statement. works on a construction site as a labourer.
o Find out the difference in their conditions of
Why is the tertiary sector becoming more work and judge the benefits and drawbacks
important in India ? Explain. of working in the respective sectors.
Ans � OD 2021 SQP, 2022 Ans SQP 2018

Yes , It is true that Tertiary sector is playing Rohan works in the organised sector. He will
a significant role in the development of the thus enjoy security of employment. He will
Country. be expected to work only a fixed number of
1. It provides basic services to the people hours. If he works more, he will have to be
like Transport, Communication, etc. paid overtime by the employer. He will also
2. It provides employment to the large get several other benefits from the employers
number of people. like getting paid leave, payment during
3. The development of Primary and holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc. He is
secondary sector leads to the development supposed to get medical benefits and, under
of tertiary sector. the laws, the bank manager has to ensure
4. As Income level rise, certain sections of facilities like drinking water and. a safe
people start demanding the services like working environment. When he will retire, he
eating out, tourism etc. will get pension as well.

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page 521

Ans Delhi 2010

54. The Kirana shop shown in the picture is Ans Delhi 2005

related to which sector? (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

VERY SHORT QUESTIO

57. Differentiate between organized and

unorganized sectors.
Ans OD 2024

Organized Sector Unorganized Sector

1. Terms of 1. Terms of
employment employment
(a) Public Sector (b) Private Sector
are regular. are scattered
(c) Primary sector (d) Secondary Sector
and depends on
Ans OD 2009 the whims of
(b) Private Sector employer.
2. They are 2. They are largely
55. Assertion : In India, the primary sector is the
registered outside the
largest employer.
by the control of the
Reason : The demand for services has
government. government.
increased enormously.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and 3. They have 3. Rules and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. to follow regulations are
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but rules and not followed.
reason is not the correct explanation of regulations
assertion. such as
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. Factories Act,
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. Minimum
Wages Act etc.
Ans OD 2012
4. They enjoy job 4. There is no job
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
security. security.
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
58. Why has the government taken up the
56. Assertion : Reliance industries is a privately- responsibility of public sector activities in
owned firm. a country like India ? Explain any three
Reason : Government is a major stakeholder reasons.
is reliance industries. Ans Comp 2023
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
1. Because some of these activities need
and reason is the correct explanation of
spending large sums of money.
assertion.
2. Collecting money from thousands of
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
people is not easy.
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

25. Which of the following occupied the highest (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
place in growth rate during the 10th Plan reason is not the correct explanation of
period 2002−2007? assertion.
(a) Agricultural sector (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(b) Service sector (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(c) Industrial sector Ans Foreign 2012
(d) Mining
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
Ans Foreign 2015
(b) service sector 29. The .......... is characterised by small and
scattered units which are largely outside the
26. The share of service sector to GDP in India control of the government.
is showing a/an .......... trend. (a) Primary sector
(a) increasing (b) Organised sector
(b) decreasing (c) Unorganised sector
(c) constant (d) Tertiary sector
(d) none of the above
Ans Comp 2020
Ans SQP 2017, 2011
(a) increasing (c) Unorganised sector

27. Read following table which gives the GDP in 30. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
Rupees (Corers) by the three sectors: 1. Processing of the raw material in the
factory.
Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 2. The carriers take the product of the
market.
3. Raw material is transported to the factory.
2000 52,000 48,500 1,33,500 4. Final product packed and loaded into
carriers.
2013 8,00,500 10,74,000 38,68,000 Option :
What conclusion can we draw from the table? (a) 1, 2, 3, 4
(a) In 2000, the share of primary sector is (b) 3, 1, 4, 2
22.22%. (c) 2, 1, 3, 4
(b) In 2013, the share of secondary sector is (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
18.70%. Ans SQP 2016, 2013
(c) The share of the tertiary sector in the
GDP has increased by 10%. (b) 3, 1, 4, 2
(d) All of the above 31. Study the picture and answer the question
Ans Comp 2022 that follows:
(d) All of the above

28. Assertion : Rakesh is an educated and skilled

worker who earns a high monthly salary as he
is employed in a private bank in a city.
Reason : All service sectors in India are
growing extremely well and each
individual engaged in any kind of tertiary
activity earns a high income.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.

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1. In this sector natural products are use of modern equipments for farming,
changed into other forms through ways of sprinkling of water, precision farming,
manufacturing. etc. are some noticeable changes.
2. The activities of this sector help in the 2. In manufacturing sector, new machines
development of primary and tertiary sectors. and tools are being used in production,
3. All industrial activities are associated factories are expanding. Secondary
with this sector. sector became most important in total
4. The output of this sector makes production and employment.
competition possible in the economy. 3. In service sector, new services are being
included and expanding rapidly. Knowledge
65. Explain the reasons for rising importance of Process Outsourcing has become the
primary sector in the Indian economy. buzzword of this sector.
Ans Delhi 2017
68. Classify the following occupations under
The following are the reasons of importance primary, secondary and tertiary activities.
of primary sector in the Indian economy : 1. Farmer 2. Fisherman
1. It is the base of livelihood of the most of 3. Cashier in Bank 4. Truck Driver
the population. 5. Making a car 6. Making of bricks
2. This sector uses those activities which
Ans SQP 2011
directly using natural resources.
3. It forms the base for all other products 1. Primary activities — Farmer, Fisherman,
that we subsequently make. 2. Secondary activities — Making of bricks,
4. It forms the base for other sectors of the Making a car,
economy. 3. Tertiary activities — Cashier in Bank,
Truck Driver.
66. ‘Economic activities, though grouped
into three different categories, are highly 69. Explain the term GDP. Why are only ‘final
interdependent.’ Discuss. goods and services’ counted in GDP ?
Ans Foreign 2010
Ans SQP 2014
1. GDP is the sum of the money value of
1. Secondary sector uses goods produced in
final goods and services produced in each
primary sector and changes their forms.
sector during a particular year within
For example, sugarcane into sugar.
domestic territory of a country.
2. The tertiary sector provides services like
2. Only the value of final goods and services
transport for transporting sugarcane to
are counted in GDP because the value of
factories or sugar from factories to the
final goods already includes the value of
markets.
all the intermediate goods.
3. Primary sector uses machinery produced
in the secondary sector and services’ in 70. Why can more job be created in the field of
tertiary as well. education? Give any three reasons.
So, they are all interdependent. Ans OD 2007

67. Describe the change in the different sectors of 1. There are about 200 million children
the economy over a period of time. in the school-going age group. Out of
these only about two-third are attending
Ans OD 2018
schools.
1. In farming sector, the methods of 2. Drop out ratio is also high.
farming have changed. Use of chemical 3. Scarcity of schools and teachers is also
pesticides, increased production of cash there.
crop, reduced dependence on rainfall, Therefore, more jobs can be created.

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

irrigation facilities will be helpful in and communication technology have become

growing more than one crop in the important and essential. The production of
year. these services has been rising rapidly.
(ii) Obviously, as we grow more crops,
Questions :
mere income and employment will be
1. What do you understand about the
generated on the same piece of land.
primary sector of an economy?
2. What is the reason behind shift in the
labour force from primary sector to
CASE BASED QUESTIO secondary and tertiary sectors?
3. Briefly define the differences between
primary and tertiary sector.
116. Read the given extract and answer the
Ans
following questions.
1. Primary Sector (or Agriculture sector)
Over the forty years between 1973-74 and includes all those economic activities
2013-14, while production in all the three which are connected with extraction and
sectors has increased, it has increased the most production of natural resources.
in the tertiary sector. As a result, in the year 2. As the economy grows, there is a shift
2013-14, the tertiary sector has emerged as in the labour force from primary sector
the largest producing sector in India replacing to Secondary and tertiary sectors. This
the primary sector. Why is the tertiary sector takes place due to following reasons
becoming so important in India? There could • Increase in demand for goods and
be several reasons. First, in any country services produced by Secondary and
several services such as hospitals, educational Tertiary sectors
institutions, post and telegraph services, police • Improved techniques of production in
stations, courts, village administrative offices, agriculture, leading to less need for
municipal corporations, defence transport, human resources in that area
banks, insurance companies, etc, are required. 3. Primary Sector (or Agriculture sector)
These can be considered as basic services. In includes all those economic activities
a developing country the government has to which are connected with extraction and
take responsibility for the provision of these production of natural resources.
services. On the other hand, Tertiary Sector (or
Second, the development of agriculture and Service sector) is concerned with providing
industry leads to the development of services support services to the primary and
such as transport, trade, storage and the secondary sector and includes transport,
like, as we have already seen. Greater the banking, insurance, warehousing,
development of the primary and secondary communication, advertising, etc.
sectors, more would be the demand for such
services.
Third as income levels rise, certain sections
of people start demanding many more services
like eating out. tourism, shopping, private
hospitals, private schools, professional
training etc. You can see this change quite
sharply in cities, especially in big cities. 117. Read the given extract and answer the
Fourth, over the past decade or so certain new following questions.
services such as those based on information The Government in India buys wheat and

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page 525

2. Export promotion : A large number of 79. Explain the term secondary sector. Why is it
public enterprises has been set-up to called industrial sector ?
promote India’s export. Ans Comp 2010
3. Reduction in regional disparities :
The government sets-up industries 1. (i) The secondary sector covers those
in underdeveloped regions to reduce activities in which natural products
and overcome regional disparities in are changed into other forms through
development. ways of manufacturing that we
associate with industrial activity.
77. Classify the economy on the basis of economic (ii) The secondary sector product is not
activities. How could a person’s activity be produced by nature but has to be made.
placed in the primary, secondary or tertiary So, some process of manufacturing is
sectors ? essential which could be in a factory,
Ans SQP 2017
a workshop or at home. For example,
paper manufacturing from bamboo
1. Primary sector : It includes those activities fibre, sugar manufacturing from sugar
that are undertaken by directly using cane etc.
natural resources. This sector involves 2. This is also called industrial sector because
agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry and this sector gradually became associated
mining activities. For example, the with the different kinds of industries.
cultivation of wheat.
2. Secondary sector : It covers those activities
in which natural or primary products are
changed into other forms through ways
SHORT Answer QUESTIO
of manufacturing. For example, from
bamboo plant, we manufacture paper. 80. Underemployment continues to be rampant
3. Tertiary sector : This sector includes those in the rural areas. Suggest any three ways
activities that help in the development of through which employment for rural people
the primary and secondary sectors. For can be generated.
example, railways, shopkeeper, lawyer, Ans SQP 2020
etc. Employment can be generated for rural
78. Describe the role played by National Rural people in several ways. Three ways in which
Employment Guarantee Act in improving the it can be generated are :
employment situation in India. 1. People can be employed in projects like
construction of dams, canals and roads in
Ans OD 2006
the village.
1. Government of India recently made a 2. If government invests in transport
law implementing the Right to Work. and storage, it can provide productive
It is called National Rural Employment employment to not just farmers but
Guarantee Act, 2005 (NREGA, 2005). also others, such as those in services like
2. All those who are able to work and are transport or trade.
in need of work have been guaranteed 3. Government may encourage and promote
100 days of employment in a year by the location of industries in semi-rural areas
government. where rural people can be engaged
3. If the government fails in its duty and employed. Government can also
to provide employment, it will give open centres to train and give financial
unemployment allowances to the people. assistance to the rural poor to generate
self-employment.

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but Reason : Tertiary sector is the only organized
reason is not the correct explanation of sector in the economy so the government
assertion. spends a lot of money for creating jobs in
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. tertiary sector.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
Ans SQP 2008
and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. reason is not the correct explanation of
49. Which of the statements below are true? assertion.
A. Agriculture accounts for more than half (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
of national income and engages more (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
than half of the population in India. Ans OD 2016
B. Service sector employs around 34% of (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
India’s working population.
C. Industries account for less than 10% of 52. Identify the type of unemployment:
India’s working population. • This refers to a situation where labour
Select the correct option. that is employed in a job is not actually
(a) A and B utilised for the production of goods and
(b) only C services.
(c) A, B and C • Such employment does not contribute
(d) Only B to the output of an economy and is thus
Ans Foreign 2011, 2009
taking to a form of unemployment.
• Example of this type of unemployment- If
(d) Only B a piece of land requires only three people
50. The National Development Fund was created to work on it and instead five people are
by the Government of India a few years ago. working on it
What was the purpose of the fund? • Also called as disguised unemployment
A. To boost investment in social sector Option :
projects to promote education, healthcare, (a) Regular Unemployment
and employment. (b) Hidden Unemployment
B. To make capital investments in selected (c) Under-wage Unemployment
profitable PSEs to yield adequate returns. (d) Unregulated Unemployment
C. To fund revision in the pay structure of Ans SQP 2011, 2005
Central Government employees. (b) Hidden Unemployment
(a) Only A
(b) Only B 53. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(c) Only C 1. Sale of the cloth in the market.
(d) Both A and B 2. Using cotton fibre to make yarn and then
Ans Comp 2018
weave cloths.
3. Transportation of weave cloth to the
(d) Both A and B market.
51. Assertion : In India, over the forty years 4. Farming of cotton plants.
between 1973-74 and 2013-14, while Option :
production in all the three sectors has (a) 1, 2, 3, 4
increased, it has increased the most in the (b) 3, 1, 4, 2
tertiary sector. (c) 2, 1, 3, 4
(d) 4, 2, 3, 1

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3. Industrial unemployment : India is also the dependent children is less. There are
using labour savings devices in industries large number of old people due to greater
like European advanced countries. It has longevity. The working population is
made workers unemployed. more than the dependent population.
4. Educational unemployment : Standard of living and per capita income
Unemployment among the educated is high.
person is posing a great threat to our
country. Lakhs of educated persons are 87. In what way can employment be increased in
unemployed. urban areas ?
o
85. How does public sector contribute in Suggest three ways to create more employment
developing nation? in urban sector.
Ans Comp 2010 Ans Foreign 2020

Three examples are : Remedies to urban unemployment.

(a) Railways : The government has taken this 1. Reforms in the educational system to
up for the following reasons : make it vocational at the school stage.
(i) Only the government can invest large Moreover, habit of self-sufficiency is to be
sums of money on a public project cultivated among them.
with long gestation period. 2. Concrete action will have to be taken to
(ii) To ensure and provide transportation promote decentralisation and dispersal of
at cheap rates. industrial activities.
(b) Electric power generation by NTPC 3. Promotion of small scale industries and
: The government has taken this up to encouragement to self-employment by
provide electricity at a reasonable rate to banks.
consumers. 4. Development of production techniques
(c) AIIMS : To provide quality health that can be implemented with low capital
services at a reasonable rate was the main intensity.
purpose of the government to start this,
besides medical education. 88. How do we calculate the G.D.P. ?
Ans SQP 2019
86. Discuss the impact of growing population
on sectors of economy in developing and We calculate the GDP (Gross Domestic
developed countries. Product) in the following way :
1. The value of goods and services in the
Ans SQP 2017
three sectors (primary, secondary and
1. In the developing countries, the number tertiary) are calculated and then added
of non-working population consisting of up.
children and old people is in excess of 2. The value of final goods and services
working population. This means that each produce in each sector during a particular
person in the working population has to year, provides the total production of the
support a large number of dependent. sector for that year. And the sum of the
There is unemployment among the production in three sectors gives up Gross
youth, as the number of persons seeking Domestic Product or GDP.
employment is increasing faster than the 3. Not every goods or service provided and
number of jobs available. sold require to be calculated. It makes
2. In developed countries the population sense only to include final goods and
is not growing rapidly, the number of services. For example, a farmer sells
youth seeking employment is less, thus wheat to a flour mill for Rs. 8 per kg.
they are able to get jobs. The number of The mill grinds the wheat and sells the

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

71. Mention any three types of benefits which adequate facility for timely delivery of
the workers of organised sector enjoy. seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage
Ans Comp 2021
facilities, etc.
2. Casual workers in small scale industry.
1. Workers in organised sector enjoy security These industries need government’s
of employment. support for procuring raw materials and
2. There is provision of overtime. marketing of output.
3. They get paid leave, payment during 3. Workers from SC, ST and OBC
holiday, provident fund, gratuity, etc. communities find themselves in
4. They get medical benefits and pensions unorganised sector. They get irregular
also. and low paid work. They also face social
72. Do you agree that agriculture is an activity discrimination. The government needs to
of the unorganised sector in India? Give any protect and support them through laws,
four points. ensuring dignity to individuals.
Ans Delhi 2018 75. What is skill development ? How does it help
1. There is no fixed number of working hours. in creating employment ?
The labourers have to work normally for Ans OD 2011
10-12 hours without paid overtime. Skill development is the development of
2. Agriculture labourers get no other a particular skill with proper professional
allowances apart from daily wages. training.
3. Agriculture labourers have no job security. Way to creating employment : A trained
4. Government rules and regulations to person can get employment easily than the
protect the labourers are not followed. non-skilled labour.
73. Explain with suitable examples that which 1. Suppose the government opens new
part of the service sector is not growing in schools to educate people, the teachers
importance. will be required to run the schools.
2. A study conducted by the Planning
Ans OD 2014
Commission estimates that nearly 20
1. The unorganised sector of the service lakh jobs can be created in the education
sector is not growing in importance. sector alone.
2. A large number of workers in small- 3. Similarly, if we have to improve the health
scale industries are casual workers as situation, we need many more doctors,
in construction, trade and transport, nurses, health workers, etc. to work in
vendors and load workers etc. hardly various parts of our country.
manage to earn a living, but still they
are working because they do not have any 76. Explain any three points of importance of
alternative. public sector in our society ?
3. Their earnings are low and not regular. Ans Foreign 2010
4. They are paid a very low salary and their The public sector contributes to the economic
is no job security. development of a nation in following ways :
74. Write two groups of people working in 1. Improving infrastructure : Economic
unorganised sector who are in need of protection. development depends upon the creation
How can the government protect them ? of basic infrastructure such as power,
transportation, communication,
Ans Comp 2019
irrigation, education, etc. Public sector
1. Landless agricultural labourers, marginal enterprises can arrange the large
farmers, etc. need to be supported through investment necessary for economy.

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example, chocolate, biscuit, almirah, 94. What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In
etc. India, which institution measures it ?
(ii) Intermediate goods : These are the o
goods which are used up in producing What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ?
final goods and services. For example, Which organisation in India under-takes the
steel. task of measuring GDP ?
However, some goods may be both. Ans Foreign 2016, 2014
For example, sugar, milk which are
directly consumed but also used to make 1. The sum of production in three sectors
products like chocolate, biscuit, etc. gives Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of
2. While calculating the total production a country. Thus, GDP is the value of all
of the economy, only final goods and final goods and services produced within
services are counted. This is so because a country during a particular year. It
the value of final goods already includes shows the strength of the economy.
the value of all the intermediate goods 2. In India, GDP is measured by a central
that are used in making final goods. For government ministry with the help of
example, if we count the value of sugar various government departments of all
cane, sugar and chocolate separately, the Indian states and union territories.
we would be counting the value of the They collect information relating to total
same things a number of times. First as volume of goods and services and their
sugar cane, then as sugar and finally as prices and then estimates the GDP.
chocolate. That is why, we should count 95. Why is the tertiary sector growing so rapidly
only final good, i.e., chocolate. in India? Explain it with four reasons.
93. How do we count the various goods and Ans Comp 2010

services and know the total production in 1. The development of agriculture and
each sector ? industry leads to the development of
o services such as trade, transport, storage,
How do we count the various goods and etc.
services of each economic sector ? Explain 2. As income levels rise, certain sections
with examples. of people start demanding many
Ans OD 2009 more services like eating out, tourism,
1. We count the value of final goods and shopping, private hospitals, private
services produced in each sector during schools, professional training, etc.
a particular year. This provides the total 3. Over the past decade or so, certain new
production of the sector for that year. services such as those based on information
2. Remarkably, the values of goods and and communication technology have
services are used rather than adding up become important and essential.
the actual numbers. 4. A large number of workers engaged in
3. For example, if 10,000 kg of rice is sold services such as small shopkeepers, repair
at RO5 per kg. the value of rice will be persons, transport persons, etc.
Rs.1,50,000. The value of 10,000 T.V 96. Where are most of the people employed ?
sets at Rs. 10,00 per set will be Rs. Why did not a similar shift out of primary
10,00,00,000. sector happen in case of employment ?
4. Similarly, the value of goods and services
Ans SQP 2005
in the three sectors are calculated and
then added up. 1. The most of the working people are still
employed in primary sector. Though

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Questions :
1. Money or material things that one can 1. How many days of employment in a year
buy with it, is one factor on which our are guaranteed by the Mahatma Gandhi
life depends. But the quality of our life National Rural Employment Guarantee
also depends on non-material things. For Act 2005?
example, we may consider the role of our 2. What does the Gross Domestic Product
friends in our lives, in the form of their (GDP)?
friendship. Similarly, there are many 3. Which sector of economies managed by
things that are not easily measured but the individual or company?
they mean a lot to our lives. Ans
2. A job may give you less pay but may offer
regular employment. This is regarded as 1. 100 days of employment in a year are
sense of security of the job. guaranteed by the Mahatma Gandhi
3. A safe and secure environment may allow National Rural Employment Guarantee
more women to take up a variety of jobs Act 2005.
or run a business. 2. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
4. Promotion with job security. shows how small or big economy is.
3. In the private sector, ownership of assets
122. Read the sources given below and answer the and delivery of services is in the hands of
questions that follows: private individuals or companies.
The central government in India made a law 123. Study the given diagram and answer the
implementing the Right to Work in about 625 questions that follow :
districts of India. It is called Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
2005 (MGNREGA 2005). Under MGNREGA
2005, all those who are able to, and are in need
of work in rural areas are guaranteed 100 days
of employment in a year by the government.
The value of final goods and services produced
in each sector during a particular year provides
the total production of the sector for that year.
And the sum of production in the three sectors
gives what is called the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) of a country. It is the value of 1. Which sector shows the highest increase
all final goods and services produced within a in share of G.D.P. in the given period ?
country during a particular year. 2. Which sector shows the decreasing trend
in the share of its G.D.P. ?
Another way of classifying economic activities
3. Why has the primary sector remained
into sectors could be on the basis of who owns
more important than other sectors in
assets and is responsible for the delivery of
spite of its smaller share in G.D.P. ? Give
services. In the public sector, the government
one reason.
owns most of the assets and provides all the
services. In the private sector, ownership of Ans
assets and delivery of services is in the hands 1. Tertiary sector.
of private individuals or companies. Railways 2. Primary sector.
or post office is an example of the public 3. More than half of the workers in the
sector whereas companies like Tata Iron and country are still working in the primary
Steel Company Limited (TISCO) or Reliance sector.
Industries Limited (RIL) are privately owned.

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page 531

3. Targeted employment generation 4. Working hours are No limitation on

programmes, like skill development ideal. working hours.
programme, etc.
5. Provision for over- No provision
100. Define unorganised sector. What are the time allowance. for over-time
conditions of work in this sector ? allowance.
o 6. Employee benefit No employee
What is an unorganised sector ? Describe the schemes. benefit scheme.
working procedure of this sector.
Ans SQP 2009, 2006 102. Describe any three problems faced by workers
in the unorganised sector.
The unorganised sector includes small and
o
scattered units which are largely outside the
Do you agree that workers are exploited in
control of the government. There are rules
the unorganised sector? Support your answer
and regulations but these are not followed.
with any three arguments.
1. There is no formal process and procedures.
The person is not given any formal letter Ans SQP 2017

by the employer. Jobs are low-paid and 1. This sector does not follow government
often not regular. rules and regulations.
2. There is no job security. People can be 2. Low salary; minimum wages are not fixed
asked to leave any time without any and there is no regular employment.
reason by his employer. There is no fixed 3. There is no provision of overtime, paid
number of working hours. Also, there is leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc.
no provision of overtime. 4. There is no job security. People may be
3. People get daily wages. There is no asked to leave without any reason, or
provision of other benefits apart from when there is less work or on the whim of
daily wages. There is no leave, paid the employer.
holidays or leave due to sickness, etc. 5. Many people work on their own doing
small jobs such as selling on the streets;
101. Explain the difference in employment
they have no safety yet.
conditions in organised and unorganised
sectors. 103. Explain how public sector contributes to the
o economic development of India.
Compare the employment conditions
Ans OD 2005
prevailing in organised and unorganised
sectors. 1. Public sector contributes in providing
economic infrastructure facilities like
Ans Foreign 2018
roads, bridges, railways, etc.
Working conditions Working 2. This sector undertakes railways, shipping,
in organized sector conditions in currency, etc. They help in promoting all
unorganized industries.
Sector 3. It runs educational institutions, hospitals,
water supply, electricity supply which
1. High salaries are Low salaries. is useful in economic development of a
provided. nation.
2. Job security. No job security. 4. Welfare of the people is the main aim of
3. Working conditions Working this sector.
are good. conditions are
poor.

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

flour to a biscuit company for Rs. 10 per natural resources. For the growth of
kg. Biscuit company uses flour, sugar the wheat plant, we depend mainly on
and oil to make the packets of biscuits it natural factors like soil, rainfall, sunshine
sells biscuits in the market to consumer and climate. And the product of this
for Rs. 16 per packet. Now, biscuits are activity, wheat is a natural product.
the final goods, i.e., goods that reach the 2. (i) This sector is called primary sector
customer. because it forms the base for all other
products that we subsequently make.
89. What is National Rural Employment (ii) Since most of the natural products
Guarantee Act, 2005 ? State three measures we get are from agriculture, dairy,
taken under NREGA 2005 to help the rural fishing, and forestry, this sector is also
poor. called agriculture and related sector.
o
Describe the role Played by NREGA in 91. Give the meaning of tertiary sector. How is it
improving the employment situation in different from the other two sectors ? Why is
India., it also called service sector ?
Ans SQP 2018, 2009
o
Service sector in India employs different
The law recently made by the central kinds of people. Explain with example.
government to implement the right to work
in 200 districts which will be extended to 600 Ans Foreign 2012

districts is called National Rural Employment 1. This sector includes those activities that
Guarantee Act, 2005. help in the development of the primary
Following are the three measures taken under and secondary sectors. For example, the
NREGA 2005 to help the rural poor : goods that are produced in the primary
1. This act provides 100 days assured or secondary sector, e.g., wheat or books,
employment every year to every rural would need to be transported by roadways,
households. railways or airways for marketing purposes.
2. One third of the proposed jobs would be Thus, this sector includes transport,
reserved for women. storage, communication, banking,
3. If an applicant is not provided insurance and trade activities.
employ¬ment within fifteen days, he or 2. This sector is different from other two
she will be entitled to a daily employment sectors because primary and secondary
allowance. sectors produce goods but the service
sector activities, by themselves do not
90. What is primary sector ? Why is this sector produce a good but they are an aid or a
called primary sector or agriculture and support for the production process. That
related sector ? is, they help in the development of the
o primary and secondary sectors.
What do you mean by primary sector ? Enlist 3. Since these activities generate services,
any four activities of this sector. this sector is also called the service sector.
Ans OD 2007
92. What is the difference between final goods
1. When we produce a good by exploiting and intermediate goods ? Why are only final
natural resources, it is an activity of goods and services counted to know the total
the primary sector. This sector includes production in each sector of the economy ?
agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry and
mining activities. For example, the Ans Delhi 2017

cultivation of wheat. Wheat is cultivated 1. (i) Final goods : Final goods are those
within a crop season by directly using goods that reach the consumers. For

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Sumit, on the other hand, works in the owns most of the assets and provides all the
unorganised sector which is characterised by services e.g., Railways, post and telegraph.
small and scattered units which are largely Demerits of Private sector :
outside the control of the government. There 1. Activities in the private sector are guided
are rules and regulations but these are not by the motive to earn profits and not
followed. So, his job will be low-paid and welfare of the people.
often not regular. There will be no provision 2. There are several services needed by the
for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due society which the private sector cannot
to sickness, etc. Employment is not secure. provide at a reasonable price. Activities
He can .be asked to leave without any reason like construction of roads, bridges,
when there is less work, such as, during some railways, irrigation through dams, etc.,
seasons. A lot also depends on the whims of require huge amount of money which is
his employer. beyond the capacity of the Private sector.
Private sector charges high rates for the
108. What steps should be taken to create more use of these services.
employment? Explain. 3. It is difficult for the Private sector to
Ans SQP 2015 collect money from thousands of people
1. Education system should be made who use these services.
employment-oriented. Vocational 4. The Private sector sometimes ignores
training should be merged in mainstream regional balanced development, equality
education pattern. of income and development of basic
2. Government should encourage cottage industries.
and small-scale industries, agro-based, 110. How can the workers in the unorganised
handicraft industries, etc. sector be protected ? Explain.
3. Cheap credit should be provided so that o
people may take up new enterprises. Suggest any four ways to protect workers in
4. Labour intensive techniques should be the unorganised sector.
adopted in place of capital intensive
techniques. Ans Foreign 2010, 2007

5. Cheap credit should be provided so that 1. Farmers need to be supported through

people may take up new enterprises. timely delivery of seeds, agricultural
6. Encouraging foreign investments will also inputs, credit marketing, storage facilities.
generate employment. 2. In urban areas, casual workers need
7. Research and development work in all government support for procuring raw
sectors must be promoted to evolve new material.
avenues of generating employment. 3. Small-scale industry also needs support
8. Government should frame policies to for procuring raw material, marketing,
promote business activities to enhance loans at cheap rate.
growth and employment.
4. Implementation of Minimum Wages Act.
9. Sectors like education, health, banking
5. Government should devise schemes for
must be promoted which have huge job
their literacy, skill development, social-
opportunities.
security.
109. Define the term ‘Public sector’. Explain any 6. A Board can be set up for overlooking
three demerits of Private sector. as well as suggesting over the law for
protection of people from unorganised
Ans OD 2011
sector.
Public sector : The Public sector is that sector
of the economy in which the government

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

there has been a change in the share of requires the service of 5 people only
the three sectors in GDP, but a similar but all 9 family members are engaged.
shift has lot taken place in employment. Thus, 4 people are extra. So, these 4
The primary sector continues to be the people are said to be underemployed
largest employer even in the year 2000. or disguisedly employed.
2. There had not been a similar shift out (ii) Apart from agriculture,
of primary sector in case of employment. underemployment also exists in other
This has the following reasons : sectors such as casual workers in the
(i) Secondary sectors did not create service sector in urban areas, e.g.,
enough jobs to absorb people from repair persons, hawkers, the person
primary sector. Though industrial selling something on a cart, etc. They
production went up by 8 times during spend the whole day but earn very
1973 to 2003, employment in the little.
industry went up by only 2.5 times.
(ii) Tertiary sector also did not create 98. Explain the objectives of implementing the
sufficient jobs. The production in the NREGA 2005.
service sector rose by 11 times during o
1973-2003, employment in this sector Write three provisions of National Rural
increased byless than 3 times. Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
(iii)More than half of the workers in the Ans Delhi 2007

country are working in the primary Provisions under NREGA are :

sector. But, they are producing only 1. All those who are able to and are in need
a quarter of the GDP. of work have been guaranteed 100 days of
(iv) There are more people in agriculture employment in a year by the government.
than is necessary. That is, workers in 2. If the government fails in its duty to
agriculture sector are underemployed. provide employment within 15 (lays, it
97. Define underemployment or disguised will give unemployment allowance to the
unemployment with an example. In which people.
sector is this underemployment found ? 3. The types of work that would in future
o help to increase the production from land
Explain what is meant by disguised will be given preference under the Act.
unemployment? Give examples from rural and 4. It promotes decentralisation of planning
urban areas where disguised unemployment and empower panchayats to plan and
exists. execute them.

Ans Comp 2012 99. Suggest three ways in which states or regions
1. (i) Underemployment or disguised can increase their income and employment
unemployment is the situation when opportunities of their people.
the people are visibly employed but Ans OD 2011

actually unemployed. To increase income and employment of

(ii) In this situation, more people are people of a region we will have to identify the
engaged in a work than required. resources that are available in that area and
That is, they are made to work less accordingly plan a mechanism to put into
than their potential. its optimum use. Thus the steps to be taken
2. (i) Underemployment is generally found have to be region specific. Few activities are
in agriculture sector. For example, a 1. Promote tourism.
family of a people has an agricultural 2. Development and promotion of regional
plot where they all find work. The work craft industry.

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time to time to promote and expand and then sells at a lower price through
social and infrastructure services. ration shops.
2. India has adopted new economic 3. There are a large number of activities
policy. Globalisation, liberalisation and which are the primary responsibilities of
internationalism have been followed by the government. For example, education,
Indian Government since last decade of health, security, safe drinking water,
20th century. Due to globalisation and housing facilities, etc. The government
liberalisation there is a great demand of has to spend on them.
Indian experts-doctors, engineers, teachers, 4. It is also the duty of the government to
technicians etc. in other countries. take care of the backward regions of the
3. Due to scientific inventions, new country through increased spending. It
discoveries, arrival of latest technology, has to create employment opportunities.
establishment of multinational Public sector is also necessary for
corporations in India, expansion of service redistribution of income and wealth.
sector is taking place of reasonably good
space. Some Indian business households 115. How can income and employment be
and companies have establish their own increased if farmers are provided with a loan
industry and units in other countries. or irrigation facility? Explain with the help
4. Due to internet services, website, e-mail of an example.
services, mass media, new opportunities o
of employment and promotions are How would a farmer increase his income
informed to the people, several agencies and employment if he is provided with
are working on commission basis to loan, irrigation facilities and means of
provide new job opportunities to service transportation ?
class people. Ans OD 2012

114. Is it necessary to have the public sector ? 1. Loan facility :

Substantiate your answer by examining the (i) As we have seen in the case of Laxmi
role of the government. in our textbook, farmers need seeds,
fertilizers, agricultural equipments
Ans SQP 2006
and pump sets to draw water. Poor
Yes, it is necessary to have the public sector. farmers cannot afford many of these.
This has the following reasons : So, they have to borrow money from
1. Only the government can invest large village moneylenders and pay a high
sums of money on the essential public rate of interest.
projects like roads, bridges, railways, (ii) If they are provided loan to buy these
harbours, electricity, irrigation through inputs at a reasonable rate of interest,
dams, etc.. The government spends huge they can save money given as high
money on them to ensure that these interest and increase their income.
facilities are available for everyone. (iii)If they get loan easily at a reasonable
2. It helps private enterprises. The private rate of interest, they will be able to
sector may not continue their production take second and third crops. In this
without the government’s help. To way, they will be able to increase
encourage private sector small-scale their employment opportunities.
units, the government provides electricity 2. Irrigation facilities :
at the price lower than the actual cost. (i) Water is essential for agricultural
The government buys foodgrains from production. But rainfall, in many
farmers and stores them in its godowns areas, is not only inadequate but
also uncertain. So, in these areas,

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

81. “Tertiary sector activities help in the 3. The well being of the secondary sector
development of the primary and secondary depend on the on the primary sector.
sectors.” Evaluate the statement. This sector generally takes the output
Ans Delhi 2020
of primary sector as raw material to
manufacture finished goods. Flourishing
“Tertiary sector activities help in the primary sector help in the development
development of the primary and secondary of strong secondary and tertiary sectors.
sectors” because of following reasons : All of these sectors are required for the
1. Tertiary sector activities, by themselves, development of the country.
do not .produce any good but they are
an aid or support for the primary and 83. Show how tertiary sector has emerged as the
secondary sectors production process. For largest producing sector in India.
example the transport, trade, storage, Ans SQP 2019
etc. helps the primary, sector industries
like agriculture. Importance of Tertiary Sector :
2. Tertiary sector comprises of several 1. Basic services like hospitals, educational
essential services such as hospitals, institutions, defence, and transport are
educational institutions, post and the part of tertiary sector.
telegraph services, police stations, courts, 2. Development of agriculture and industry
defence, transports, banks, etc. All these leads to the development of services.
are required as a basic service that helps 3. As the income level rises, tourism,
the primary and secondary sectors. shopping, private schools and professional
3. Over the past decade or so, certain new training also expands. People start
services such as those based on information demanding more services, this leads to
and communication technology have the expansion of the tertiary sector.
become important and essential. 3. Information and communication
technology also play an important role in
82. “Primary sector’ was the most important this expansion.
sector of economic activity at initial stages of 4. Large number of workers are engaged in
development.” Evaluate the statement. this sector, as the demand for services
Ans Delhi 2020 , 2015
grow.

“Primary sector was the most important 84. Explain any three types of unemployment
sector of economic activity at initial stages of found in India.
development” because of : Ans OD 2012
1. The history of developed countries
indicates that in the initial stage of Different types of unemployment found in
development, the primary sector was India are as under :
the most important sector of economic 1. Disguised unemployment : Disguised
activities. As the methods of farming unemployment exists when Marginal
changed and agriculture sector began to Physical Productivity (MPP) of labour is
prosper, it started producing much more zero or sometimes it becomes negative. In
food than before and most people were India, disguised unemploy-ment is 25% to
also employed in this sector. 30%.
2. Primary sector is still the largest economic 2. Seasonal unemployment : Agriculture
sector and plays a significant role in the is a seasonal industry and India has an
overall socio-economic development of agrarian economy. Therefore, seasonal
the country. unemploy¬ment exists in India among
166 lakhs people.

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rice from farmers at a ‘fair price’. This it Private Sector Public Sector
stores in its godowns and sells at a lower
price to consumers through ration shops. The (i) Private sector Public sector
government has to bear some of the cost. In this organisations organisations
way, the government supports both farmers are owned, are owned,
and consumers. There are a large number of controlled and controlled and
activities which are the primary responsibility managed by managed by the
of the government. The government must individuals government or
spend on these. Providing health and groups or other state-run
education facilities for all is one example. business entities. bodies.
Running proper schools and providing quality (ii) The main The main
education, particularly elementary education, motive of these motive of these
is the duty of the government. India’s size of organisations organisations
illiterate population is one of the largest in is to earn is to engage in
the world. Similarly, we know that nearly half profits from activities that
of India’s children are malnourished and a their business serve the general
quarter of them are critically ill. The infant operations. public.
mortality rate of Odisha (40) or Madhya
118. Read the given extract and answer the
Pradesh (48) is higher than some of the
following questions.
poorest regions of the world. Government also
needs to pay attention to aspects of human
development such as availability of safe Another way of classifying economic activities
drinking water, housing facilities for the poor into sectors could be on the basis of who owns
and food and nutrition. It is also the duty of assets and is responsible for the delivery of
the government to take care of the poorest and services. In the public sector, the government
most ignored regions of the country through owns most of the assets and provides all the
increased spending in such areas. services. In the private sector, ownership of
Questions : assets and delivery of services is in the hands
1. Why is there a need of public sector in an of private individuals or companies.
economy? Railways or post office is an example of the
2. Give some examples of public sector. public sector whereas companies like Tata
3. Differentiate between the private and Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO)
public sectors. or Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) are
Ans privately owned.
1. There are several things needed by the Activities in the private sector are guided by
society as a whole but which the private the motive to earn profits. To get such services
sector will not provide at a reasonable we have to pay money to these individuals and
cost. The private sector may not continue companies.
their production or business unless
government encourages it. The purpose of the public sector is not just
2. Providing health and education facilities to earn profits. Governments raise money
for all is one example. Running proper through taxes and other ways to meet expenses
schools and providing quality education, on the services rendered by it.
particularly elementary education, is the
Modern day governments spend on a whole
duty of the government.
range of activities. There are several things
3. Difference between the private and public
needed by the society as a whole but which the
sectors.
private sector will not provide at a reasonable

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

111. Differentiate between sectors on the basis of 1. As the methods of farming changed and
ownership with examples. the agricultural sector started to prosper,
o it produced much more food than before.
Distinguish between public and private 2. Several people could now take up other
sectors giving at least two examples from activities. Infact buying and selling
each sector. activities increase many time in primary
o sector.
Differentiate between the public and private 3. However, at this stage most of the goods
sectors on the basis of assets and services. produced from natural products from the
Give at least one example from each sector. primary sector and most people working
Ans OD 2019
employed in this sector.
Historical changes in secondary sector:
Public Sector Private Sector 1. Over a long time, and specially because
1. Most of the assets Assets are owned new methods of manufacturing work
are owned by the by private introduced, factories came up and started
government. individuals. expanding day by day.
2. Some of those people who had earlier
2. All the services are Services are
worked on farms now began to work in
provided by the provided or are
factories or mills at cheap rate By and
Government. in the hands of
by secondary sector became the most
individuals.
important sector in the total production
3. Activities of public Activities are and employment.
sector are guided guided by the Historical changes in the tertiary sector :
by the interest of motive to earn 1. In the passed more than 100 years, there
the nation as a profit. have been a further shift from secondary
whole. to tertiary sector in developed countries.
4. Employees feel Jobs of the 2. The service sector have became the most
secured and there employees are important in terms of total production.
is discipline and less secured and 3. Most of the working people are also
regular work. the whims of the employed in the service sector and this is
owners are above the general pattern observed in developed
all. countries.
5. Government raises To get such 113. Why has tertiary sector becomes the largest
money through services we have producer in India over the last 30 years ?
taxes and other to pay money. Explain four reasons.
ways. o
6. For example, For example, Why is the tertiary sector growing so rapidly
‘Railways or Post TISCO, Reliance in India? Explain it with four reasons.
Office. industries. Ans SQP 2010

Tertiary sector has becomes the largest

112. What historical changes have been brought
producer in India over the last 30 years due
about in the primary, secondary and tertiary
to many reasons. Out of these four reasons
sectors ?
are explained below :
Ans Delhi 2007 1. The Government of India as well as of
Historical changes in primary sector : state and local levels are encouraging this
sector directly or indirectly. Huge funds,
grants and donations are provided from

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120. Study the given sources and answer the 121. Read the extract and answer the questions
questions that follows: that follow:
Over the thirty years between 1973 and 2003, Money or material things that one can buy
while production in all the three sectors with it, is one factor on which our life depends.
has increased, it has increased the most in But the quality of our life also depends on non-
the tertiary sector. As a result, in the year material things mentioned above. If it is not
2003, the tertiary sector has emerged as the obvious to you, then just think of the role of
largest producing sector in India replacing the your friends in your life. You may desire their
primary sector. friendship. Similarly, there are many things
that are not easily measured but they mean
Every state or region has potential for a lot to our lives. These are often ignored.
increasing the income and employment for However, it will be wrong to conclude that
people in that area. It could be tourism, or what cannot be measured is not important.
regional craft industry, or new services like
IT. Some of these would require proper Consider another example. If you get a job in
planning and support from the government. a far-off place, before accepting it you would
For example, a study by the Planning try to consider many factors, apart from
Commission says that if tourism as a sector income, such as facilities for your family,
is improved, every year we can give additional working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.
employment to more than 35 lakh people. In another case, a job may give you less pay but
may offer regular employment that enhances
Workers in the organised sector enjoy your sense of security. Another job, however,
security of employment. They are expected to may offer high pay but no job security and also
work only a fixed number of hours. If they leave no time for your family. This will reduce
work more, they have to be paid overtime your sense of security and freedom. Similarly,
by the employer. They also get several other for development, people look at a mix of
benefits from the employers. What are these goals. It is true that if women are engaged
benefits? They get paid leave, payment during in paid work, their dignity in the household
holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc. They and society increases. However, it is also the
are supposed to get medical benefits, and, case that if there is respect for women there
under the laws, the factory manager has to would be more sharing of household work
ensure facilities like drinking water and a safe and a greater acceptance of women working
working environment. When they retire, these outside. A safe and secure environment may
workers get pensions as well. allow more women to take up a variety of jobs
Questions : or run a business. Hence, the developmental
1. Which sector has the highest share in the goals that people have are not only about
year 2003? better income but also about other important
2. How to create more employment in rural things in life.
areas? Questions :
3. Write any two benefits of organised sector 1. “It will be wrong to conclude that what
employees. cannot be measured is not important.”
Ans Explain the statement in the context of
development.
1. Tertiary sector.
2. What do you mean by the term ‘Job
2. Focusing on tourism and regional craft
Security’ ?
industry.
3. What is the role of a safe and secure
3. They get paid leave, payment during
environment in case of women?
holidays, provident fund, gratuity, and
4. What can be a development goal for an
medical benefits.
employee?

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

cost. etc. Employment is not secure. People can be

Questions : asked to leave without any reason. When there
1. On what basis the bifurcation of public is less work, such as during some seasons,
and private sector takes place? some people may be asked to leave. A lot also
2. Define the reason behind counting the depends on the whims of the employer. This
railways and post office as a public sector. sector includes a large number of people who
3. Why public sector is needed in our are employed on their own doing small jobs
country? such as selling on the street or doing repair
Ans
work. Similarly, farmers work on their own
1. The bifurcation of publig and private and hire labourers as and when they require.
sector is based on who owns the assets
More than half of the workers in the country
and is responsible for delivery of services.
are working in the primary sector, mainly in
2. Railways and post office are counted in
agriculture, producing only a quarter of the
public sector due to
GDP. In contrast to this, the secondary and
• Railways is owned by the government
tertiary sectors produce three fourth of the
and not by any private individual.
products whereas they employ less than half of
• Government is responsible for the delivery
the people. Does this mean that the workers in
of various services through post offices.,
agriculture are not producing as much as they
3. Public Sector is needed in India due to
could? What it means is that there are more
• Public Sector spends in different activities
people in ag-riculture than is necessary. So,
that are needed by the society which
even if you move a few people out, production
private sector cannot provide.
will not be affected. In other words, workers
• Private sector will not provide services
in agricultural sector are underemployed.
at reasonable price, so public sector is
Question :
needed.
1. This means that the importance of the
sectors had changed. Which sector has
119. Study the sources given below and answer
lost its prior importance?
the questions that follows:
2. Why do most people engage in
Over a long time (more than hundred unorganized sector in spite of it’s bad
years), and especially because new methods working conditions?
of manufacturing were introduced, factories 3. “What it means is that there are more
came up and started expanding. Those people people in agriculture than is necessary.
who had earlier worked on farms, now began So, even if you move a few people out,
to work in factories in large numbers. People production will not be affected”. What
began to use many more goods that were type of employment or unemployment
produced in factories at cheap rates. Secondary situation is referred by this statement?
sector gradually became the most important in Ans
total production and employment. Hence, over
time, a shift had taken place. This means that 1. Primary sector.
the importance of the sectors had changed. 2. Because the opportunity to work in
organized sector is very less in India.
The unorganised sector is characterised by Again, engagement in that sector involves
small and scattered units which are largely more human resource, which is also very
outside the control of the government. There less here.
are rules and regulations, but these are not 3. Disguised unemployment.
followed. Jobs here are low-paid and often not
regular. There is no provision for overtime,
paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness

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124. Study the graph given below and answer the 2. Which was the largest producing sector
following questions : in 2003 ?
3. Which sector has grown the most over
thirty years ?
4. What was the GDP of India in 2003 ?
Ans
1. Primary sector,
2. Tertiary sector,
3. Tertiary sector,
4. Rs 210,000 crore.

126. Read the extract and answer the questions

that follows:
Questions :
There are many activities that are undertaken
1. Which was the largest producing sector
by directly using natural resources. Take, for
in 1973 ?
example, the cultivation of cotton. It takes
2. Which was the largest producing sector
place within a crop season. For the growth
in 2003 ?
of the cotton plant, we depend mainly, but
3. How much percent is the contribution of
not entirely, on natural factors like rainfall,
secondary sector to total GDP in 2003 ?
sunshine and climate. The product of this
4. What is the approximate share of
activity, cotton, is a natural product.
tertiary sector in GDP (%) in 1973 ?
Similarly, in the case of an activity like
Ans dairy, we are dependent on the biological
1. Primary sector process of the animals and availability of
2. Tertiary sector fodder etc. The product here, milk, also
3. 24% approximately is a natural product. Similarly, minerals
4. 35% approximately and ores are also natural products. When
we produce a good by exploiting natural
125. Study the graph given below and answer the resources, it is an activity of the primary
following questions : sector. This is because it forms the base
for all other products that we subsequently
make. Since most of the natural products
we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing,
forestry, this sector is also called agriculture
and related sector. The secondary sector
covers activities in which natural products
are changed into other forms through ways
of manufacturing that we associate with
industrial activity. It is the next step after
primary sector activities if the product is
not produced by nature but has to be made
and therefore some process of manufacturing
is essential. After primary and secondary
sector activities there is a third category
of activities that falls under tertiary sector
Questions :
and is different from the above two. These
1. Which was the largest producing sector
are activities that help in the development
in 1973 ?

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Ch 17 : Sectors of the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

of the primary and secondary sectors. These Worker in Different Sectors (in Millions)
activities, by themselves, do not produce a
good but they are an aid or a support for the Sector Organised Unorganised Total
production process. For example, goods that Primary 2 242
are produced in the primary or secondary Total % 7% 93 % 100%
sector would need to be transported by trucks
or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail
shops. Questions :
Questions : 1. What is the number of persons engaged
1. What do you understand by primary in the unorganized sector?
sector? What is the other name of primary 2. Which is the most important sector that
sector? provides the most jobs to the people?
2. What do you understand by secondary 3. How many workers are working in the
activities? tertiary sector ?
3. What do you understand by tertiary 4. Which organised sector is most important
activities? What is the other name for and why ?
tertiary sector? Ans
Ans 1. We complete the table by doing calculation
1. When we produce a good by exploiting as given below.
natural resources, then it is called the Worker in Different Sectors (in Millions)
primary sector. Primary sector is also
Sector Organised Unorganised Total
known as agriculture sector.
2. When the natural products are changed Primary 2 240 242
into other forms by ways of manufacturing Secondary 9 54 63
then it is called as secondary activities. Tertiary 17 76 93
3. The activities that help in the development Total 28 370 398
of the primary and secondary sectors is
Total % 7% 93 % 100%
called as a tertiary activities. The other
name for the tertiary sector is service sector. The number of people engaged in the
unorganized sector is 370 million.
127. Read the source given below and answer 2. Primary sector is the most important
questions hat follow by choosing the most sector that provides the most jobs to the
appropriate option: people?
The table above shows the estimated number 3. 93 million.
of workers in India in the organized and 4. Tertiary sector is most important
unorganized sectors. Read the table carefully. organised becuse more workers are here
Fill in the missing data and answer the than any other organized sector.
questions that follow. www.nodia.i

Worker in Different Sectors (in Millions)

Sector Organised Unorganised Total
Primary 2 242
Secondary 9 54 63
Tertiary 76
Total 28 398

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CHAPTER
18
Money and Credit

SUMMAR
12. Monetary System : A system of exchange in
which every good or service is sold against
money and in return for money another good
1. Money : Anything that is generally acceptable
or service can be purchased.
as a means of exchange and at the same time
13. Collateral : An asset that the borrower owns
acts as a measure and store of value.
and uses as a guarantee to a lender until the
2. Barter System : The system of exchanging
loan is repaid.
goods is known as the barter system.
14. Bank Rate : It is the rate at which Central
3. Credit : (Loan) refers to an agreement in
Bank of a country lends money to its member
which the lender supplies the borrower with
banks.
money, goods or services in return for the
promise of future payment.
4. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) : Banks always
keep some part of the total amount deposited MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
as cash reserve to meet the needs of the
depositors. That part of the total deposits
which the bank keeps with itself in the cash 1. Look at the given picture carefully and infer
form is called the Cash Reserve Ratio. the income of the bank.
5. Double Coincidence of Wants : It means both
parties, i.e., the buyer and the seller have to
agree to sell and buy each others commodities.
6. Formal Lender Resources : These include
those resources which are controlled by the
government. Banks and cooperatives fall into
the formal category.
7. Informal Lender Resources : These include
Choose the correct option from the following.
moneylenders, traders, relatives and friends.
(a) The difference between the amount
8. Medium of Exchange : When money acts as
deposited and borrowed by the bank to
an intermediate in the exchange process, it is
Reserve Bank of India
called as medium of exchange.
(b) The difference of amount of interest
9. Currency : It is modern form of money like
between what is charged from borrowers
paper notes and coins.
and what is paid to depositors
10. Cheque : A cheque is a paper instructing
(c) The difference of interest rate between
the bank to pay a specific amount from the
what is charged from borrowers and what
person’s account to the person in whose name
is charged from depositor
the cheque has been issued.
(d) The difference between the amount
11. Demand Deposits : Demand deposit is that
deposited by the depositor and borrowed
deposit in the bank accounts which can be
by the borrower
withdrawn on demand any time.

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STANDARD BASIC SCIENCE
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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans OD 2024 Ans SQP 2021

(b) The difference of amount of interest (d) Asset as guarantee for loan
between what is charged from borrowers and
what is paid to depositors 6. The exchange of goods with a commodity is
known as :
2. Why do lenders often require collateral before (a) Double coincidence of wants
lending loan? Choose the most suitable option (b) Local trade
from the following. (c) Domestic trade
(a) To lower interest rates for borrowers (d) Foreign trade
(b) To establish personal relations Ans Comp 2021
(c) To increase their profit margins
(d) To mitigate the risk of loan default (a) Double coincidence of wants

Ans OD 2024 7. Which one of the following mediums of

(d) To mitigate the risk of loan default exchange is convenient ?
(a) Money
3. Who among the following takes the decision (b) Commodity
regarding saving and loan activities in the (c) Gold
Self Help Groups (SHGs)? (d) Silver
(a) Manager of a Bank Ans Comp 2021
(b) Members of Non-Governmental (a) Money
Organisation (NGO)
(c) Local Money Lenders 8. Which of the following authorities of India
(d) Members of Self-Help Group (SHG) issues currency notes on behalf of the Central
Ans OD 2023
Government ?
(a) The State Bank of India
(d) Members of Self-Help Group (SHG) (b) The Reserve Bank of India
4. Most of the agricultural labourers like Mohan (d) The Allahabad Bank
depend upon loans from informal sector. (d) The Punjab National Bank
Which of the following statements about this Ans Comp 2021

sector is correct – (b) The Reserve Bank of India

(a) There are government bodies to supervise
informal sector. 9. Which one of the following is a formal source
(b) Money lenders ask for a reasonable rate of loan ?
of interest. (a) Relatives
(c) Cost of informal loans to the borrower is (b) Landlord
quite high. (c) Bank
(d) Money lenders use fair means to get their (d) Friend
money back. Ans Comp 2021

Ans SQP 2021 (c) Bank

(c) Cost of informal loans to the borrower is 10. Which one of the following options provides
quite high. assured payment ?
(a) Voucher
5. Which one of the following options describe
(b) Demand Deposit
‘Collateral’ ?
(c) Cheque
(a) Double coincidence of wants
(d) Collateral
(b) Certain products for barter
(c) Trade in barter Ans Comp 2020

(d) Asset as guarantee for loan (b) Demand Deposit

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11. Find the incorrect option : 15. A porter making pots, wants to exchange
(a) Demand deposit share the essential pots for wheat. Luckily, he meets a farmer
features of money. who has wheat and is willing to exchange it
(b) With demand deposit payments can be for the pots. What is this situation known
made without cash. as?
(c) Demand deposits are safe way of money (a) Incidence of wants
transformation. (b) Double coincidence of wants
(d) Demand deposit facility is like cheque. (c) Barter system of wants
Ans SQP 2020
(d) None of the above

(d) Demand deposit facility is like cheque. Ans OD 2015

(b) Double coincidence of wants

12. Rita has taken a loan of 7 lakhs from the
bank to purchase a car. The annual interest 16. Identify the biggest problem faced by the
rate on the loan is 14.5 per cent and the small farmers during cultivation season:
loan is to be repaid in 3 years in monthly
instalments. The bank retained the papers
of the new car as collateral, which will be
returned to Rita only when she repays the
entire loan with interest.
Analyse the loan information given above,
considering one of the following correct
option :
(a) Mode of re-payment
(b) Terms of credit
(c) Interest on loan
(d) Deposit criteria
Ans SQP 2020

(b) Terms of credit

13. Which among the following issues currency (a) lack of Government Support and
notes on behalf of the Central Government ? Subsidies.
(a) State Bank of India (b) Debt trap from the money lenders
(b) Reserve Bank of India (c) Small piece of land
(c) Commercial Bank of India (d) Lack of using modern mode of cultivation
(d) Union Bank of India
Ans Comp 2016
Ans OD 2020
(b) Debt trap from the money lenders
(b) Reserve Bank of India
17. The problem of similar wants made exchange
14. A system where goods were exchanged difficult, so a new medium of exchange was
without using money is batter known as developed known as
(a) goods system (a) capital
(b) exchange system (b) cost
(c) barter system (c) rent
(d) no-money system (d) money
Ans SQP 2018, 2013
Ans Foreign 2011
(c) no-money system (d) money

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

18. Assertion : The modern currency is used as 21. Modern forms of money include which of the
a medium of exchange; however, it does not following?
have a use of its own. (a) Currency notes and coins
Reason : Modem currency is easy to carry (b) Cowrie shells and stones
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, (c) Gold and silver coins
and reason is the correct explanation of (d) Grains and cattle
assertion. Ans OD 2008
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of (a) Currency notes and coins
assertion. 22. What is the most important function of
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. money?
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) Used in banking transactions
Ans OD 2010, 2008 (b) Payment of loans
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but (c) Medium of exchange
reason is not the correct explanation of (d) Stock market exchange
assertion. Ans Comp 2010

19. Read the information given below and select (c) Medium of exchange
the correct answer:
23. Identify the kind of such groups present in
Rajaram is a landlord who grants loan. to
some part of rural India.
farmers for sowing new crops and purchasing
farm inputs. He grants the loan at a higher
rate of interest. If the farmer fails to repay
the loan, he has to work on Rajaram’s field
as a bonded labour. Also, a farmer cannot
get another credit till the time he had cleared
his previous dues. Which of the following
Rajaram is offering?
(a) Informal sector credit
(b) Formal sector credit
(c) Banking credit
(d) Community credit
Ans SQP 2018

(a) Informal sector credit (a) Self Help groups

(b) Panchayats
20. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(c) Small rural banks
1. Banks give loans to borrowers
(d) Women empowerment movements
2. Banks keep a small amount of the deposits
as cash Ans OD 2005

3. Banks deposit the savings from lenders (a) Self Help groups
4. Banks pay interest to the lenders
Options : 24. Assertion : The facility of demand deposits
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1 makes it possible to settle payments without
(b) 3, 4, 2, 1 the use of cash.
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 Reason : Demand deposits are paper orders
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 which make it possible to transfer money
from one person’s account to another person’s
Ans Delhi 2011
account.
(b) 3, 4, 2, 1

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(a) Both assertion and reason are true, Options :

and reason is the correct explanation of (a) 1, 4, 2, 3
assertion. (b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but (c) 3, 4, 2, 1
reason is not the correct explanation of (d) 1, 3, 2, 4
assertion. Ans SQP 2008
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) 1, 4, 2, 3

Ans Delhi 2018

28. A person can withdraw money by issuing a
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. cheque. What is a cheque?
(a) Loan taken by the bank.
25. Raghav has surplus money so he opens a (b) Loan taken by the depositor from the
bank account and deposits in it. Whenever bank.
he needs money. he can go to his bank and (c) Paper instructing the bank to pay a
withdraw from there. This kind of deposit specific amount.
with the banks are known as (d) Paper valid to withdraw money
(a) demand deposit
Ans OD 2014
(b) term deposit
(c) fixed deposit (c) Paper instructing the bank to pay a
(d) surplus deposit specific amount.
Ans Foreign 2011
29. Assertion : Banks keep only a small proportion
(a) demand deposit of their deposits as cash with themselves.
26. Read the given data and find out which Reason : Banks in India these days hold
country has most equitable distribution of about 15 per cent of their deposits as cash.
income. (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of
Countries Monthly Income of Citizens in four Countries in 2018
assertion.
Citizen Citizen Citizen Citizen Citizen Average
I II III IV V (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
Country 10,500 11,200 10,800 11,000 10,700 10,840 reason is not the correct explanation of
A assertion.
Country 600 5,000 600 600 600 1,480 (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
B
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Country 550 10,500 400 7,500 2000 4,190
C
Ans Comp 2005
Country 800 4,800 700 5,000 750 2,410
D (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
(a) Country A reason is not the correct explanation of
(b) Country B assertion.
(c) Country C 30. What is the most important function of the
(d) Country D banks?
Ans OD 2012 (a) Accept deposits and extend loans.
(a) Country A (b) Give loans to government.
(c) Open as many bank accounts as possible.
27. Arrange the following in the correct sequence (d) Give loans to businesses.
1. Commodity money
Ans SQP 2010
2. Paper notes and coins
3. Bank money and digital payments (a) Accept deposits and extend loans.
4. Metallic coins.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

were used as money earlier, modern currency day. Since, on any particular day, only some
is not made of precious metals such as gold, of its many depositors come to withdraw cash,
silver and copper. And unlike grain and cattle, the bank is able to manage with this cash.
they are neither of everyday use. The modern
Banks use the major portion of the deposits
currency is without any use of its own.
to extend loans. There is a huge demand for
Then, why is it accepted as a medium of loans for various economic activities. Banks
exchange? It is accepted as a medium of make use of the deposits to meet the loan
exchange because the currency is authorised requirements of the people. In this way, banks
by the government of the country. mediate between those who have surplus funds
(the depositors) and those who are in need of
In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues
these funds (the borrowers). Banks charge a
currency notes on behalf of the central
higher interest rate on loans than what they
government. As per Indian law, no other
offer on deposits.
individual or organisation is allowed to issue
currency. Moreover, the law legalises the use The difference between what is charged from
of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot borrowers and what is paid to depositors is
be refused in settling transactions in India. their main source of income.
No individual in India can legally refuse a Questions :
payment made in rupees. Hence, the rupee is 1. How do banks act as mediator between
widely accepted as a medium of exchange. the funds supplier and needy persons?
Questions : 2. What is the profit source of banks?
1. What are the modern forms of money? 3. Why people prefer to save funds in banks?
2. Why is money accepted as a medium of 4. In the extract, what two functions of
exchange? banks are found?
3. What is the major function of RBI? Ans
4. Can any individual in India legally refuse
a payment made in rupees? 1. Banks accept deposits from the funds
supplier i.e., public and make use of the
Ans deposits to meet the loan requirements of
1. Paper notes and coins the people i.e., needy persons.
2. Money is accepted as a medium of exchange 2. The difference between what is charged
because the currency is authorised by the from borrowers and what is paid to
government of the country. depositors is their main source of profit
3. Issuing currency notes on behalf of the of banks.
central government. 3 Because they feel safe to do so.
4. No individual in India can legally refuse a 4. Accepting deposits from public and
payment made in rupees. advancing loans to needy persons.

133. Read e extract and answer the following : 134. Read the extract and answer the questions
that follow :
What do the banks do with the deposits which
they accept from the public? There is an Ford Motors, an American company, is one of
interesting mechanism at work here. Banks the world’s largest automobile manufacturers
keep only a small proportion of their deposits with production spread over 26 countries of
as cash with themselves. For example, banks the world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995
in India these days hold about 15 per cent of and spent < 1700 crores to set up a large plant
their deposits as cash. This is kept as provision near Chennai. This was done in collaboration
to pay the depositors who might come to with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian
withdraw money from the bank on any given manufacturer of jeeps and trucks. By the year

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39. Assertion : Banks charge a higher interest rate

on loans than what they offer on deposits.
Reason : The difference between what is
charged from borrowers and what is paid to
depositors is their main source of income.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but (a) The ancient system of economic activity
reason is not the correct explanation of (b) The barter system
assertion. (c) Non-economic based activities
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. (d) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. Ans SQP 2019

Ans Comp 2013 (d) both (a) and (b)

(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and 43. Assertion : Collateral is an asset that the
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. borrower owns (such as land, building,
40. Which of the following is not a feature of Self vehicle, livestock, deposits with banks) and
Help Groups (SHGs)? uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the
(a) It consists of 15-20 members or more. loan is repaid.
(b) Here members pool their savings which Reason : Collateral is given as the lender can
acts as collateral. sell the collateral to recover the loan amount
(c) Loans are given at nominal rate of if the borrower fails to repay the loan.
interest. (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
(d) It is an informal source of credit. and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
Ans OD 2007
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
(d) It is an informal source of credit. reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
41. Ram and Shyam are small farmers. Ram has
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
taken credit 1.5% per month on < 20000 from (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
a trader while Shyam has taken credit at 8%
Ans OD 2017
per annum from bank on the same amount.
Who is better off? (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and
(a) Ram is better because he has to do no reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
paperwork.
44. Identify the bank:
(b) Shyam is better because his interest
• Which has the presence in neighbour
payment is less.
country of India.
(c) Ram is better because he has not paid
• Started in 1970s.
any collateral.
• Most of the borrower are women.
(d) Both Ram and Shyam are equal so no one
• Professor Muhammad Yunuswas the
is better off.
founder of this bank.
Ans Foreign 2020
Option :
(b) Shyam is better because his interest (a) National Bank Of Bangladesh
payment is less. (b) Grameen Bank Of Bangladesh.
(b) Rural Bank Of Bangladesh.
42. Observe the following picture cautiously (b) State Bank Of Bangladesh.
which depicts about.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Comp 2012, 2009

(c) Reduce- as amount equivalent to his
(b) Grameen Bank Of Bangladesh. salary is being counted as monthly
repayment.
45. Arrange the following in the correct sequence: (d) Be totally repaid- as he is repaying the
1. Barter system debt in the form of physical labour.
2. Legal currency
3. Banking system Ans SQP 2021

4. Medium of exchange in transactions (a) Increase- because of increasing interest

Options : and non-payment of monthly amount.
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) 1, 2, 4, 3 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1 48. Assertion : Credit would be useful or not
depends on the risk involved in a situation.
Ans OD 2014
Reason : The chance of benefitting from
(c) 1, 2, 4, 3 credit is highest in agriculture sector.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
46. Study the picture and answer the question and reason is the correct explanation of
that follows: assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans OD 2018

(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

Which of the following aspect best signifies 49. Most of the agricultural labourers like Mohan
the above image? depend upon loans from informal sector.
(a) Bank Cheque Which of the following statements about this
(b) Bank Draft sector is correct:
(c) Terms of Credit (a) There are govt. bodies to supervise
(d) Letters of Payment informal sector
Ans Foreign 2012 (b) Money lenders ask for a reasonable rate
(a) Bank Cheque of interest
(c) Cost of informal loans to the borrower is
47. Read the information given below and select quite high
the correct option: (d) Money lenders use fair means to get their
Mohan is an agricultural labourer. There money back
are several months in a year when he has Ans OD 2015
no work and needs credit to meet his daily
expenses. He depends upon his employer, the (c) Cost of informal loans to the borrower is
landowner for credit who charges an interest quite high
rate of 5 per cent per month. Mohan repays
the money by working physically for the
landowner on his farmland. Over the years
his debt will:
(a) Increase- because of increasing interest
and non-payment of monthly amount.
(b) Remain constant- as he is working for the
employer but is repaying less.

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50. Study the pie chart and answer the given (a) Credit (b) Collateral
questions: (c) Guarantee (d) Interest
Ans OD 2014

(b) Collateral

53. Assertion : The Reserve Bank of India

supervises the functioning of formal sources
of loans.
Reason : The RBI sees that the banks give
loans not just to profit-making businesses
and traders but also to small cultivators,
small scale industries, to small borrowers etc.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of
(a) Which are the formal sources of credit for
assertion.
rural households in India?
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
(b) Which is the most dominant source of
reason is not the correct explanation of
credit for rural household? Why?
assertion.
(c) What is the total percentage of informal
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
sources of credit for rural household?
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Comp 2016
Ans SQP 2007, 2005
(a) Commercial Banks and Cooperative
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
societies.
reason is not the correct explanation of
(b) Moneylenders, as they are ready to give
assertion.
loan without collateral and borrower can
get loans even without repaying their 54. Assume there are four families in a country.
earlier loans. The average per capita income of these
(c) 48% families is < 6000. If the incomes of three
families are < 5000, < 8000, and < 4000
51. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
respectively, what is the income of the fourth
1. Uses as medium of exchange
family?
2. Authorised medium of exchange
(a) < 5500 (b) < 2000
3. Currency
(c) < 3000 (d) < 7000
4. Reserve Bank of India issues currency
notes Ans Delhi 2019

Options : (d) < 7000

(a) 3, 4, 2, 1 (b) 3, 1, 4, 2
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 1, 4, 3, 2 55. Neha has taken a loan of < 5 lakhs from
the bank to purchase a house. The annual
Ans Foreign 2015
interest rate on the loan is 12 percent and the
(b) 3, 1, 4, 2 loan is to be repaid in 10 years in monthly
instalments. Neha had to submit to the bank,
52. Read the information given below and select
documents showing her employment records
the correct answer:
and salary before the bank agreed to give her
Ramesh has approached the bank for securing
the loan. What are the documents required
loan. The bank asked him to keep the papers
for the loan?
of his home to avail the loan. Ramesh has
(a) Blue print of the house to be made
agreed for the same. Ramesh has used ..........
(b) Employment records and salary
to secure loan from the bank.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

102. Describe any two sources each of formal and o

informal credit in India. How does the use of money eliminate the
Ans Comp 2021 condition of double coincidence of wants ?
Formal Credit Sector : Explain with an example.
(1) Commercial Banks : Banks accept Ans Foreign 2009
deposits from the public. Banks maintain (1) When there was barter system, exchanging
a minimum cash balance out of the of goods was difficult. Demand of two
deposits they receive. The balance of cash persons for each other’s commodity should
is used by banks to lend loans. have raised at the same time, otherwise
(2) Cooperative Societies : This is another exchange was not possible. This is called
form of formal source of credit in India. double coincidence of wants.
They accept deposits from their members (2) Money by providing the crucial
and provide loans to them. intermediate step, eliminates the need for
Informal Credit Sector : double coincidence of wants.
(1) Informal credit sectors in India include (3) For example, it would not be necessary for
credit given by unorganised sectors. These the farmer to look for cloth manufacturer
sectors meet the credit needs of poor who will buy his grains and at the same
households. No organisation supervises time, sell him cloth. Thus, money has
and controls the lending activities of solved this problem because now people
informal sector. do not have to search for one who will
(2) The main informal credit sources are — be ready to exchange his goods. This is
local money lenders, traders, relatives because, now money acts as a medium of
and friends. exchange.
103. Define credit. What role does credit play in 105. How do banks mediate between those who
modern business ? have surplus money and those who need
Ans OD 2013
money ?
(1) Credit or loan refers to an agreement in Ans Delhi 2010
which the sender supplies the borrower
with money, goods or services in return Banks mediate between those who have
for the promise of future payment. surplus money and those who need money in
(2) (i) Credit plays a vital role in modern the following ways :
business. A large number of transaction (1) Banks take deposits from those who have
in our day-to-day activities involve surplus money.
credit in some form or the other. (2) Banks keep only a small proportion of
(ii) The credit helps the entrepreneur deposits as cash with themselves. This is
to meet the ongoing expenses of kept as provision to pay the depositors
production, complete production who might come to withdraw money from
on time, and thereby increase his the bank on any given day.
earnings. (3) Since on any particular day, only some of
(iii)The credit helps in establishing new its depositors come to withdraw cash, the
industries or trade in goods. bank is able to manage with this cash.
(4) Banks use the major portion of the
104. How does money solve the problem of double deposits to extend loans. Banks charge
coincidence of wants ? Explain with an example. a higher interest rate on loans than what
o they offer on deposits. The difference
What is meant by double coincidence of between these two interest rates is their
wants ? Explain with an example. main source of income.

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(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. (2) People could grow crops, so business, set
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. up small-scale industries etc.
Ans Foreign 2011
(3) It is important to save and reduce the
dependence an informal sources of credit.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
64. How do the Demand Deposits offer facilities?
61. Arrange the following in the correct sequence
1. Applied for tractor loan by a farmer Ans Comp 2019

2. Sanctioned loan by the cooperative bank The demand deposits in the bank can be used
3. Collateral security demanded by the bank as a medium of exchange and it is accepted
4. Terms of credit told to the farmer. by all. For example, payments can be made
Options : by cheques instead of cash. This facility of
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1 cheques against demand deposits makes it
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) 1, 4, 3, 2 possible to settle payments directly without
Ans OD 2006
using cash. Demand deposits are widely
accepted as a means of payment.
(d) 1, 4, 3, 2
65. Describe the bad effects of informal sources
of credit on borrowers.
VERY SHORT QUESTIO Ans Delhi 2019

Following are the bad effects of informal

62. “The use of money spans a very large part sources of credit :
of our everyday life.” Support the statement. (1) They are not subordinate to any
government organisation like RBI, thus
Ans Comp 2021
there is no official backing or monitoring
Money is used in everyday life. There are agency.
several transactions involving money in any (2) Absence of a fixed interest rate increases
single day. the scope of exploitation.
(1) In many of these transactions, goods are (3) Increases the probability of scope of using
bought and sold with the use of money. unfair means to get back their payment.
In some other transactions, services are (4) Higher interest rates, with no official
exchanged with money. For some, there records, often lead to debt traps.
might not be any actual transfer of money
taking place now but, a promise to pay
money later.
(2) For example, we purchase books, pencils,
chocolates from money. We give doctor’s
fee and school fee in money. My father 66. Why are formal sources of credit preferred
receives a monthly salary in money. over the informal source of credit? Give three
reasons.
63. Why do banks and cooperative societies need
Ans SQP 2019
to lend more ? Explain.
Formal sources of credit preferred over
Ans SQP 2020
Informal sources of credit because :
Banks and cooperative societies need to lend (1) Formal sources have low cost of borrowing.
more because : (2) Higher Income through cheap borrowing.
(1) This would lead to higher incomes and (3) No exploitation and debt trap.
many people could then borrow cheaply (4) Any other relevant point.
for a variety of needs.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(c) Proof of the present house 58. Assertion : In India, no individual can refuse
(d) All of these to accept a payment made in rupees.
Ans SQP 2018
Reason : Rupee is the legal tender in India.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
(b) Employment records and salary and reason is the correct explanation of
56. Mohan produces ice creams and wants to assertion.
sell it to people. He also requires sugar to (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
make ice cream, so he wishes to buy sugar. reason is not the correct explanation of
Now, Mohan is unable to find a person who assertion.
will exchange sugar for ice cream. Which of (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
the following terms explain the problem that (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Mohan is facing? Ans Comp 2005
(a) Lack of trade expertise (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and
(b) Double coincidence of wants reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Irrational consumer behavior
(d) Future expectations 59. Study the picture and answer the question
Ans Foreign 2014
that follows:

(b) Double coincidence of wants

57. Study the paragraph and fill up the table:

Megha has taken a loan of < 5 lakhs from
the bank to purchase a house. The annual
interest rate on the loan is 12 percent and the
loan is to be repaid in 10 years in monthly
instalments. Megha had to submit to the
bank, documents showing her employment
records and salary before the bank agreed Which of the following aspect best signifies
to give her the loan. The bank retained as above image?
collateral the papers of the new house, which (a) Medium of exchange
will be returned to Megha only when she (b) Cheque Payments
repays the entire loan with interest. (c) Loan Certificate
(d) None of the above
Loan amount (in <) ?
Ans OD 2015, 2011
Documents required ?
(a) Medium of exchange
Interest rate ?
Collateral ? 60. Assertion : Rohan took credit in the form
of advance payment from a buyer and he
Ans Delhi 2013 delivered the goods to the buyer on time and
also earned profit. The credit made Rohan
Loan amount (in <) 5 lakhs better off in this situation.
Documents required employment records Reason : Credit can never push a person into
and salary a debt trap.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
Interest rate 12 per cent
and reason is the correct explanation of
Collateral papers of the new assertion.
house (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.

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poor people may demand loan for non- 77. Give two reasons, why the supervision of RBI
productive purposes like marriages, etc. over other banks is necessary ?
Ans OD 2013
73. Why money is referred to as a medium of
exchange, give two reason ? The supervision of RBI is necessary due to
Ans Comp 2009
the following reasons :
(1) It ensures safety to the bank deposits of
Money is accepted as medium of exchange people.
because ; (2) It helps in collection of economic data all
(1) it can be easily exchanged for any over the country.
commodity or service. (3) It contains corrupt practices that may
(2) it eliminates the need for double creep within banks.
coincidence of wants.
(3) it acts as an intermediate in the exchange 78. State which requirement a borrower has to
process. fulfil before taking a housing loan ?
Ans Foreign 2010
74. Name two formal and two informal sources of
rural credit in India ? (1) First of all, borrower seed a certificate of
Ans Foreign 2006
source of income.
(2) Documents in sustainable economic records.
Formal sources of rural credit in India : (3) Then all the papers of the purchased
(1) Cooperative Societies property handed over to the banks as
(2) Regular Commercial Banks collateral security.
Two informal sources of rural credit in India (4) If not fully satisfied, the bank can ask
are : for one/two sureties of borrower who
(1) Relatives and friends are ready to repay the loan, in case the
(2) Local moneylenders borrower fails to repay his loan.
75. State any two advantages of formal sources 79. How is the facility of cheque useful ?
of credit ?
Ans Delhi 2020, 2017
Ans OD 2016
(1) The cheques or demand deposits have the
Advantages of formal source of credit are: essential features of money.
(1) These sources work under the supervision (2) They make it possible to directly settle
of Reserve Bank of India. The policy is payments without the use of cash.
transparent and open to all. There is (3) Since cheques/demand drafts are widely
least chance of dishonesty while dealing accepted as a means of payment along
with the rural customers. with currency, they constitute money in
(2) The rate of interest of formal source of credit the modern economy.
is always lower than the informal ones.
80. Mention any three limitations of the barter
76. What are functions of money ? system.
Ans Comp 2015
Ans OD 2012
Functions of Money : (1) Two people with different types of needs
(A) Primary Functions : (a) Medium of and goods must be these to satisfy each
Exchange, (b) Measure of Value. other’s needs.
(B) Secondary Functions : (a) Store of Value, (2) There are many products which cannot
(b) Standard for Deferred Payments, (c) be divided.
Transfer of value. (3) Valuation of goods is very difficult.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

income of the borrowers. Thus, it is necessary the bank by a specific period and receive new `
that banks and cooperatives increase their 500, ` 2,000 or other currency notes. This is
lending particularly in the rural areas, so that known as ‘demonetisation’.
the dependence on informal sources of credit
Since then, people were also encouraged to
reduces.
use their bank deposits rather than cash for
Questions :
transactions. Hence, digital transactions
1. Give any one example of formal sector
started by using bank-to-bank transfer through
source and of informal sector source of
the internet or mobile phones, cheques, ATM
credit in India.
cards, credit cards and Point of Sale (POS)
2. Which sector is dominant source of rural
swipe machines at shops. This is promoted to
credit in India?
reduce the requirement of cash for transactions
3. Why is it necessary to reduce dependence
and also control corruption.
on informal sources of credit?
Questions :
Ans
1. What can be counted as a modern form
1. Example of formal sector source- Bank of money?
Example of informal sector source- 2. Which factor according to the given case
Moneylender primarily facilitates the expansion of
2. Informal sector newer currency?
3. Because informal sector charges higher 3. State the possible benefits from
interest on loans which badly affects demonetisation.
financial condition of the common people.
Ans
128. Read the given extract and answer the 1. Paper currency and coins made up of
following questions. alloys, ATM cards and cheques can be
Money is a fascinating subject and full of counted as a modern form of money.
curiosities. The history of money and how 2. Computerisation of banking systems
various forms were used at different times primarily facilitates the expansion of
is an interesting story. Modern forms of newer currency.
money are linked to the banking system. 3. The possible benefits from demonetisation
The present situation in India, where newer include
forms of money are slowly spreading with • Reducing Counterfeit Currency This
computerisation of the banking system, offers allows the government to weed out
many opportunities to students to explore counterfeit currency from the market.
on their own. We need not get into a formal • Curbs Anti-social Activities Through
discussion of the ‘functions of money’ but let the medium of cash many anti-social
it come up as questions. The stock of money activities are discouraged.
consists of currency held by the public and 129. Read the sources given below and answer the
the demand deposits that they hold with the questions that follows :
banks. This is the money that people can
use as they wish and the government has to Every loan agreement specifies an interest
ensure that the system works smoothly. What rate which the borrower must pay to the lender
would happen when the government declares along with the repayment of the principal.
that some of the currency notes used by people In addition, lenders may demand collateral
would be made invalid and would be replaced (security) against loans. Collateral is an asset
by new currency? In India, during November that the borrower owns (such as land, building,
2016, currency notes in the denomination vehicle, livestocks, deposits with banks) and
of ` 500 and ` 1,000 were declared invalid. uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the
People were asked to surrender these notes to loan is repaid.

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88. Explain money and its modern forms. Classify borrower into a situation from which
it in different kinds. Before the introduction recovery is very painful.
of coins, what objects were used as money ? (ii) Instead of improvement in earnings,
Ans SQP 2011
the borrower is much worse off than
before. Farmers have to sell part of
(1) Money is a medium of exchange and store land to repay the loan.
of value.
(2) The modern forms of money include 91. What is meant by term credit ? What does
currency and deposits, i.e., it can be it include?
classified into : Ans Delhi 2017
(i) Coins; (1) Credit loan refers to an agreement in
(ii) Paper notes; and which the lender supplies the borrower
(iii)Credit money or deposits with banks. with money, goods or services in return
(3) Before the introduction of coins, a variety for the promise of future payment.
of objects such as grains and cattle in (2) Credit includes the following elements :
the early ages and metallic coins like (i) Interest rate which the borrower
gold, silver, and copper coins till the last must pay to the lender along with the
century were used as money. repayment of the principal.
89. State modern forms of money. Why do (ii) Collaterals such as land titles,
demand deposits constitute money in the deposits with banks, livestock, etc.
modern economy ? and documentation required.
(iii)Mode of payment.
Ans Comp 2010

(1) The modern forms of money are currency

and deposits with banks. That is, money
can be classified into :
(i) Coins;
(ii) Paper notes; and
(iii)Demand deposits or credit money.
(2) Since demand deposits are accepted 92. How is money used in everyday life ? Explain
widely as a means of payment along with with examples.
currency, they constitute money in the
Ans SQP 2009
modern economy.
They are closely linked to the working of the (1) The use of money spans a very large part
modern banking system. of our everyday life. There are several
transactions involving money in any
90. State any two positive and two negative role single day.
of credit. (2) In many of these transactions, goods are
Ans OD 2017 bought and sold with the use of money.
In some other transactions, services are
(1) Positive role :
exchanged with money. For some, there
(i) Credit helps to meet the working
might not be any actual transfer of money
capital needs of production.
taking place now but, a promise to pay
(ii) It helps in setting up new industries,
money later.
or trade in goods.
(3) For example, we purchase books, pencils,
(2) Negative role :
chocolates from money. We give doctor’s
(i) In the case of high risk, credit pushes
fee and school fee in money. My father
the borrower into a debt-trap. That
receives monthly salary in money. Hence,
is, credit in this case pushes the
money is used in everyday life.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

67. What is a cheque ? How and why do we issue 70. Amrita is a government employee and
cheque ? belongs to a rich urban household whereas
Ans OD 2017
Rani works as a helper on a construction site
and comes from a poor rural household. Both
(1) A cheque is a paper instructing the bank have a crisis at home and wish to take loan.
to pay a specific amount from the person’s Create a list of arguments explaining who
account to the person in whose name the between the two would successfully be able
cheque has been made. to get the loan from a formal source.
(2) For payment through cheque, the payer
who has an account with the bank, makes Ans SQP 2018

out a cheque for a specific amount. Amrita would successfully get the loan from
(3) The facility of cheques, i.e., we issue a formal source because:
cheques against demand deposits, (1) Amrita because of her background is
which make it possible to directly settle literate and will be able to complete the
payments without the use of cash. documentation and fulfil the formalities
required by the banks, whereas it would
68. Explain collateral. Give some common be difficult for Rani to do this.
examples of collateral used for borrowing. (2) Amrita can easily arrange for collateral
Ans Foreign 2011, 2009 or guarantee for her loan whereas Rani
(1) Collateral is an asset that borrower owns will have difficulty in finding a guarantor.
and uses this as a guarantee to a lender (3) Amrita is from a well-to do family and the
until the loan is repaid. If the borrower banks will feel safer as far as repayment of
fails to repay the loan, the lender has loan is concerned as she can do so through
the right to sell the asset or collateral to EMIs from her salary. Whereas the bank
obtain payment. may not feel safe in case of Rani as she
(2) The asset such as : Land, buildings, does not have a regular source of income.
vehicles, live stocks are some common 71. Explain any three loan activities of banks in
examples of collateral used for borrowing. India.
69. Why is cheap and affordable credit important Ans OD 2017
for the country’s development? Explain any Activities of banks in India who are involved
three reasons. in providing loan :
Ans OD 2018 (1) Banks provide loans for various economic
Cheap and affordable credit plays a crucial activities.
role for the country’s development. Reasons (2) Banks intermediate between those who
are : have surplus funds and those who are in
(1) Credit helps people to meet the on going need of these funds.
expenses of production and thereby (3) Banks offer very less interest on deposits
develop their business in agricultural and than what they demand on loans.
industrial areas. 72. What are the reasons why the banks might
(2) For middle class people, loans help a lot not be willing to lend to certain borrowers ?
in constructing their houses and to get
rid of monthly rents. Ans SQP 2012

(3) It raises the standard of living and social (1) Bank loans require proper documents and
status of the common man by enabling collateral. Most of the ‘poor people don’t
them to buy automobiles, electronic possess anything to collateral.
items etc. (2) The formal sources provide loan only
for productive purposes, whereas the

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page 559

98. “Credit sometimes pushes the borrower into a There is no written agreement between
situation from which recovery is very painful.” the lender and the borrower. There is no legal
Support the statement with examples. recourse in case of informal sources of credit.
Ans Comp 2022
100. Why are service conditions of formal sector
Bank usually referred as a formal source of loans better than informal sector? Explain.
credit and in some situations the borrower Ans OD 2019
would not able to repay loan. This pushes
them in the situation of debt trap. Example: Formal sector :
(1) In case of rural areas if crop fails due to (1) This sector is mainly supervised by the
natural factors it will be difficult for the RBI.
farmers to pay loan. (2) It includes banks and cooperatives, thus
(2) In case of failure of a business. It will be every clause is in writing and clear to
difficult for the businessman to repay the comprehend.
credit. (3) In this sector of credit, collateral is
(3) In case of informal sector, rate of interest required. It provides loans comparatively
is very high. If due to crop failure previous at lower rates.
loan is not repaid interest rate further (3) It doesn’t lead to a debt trap.
mounts. Informal sector :
(4) In case of high risk activities failure (1) No external organisation supervises this
without some support can push borrower sector.
in painful situation. (2) The lenders are mainly moneylenders,
(5) In many cases people has to sell their friends, relatives, traders and landowners
land and fixed assets to repay loan. etc.
(3) Collateral is not required, thus it involves
99. Why is it necessary to increase a large number risk.
of banks mainly in rural areas? Explain. (4) This sector charges higher interest rates
Ans OD 2019
without any rules or regulation.
(5) This could lead to a debt trap.
It is important to open more banks in the
rural areas as formal sector of credit is 101. How is money used in everyday life? Explain
missing. The practise of borrowing from the with examples.
informal sector that currently exists in rural Ans SQP 2016, 2017
areas, for example local moneylenders, has a
number of disadvantages. Money is that thing through which we can
(1) The informal sector charges a higher rate make our transactions easily in society,
of interest. Informal sector make loans country and abroad. We use it in our daily
very expensive as there are no external life in the following way:
organizations controlling the credit (1) It helps us in purchasing the commodity
activities of lenders. from market and else where easily
(2) Informal sector involves high degree of (2) We can value the things with the help of
risk as there are no proper set of rules money.
for repayment and there is a lot of (3) It can be used at any time at everywhere
exploitation of poor farmers. according to requirements.
(3) Lenders may exploit the borrowers, they (4) It can be saved in banks for future. We
may engage in threats and intimidation can withdraw it according to the need.
to ensure repayment of lo (5) It provides prestige and status among the
members of the society.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

110. Explain the role of credit for economic LONG ANSWER QUESTIO
development.
Ans OD 2020
112. “Credit pushes the borrower into situations
The roles of credit for economic development from which recovery is very painful.” Support
are given below : the statement.
(1) It helps in increasing economic activities
Ans Comp 2021
of the country; thus, helps in its
development. Bank usually referred as a formal source of
(2) Credit availability at cheaper rates of credit and in some situations the borrower
interest encourages the business or firms would not able to repay loan. This pushes
to borrow more. Borrowing more money them in the situation of debt trap. Example :
will facilitate the growth of business or (1) In case of rural areas if crop fails due to
increase in production in the economy. natural factors it will be difficult for the
(3) It also needs to be manipulated and kept farmers to pay loan.
under an administrative hold because (2) In case of failure of a business. It will be
loans from the informal sector include difficult for the businessman to repay the
high interest rates that may be more credit.
harmful than good. For this reason, (3) In case of informal sector, rate of interest
it is important that the formal sector is very high. If due to crop failure previous
gives out more loans so that borrowers loan is not repaid interest rate further
are not duped by moneylenders, and mounts.
can ultimately contribute to national (4) In case of high risk activities failure
development. So, credit supply is the key without some support can push borrower
factor for economic development. in painful situation.
(5) In many cases people has to sell their
111. “Bank plays an important role in the economic land and fixed assets to repay loan.
development of the country.” Support the
statement with examples. 113. Describe the significance of the Reserve Bank
of India.
Ans Delhi 2020
Ans OD 2020, 2018
Bank plays an important role in the economic
development of the country in many ways : The significances of the Reserve Bank of
(1) Bank provides loan in rural area for crop India are discussed below :
production ultimately resulting in the (1) It issues currency notes on behalf of the
development of many places. central government.
(2) Bank provides loan to create fixed (2) It supervises the functioning of formal
assets that will create employment source of loan.
opportunities. (3) It monitors the banks and ensure that
(3) It acts as a link between savers and they maintain minimum reserves as per
investors. the guidelines of Central Bank.
(4) Banks accepts the deposit and pay an (4) It also sees that banks give loans not just
amount as interest on the deposit which for profit making to traders but also to
mobilises savings. small borrowers, small cultivators etc.
(6) Bank uses major portion of these deposits (5) Periodically banks have to submit
to extend loan for various profitable information to RBI on how much they
events. are lending, to whom, at what interest
rate, etc.

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106. Why is it necessary for the banks and co- 108. What are the two categories of sources of
operative societies to increase their lending credit ? Mention four features of each.
facilities in rural areas ? Explain. Ans OD 2011
Ans OD 2008, 2005
Two categories of sources of credit are:
It is necessary for the banks and co-operative (1) Formal sources of credit
societies to increase their lending activities in (2) Informal sources of credit
rural areas due to following : (3) Formal credit sector is known as organised
(1) Most of the informal lenders charge a sector. This sector provides loan at low
much higher rate of interest on loans. The rate of interest. This sector includes
moneylenders in the village sometimes banks, co-operative societies. The rate of
charge 5% per month i.e., 60% per annum. interest is usually very low in sources of
(2) As a result of it, larger part of the earnings this sector. In formal sector of loans there
of the borrowers is used to repay the loan is no exploitation as in the case with the
in some cases, the amount to be repaid informal sector of loans.
becomes greater than the income of the (4) The informal credit sector includes
borrower. This leads to debt-trap. moneylenders, traders, employers,
(3) These reasons make it necessary to relatives and friends. In the case of
expand the formal sources of credit i.e., informal sector of loans, the rate of
banks and co-operatives which make interest is quite high. In the informal
available cheap and affordable credit to sector the traders would desire to buy
the people. the produce of the farmers at a low price
but a bank would never resort to such an
107. Explain with examples, how people are exploitation.
involved with the banks.
Ans Comp 2020
109. How does the use of money make exchange of
things easier ? Explain with examples.
Bank is that institution which is the friend in
real sense. Bank is associated with the people Ans Delhi 2010

in the following ways : Uses of money as the medium of exchange :

(1) Source of loan : Bank provides loan to (1) People exchange goods and services
public at their needs. It receives nominal through the medium of money. In this way
rate of interest from the borrowers. It money acts as a medium of payments.
does not give any pressure to the borrower (2) A person holding money can easily
to return loan. It gives loan as much as exchange it for any commodity (goods)
anyone requires. or service that he or she might desire.
(2) Opening the Account : Any body can open (3) Money acts as an intermediary in the
his account in the bank to save money process of exchange. Money can be spirited
for future. He can deposit his money and in smallest unit or can be combined in
take back at any time in working day higher unit of currency. In this way the
(3) It gives interest on the deposit money. purchase of smallest commodity or the
Thus a person earns interest on his biggest commodity becomes easier for the
deposit. purchaser or seller.
(4) Bank is honest and functions as a good For Example : Exchange of animal against
friend with the businessmen. It helps in money or exchange of services of teacher
issuing true picture of income and sale to or doctor or an engineer by any person is
the income tax and sales tax department acceptable between mutual certain.
on which they have faith.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

portion of the deposits to extend (1) Banks mediate between those who have
loans. surplus money and those who need money.
(iv) They mediate between those who They take deposits from those who have
have surplus funds and those who are surplus money and use the major portion
in need of these funds. They charge of the deposits to extend loans.
a higher interest rate on loans than (2) They account for 25% of rural credit in
what they offer on deposits. The India. In this way, they help in increasing
difference between what is charged economic activities of the borrowers.
from borrowers and what is paid to (3) In India, banks give loans not just to
depositors is their main source of profit-making businesses and traders
income. but also to small cultivators, small-scale
industries, small borrowers, etc.
117. Why are the poor households still dependent (4) Undoubtedly, cheap and affordable credit
on informal sources of credit ? Explain. is crucial for the country’s development.
Ans OD 2007 It helps to grow crops, to meet working
Following are the main reasons for formal capital needs of production and in setting
credit not being available to the rural poor : up new industries or trade in goods.
(1) There is need for collateral or complicated (5) In this way, they help poor people to
paper work which the rural poor are not increase their standard of living. If credit
capable of providing. is available to the poor people at low
(2) The moneylenders and rich landowners rate of interest and on reasonable terms
continue to extend loans to defaulters and conditions, they can improve their
even if the previous loan is unpaid. economic conditions.
(3) The banks are mostly unwilling to lend 119. How do SHGs act to provide a platform for
loans to small farmers because the women to address their various social issues ?
repayment of loans is dependent on the
income from farming. In case of crop Ans SQP 2012, 2006

failure, repayment becomes impossible. (1) A Self-Help Group is an organisation of

So, the recovery from small farmers rural poor, particularly women who pool
becomes difficult. their savings.
(4) They are hesitant and unsure about the (2) The SHG encourages its members for
functioning of the banks. savings and enables them to take small
(5) They may not have access to banks in loans from the group itself to meet their
their villages. needs. In this way, it addresses their
economic issue that is the base of many
118. How do banks play an important role in the social issues.
economy of India ? Explain. (3) SHGs are the building blocks of
o organisation of the rural poor. Not only
What is the role of a bank in the economic does it help women to become financially
development of a country ? Explain. self-reliant, the regular meetings of the
o group provide a platform to discuss and
“Banks are playing an important role in the act on a variety of social issues such as
development of the Indian economy.” Support health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
the statement with examples. (4) The SHG provides self-employment
Ans Delhi 2018 opportunities to its members by providing
Banks play an important role in the economy them loans for meeting working capital
of India as is given below : needs, for housing materials, for acquiring

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(6) When commercial bank fails to get 115. Why do the rural borrowers depend on the
financial accommodation from any informal sector of credit ? What steps can be
where, it approaches Reserve Bank of taken to encourage them to take loans from
India as a last resort. Reserve Bank of the formal sources ? Explain any two.
India advances loan to such banks against Ans Delhi 2012, 2009
approved securities. It ensure that the
the banking system of the country does The rural borrowers depend on informal
not suffer from any setback and money sector of credit because :
market remains stable. (1) There is no need for collateral
(7) It acts as a banker to the government and and complicated paper work. The
is the custodian of the foreign exchange moneylenders and landowners continue
reserves of the economy. to extend loans at high interest rates to
defaulters even if previous loan is unpaid.
(2) They are hesitant and unsure about the
functioning of the bank.
(3) They may not have access to banks in
114. Why do we need to expand formal sources of their village.
credit in India ? Explain. Steps to encourage to take loans from formal
sources :
Ans SQP 2020
(1) Set up more banks in the rural areas to
The formal sources of credit need to be save them from the moneylenders’ high
expanded in India because of the following rate of interest and debt trap.
reasons : (2) Cheap and easily available credit should
(1) Compared to the formal lenders, most be provided for self-employment like
of the informal lenders change a much small-scale industries or business.
higher interest on loan. Thus, the cost to (3) Setting up of cooperatives and encourage
the borrower of informal loans is much Self-Help Groups.
higher.
(2) Higher cost of borrowing means a larger 116. What are the commercial banks ? Mention
part of the earnings of the borrowers any four of their functions.
is used to repay the loan. Hence, the Ans Foreign 2010
borrowers have less income left for (1) Commercial bank or a bank is a profit-
themselves. It sometimes means, the making institution that accepts the
amount to be repaid is greater than the deposits, pays an amount as interest on
income of the borrower. This can lead the deposits and extends loans to the
to increasing debt and debt trap. People needy people.
who may wish to start an enterprise may (2) The following are the functions of a
not do so because of the high cost of commercial bank :
borrowing. (i) Commercial banks accept the deposits
(3) People will be protected from coercion, from those who have surplus money.
humiliation and persecution that (ii) They pay an amount as interest on
generally inflicted by formal sources like, the deposits.
moneylenders, landlords, etc. (iii)Banks in India hold about 15% of
(4) This would also lead to higher incomes their deposits as cash as provision to
and many people could then borrow pay the depositors who might come
cheaply for a variety of needs. to withdraw money from the bank
(5) Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for on any given day and use the major
the country’s development.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

31. Banks give out loans and charge .......... on 35. Which among the following lenders will
the loan amount from the borrower. possibly not ask the borrower to sign the
(a) rent (b) wages terms of credit?
(c) interest (d) money (a) Banks
Ans Delhi 2009, 2006
(b) Moneylenders
(c) Cooperatives
(c) interest (d) Private agencies
32. Arrange the following options in the correct Ans Comp 2016, 2011
sequence of evolution of money: (b) Moneylenders
1 Modern currency as notes and coins
2. Use of metallic coins like gold, silver, 36. Which among the following is not a feature of
copper coins informal source of credit?
3. Cryptocurrency-a form of payment that (a) It is supervised by the Reserve Bank of
can be exchanged online for goods and India.
services (b) Rate of interest is not fixed.
4. Use of grains and cattle as money (c) Terms of credit are very flexible.
Options : (d) Traders, employers, friends, relatives, etc
(a) 3, 4, 2, 1 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1 provide informal credit source.
(c) 4, 2, 1, 3 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1 Ans Foreign 2009
Ans Foreign 2007
(a) It is supervised by the Reserve Bank of
(c) 4, 2, 1, 3 India.

33. All the banks act as mediator between .......... 37. Arrange the following Sources of Credit (per
and .......... . Rs 1000) of Rural Households in India in
(a) rural people, urban people 2012 according to their share percentage:
(b) literates, illiterates 1. Commercial Bank
(c) people, government 2. Money Lender
(d) depositors, borrowers 3. Government
Ans SQP 2015
4. Relatives and Friends
Options :
(d) depositors, borrowers (a) 2, 4, 3, 1 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1
34. Assertion : The terms of deposit are same for (c) 3, 4, 2, 1 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3
all credit arrangements. Ans OD 2010
Reason : Credit arrangements are very (d) 2, 1, 4, 3
complex process so to remove the complexities
same terms of deposits are used. 38. A trader provides farm inputs on credit on
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, the condition that farmers will sell their crop
and reason is the correct explanation of produce to him at .......... prices so that he
assertion. could sell them at .......... prices in the market.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but (a) high, medium (b) low, high
reason is not the correct explanation of (c) medium, high (d) high, low
assertion. Ans Foreign 2008
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (b) low, high

Ans OD 2013

(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

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assets like sewing machine, handlooms, (3) These moneylenders, traders and rich
cattle, etc. landlords continue to extend loans to
(5) The group charges interest on these loans defaulters even if the previous loan is
but this is still less than what the money- unpaid.
lenders charge. (4) They are hesitant and unsure about the
functioning of the banks.
120. Self-Help Groups enjoy a lot of freedom in (5) They may not have access to banks in
their functioning. Explain. their villages.
Ans Foreign 2009
(6) The procedure of giving credit is often
very simple.
(1) In Self-Help Groups, there is no provision
of certain number of members or certain 122. Why are credit arrangements not fair for
amount to deposit. Members are free to all sections of society ? Give three reasons.
their number and amount to deposit in Suggest two remedies for the problem.
the group. o
(2) Most of the important decision regarding Why is the share of formal sector credit
the savings and loan activities are taken higher for the richer households compared
by the group members. to the poorer households? Give any three
(3) The group decides as regards the loans reasons responsible for this.
to be granted — the purpose, amount, Ans OD 2006
interest to be charged, repayment
schedule, etc. (1) Undoubtedly, credit arrangements are
(4) Also, it is the group which is responsible not very fair for all sections of society.
for the repayment of the loan. In any case The share of formal sector credit is higher
of non-repayment of loan by anyone, the for the richer households as compared
member is followed up seriously by other to the poorer housesholds. This has the
members in the group. following reasons :
(5) The SHGs help borrowers overcome (i) Poverty affects poor households’
the problem of lack of collateral and capacity to borrow. Formal sector
documentation requirement. Besides, the credit requires proper documents and
regular meetings of the group provide a collateral as security against loans.
platform to discuss and act on a variety Collateral is an asset. So, poor people
of social issues such as health, nutrition, lack in providing such things which
domestic violence, etc. affect their capacity to borrow.
(ii) The poor people do not repay loan on
121. Why are informal sources of credit preferred time because of the various day-to-
in rural areas ? Give five reasons. day needs.
Ans Comp 2019
(iii)The people in villages may not have
access to banks in their village. Also,
Informal sources of credit are preferred in they are hesitant and unsure about
rural areas for the following reasons : the functioning of the banks.
(1) There is no need for collateral such as (2) (i) More credit facilities should be made
land, building, vehicles, deposits with available in rural areas by opening
banks. The rural poor people are unable more banks there.
to provide collateral. (ii) The procedure of giving loans should
(2) Also, there is no need for complicated be made easier and simpler.
paper work which the rural poor are not
capable of providing.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

123. What is the difference between formal sector Similarly, the RBI sees that the banks give
loans and informal sector loans ? Give two loans not just to profit-making businesses
examples of each. and traders but also to small cultivators,
o small scale industries and small borrowers,
Mention three points of difference between etc. Periodically, banks have to submit
formal sector and informal sector loans. information to the RBI on how much they
Ans SQP 2011
are lending, to whom and at what interest
rate, etc.
Following are the differences between formal The supervision of RBI is necessary due to
sector loans and informal sector loans : the following reasons :
Formal Sector Informal Sector (1) It ensures safety to the bank deposits of
Loans Loans people.
(2) It helps in collection of economic data all
(1) Comparatively Higher interest
over the country.
rate of interest rates on loan is
(3) It contains corrupt practices that may
charged is lower charged.
creep within banks.
than that of the
(4) It supports the doctrine of equity and
informal sector
justice in circulation of money through
loans.
accepting deposits and lending in an
(2) RBI supervises No organisation is orderly manner.
their function of there to supervise (5) Information sent by banks to RBI helps
giving loans. its lending Ministry of Finance in drafting and
activities. submission of National Budget each year.
(3) Collateral is They are ready to
125. Manav needs a loan to set up a small business.
required to obtain give loans without
On what basis will Manav decide whether to
credit. collateral.
borrow from the bank or the moneylender ?
(4) Rich urban Poor households Discuss.
households largely depend on
Ans SQP 2013, 2011
depend largely on informal sources.
formal sources of Manav will decide to borrow from the bank
credit. or the moneylender on the following basis :
(1) Difference between rate of interest
(5) Examples : Examples
charged by formal and informal sources at
Banks and Co- : Traders,
the material time. Financial institutions
operatives. employers, money-
including banks will be contacted for this
lenders, relatives,
purpose.
friends, etc.
(2) Perusal upon terms of credit viz. paper
work, security, collateral, etc. made
124. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India
necessary by respective sources.
supervise the functioning of banks ? Why is
(3) Mode of payment viz., size of instalment,
this necessary ?
frequency (monthly, quarterly, half-yearly
Ans Delhi 2018 or annually) or full repayment at the end
The Reserve Bank of India supervises the of certain period i.e., two years, three
functioning of formal soul ces of loans. years and so on.
For instance, we have seen that the banks (4) His own capacity to repayment.
maintain a minimum cash balance out of the (5) A thorough analysis of information
deposits they receive. The RBI monitors that collected.
the banks actually maintain the cash balance.

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Only then, Manav would select the formal 2. In the above case/source, which is the
or informal source the most facilitating and most favourable term of credit/loan
suitable to his capacity of repayment. borrowed by Arun for land cultivation?
3. State the merits of formal sector of credit.
Ans
CASE BASED QUESTIO 1. When Mahesh was borrowing from a
local agricultural trader in the village, he
126. Read the given extract and answer questions paid a lesser interest rate because a part
that follow. of credit was to be paid in kind and other
in cash.
Mahesh tells us that every season he needs 2. The most favourable terms of credit/loan
loans for cultivation on his 1.5 acres of land. borrowed by Arun for land cultivation
Till a few years back, he would borrow money are specified rate of interest and fixed
from the village moneylender at an interest time period.
rate of five per cent per month (60% per 3. The merits of formal sector of credit are
annum). For the last few years, Mahesh has (a) It provides loans at a fixed rate and
been borrowing from an agricultural trader in terms.
the village at an interest rate of three per cent (b) It gives loans not just for profit-
per month. At the beginning of the cropping making businesses and traders but
season, the trader supplies the farm inputs on also to small cultivators, small-scale
credit, which is to be repaid when the crops industries and small borrowers, etc.
are ready for harvest.
127. Study the sources given below and answer
Besides the interest charge on the loan, the
the questions that follow:
trader also makes the farmers promise to sell
the crop to him. This way the trader can ensure The various types of loans can be conveniently
that the money is repaid promptly. Also, since grouped as formal sector loans and informal
the crop prices are low after the harvest, the sector loans. Among the former are loans from
trader is able to make a profit from buying the banks and cooperatives. The informal lenders
crop at a low price from the farmers and then include moneylenders, traders, employers,
selling it later when the price has risen. relatives and friends, etc.

We next meet Arun who is supervising the The people are divided into four groups, from
work of one farm labourer. Arun has seven poor to rich. 85 per cent of the loans taken by
acres of land. He is one of the few persons in poor households in the urban areas are from
Sonpur to receive a bank loan for cultivation. informal sources. Compare this with the rich
urban households. Only 10 per cent of their
The interest rate on the loan is 8.5 per cent
loans are from informal sources, while 90
per annum, and can be repaid anytime in the
per cent are from formal sources. A similar
next three years. Arun plans to repay the loan
pattern is also found in rural areas. The rich
after harvest by selling a part of the crop. He
households are availing cheap credit from
then intends to store the rest of the potatoes
formal lenders whereas the poor households
in a cold storage and apply for a fresh loan
have to pay a heavy price for borrowing! What
from the bank against the cold storage receipt.
does all this suggest? First, the formal sector
The bank offers this facility to farmers who
still meets only about half of the total credit
have taken crop loans from them.
needs of the rural people. The remaining credit
Questions :
needs are met from informal sources.
1. When Mahesh was borrowing from a
local agricultural trader, he paid a lesser Most loans from informal lenders carry a very
interest rate. Why? high interest rate and do little to increase the

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

81. Write any three advantages of money. to find a person who wants your horse and at
Ans Comp 2018
the same time possesses a cow that you want
to buy. Accordingly, under the barter system,
(1) Money is used as a medium of exchange. exchange remained extremely limited.
(2) Money offers economic freedom to the
people. 85. What are demand deposits ? For what reasons
(3) Money is used for purchasing goods and they are considered as money ?
services. It is also easy to store money. Ans OD 2014

82. “The credit activities of the informal Demand Deposits : The deposit in the bank
sector should be discouraged.” Support the accounts which can be withdrawn on demand
statement with arguments. at any time are called demand deposits.
Ans Foreign 2014
They are considered as money because they
can be withdrawn against demand deposits
In the rural areas the poor households have makes it possible to settle pa9lhents without
to pay a large amount for borrowing. Because the use of money. Since, the (Demand
only the half credit needs are met from deposits) are accepted widely as a means of
informal sources. Most loans from informal payment, along with currency they constitute
lenders carry a high interest rali. They do little money in the current economy.
to increase the income of the barrowers. so,
it is necessary that banks and co-operatives 86. For what reasons Reserve Bank of India
increase their lending particularly in the rural supervise the functioning of the bank ?
areas, which may reduce the dependence on Ans Foreign 2018
informal sources of credit.
RBI (Reserve bank of India) supervise
83. The rupee is widely accepted as a medium of the functioning of the bank on account of
exchange, Explain. following reasons :
Ans SQP 2008
(1) To supervises whether the bank has
maintain minimum cash balance out of
(1) It is authorised by the government of the the deposits they receive.
country. (2) To monitors that the banks actually
(2) Its demand and supply can be controlled mountain the cash balance.
by the central bank of the country. (3) To supervises that the small cultivators,
(3) In India, the law legalises the use of rupee small scale industries, small borrowers,
as a medium of payment that cannot be etc. has got sufficient share of credit or
refused in settling transactions in India. not.
(4) In India, the value of each good or services
is measured in rupee. 87. Evaluate the role loans with reference to
India ?
84. Using an example explain the problem of lack
of double coincidence of wants in a barter Ans OD 2013

economy. Role of Loans in India.

Ans Delhi 2007, 2002
(1) If a lender change a high rate of interests,
it leads to create a situation of debt trap.
Problem of lack of double coincidence of wants (2) High cost of borrowing leads to a major
in a barter economy: Double coincidence of share of profits to be paid as interest.
wants is a precondition for the barter system (3) More Loans are given (provided) by
of exchange. Double coincidence of wants banks and cooperative.
implies that goods in possession of the two (4) At times, higher ratio lead to higher.
different individuals are needed by each interest than the principal amount.
other. But it is not so simple. It is difficult

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page 569

The various types of loans can be conveniently functions in the family are also met through
grouped as formal sector loans and informal loans. Rama has to depend on her employer,
sector loans. Among the former are loans from a medium landowner in Sonpur, for credit.
banks and cooperatives. The informal lenders
The landowner charges an interest rate of 5
include moneylenders, traders, employers,
per cent per month. Rama repays the money
relatives and friends, etc. The Reserve Bank
by working for the landowner. Most of the
of India supervises the functioning of formal
time, Rama has to take a fresh loan, before
sources of loans. For instance, we have seen
the previous loan has been repaid.
that the banks maintain a minimum cash
balance out of the deposits they receive. At present, she owes the landowner < 5,000.
The RBI monitors the banks in actually Though the landowner doesn’t treat her well,
maintaining cash balance. she continues to work for him since she can get
Banks keep only a small proportion of loans from him when in need. Rama tells us
their deposits as cash with themselves. For that the only source of credit for the landless
example, banks in India these days hold about people in Outpour is the landowner-employers.
15 per cent of their deposits as cash. This is Questions :
kept as provision to pay the depositors who 1. Is Rama taking a loan from formal or
might come to withdraw money from the bank informal sector of credit.
on any given day. Since, on any particular 2. ‘Credit is useful as well harmful’ what is
day, only some of its many depositors come your opinion as regards Rama’s case?
to withdraw cash, the bank is able to manage Ans
with this cash.
Questions : 1. Informal sector; Moneylender.
1. What do you mean by collateral in 2. In Rama’s case, credit is harmful as over
banking system? the years, his debt will rise and he will be
2. Who supervises the functioning of formal in debt trap.
sources of loans? 131. Read the extracts/sources carefully and
3. What per cent of deposits is used as cash answer the following questions :
by Bank? Banks are not present everywhere in rural
Ans India. Even when they are present, getting a
1. Collateral is an asset that the borrower loan from a bank is much more difficult than
owns (such as land, building, vehicle, taking a loan from informal sources.
livestocks, deposits with banks) and uses Questions :
this as a guarantee to a lender until the 1. Why is it difficult for the poor to take a
loan is repaid. loan from a bank?
2. The Reserve Bank of India supervises the 2. Suggest any two ways to increase the
functioning of formal sources of loans. availability of credit in rural India.
3. Banks in India these days hold about 15 Ans
per cent of their deposits as cash. 1. Banks need documents and collateral
130. Read the extracts/sources carefully and which the poor usually don’t have.
answer the following questions : 2. Establishing SHGs and Organising
Cooperatives.
Rama is working in a neighbouring field. She
works as an agricultural labourer. There are 132. Read the extract and answer the questions
several months in the year when Rama has that follow :
no work, and needs credit to meet the daily Modern forms of money include currency–
expenses. Expenses on sudden illnesses or paper notes and coins. Unlike the things that

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

SHORT Answer QUESTIO (5) The group charges interest on these

loans but this is still less than what the
moneylender charges.
93. ‘Formal sector of credit better than informal
96. Describe the importance of formal sources of
sector.’ Give arguments in support of your
credit in the economic development.
answer.
Ans Delhi 2019 , 2010
Ans OD 2024
Importance of formal sources of credit in
Formal sector of credit is better as -
economic development are as follows :
(1) It provides regular repayment options.
(1) It is monitored by the Reserve Bank of
(2) The rate of interest is lower as compared
India or regulated by the Government of
to the informal system of credit.
India and thus helps in bringing order to
(3) It is regulated by Reserve Bank of India
the system of lending and borrowing in
whereas informal system of credit is
the country.
unregulated.
(2) Provides fixed interest rate to all sections
(4) There are lesser chances of falling into
of society.
debt trap as compared to the informal
(3) Limits the scope of using unfair means to
sector.
repay the payment.
94. Distinguish between formal and informal (4) Less interest rate and accessible to all,
sources of credit. rich or poor.
Ans OD 2023

Formal credit is generally available with

banks and cooperatives. They charge lesser
rates of interest than informal institutions. 97. Explain the role of Self Help Groups in the
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervises rural economy.
the functioning of the formal sources of loans. Ans OD 2020
Informal lenders include moneylenders,
Self-Help Groups consist of certain members
traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc.
who pool their savings and constitute a fund
They charge much higher interest on loans.
which is further used in making finance and
There is no one to stop them from using
advances to other members. A typical Self-
unfair means to get their money back.
Help Group has 15 to 20 members. The
95. Imagine yourself to be XYZ, a member of a members pool their savings and after some
women Self- Help Group. Analyse the ways time, it becomes a large amount which is
through which your group provides loan to used to give loans to the needy ones at a very
the members. nominal rate of interest. This helps to reduce
the functioning of informal sectors of credit.
Ans SQP 2021
(1) They help borrowers overcome the
(1) Self Help Groups pool their savings. problem of lack of collateral.
(2) A typical SHG has 15-20 members, (2) They can get timely loans for variety of
usually belonging to one neighbourhood, purposes and at a reasonable interest
who meet and save regularly. rate. They are building blocks of the
(3) Saving per member varies from Rs. 25 to organisation of the rural poor.
Rs. 100 or more, depending on the ability (3) It helps women to become self-reliant.
of the people to save. The regular meetings of the group provide
(4) Members can take small loans from the a platform to discuss and act on various
group itself to meet their needs. social issues.

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page 571

2004, Ford Motors was selling 27, 000 cars income of the borrowers. Thus, it is necessary
in the Indian markets, while 24,000 cars were that banks and cooperatives increase their
exported from India to South Africa, Mexico lending particularly in the rural areas, so that
and Brazil. The company wants to develop the dependence on informal sources of credit
Ford India as a component supplying base for reduces.
its other plants across the globe. Questions :
Questions : 1. Give any one example of formal sector
1. Why is Ford Motors an MNC? source and of informal sector source of
2. How much did Ford Motors invest in India? credit in India.
3. Where did Ford Motors establish its first 2. Which sector is dominant source of rural
plant in India? credit in India?
4. Name two countries who import Ford 3. Why is it necessary to reduce dependence
Motors manufactured in India. on informal sources of credit?
Ans Ans
1. Ford Motors is an MNC because its 1. Example of formal sector source- Bank
production is spread over 26 countries of Example of informal sector source-
the world. Moneylender
2. < 1700 crores. 2. Informal sector
3. Chennai. 3. Because informal sector charges higher
4. Mexico and Brazil. interest on loans which badly affects
financial condition of the common people.
135. Study the sources given below and answer
the questions that follow : 136. Study the sources given below and answer
the questions that follow :
The various types of loans can be conveniently
grouped as formal sector loans and informal A person holding money can easily exchange
sector loans. Among the former are loans from it for any commodity or service that he or she
banks and cooperatives. The informal lenders might want. Thus, everyone prefers to receive
include moneylenders, traders, employers, payments in money and then exchange the
relatives and friends, etc. money for things that they want. Take the
case of a shoe manufacturer. He wants to
The people are divided into four groups, from
sell shoes in the market and buy wheat. The
poor to rich. 85 per cent of the loans taken by
shoe manufacturer will first exchange shoes
poor households in the urban areas are from
that he has produced for money, and then
informal sources. Compare this with the rich
exchange the money for wheat. Imagine how
urban households. Only 10 per cent of their
much more difficult it would be if the shoe
loans are from informal sources, while 90
manufacturer had to directly exchange shoes
per cent are from formal sources. A similar
for wheat without the use of money. He would
pattern is also found in rural areas. The rich
have to look for a wheat growing farmer who
households are availing cheap credit from
not only wants to sell wheat but also wants
formal lenders whereas the poor households
to buy the shoes in exchange. That is, both
have to pay a heavy price for borrowing! What
parties have to agree to sell and buy each
does all this suggest? First, the formal sector
other’s commodities. This is known as double
still meets only about half of the total credit
coincidence of wants. What a person desires
needs of the rural people. The remaining credit
to sell is exactly what the other wishes to buy.
needs are met from informal sources.
In a barter system where goods are directly
Most loans from informal lenders carry a very exchanged without the use of money, double
high interest rate and do little to increase the coincidence of wants is an essential feature.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Modern forms of money include currency – 137. Read the sources given below and answer the
paper notes and coins. Unlike the things that questions that follows :
were used as money earlier, modern currency
Every loan agreement specifies an interest
is not made of precious metal such as gold,
rate which the borrower must pay to the lender
silver and copper. And unlike grain and cattle,
along with the repayment of the principal.
they are neither of everyday use. The modern
In addition, lenders may demand collateral
currency is without any use of its own. Then,
(security) against loans. Collateral is an asset
why is it accepted as a medium of exchange? It
that the borrower owns (such as land, building,
is accepted as a medium of exchange because
vehicle, livestocks, deposits with banks) and
the currency is authorised by the government
uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the
of the country.
loan is repaid.
The other form in which people hold money
The various types of loans can be conveniently
is as deposits with banks. At a point of time,
grouped as formal sector loans and informal
people need only some currency for their
sector loans. Among the former are loans from
day-to-day needs. For instance, workers who
banks and cooperatives. The informal lenders
receive their salaries at the end of each month
include moneylenders, traders, employers,
have extra cash at the beginning of the month.
relatives and friends, etc. The Reserve Bank
What do people do with this extra cash? They
of India supervises the functioning of formal
deposit it with the banks by opening a bank
sources of loans. For instance, we have seen
account in their name. Banks accept the
that the banks maintain a minimum cash
deposits and also pay an interest rate on the
balance out of the deposits they receive.
deposits. In this way people’s money is safe
The RBI monitors the banks in actually
with the banks and it earns an interest. People
maintaining cash balance.
also have the provision to withdraw the money
as and when they require. Since the deposits Banks keep only a small proportion of
in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on their deposits as cash with themselves. For
demand, these deposits are called demand example, banks in India these days hold about
deposits. 15 per cent of their deposits as cash. This is
Questions : kept as provision to pay the depositors who
1. In which system, double coincidence of might come to withdraw money from the bank
wants is an essential feature? on any given day. Since, on any particular
2. Why are paper notes and coins accepted day, only some of its many depositors come
as a medium of exchange? to withdraw cash, the bank is able to manage
3. Why do people prefer demand deposits? with this cash.
Ans Questions :
1. What do you mean by collateral in
1. In barter system, double coincidence of
banking system?
wants is an essential feature.
2. Who supervises the functioning of formal
2. Because they are authorised by the
sources of loans?
government of the country.
3. What per cent of deposits is used as cash
3. Because demand deposits in the bank
by Bank?
accounts can be withdrawn on demand.
Ans
1. Collateral is an asset that the borrower
owns (such as land, building, vehicle,
livestocks, deposits with banks) and uses
this as a guarantee to a lender until the
loan is repaid.

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page 573

2. The Reserve Bank of India supervises the Ans

functioning of formal sources of loans. 1. Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in
3. Banks in India these days hold about 15 which the lender supplies the borrower
per cent of their deposits as cash. with money, goods or services in return
for the promise of future payment.
138. Read the extract and answer the questions 2. Bank will mediate between those who
that follows: have surplus funds (the depositors) and
those who are in need of these funds (the
There is an interesting mechanism at work
borrowers).
here. Banks keep only a small proportion of
3. Banks make use of the deposits to meet
their deposits as cash with themselves. For
the loan requirements of the people.
example, banks in India these days hold about
15 percent of their deposits as cash. This is
139. Study the diagram given below and answer
kept as provision to pay the depositors who
the questions that follow :
might come to withdraw money from the bank
Sources of Credit for Rural households in
on any given day. Since, on any particular
India in 2003
day, only some of its many depositors come
to withdraw cash, the bank is able to manage
with this cash. Banks use the major portion
of the deposits to extend loans. There is a
huge demand for loans for various economic
activities. We shall read more about this in
the following sections. Banks make use of the
deposits to meet the loan requirements of the
people. In this way, banks mediate between
those who have surplus funds (the depositors)
and those who are in need of these funds (the
borrowers). Banks charge a higher interest
rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
The difference between what is charged from Questions :
borrowers and what is paid to depositors is 1. Which are the two major sources of credit
their main source of income. A large number for rural households in India?
of transactions in our day to-day activities 2. Which one of them is the most dominant
involve credit in some form or the other. source of credit for rural households ?
Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which 3. Why is it the most dominant source of
the lender supplies the borrower with money, credit ? Give two reasons.
goods or services in return for the promise of
Ans
future payment.
Questions : 1. Moneylenders and cooperative societies.
1. What do you understand by the term 2. Moneylenders
credit? 3. It is because, (i) Small farmers are
2. Who will mediate between those who poor and cannot fulfil the conditions of
have surplus funds (the depositors) and collaterals (security). (ii) Small farmers
those who are in need of these funds (the are-semi-literate or illiterate, therefore,
borrowers)? opt for the earliest source irrespective
3. What does bank do with the deposits of of being it the harvest or emergency
public? demand.

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Ch 18 : Money and Credit CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

140. In India, about 80 percent of farmers are small

farmers, who need credit for cultivation.
Questions :
(1) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to
small farmers ?
(2) What are the other sources from which
the small farmers can borrow ?
(3) Explain with an example how the terms
of credit can be unfavourable for the
small farmer.
(4) Suggest some ways by which small
farmers can get cheap credit.
Ans
(1) Small farmers have no collateral against
loans. Collateral is an asset that the
borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee
to a lender until the loan is repaid. That
is why banks have no interest to lend to
small farmers.
(2) These small farmers take loans from
informal lenders including money lenders,
traders, employers, relatives and friends,
etc.
(3) The terms of credit can be unfavourable
for the small farmers because of the crop
failure. In this situation credit pushes the
farmers into debt trap.
(4) The formal sector still meets only about
half of the total credit needs of the small
farmers. The remaining credit needs are
met from informal sources. So banks
and co-operative societies need to lend
more. This would lead to higher incomes
because many people could, then borrow
cheaply for a variety of different needs.
They could grow crops, do business set
up small scale industries, etc. Cheap
and affordable credit is crucial for the
country’s development.

www.nodia.i

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CHAPTER
19
Globalization and the Indian Economy

SUMMAR
10. Investment : The money that is spent to buy
assets such as land, buildings, machines and
other equipment is called investment.
1. Globalisation : Phenomenon of rapid
11. Foreign Investment : Investment made by MNCs.
improvement in technology, liberalisation of
12. Liberalisation of trade : Removing restrictions
trade and investment policies and pressures
or barriers set by the government is called
from international organisation viz. WTO.
liberalisation of trade.
2. Liberalisation : Removal of trade barriers
13. Fiscal deficit : Total deficit in receipts and
and allow free flow of goods and services in
expenditure managed in order to arrive at
the country.
zero liability on the government. It happens
3. Privatisation : Phase wise handing over
through intervention of Ministry of Finance.
public sector companies to the private sector
14. Laissez faire : Leave the market to decide price
or companies run by individuals e.g. out of
of goods and services – A French term coined
17 public sector companies only three are
by Adam Smith, the father of economics. It is
existed now.
a synonym to liberalisation of economy.
4. World Trade Organization : An international
15. IMF (International Monetary Fund) : An
organisation, a product of Uraguay round
international financial institution that makes
of Ministerial Conference that ran eight
available foreign exchange to member nations
years continuously to decide pattern of
to overcome the scarcity of foreign exchange.
globalisation. It has encouraged economic
16. World Bank : An international financial
liberalisation in the world.
institution that extends financial assistance
5. Brain Drain : The migration of skilled
to member nations for development purposes.
people to other countries in search of better
Economic reforms : A change in the set of
opportunities and employment.
economic policy and programmes for the
6. Import Quotas : Restriction on the amount
betterment of economy or people of the state.
of commodities to be imported is referred to
as import quotas.
7. Export Quotas : A fixed quantum of items MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO
to be exported from countries outside India.
8. Special Economic Zones : SEZs are those 1. Choose the correct option to fill the blank.
industrial units which have world class Removing barriers or restrictions on business
facilities of electricity, water, roads, transport, and trade set by the government is called
storage, recreational and educational as_____.
facilities. Companies who set up production (a) Disinvestment
units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes (b) Special Economic Zones
for a period of defixed years. (c) Liberalisation
9. Sustainable economic development : A (d) Foreign Direct Investment
process of perpetual development of mankind
Ans OD 2024
without any disturbances to the eco-system
or the environment. (c) is correct option.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

2. Which one of the following is a major benefit 6. Assertion : Global production has a complex
to a local company which goes for joint structure.
production with an MNC? Reason : Production of one good may take
(a) MNC provides Money and Technology to place in different parts of the world. For
local company. instance, an equipment may be formed by
(b) MNC takes all decisions to reduce burden combining components produced in different
of local company. countries.
(c) MNC purchases all shares of local (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
company for faster production. and reason is the correct explanation of
(d) MNC might ask for labour and capital assertion.
investment from local company. (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
Ans OD 2023
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(a) MNC provides Money and Technology to (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
local company. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
3. When did the Indian Government introduced Ans Foreign 2010, 2006
a policy of liberalisation known as ‘New (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and
Economic Policy’ ? reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(a) 1980 (b) 2000
(c) 1994 (d) 1991 7. Why did the Indian Government restricted
Ans Comp 2023
foreign trade after independence?
(a) To protect domestic producers
(d) 1991 (b) To increase competition
4. To check the free flow of Chinese goods in the (c) To know the international level of quality
Indian markets, what the Indian government (d) All of the above
can do? Ans Delhi 2017
(a) Ban trade with China (a) To protect domestic producers
(b) Impose tax on imports
(c) Impose tax on exports 8. The money spent on buying assets such as
(d) Complain to UNO land, building, machinery etc is known as
Ans OD 2019 (a) capital (b) rent
(b) Impose tax on imports (c) investment (d) production
Ans SQP 2020
5. Arrange the following steps by which Foreign
investments are attracted in a country (c) investment
1. SEZ(Special economic zone) is being
9. The biggest problem based by the small
setup
TRADERS as seen in below picture is:
2. Companies need not to pay tax for 5
years
3. Flexible labour laws are formulated
4. Intense working hours for the labour
Options :
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 4, 1, 4, 2
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
Ans SQP 2012

(a) 1, 2, 3, 4

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(a) Stiff competition by the MNCs and cheap 13. Enabling producers of one country to sell
import. their goods in other countries is known as
(b) Lack of entrepreneurship. (a) globalisation
(c) Lack of Funds and credit available to (b) trade
them. (c) foreign trade
(d) Competition from the local producers. (d) international trade
Ans Comp 2012 Ans OD 2014, 2011

(a) Stiff competition by the MNCs and cheap (c) foreign trade
import
14. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
10. A company that owns or controls production 1. Set up production jointly with some of
in more than one country is called the local companies of these countries
(a) big company 2. Owns or controls production in more
(b) international company than one nation
(c) foreign company 3. Foreign investment
(d) multinational company 4. MNCs
Ans Delhi 2019
Options :
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 4, 2, 3, 1
(d) multinational company (c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
11. Assertion : The removal of barriers to trade Ans SQP 2010
is known as liberalization. (b) 4, 2, 3, 1
Reason : federalization of trade allows
businesses to freely decide which goods to 15. A situation in which all the countries reap
import and export. equally the benefits of foreign trades equally
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, is known as
and reason is the correct explanation of (a) Internationalisation
assertion. (b) Fair globalisation
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but (c) Liberalisation
reason is not the correct explanation of (d) Equal globalisation
assertion. Ans OD 2007
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (b) Fair globalisation

Ans Foreign 2015 16. Assertion : A tax on imports makes the

(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but market for imported goods lucrative in terms
reason is not the correct explanation of of earning higher profits.
assertion. Reason : Taxes are imposed to ensure smooth
trade between nations and higher tax revenues
12. The reason due to which multinational for the governments of the countries.
companies set up their branches in other (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
countries is and reason is the correct explanation of
(a) cheap labour and resources assertion.
(b) welfare motive (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
(c) to generate employment reason is not the correct explanation of
(d) to generate income assertion.
Ans Comp 2013
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(a) cheap labour and resources

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

41. Assertion : Globalization leads to increased to emergence of well integrated and cohesive
competition in international and domestic global economy.
markets. MNCs have contributed greatly in the
Reason : Globalization also makes the process of globalisation (i) by setting up
consumers better off as they have a wider production centres in various countries and
variety of goods to choose from at lower (ii) by supplying produced goods, services
prices. and technology.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, The countries of the world have come closer.
and reason is the correct explanation of It has also increased the movement of people
assertion. between countries.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of 44. Write any two steps taken by the government
assertion. to ensure that the benefits of globalisation
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. are shared better ?
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. Ans OD 2018

Ans OD 2009 Those steps are given below :

(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but (1) To ensure the proper implementation of
reason is not the correct explanation of labour laws
assertion. (2) To support small producers to improve
their performance
(3) Using the trade and investment barriers,
if necessary.
VERY SHORT QUESTIO 45. A news magazine published for London
readers is to be designed and printed in Delhi.
42. The industries have undergone significant The text of the magazine is sent through
changes due to advancement in technology Internet to the Delhi office. The designers in
and shifts in consumer preferences.’ Justify the Delhi office get orders on how to design
the statement. the magazine from the office in London using
Ans OD 2024
telecommunication facilities. The designing
is done on a computer. After printing, the
The statement holds true as industries magazines are sent by air to London. Even
worldwide have witnessed transformative the payment of money for designing and.
shifts propelled by technological advancements printing from a bank in London to a bank in
and evolving consumer preferences. Delhi is done instantly through the Internet
(1) The industry has become more efficient (e-banking)! Analyse the role of Information
and competitive. Technology in globlisation by giving three
(2) With the changing consumer preferences, reasons.
the industries have adopted worldwide
Ans Delhi 2017
used standards.
(3) Industries are diversifying their business (i) IT enables the quick transfer of data and
using modern technology. ideas globally.
(ii) IT plays a major role beyond national .
43. What do you understand by globalisation ? boundaries.
Explain in your own words. (iii)IT has made financial transactions very
Ans SQP 2020, 2018 easy across the globe.
Globalisation means that various economies 46. Differentiate between investment and foreign
of the world move in a manner that leads investment.

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(c) trade relations

(d) shigh price and quality
Ans Delhi 2010

(a) low price and variety

25. Assertion : Foreign trade and foreign

investment results in disintegration of
production across countries. (a) Indians getting Jobs.
Reason : MNCs disrupt the production (b) India is becoming hub of Outsource
processes in domestic country. Industry.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, (c) Indians being getting exploited over low
and reason is the correct explanation of working standards by MNCs.
assertion. (d) Indians are providing customer services
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but to global Client.
reason is not the correct explanation of Ans Comp 2018, 2016
assertion.
(b, d)
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
29. Assertion : Due to foreign trade, producers in
Ans Delhi 2009 different countries closely compete with each
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. other.
Reason : Foreign trade leads to similar prices
26. Choose the reason for which MNCs are of good across boundaries, and the producers
attracted to India for investments. who do not offer competitive prices may lose
(a) India has educated English speaking the market share.
people (a) Both assertion and reason are true,
(b) India has skilled professionals and reason is the correct explanation of
(c) India has lot of natural resources assertion.
(d) All of the above (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
Ans SQP 2013 reason is not the correct explanation of
(d) All of the above assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
27. The past two decades of globalisation has (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
seen rapid movements in : Ans OD 2008
(a) Goods, services and people between
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and
countries.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Goods, services and investments between
countries.
30. The most common route for investments by
(c) Goods, investments and people between
MNCs in countries around the world is to :
countries.
(a) Set up new factories.
(d) All of the above
(b) Buy existing local companies.
Ans . Foreign 2007
(c) Form partnerships with local companies.
(b) Goods, services and investments between (d) None of the above
countries. Ans Delhi 2005

28. With the rapid globalization and (b) Buy existing local companies.
liberalization, the picture below indicates:

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

With this advantage, Cargill is now the 95. How has foreign trade been integrating
largest producer of edible oil in India. markets of different countries? Explain with
(5) Also, MNCs control production by placing examples.
orders around the world with a large Ans SQP 2018
number of small producers of items, like
garments, footwears, sports items, etc. (1) Foreign trade provides an opportunity
Then MNC sells these products under its for both producers and buyers to reach
brand name. beyond the markets of their own country.
(6) As a result, production of MNCs in widely (2) Goods travel from one country to another.
dispersed location is getting interlinked. There is a huge competition among
producers of one country and producers
of other country.
(3) Competition among buyers also prevails
because they have more choice of goods,
94. Analyse any five positive effects of over domestically produced goods.
globalisation on the Indian economy. (4) With the opening of trade, goods travel
from one market to another and varieties
Ans OD 2010
of goods on the markets rises. Price of
The visible impacts of globalisation on Indian similar goods in two markets tend to
economy can be described in the following become equal.
ways : (5) For e.g., During Diwali season, buyers in
(1) There is a wide choice of goods and India have the option of choosing between
services in the market. For e.g., The Indian and Chinese lights and bulbs,
latest models of digital cameras, mobile Chinese lights manufacturers provide an
phones and television made by the opportunity to expand their business as
leading manufacturers of the world are these lights are cheap and available in
available in the markets. These products larger quantities easily.
are affordable as well as within reach of
the people. 96. “Fair globalisation would create opportunities
(2) Several improvements in the for all and also ensure that benefits of
transportation technology has made globalisation are shared better.” Support the
much faster delivery of goods across long statement.
distances possible and that too on lower Ans Foreign 2014
rates. (a) At present everyone has not benefited
(3) The improvement in information and from globalisation. People with
tele-communication technology is even education, skill and wealth have made
more remarkable. The invention and use the best use of the new opportunities.
of computer, internet, mobile phone, fax, On the other hand, there are many
etc., has made contact with each other people who have not shared the benefits
around the world quite easy. e.g., small producers and developing
(4) New jobs have been created in industries countries because the developed countries
where MNCs have invested such as have their own interests and are biased
electronics, fast foods, cell phones etc. against the developing countries. They
(5) Some Indian companies have become have unfairly retained trade barriers. An
multinational by themselves due to example of this is the debate on trade
globalisation, such as Tata Motors in agriculture products. In the USA, the
(automobiles), Ranbaxy (Medicines), share of agriculture in GDP is 1% and its
Infosys (Computer and Information share in total employment a tiny 0.5%.
Technology) and L & T (construction).

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3. The consumers in Norlock, now, have a cloth produced. The expenditure incurred by
wide variety of goods to choose from. Rajiv for conducting the production process
4. Norlock opened its economy to the world is termed as .......... .
and allowed foreign traders to sell their (a) investment (b) profits
goods. (c) equity (d) interest
Options : Ans OD 2016
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 4, 2, 3, 1
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1 (a) investment

Ans OD 2010 39. Assertion : MNCs can exert a strong influence

(b) 4, 2, 3, 1 on production at distant locations.
Reason : MNCs set up partnerships with
37. Match the columns P and column Q and local companies, use local companies for
select correct option : supplies, compete witnqhe local companies
or buy them up.
Column P Column Q
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
A. MNCs buy at 1. Automobiles and reason is the correct explanation of
cheap rates from machinery assertion.
small producers hemo. (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
B. Quotas and taxes 2. Garments, reason is not the correct explanation of
on imports are foot wear, assertion.
used to regulate sports. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
trade items. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
C. Indian companies 3. Call centres. Ans Delhi 2012

who have invested (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and
abroad. reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
D. IT has helped 4. Tata Motors,
40. Study the picture and answer the question
in spreading of Infosys,
that follows:
production of Ranbaxy
services.
E. Several MNCs 5. Trade barriers
have invested
in setting up
factories in India
for production.
Option :
(a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 5, E - 1
(b) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 5, E - 4
(c) A - 4, B - 1, C - 2, D - 3, E - 5 Which of the following aspect best signifies
(d) A - 2, B - 5, C - 4, D - 3, E - 1 above image?
(a) Liberalisation
Ans Delhi 2013, 2011
(b) Trade
(d) A - 2, B - 5, C - 4, D - 3, E - 1 (c) WTO
(d) Internet
38. Rajiv has a textile firm. For carrying out
production, Rajiv spent money on procuring Ans Comp 2019

thread from traders, buying machine and (d) Internet

equipment and built a warehouse to store the

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans Ciomp 2016, 2014

greater foreign investment and foreign trade
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. is known as
(a) Integration of markets
17. Till which time period, production was (b) International trade
organised within the countries? (c) MNC
(a) Middle of twentieth century (d) Globalisation
(b) End of twentieth century
(c) Starting of twentieth century Ans Delhi 2009

(d) Till nineteenth century (d) Globalisation

Ans OD 2015
21. Assertion : Local businesses may set up joint
(a) Middle of twentieth century production process with MNCs and earn
higher profits.
18. Identify the core of the problem for the below Reason : MNCs can provide money for
mentioned picture : additional investments, like buying new
machines for faster production.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans Comp 2022
(a) Lack of infrastructure which is needed for
revolution in IT sector. (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and
(b) Unavailability of Quality equipment by reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
the local producer. 22. An important factor causing globalisation is
(c) Lack of skilled personnel’s to repair such (a) more income
IT products. (b) expansion of markets
(d) Unavailability of bandwidth which is (c) technological developments
needed for such Equipment. (d) urbanisation
Ans SQP 2008, 2005
Ans Delhi 2018

(a) Lack of infrastructure which is needed for (c) yechnological developments

revolution in IT sector.
23. Foreign trade gives more number of choices
19. In earlier times, trade consisted of which of for
the following things? (a) producers (b) sellers
(a) Finished goods (c) buyers (d) government
(b) Raw materials
Ans Foreign 2012
(c) Food stuffs
(d) All of these (c) buyers
Ans Foreign 2009
24. In the competition between Indian and
(d) All of these Chinese toys in Indian markets, China proved
better because of
20. The process of rapid integration or (a) low price and variety
interconnection between countries due to (b) good shape

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Ans Comp 2015

(3) It has encouraged India to increase the
Investment : The money that is spent to buy exports of textile and clothing.
assests such as land building machine, and
other equipment is called investment. 50. What is WTO ? What is its main aim ?
Foreign Investment : Investment made by an Mention any one of its limitation.
MNC in another countries nations to set up Ans Foreign 2007

their units for production is called foreign (1) WTO is an organisation dealing with
investment. rules of international trade.
47. What is the meaning of liberalisation of (2) Its main aim is to liberalize international
foreign trade? Explain. trade. It establishes rules regarding
international trade and sees that these
Ans SQP 2011, 2009
rules are obeyed.
(1) Removing barriers or restrictions set (3) Though WTO is supposed to allow free
by the government is what is known as trade for all, in practice, it is seen that
liberalization. the developed countries have unfairly
(2) With liberalization of trade, business are retained trade barriers.
allowed to make decisions freely about
what they wish to import or export. 51. Suppose you find two people arguing. One is
(3) The government imposes much less saying globalization has hurt our country’s
restrictions than before and is therefore, development. The other is saying globalization
said to be more liberal. is helping India to develop. How would you
respond to their arguments ?
48. Explain the term ‘trade barrier’ with an Ans Comp 2017
example.
(1) The response would be that globalisation
Ans OD 2010
has not hurt our country’s development
(1) Trade barriers refer to the restrictions, but is helping India to develop.
laws, institutions or practices which make (2) But, it has benefitted well off consumers
trade between countries more difficult or and producers with skill, education and
expensive than trade within countries. wealth. On the other hand, many small
(2) Tax on import is an example of trader producers and workers have suffered as a
barrier. It is called a barrier because some result of the rising competition. They have
restriction has been set up. not shared the benefits of globalization.
(3) Governments can use trade barriers to
increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade 52. How the globalization and greater competition
and to decide what kinds of goods and how amongst the producers have been of advantage
much of each, should come into the country. to the consumers ? Explain any three points
in this regard.
49. Explain any three effects of WTO on Indian o
economy. Describe the impact of globalisation on lives
Ans Delhi 2006 of consumers.
The three effects of WTO on Indian economy Ans SQP 2012
are as follow : (1) There is greater choice before consumers.
(1) There has been an increase in income (2) They now enjoy improved quality.
through liberalisation of foreign trade. (3) They get several products on lower prices.
(2) Reduction of trade barriers and in (4) As a result, these people today, enjoy
domestic subsidies raises the price much higher standards of living than
of domestic agricultural products in before.
International markets.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

64. Discuss, write any three negative impacts of Ans OD 2007

Globalisation. This has the following reasons :

Ans Foreign 2012
(1) Cost of labour and other resources is
cheap in India. There are a large number
Negative impacts of Globalisation : of skilled and unskilled labourers available
(1) There are a number of industries such at low wages.
as toys, tyres, batteries, plastics, dairy (2) A number of local manufacturers in India
products, vegetable oils where, the small supply auto-parts to Ford Motors which
manufacturers have been hit hard due to has tremendous power to determine price,
foreign competition. quality, delivery and labour conditions.
(2) Thousands of uneducated and unskilled (3) The company wants to develop India as
labourers have become jobless due to a base for manufacturing car components
closure of various units. because India and its neighbour, China
(3) Globalisation has negative impact on have a large number of prospective buyers.
the most of the small industries which They have great purchasing power.
employ the largest number of workers
after agriculture. 67. What does WTO stand for ? Write its four
features.
65. Why have the barriers on foreign trade and
foreign investment been removed to a large Ans Foreign 2014, 2013

extent by the Indian Government? Explain. WTO stands for World Trade Organisation.
Ans Delhi 2010
Nearly 160 countries of the world were the
members of the WTO in June 2014.
The Indian Government has removed Features:
the barriers to foreign trade and foreign (1) World Trade Organisation (WTO) is a
investment due to the following reasons : powerful international organisation.
(1) The Indian government took on the basis (2) It aims at liberalising international trade.
of perception, membership of WTO an (3) It establishes rules regarding international
international organisation. trade and ensures that these rules are
(2) It was thought that WTO would protect obeyed.
India from the pressures of stronger (4) It oversees the implementation,
trading partners as WTO’s rules envisage administration and operations of the
non-discrimination in the form of national covered agreements.
treatment and most favoured nation (5) It is also a centre of economic research
(MFN) treatment to India’s exports in and analysis.
the market of other WTO members. (6) WTO is supposed to allow free trade for
(3) It was said that members would not all countries. But in practice, it is found
discriminate tariff regimes among various that the developed countries have unfairly
WTO members as also would honour retained trade barriers.
their respective rules, regulation and
incentive etc. 68. What way is an MNC different from the
However, in implementation, WTO national companies ? Highlight any three
agreements did just contrary to what was points of distinction.
envisaged in its rules. o
In what ways is an MNC different from other
66. Why did ‘Ford Motor Company’ want to companies ? Explain.
develop Ford India as a component supplying
base for its other plants across the globe ? Ans Delhi 2018

Explain. In the following ways, an MNC is different

from other companies :

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Thus a few years back, there were only (4) Large Indian companies have emerged as
few brands of different goods in the markets. multinational companies. This has helped
A consumer did not have real choice and had our country to increase our contacts
no option to purchase a particular brand. around the world. Globalisation has
But now he has a number of options between helped increase our GDP and per capita
Indian as well as foreign brands. income, thus making the living standards
better across the globe.
60. How does globalisation make the whole world
a single market and rapidly integrates various 62. ‘The impact of globalization has not been
countries ? uniform.’ Explain this statement.
Ans Comp 2018 Ans SQP 2014

(1) Globalisation is the process of rapid (1) Globalization has enabled some
integration of countries. This is happening large Indian companies to emerge as
through greater foreign trade and foreign multinational such as Tata motors,
investment. MNCs are playing a major Infosys, Ranbaxy, etc.
role in the globalisation process. (2) On the other hand, small-scale industries
(2) Technology, particularly IT, has played a had to close down their units. For example,
big role in organizing production across Ravi’s company producing capacitors and
countries. many small companies have closed their
(3) In addition, liberalisation of trade and units in Hyderabad and Chennai.
investment has facilitated globalization (3) Similarly, SEZ will benefit the MNCs
by removing barriers to trade and but they would ruin and impoverish
investment. thousands of peasants, displace them and
make their future dark.
(4) Globalization is beneficial to MNCs but
quite harmful to workers, small industries
SHORT Answer QUESTIO and traders who can’t compete with
MNCs.
61. How has globalization affected the life of 63. How does Government attract foreign
Indians? Explain with examples. investment ? Explain different ways.
Ans OD 2019 o
Globalization has contributed in booming Mention any three steps which have been
the Indian economy in following ways : taken by the Government of India to attract
(1) Greater competition among producers foreign investment in recent years ?
resulting from globalisation is a great Ans Comp 2022

advantage to consumers as there is wider (1) Special Economic Zones have been set up
choice regarding every product before to have world-class facilities such as cheap
them. electricity, roads, transport, storage, etc.
(2) Due to globalisation, many MNCs have (2) The companies set up their units in SEZs
increased their investments in India, this which are exempted to pay tax for initial
has not only helped in the inflow of capital period of five years.
but also largely helped in employment (3) Labour laws are made flexible.
generation. (4) Instead of hiring workers on a regular
(3) Local companies supplying raw materials basis, companies hire worker’s ‘flexibility’
to industries that have been set as a result for short periods when there is intense
of the globalization, have prospered leaps pressure of work.
and bounds.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(2) The invention of computers, internet, the dense network of transport and
mobile phones and fax has made communication.
contacting each other around the world (2) They help in individual development
quite easy. by assemblage of raw material and
(3) New jobs have been created in industries distribution of finished goods.
where MNCs have invested. (3) They link areas of production with
(4) The prices of various products have come consumption, agriculture with industry
down due to competition among the and villages with towns and cities.
producers and manufacturers. (4) They help in the balanced regional
(5) People are getting more employment development.
because some Indian companies have
become multinational themselves due to 75. “Globalisation and greater competition
globalisation. among producers has been advantageous
to consumers.” Support the statement with
73. How has improvement in technology examples.
stimulated the globalization process ? Explain
with three examples. Ans Delhi 2015, 2009
Ans SQP 2013
Globalisation arid competition among
Technology and the process of Globalisation : producers has been of advantage to the
(1) Several improvements in the consumers in the ways as mentioned below :
transportation technology have made (1) Now there is more choice for the
much faster delivery of goods across long consumers in the markets. For example in
distances possible and that too at lower the field of toys, the markets are flooded
rates. with Chinese toys which are cheaper and
(2) The improvement in information and of better quality than Indian toys. People
telecommunication technology is even now have a choice between Indian toys
more remarkable. The invention and use and Chinese toys.
of computers, internet, mobile phones, (2) The consumers now have products of
fax, etc. has made contact with each other better quality.
around the world quite easy. Now we have (3) The prices of various products have come
access to any information instantly. down due to competition among the
(3) Information and communication producers manufacturers.
technology has also played a major role in (4) Globalisation has led to improvement in
spreading out production of their services. the standard of living of people.
For instance, a news magazine for London
readers can be printed in Delhi with the 76. How do multinational companies manage to
help of internet technology. keep the cost of production of their goods low
? Explain with examples.
74. “Efficient means of transport are pre- Ans Foreign 2009
requisites for the fast development. “ Express
your views in favour of this statement. (1) Multinational Companies (MNCs) set
Ans Delhi 2016 up offices and factories for production in
regions where they can get cheap labour
Efficient means of transport are pre-requisites
and other resources like raw material.
for the fast development for following reasons:
For example, countries like China, Bangladesh
(1) Transport and communication are the
and India provide with the advantage of
basic arteries of nation’s economy.
cheap manufacturing locations.
Economic development of a region or
(2) M.N.Cs. also need nearby markets for
country very largely depends upon
their manufactured goods. Mexico and

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Multinational Other (National) and faster planes that cover the distance
Company Company within a few hours between one country
to another. Similarly, the cost of air
1. It owns or controls It owns or controls transport has fallen for goods services.
production in more production within (2) Information and Communication
than one nation. the country. Technology : In recent times
2. It sets up offices It has no such communication and information
and factories for option. technology got a boost from the invention
production in of computers and internet, etc.
regions where it can (3) Information Technology (IT) has played
get cheap labour a major role in spreading out production
and other resources. of services. For example, a news magazine
3. Since the cost of It low, it can earn published for London readers is to be
production for an greater profits. designed and printed in Delhi.
MNC is has no such
71. Fair globalisation would create opportunities
scope to earn greater
for all and also ensure that the benefits of
profits.
globalisation are better share. What role can
government play in making this possible ?
69. Analyse any three impacts of globalization
in India. Ans Comp 2021

o We are living in the age of globalisation. Every

Explain visible impacts of globalization on good citizen or supporter of liberalisation
the Indian economy with two examples. favours fair situation for successful
Ans SQP 2020 globalisation. Governments of all countries
favouring liberalisation and globalisation can
(1) MNCs have invested large sums of money.
take certain steps to ensure fair globalisation.
(2) New jobs have been created in industries
Some of the steps are being mention here
where MNCs have invested such as
under :
electronics, fast food, cell phones, etc.
(1) Labour laws should be implemented
(3) Many Indian companies have acquired
properly.
the status of MNCs. For example : Tata
(2) Negotiate at the World Trade Organisation
motors, Ranbaxy, Infosys, TCS, etc
(WTO) for ‘fairer’ rules.
(4) Labourers have no job security and poor
(3) Small producers should be supported at
working conditions prevail.
least by the governments of developing
(5) No benefits to workers due to seasonal
countries.
employment.
(4) Use trade and investment barriers
70. How has information and communication efficiently to check hegemony of big
technology stimulated globalisation process ? or super powers or more advanced or
Explain with examples. developed countries.
Ans OD 2016 72. How do we feel the impact of globalisation on
The factors are as follows : our daily life? Explain with examples.
(1) Transportation of Technology : Ans OD 2018 , 2011
Rapid improvement in transportation
Impact of Globalization in our daily life :
technology has been one major factors
(1) Transportation technology has made
that has stimulated the globalisation
much faster delivery of goods across long
process. There are fast trains connecting
distances possible and that too at lower
every remote and corner of the country
rates.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Parakh Foods had built a large marketing Ans

network in various parts of India, where 1. MNCs play an important role in the process
its brand was well-reputed. Also, Parakh of globalisation. They bring not only their
Foods had four oil refineries, whose products to a country but also the new
control has now shifted to Cargill. Cargill business policies and cultures. They also
is now the largest producer of edible oil in help in increasing competitiveness among
India, with a capacity to make 5 million the Indian companies. At present, most
pouches daily. of us are able to use the latest models of
cars and this could be possible because of
120. Read the sources given below and answer the globalisation. Because of hordes of MNCs
questions that follow: in our country, most of the urban Indians
Until the middle of the twentieth century, have become broad¬minded in their
production was largely organised within outlook
countries. What crossed the boundaries of 2. The foreign trade becomes a main channel
these countries were raw material, food stuff in connecting countries because trade in
and finished products. Colonies such as India the past was restricted to finished goods
exported raw materials and food stuff and being produced in one market, and sold
imported finished goods. Trade was the main in other markets. In today’s time, besides
channel connecting distant countries. This was trade; capital, technology, people, and
before large companies called Multinational service flow is also taking place all over
Corporations (MNCs) emerged on the scene. the world. Today, the world is connected
Foreign trade creates an opportunity for in a way that even production takes place
the producers to reach beyond the domestic across different countries.
markets, i.e., markets of their own countries, 3. The benefits of the globalisation for the
Producers can sell their produce not only in consumers are given below:
markets located within the country but can also (i) It created opportunities in terms of
compete in markets located in other countries investment, employment for many
of the world. Similarly, for the buyers, import developing and underdeveloped
of goods produced in another country is one countries and brought about greater
way of expanding the choice of goods beyond integration of economies.
what is domestically produced. (ii) It enhances choices to the consumers,
brought about increased movement of
Globalisation and greater competition among goods, people, and ideas.
producers–both local and foreign producers–has (iii)It has led to the establishment of
been of advantage to consumers, particularly many foreign brands in the country,
the well-off sections in the urban areas. There widening our choices and created
is greater choice before these consumers who preferences.
now enjoy improved quality and lower prices (iv) It has expanded the scope of the
for several products. As a result, these people market.
today, enjoy much higher standards of living
than was possible earlier. 121. Read the sources given below and answer the
Questions : questions that follows:
1. How are MNCs a major force in connecting Colonies such as India exported raw materials
the countries of the world? and food stuff and imported finished goods.
2. How does foreign trade become a main Trade was the main channel connecting
channel in connecting countries? distant countries. This was before large
3. How is globalisation beneficial for companies called multinational corporations
consumers? (MNCs) emerged on the scene. A MNC is a

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page 589

Eastern Europe are useful for their (3) Export and Import are the component of
closeness to the markets in the United trade.
States (US) and Europe. (4) Commodities in export-agriculture and
(3) Besides these, MNCs also require skilled allied products, areas and minerals, gems
engineers and IT personnels and a large and jewellery etc.
number of English speaking people who (5) The commodities imported to India
are able to provide customer care services: include Petroleum and its products,
(India possibly tops in this area). precious stores, chemicals etc.
(4) All these factors help MNCs in saving
costs of production by 50-60%. 79. How can consumers and producers be
benefited from ‘foreign trade’ ? Explain with
77. ‘Barriers on foreign trade and foreign examples.
investment were removed to a large extent in Ans Comp 2018
India since 1991.’ Justify the statement.
Consumers and producers both are benefitted
Ans Delhi 2016
from foreign trade:
The Indian Government has removed (1) The basic function of foreign trade is to
the barriers to foreign trade and foreign create opportunities for the producers to
investment due to the following reasons : reach beyond domestic markets (markets
(1) The Indian government took on the basis of their own countries), both for selling
of perception, membership of WTO an their goods and for buying raw materials.
international organisation. (2) Producers can compete with other
(2) It was thought that WTO would protect manufacturers in foreign markets. Import
India from the pressures of stronger of goods allows buyers to have more choice
trading partners as WTO’s rules envisage of goods produced in other countries also.
non¬discrimination in the form of national (3) ‘Foreign Trade’ has facilitated the travel
treatment and most favoured nation of goods from one market to another. It is
(MFN) treatment to India’s exports in one way of expanding the choice of goods
the market of other WTO members. for the buyers.
(3) It was said that members would not (4) Producers of different countries have to
discriminate tariff regimes among various compete in different markets.
WTO members as also would honour (5) Prices of similar goods in two markets
their respective rules, regulation and in two different countries become almost
incentive etc. equal.
However, in implementation, WTO
agreements did just contrary to what was 80. What is liberalisation? Describe any four
envisaged in its rules. effects of liberalisation on the Indian economy.
Ans OD 2017
78. “Advancement of international trade of
a country is an index to its economic Liberalisation of the economy means to free
prosperity”. Elaborate with examples. the trade from direct or physical controls
imposed by the government. The four effects
Ans SQP 2019
of liberalisation on the Indian economy are :
Advancement of International Trade : (1) Competition would improve the
(1) Trade between two countries through sea, performance of producers within the
air or land route helps in the development country.
of country. (2) Barriers on foreign trade and foreign
(2) No country can survive without investment were removed to a large
International trade. extent. This meant that goods could be
imported and exported easily.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(3) Foreign companies could set up factories 83. Do you think that more Indian companies
and offices to boost up production. should emerge as MNCs ? Explain four
(4) It allows to make decisions freely. reasons to support your answer.
(5) The competition would improve the Ans Delhi 2013
performance of producers within the
country since they have to improve their Yes, I think that more Indian companies
quality. should emerge as MNCs.
This has the following reasons :
81. How is free and fair trade necessary for the (1) In that particular industries and services,
promotion of economic welfare activities? new jobs would be created.
Explain. (2) Local companies supplying raw materials,
Ans Foreign 2010
etc. to these MNCs would prosper.
Several of the top Indian companies have
(1) Only free and fair trade would create been able to benefit from the increased
opportunities for all. competition.
(2) It would ensure that the benefits of (3) They will invest in latest technology
globalisation are shared better. and production methods and raise their
(3) While globalisation has benefitted well- production standards.
off consumers and also producers with (4) Also, these companies would certainly
skill, education and wealth, many small gain from successful collaborations with
producers and workers have suffered as foreign companies.
a result of the rising competition. In this
way, there are many people who have not 84. “Foreign trade integrates the markets in
shared the benefits of trade. However, free different countries.” Support the statement
and fair trade would ensure the benefits with arguments.
for thec:e segments of society also. Ans Delhi 2015, 2013

82. What is globalisation. ? Why there is a need (1) Foreign trade leads to integration of
to make globalisation fair ? Explain any two markets across countries because it
reasons. creates an opportunity for the producers
Ans OD 2009
to reach beyond the domestic markets
i.e., markets of their own countries.
(1) Globalisation is the process of rapid Producers can sell their products in the
integration or interconnection between markets of their own country as well as in
countries. MNCs are playing a major role other countries all over the world. They
in the globalisation process. More and call also compete in markets located in
more goods and services, investments and other countries of the world.
technology are moving between countries. (2) The buyers too have a choice between the
(2) (i) While globalisation has benefitted goods produced in different parts of the
well-off consumers and also producers world. It enables the consumer to buy
with skill, education and wealth, according to his requirement.
many small producers and workers (3) The competition among the producers
have suffered as a result of the rising bring them closer to each other.
competition. (4) Sometimes the producers of other
(ii) Fair globalisation would create countries set up joint ventures as AIG
opportunities for all and also ensure have set up joint venture in insurance
that the benefits of globalisation are sector and are selling their products in
shared better. India. Thus in general, with the opening
of trade, goods travel from one market

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page 591

to another. Prices of similar goods in (3) This has been facilitated by satellite
two markets tend to become equal. And communication devices.
producers in the two countries now closely (4) Internet also allows us to send instant
compete against each other even though electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-
they are separated by thousands of miles. mail) across the world at negligible costs.
Foreign trade, thus, results in connecting (5) Information and communication
the markets or integration of markets in technology has played a major role in
different countries. spreading out production of services
across countries.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIO 87. “Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign

investment policy have shown far reaching
changes in India.” Support the statement
85. “Globalisation is the process of rapid
with suitable arguments.
integration or interconnection between
countries.” Explain the statement with Ans OD 2023

examples. (1) Foreign direct investment has significantly

Ans OD 2024
increased as a result of liberalisation. After
(1) Goods and services are produced India adopted the policy of liberalisation,
globally and traded around the world as many MNCs entered the Indian market.
restrictions on trade has decreased. (2) The public sector’s monopoly has been
(2) Multinational companies set up restrained with the introduction of
factories and offices for production in liberalisation.
other countries which leads to foreign (3) A game-changing outcome of liberalisation
investment in different parts of the world. was an increase in employment
(3) Latest technology are moving between opportunities.
countries. (4) Employment opportunities increased as
(4) Choice of goods in the markets have a result of increased investment in the
increased and producers in countries now Indian market. The nation’s economic
closely compete against each other. development increased as new industries,
(5) The movement of people between such as information technology and
countries has also led to rapid integration communication, developed.
between countries. (5) With the entry of MNCs, the Indian
(6) Most regions of the world are in closer market became more competitive. As a
contact with each other than a few result, technological advancement brought
decades back. on by the use of foreign technology in
industrial applications was inevitable.
86. ‘Improvement in technology has stimulated
(6) The liberalisation, privatisation, and
the globalisation process.’ Explain the
globalisation policies were implemented in
statement with examples.
India. Indian consumers can choose from
Ans OD 2024 a wide range of lower-priced products on
(1) Technology has made much faster delivery the market. They now live much more
of goods across long distances possible at comfortably than was previously possible
lower costs. as a result.
(2) Telecommunication facilities are used to
88. ‘Among produces and workers, the impact of
contact one another around the world,
globalization has not been uniform.’ Support
to access information instantly, and to
the statement with suitable arguments.
communicate from remote areas.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

Ans OD 2023, 2020

computers, internet has been changing
The impact of globalisation has not been the rapidly.
same for the producers and the workers: (3) Telecommunication facilities, such as
(1) There is only a small fraction of the telegraph, telephone including mobile
producers who have successfully got phone, fax are used to connect to one
access to foreign markets and are selling another around the world, to access
their products at competitive prices. information instantly, and to communicate
(2) On the other hand a large section of the from remote areas.
producers are facing stringent competition (4) This has been facilitated by satellite
from Multi-National Companies who communication devices.
have far superior technology and capital (5) Computers have entered every field of
at their disposal and have possessed a activity and one can share and receive
threat to the local producers. information on almost anything within
(3) There is no doubt that globalisation few minutes through internet services.
has led to an increase in employment
opportunities for workers. However, the 90. How is the government of India trying to
salaries are lucrative for highly qualified attract more foreign investment? Explain
professionals only they are not good for with examples.
unqualified workers. Ans SQP 2013

(4) Due to the high supply and low demand of India is a developing country. There is much
the workers the MNCs are appointing the scope for increasing trade, establishing
workers at lower wages which are proving new industries and constructing buildings.
detrimental to the financial health of the There is need of money for such activities
worker. which is less in India. So to compensate this
(5) The development in the manufacturing loss government invites foreigners to invest
sector is very slow in the nation which money in India. Indian government is using
has put a high burden on the import the following ways to attract foreigners.
of electronic goods and hurts the local 1. It is giving high ratio of interest to the
manufacturers which are facing the investors.
problem of lack of technology and 2. It is giving opportunity for partnership in
shortage of capital. industries to the foreigners.
89. Describe the role of technology in promoting 3. It has the provision to give maximum
globalisation process. percentage of profit.
4. Indian government is attracting foreigners
Ans SQP 2020
by appointing them on higher posts.
Rapid improvements in technology have been 5. It is abolishing trade barriers like foreign
one major factor that has stimulated the trade licensing.
globalisation process. 6. The government has established special
(1) There have been several improvements in Economic Zones (SEZs) just to attract
transportation technology in the past fifty foreign investment. It is given initial
years, which has made faster delivery of approval policy matter after conflict
goods across long distances at lower costs within state with center.
possible.
(2) There have been remarkable developments 91. Explain any five facilities available in the
in information and communication special economic zones developed by the
technology. In recent times, technology Central and State governments to attract
in the areas of telecommunications, foreign investment.

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page 593

Ans Delhi 2019

made by leading manufacturers of the
The incentives and facilities offered to the world are within our reach.
units in SEZs for attracting investments (3) Today, Indians are buying cars produced
into the SEZs, including foreign investment by nearly all the top companies in the
include : world. Every season new models of
(1) Duty free import/domestic procurement automobiles can be seen on Indian roads.
of goods for development, operation and (4) A similar explosion of brands can be
maintenance of SEZ units. seen for many other goods; from shirts to
(2) 100% Income Tax exemption on export televisions to processed fruit juices.
income for SEZ units under Section 10AA (5) Top Indian companies have benefitted
of the Income Tax Act for first 5 years, from competition. They have invested in
50% for next 5 years thereafter, and 50% newer technology and production methods
of the ploughed back export profit for indirectly benefitting the consumers in
next 5 years. the Indian markets who now enjoy a
(3) Exemption from Central Sales Tax, much higher standard of living than ever
exemption from Service Tax and before.
exemption from State sales tax. These
have now subsumed into GST and 93. How do Multi-National Corporations (MNCs)
supplies to SEZs are zero rated under the interlink production across countries? Explain
IGST Act, 2017. with examples.
(4) Single window clearance for Central and Ans Foreign 2014

State level approvals. Multi-National Corporations (MNCs)

(5) Flexibility in labour laws also attracts interlink their production across countries in
foreign investments. various ways :
92. How have our markets been transformed in (1) A multinational corporation (MNC) is
recent years? Explain with examples. usually a large company that owns and
controls production in more than one
Ans Comp 2018, 2016
nation. MNCs set up offices and factories
Markets have been transformed completely for production in regions where they
in recent years. This transformation has been can easily get cheap labour and other
largely brought about by globalisation. resources. This is done to minimise the
(1) Greater competition among producers cost of production end to maximise the
(both local and foreign) has been profit.
advantageous to consumers, particularly (2) The MNCs not only sell its finished
the well-off section. Rich people enjoy products globally, but more importantly,
improved quality and lower prices for the goods and services are produced
several products and enjoy a higher globally.
standard of living. We have a wide choice (3) The production process is divided into
of goods and services before us. small parts and spread out across the
(2) MNCs have increased their investments in globe.
India over the past 20 years in industries (4) The most common route for MNC
such as cell phones, automobiles, investments is to buy local companies and
electronics, soft drinks, fast food then to expand production. For example
and services such as banking thereby : Cargill Foods, a very large American
providing consumers with a vast variety MNC had bought over an Indian
of products. The latest models of digital company Parakh foods which had their
cameras, mobile phones and televisions large marketing network in various parts
of India and also has a good reputation.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

31. Globalisation has led to improvement in

living conditions
(a) of all the people
(b) of people in the developed countries
(c) of workers in the developing countries
(d) none of the above.
Ans Foreign 2013

(b) of people in the developed countries.

32. Assertion : Foreign trade creates an

opportunity for the producers to reach
beyond the domestic markets.
Which of the following aspect best signifies
Reason : Foreign trade expands the choice of
above image?
goods beyond what is domestically produced.
(a) Liberalisation
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
(b) Trade
and reason is the correct explanation of
(c) WTO
assertion.
(d) Internet
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
reason is not the correct explanation of Ans SQP 2009

assertion. (c) Liberalisation

(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. 35. Assertion : Rapid improvement in technology
has been one major factor that has stimulated
Ans OD 2006
the globalization process.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but Reason : Developing countries are likely to
reason is not the correct explanation of become at par with developed countries in
assertion. terms of technological development due to
globalization.
33. Arrange the process of globalization in order
(a) Both assertion and reason are true,
of occurrence
and reason is the correct explanation of
1. Govt opens up the Economy for Foreign
assertion.
Players
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but
2. Large big Indian companies emerges as
reason is not the correct explanation of
multinationals
assertion.
3. New Opportunity for the IT sectors
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
4. Various outsource jobs shifted to India
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Options :
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 Ans Delhi 2012

(b) 4, 1, 4, 2 (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but

(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 reason is not the correct explanation of
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1 assertion.
Ans SQP 2014
36. Arrange the following statements in a logical
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 order.
1. Foreign trade helped Norlock integrate
34. Study the picture and answer the question
its market with world market.
that follows:
2. The opening up of economy caused the
producers in Norlock to compete with
local as well as international producers.

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page 595

And this very small percentage of people opportunities for Indian companies
who are engaged in agriculture in the US providing services particularly those
receive massive sums of money from the involving I.T. The Indian company
US government for production and for producing a magazine for the London
exports to other countries at low prices. based company and call centres are some
On the other hand, the developing examples.
countries like India have been asked (5) Entry of food processing companies:
to put restrictions on the provision of Many food processing companies such
subsidised foodgrains. This is unfair for as Coca-Cola, Pepsi have entered the
the developing countries who should ask country and are providing cold drinks
the developed countries to have free and and food products as well.
fair trade in the world and protect their (6) Creation of new jobs : Globalisation
interests. has created new jobs and has helped in
(b) The following steps may be taken to make reducing unemployment to some extent.
globalisation more fair : (7) Availability of goods of good quality at
(i) Labour laws should be implemented lower prices : Globalisation and greater
properly to avoid exploitation of the competition among producers-both
workers. local and foreign producer has been of
(ii) The government should negotiate at advantage to the consumers. They now
the WTO for “fairer rules”. enjoy improved quality at lower prices.

97. How has globalisation helped the Indian 98. Compare the positive and the negative
economy ? Explain with suitable Examples ? impact of globalisation.
Ans SQP 2015, 2009 Ans Foreign 2013

Globalisation has helped the Indian economy Positive impacts of globalisation :

in the following ways : (1) MNCs have increased their investments
(1) Increase in foreign investments : The over the past 25 years. They have been
foreign investments in Indian has interested in industries such as cell
increased over the past 20 years. phones, automobiles etc.
(2) Emergence of Indian companies as (2) In these industries and services, new jobs
multinational : Globalisation has enabled have been created. Also, local companies
some large Indian companies to emerge supplying raw materials etc. to these
as multinationals themselves like Tata induct~ as have prospered.
Motors (Auto-mobiles), Infosys (IT), (3) Several of the top companies have
Ranbaxy (medicine), Asian Paints been able to benefit from the increased
(Paints), TATA Steel etc. are some competition.
Indian companies which are spreading Negative impacts of globalisation :
their organisation worldwide. (1) MNCs are exerting a strong influence
(3) Wide choice of goods and services: Due on production posing a great threat for
to globalisation, we now have a cheaper domestic industries.
wide choice of goods and services before (2) While job prospects have increased,
us. The latest models of cars, digital wages are low and workers are forced to
cameras, mobile phones and televisions work overtime to make both ends meet.
made by the leading manufacturing (3) For a large number of small producers
companies of the world are now easily and workers globalisation has posed
available. major challenges. Globalisation has not
(4) Creation of new opportunities : been fair for all.
Globalisation has also created new

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

53. How would flexibility in labour laws help process. More and more goods and services,
companies? Explain. investments and technology are moving
o between countries. Most regions of the world
Describe any three ways in which flexibility are in closer contact with each other than a
in the labour laws help companies. few decades ago.
Ans Comp 2020
57. Why is India preferred destination for setting
(1) Companies could employ workers on a of MNCs ?
temporary basis so that they do not have Ans Foreign 2010
to pay them for the whole year.
(2) Long working hours and night shifts on a India is preferred destination for setting up
regular basis during the peak seasons. MNCs unit due to following reasons :
(3) Pay low wages to the workers and force (1) India has highly skilled engineers who
them to work overtime to earn high can understand the technical aspects of
profits. production.
(2) It has also educated English speaking
54. Evaluate the role of MNCs in the economic youths who can provide customer care
development of a country. services.
Ans Delhi 2019
(3) India has cheap labour resources.

Role of MNCs in the economic development : 58. How can the government make benefits of
(1) MNCs place order for production with globalisation available to all section of the
small producers. society ? Give any three steps ?
(2) MNCs are setting up partnerships with Ans OD 2014, 2011
local companies.
(3) They are interlinking markets all over the Government benefited of globalisation
world. process available to all section of the society
Following three steps makes it possible :
55. What are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) ? (1) Government initiated its support to small
Why have they been set up ? producer to improve their performance.
Ans OD 2013
(2) It is necessary for government to use
trade and investment barriers as a tool
Special Economic Zones are those industrial for development healthy competition.
areas which have been specially set up to (3) Government can negotiate at the WTO
attract foreign companies to invest in India. for fairer rules.
In such Special Economic Zones, world class
facilities like electricity, water, transport, 59. In recent years how our markets have been
storage, roads, recreational and educational transformed? Explain with examples.
facilities are available. Moreover, in such Ans Delhi 2015
Special Economic Zones, those companies
who set up their units are provided relaxation In the last few years, our markets have been
in taxes an initial period of five years. transformed as mentioned below :
(1) There is a wide choice of goods and
56. What is the role of MNCs in the globalisation services in the markets.
process? (2) The latest models of digital cameras,
Ans Delhi 2018
mobile phones and televisions made by
the leading manufacturers of the world
Role of MNCs in process of globalisation : are available in the markets. Not only
Globalisation is the process of rapid integration this these products are affordable and
or interconnection between countries. MNCs within reach of the people.
are playing a major role in the globalisation

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102. “Globalisation and greater competition (4) Wages are low and workers are forced to
among producers has been advantageous work overtime to make both ends meet.
to consumers.” Support the statement with (5) Workers are denied fair share of benefits
examples. brought about by globalisation.
Ans SQP 2012, 2010
104. “Globalisation has been advantageous to
(1) Undoubtedly, globalisation and greater consumers as well as to producers.” Support
competition among producers—both the statement with suitable examples.
local and foreign producers—has been of Ans SQP 2007
advantage to consumers, particularly in
the well-off sections in the urban areas. To Consumers :
(2) There is greater choice before these (1) Globalisation and greater competition
consumers who now enjoy improved among producers have been of advantage
quality and lower prices for several to consumers, particularly the well-off
products. As a result, these people today, sections in the urban areas.
enjoy much higher standard of living than (2) There is greater choice before these
was possible earlier. consumers.
(3) For example, the latest models of digital (3) They now enjoy improved quality and
cameras, mobile phones and televisions lower prices for several products.
made by the leading manufacturers of the (4) Today, these people enjoy much higher
world, are within our reach. standards of living than was possible
(4) Today, Indians are buying cars produced earlier.
by nearly all the top companies in the To Producers :
world. (1) MNCs are able to find the cheapest goods
(5) A similar explosion of brands can be seen in order to maximise their profits.
for many other goods : from shirts to (2) Globalisation has enabled some
televisions to processed fruit juices. large Indian companies to emerge as
Such wide-ranging choice of goods in our multinational corporations themselves.
markets is a relatively recent phenomenon. For example, Tata Motors, Infosys, etc.
(3) Globalisation has created new
103. What problems would be faced by the workers opportunities for companies providing
if employers cut down the cost of production services, particularly those involving IT.
to compete in the global market ?
105. Give any five arguments against globalisation.
Ans Foreign 2010
o
As cost of raw materials can not be reduced, ‘Bigger companies mean more exploitation.’
employers try to cut their labour costs to Give arguments to support the statement.
compete in the global market. As a result, Ans OD 2011
workers have to face the following problems :
(1) Where earlier ‘a factory used to employ (1) Entry of MNCs in a domestic market, may
workers on a permanent basis, now they prove harmful for small-scale producers
employ workers only on a temporary basis who are not able to compete with them.
so that they do not have to pay workers (2) MNCs buy local companies. The most
for the whole year. That is, their jobs are common route for MNCs investments
no longer secure. is to buy up local companies and then
(2) Workers also have to put in very long to expand production. MNCs with huge
working hours. wealth can quite easily do so.
(3) They have to work night shifts on a (3) The large MNCs have tremendous power
regular basis during the peak season. to determine price, quality, delivery and

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

99. Explain any three factors that have enabled (4) Several of the units have shut down
globalisation possible. rendering many workers jobless.
Ans OD 2010
(5) Ford Motors, an American company came
to India in 1995 and spent 1700 crores to
Following are the factors that have enabled set up a large plant near Chennai. By the
the process of globalisation : year 2014, Ford Motors was selling 77,000
(1) Improvement in transportation : This has cars in the Indian markets, while another
mar19 possible much faster delivery of 77,000 cars were exported from India to
goods across long distances at lower cost. South Africa, Mexico and Brazil.
(2) Improvement in information and
communication technology : It has 101. Explain the impact of globalisation on Indian
played a major role in spreading out agriculture.
production of services across countries. o
Telecommunication facilities are used to What is the meaning of globalisation ? Explain
contact one another around the world its any four impacts on Indian agriculture.
to access information instantly and to
communicate from remote areas. Ans Delhi 2010

(3) Liberalisation : Nations have removed Globalisation is the process by which the
many of the barriers to foreign trade and whole world becomes a single market.
foreign investment and thus, promoted (1) The impact of globalisation on Indian
and facilitated globalisation. agriculture has not been positive. The
(4) Multilateral trade agreement : This is to agriculture sector in India has been badly
promote foreign trade and free flow of affected by the globalisation.
investment. (2) Indian agriculture has been hit hard due
(5) Multinational Corporations : MNCs to foreign competition.
have increased foreign investment and (3) The liberalisation of foreign trade and
foreign trade which has led to greater investment in India was supported
integration of production and markets by some very powerful international
across countries and thereby globalisation organisations. World Trade Organisation
process. (WTO) is one such organisation whose
aim is to liberalise international trade. But
100. How do the large companies manipulate the in practice, it is seen that the developed
market ? Explain with examples. countries have unfairly retained trade
Ans Comp 2022, 2020 barriers e.g., on agricultural products.
The large companies manipulate the market (4) More than 60% of Indian population is
in the following ways : still engaged in agriculture sector while
(1) The large MNCs have tremendous power in the US, the share of this sector in total
to determine price, quality, delivery and employment is a tiny 0.5%. Yet, this very
labour conditions for the small producers small percentage of people in the U.S.
of other countries. receives massive sums of money from the
(2) So, they have posed major challenges for US government for production and for
large number of small producers. exports to other countries.
(3) For example batteries, capacitors, plastics, (5) That is why, US farmers can sell the farm
toys, dairy products and vegetable oils products at abnormally low prices that
are some of the main industries where the adversely affects farmers in the countries
small manufacturers have been hit hard like India.
due to competition.

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page 599

information on almost anything that we (2) India was a backward country. It was not
want to know. in a position to compete international
(5) IT has created various new opportunities. market earlier.
The Indian company producing a (3) The government of India desired to
magazine for the London based company promote only the investment of India’s
and various call centres are some capital.
significant examples. Reasons for removal of trade barriers :
(1) The government took on the basis of
109. Why is globalisation necessary for an perception, membership of W.T.O., an
economy? Give any five reasons. international organisation. Presently, 149
o countries are its member nations.
Give five arguments in favour of globalisation. (2) It was thought that WTO would protect
Ans Foreign 2014, 2012 India from the pressures of stronger
(1) MNCs have increased their investments trading partners as WTO’s rules envisage
over the past 25 years. They have been non¬discrimination in the form of
interested in industries such as cell National Treatment and most favoured
phones, automobiles, electronics, soft nation (MFN) treatment to India’s
drinks etc. These products have a large exports in the market of other WTO
number of well-off buyers. members.
(2) In these Industries and services, new jobs (3) It was said that members would not
have been created. Also, local companies discriminate tariff regimes among various
supplying raw materials, etc. to these WTO members as also would honour
industries have been prospered. their respective rules, regulations and
(3) Several of the top Indian companies have incentives, etc.
been able to benefit from the increased However, in implementation, WTO
competition. They have invested in agreements did just contrary to what was
the newer technology and production envisaged in its rules.
methods and raised their production 111. What are the various ways in which MNCs set
standards. up, or control production in other countries ?
(4) Moreo Ter, globalisation has enabled o
some large Indian companies to emerge Explain any four ways by which MNCs
as multinationals themselves e.g., Tata exercise control on production.
Motors, Infosys, etc.
(5) Globalisation has been created new Ans Comp 2021

opportunities for companies providing (1) MNCs set up production units close to
services, particularly those involving the markets; abundant supply of working
Information Technology. people and other inputs including
favourable government policies.
110. What was the reason for putting barriers (2) The money that spent to buy assets such
to foreign trade and foreign investment by as land, building, machines and other
the Indian government? Why did it wish to equipment, they received from USA in
remove these barriers? the most cases because about 90% MNCs
Ans Delhi 2006 are American origin.
Causes responsible for putting barriers : (3) They set up production jointly with
(1) Because the government wanted to some of the local companies of these
protect the interests of Indian industries countries. Initially, the benefit to the
— cottage, small scale and the large scale local company of such joint production
industries. was two-fold because MNCs gave it

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

labour conditions for the small producers (1) Many evidences indicate that not everyone
of other countries. has benefitted from globalisation. For
(4) MNCs have posed major challenges for example, small producers, workers, etc.
large number of small producers. They have not been benefitted from this.
have been hit hard due to competition. (2) People with education, skill and wealth
(5) The small industries in India employ have made the best use of the new
the largest number of workers in the opportunities. On the other hand, there
country next only to agriculture. Several are many people who have not shared the
of these units have shut down due to benefits.
tough competition by MNCs. As a result, (3) Only fair globalisation would create
many workers became jobless. These days opportunities for all, and also ensure that
most employers prefer to employ workers the benefits of globalisation are shared
flexibly. So, the workers’ jobs are no better.
longer secure. (4) The government can play a major role
in making this possible. Its policies must
106. Explain any three steps taken by the Central protect the interests, not only of the
and State Governments to attract foreign rich and the powerful, but also of all the
companies to invest in India. people in the country.
Ans OD 2005 (5) People can also play an important role in
Government attracts foreign investment in the struggle for fair globalisation. In the
the following ways : past few years, massive campaigns and
(1) Special Economic Zones have been set representation by people’s organisations
up to have world-class facilities such as have influenced important decisions
cheap electricity, water, roads, transport, relating to trade and investments at the
storage, recreational and educational World Trade Organisation.
facilities, etc. 108. “Information and communication technology
(2) The companies set up their units in SEZs has increased the pace of globalisation.”
which are exempted to pay tax for initial Justify the statement,
period of five years.
(3) Labour laws are made flexible. Ans SQP 2013

(4) Instead of hiring workers on a regular (1) Undoubtedly, information and

basis, companies may hire worker’s communication technology has increased
‘flexibly’ for short periods when there is the pace of globalisation. It has played a
intense pressure of work. This is done to major role in spreading out production of
reduce the cost of labour for the company. services across countries.
(5) Governments remove barriers on foreign (2) In recent times, technology in the areas of
trade and foreign investment so that telecommunications, computers, internet
goods could be imported and exported has been changing rapidly.
easily and also foreign companies could (3) Telecommunication facilities such as
set up factories and offices here. telephone including mobile phones, fax,
etc. are used to contact one another
107. “Only fair globalisation can give new shape around the world, to access information
to the world economy”. Explain. instantly, and to communicate from
Ans Delhi 2009 remote areas. This has been facilitated
Only fair globalisation can give new shape by sattellite communication devices.
to the world economy. This has the following (4) Computers have now entered almost
reasons : every field of activity. As a result of
internet services, we can obtain and share

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page 601

Thus, both the arguments have some Indian toys was higher as compared to
truth in them. However, if steps are taken Chinese ones.
to have a fair globalisation then the adverse 2. The statement that is true in reference
effects may be minimised and may not hurt to the consumer behaviour shown by
the country’s interest in development. Indian buyers in the toy market is that
consumers try to optimise in both quality
and price items.
3. The Chinese toys have made a global
CASE BASED QUESTIO presence including the Indian markets.
The reason behind the huge popularity of
115. Read the source given below and answer the Chinese toys in the Indian markets is the
questions that follow. affordable prices and the wide variety of
products availability in the market. They
Chinese manufacturers learn of an opportunity have clearly targeted the lower income
to export toys to India, where toys are sold at group and middle income group.
a high price. They start exporting plastic toys
to India. Buyers in India now have the option 116. Read the given extract and answer the
of choosing between Indian and Chinese toys. following questions.
Because of the cheaper prices and new designs, In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states
Chinese toys have become more popular in the met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first
Indian markets. Within a year, 70 to 80 per International Earth Summit. The Summit
cent of the toy shops have replaced Indian was convened for addressing urgent problems
toys with Chinese toys. of environmental protection and socio-
Toys are now cheaper in the Indian markets economic development at the global level.
than earlier. What is happening here? As a The assembled leaders signed the Declaration
result of trade, Chinese toys come into the on Global Climatic Change and Biological
Indian markets. In the competition between Diversity. The Rio Convention endorsed the
Indian and Chinese toys, Chinese toys prove global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda
better. Indian buyers have a greater choice 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in
of toys and at lower prices. For the Chinese the 21st century.
toy makers, this provides an opportunity to It is the declaration signed by world leaders
expand business. The opposite is true for in 1992 at the United Nations Conference
Indian toy makers. They face losses, as their on Environment and Development
toys are selling much less. (UNCED), which took place at Rio de
Questions : Janeiro, Brazil. It aims at achieving global
1. What was the most appropriate reason sustainable development. It is an agenda
for calling exporting toys to India by the to combat environmental damage, poverty,
Chinese ‘an opportunity’ ? disease through global co-operation on
2. What stands true in reference to the common interests, mutual needs and shared
consumer behaviour as shown by Indian responsibilities. One major objective of the
buyers in the toy market? Agenda 21 is that every local government
3. Why Chinese toys have taken over the should draw its own local Agenda 21.
Indian toy market? Questions :
Ans 1. When and where was the first International
1. The most appropriate reason for calling Earth Summit held?
exporting toys to India by the Chinese 2. Analyse the reason for adopting Agenda
‘an opportunity’ was that the price of 21 for achieving Sustainable Development
in the 21st century.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

capital necessary for purchase of capital 113. Globalisation will continue in the future. Can
assets i.e., machinery, plants etc. coupled you imagine what the world would be like
with technical know-how. twenty years. from now ? Give reasons for
(4) During some years, it carried on business your answer.
with local company as partner but Ans SQP 2012, 2007
finished product bore the brand-name of
MNC. Yes, I think the entire world would become a
(5) The product was launched in the Indian single market i.e., a global village like twenty
market at the most competitive price and years from now.
thus, consumers preferred MNC’s product My answer is based on the following reasons :
over that of local company. It resulted in (1) MNCs would produce goods and services
winding-up of local company. in those locations around the world which
(6) When Indian company lost its market, would be cheap for their production.
the MNC came forward to buy its (2) Foreign investment by MNCs would
business with all assets and good-will. increase much more.
Thus, local company was eliminated e.g., (3) Foreign trade between countries would
Hero-Honda, Maruti and Parakh Foods. sufficiently rise.
(4) A large part of the foreign trade would be
112. ‘The impact of globalisation has not been controlled by MNCs.
uniform’. Explain this statement. (5) More and more goods and services,
Ans OD 2010
investment and technology would move
between countries.
The impact of globalisation is not uniform. (6) There would be greater integration of
For some countries, it has been useful, while production and markets across countries
it is manifested and promote economic slavery due to greater foreign investment and
imposed on several other nation. foreign trade.
(1) Producers : Globalisation and greater
competition among producers-both 114. Supposing you find two people arguing :
local and foreign producers-have been One is saying globalisation has hurt our
of advantage to consumers, particularly country’s development. The other is telling,
the well-off sections in the urban areas globalisation is helping India to develop. How
but it has snatched basic needs from the would you respond to these arguments ?
vulnerable sections of Indian society. Ans Delhi 2020
(2) Labourers and local business houses : A
few wealthy companies are benefited and (1) I would respond that globalisation has
growing MNCs in their size like parasites not hurt our country’s development
while local producers in majority are left but is helping India to develop. But it
with no other option but to close their has benefited well-off consumers and
business. Unskilled labourers are not producers with skill, education and
accepted by MNCs or very rich companies. wealth.
(3) Effect on skilled labourers : A few (2) On the other hand, many small producers
skilled and technically qualified workers and workers have suffered as a result of
are looking globalisation as full moon the rising competition. They have not
while for majority of others, look it as a shared the benefits of globalisation.
threat for national economy. It is because (3) The government should try to make
flexible labour laws and stiff competition globalisation more fair. Fair globalisation
will economy snatched their sources of would create opportunities for all and
survival. ensure that the benefits of globalisation
are shared better.

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other country markets at low prices, adversely countries. The benefit to the local company
affecting farmers in these countries. of such joint production is two-fold. First,
MNCs can provide money for additional
Developing countries are, therefore, asking
investments, like buying new machines for
the developed country governments, “We have
faster production. Second, MNCs might bring
reduced trade barriers as per WTO rules. But
with them the latest technology for production.
you have ignored the rules of WTO and have
continued to pay your farmers vast sums of But the most common route for MNC
money. You have asked our governments to investments is to buy up local companies
stop supporting our farmers, but you are doing and then to expand production. MNCs with
so yourselves. Is this free and fair trade?” huge wealth can quite easily do so. To take an
Questions : example, Cargill Foods, a very large American
1. Name an institution which has an aim to MNC, has bought over smaller Indian
liberalise the international trade. companies such as Parakh Foods. Parakh
2. How far has the institution responsible Foods had built a large marketing network in
for free and fair trade succeeded in its various parts of India, where its brand was
aim? Explain by giving two reasons. well-reputed. Also, Parakh Foods had four oil
Ans refineries, whose control has now shifted to
Cargill. Cargill is now the largest producer of
1. WTO. edible oil in India, with a capacity to make 5
2. WTO establishes rules regarding million pouches daily. In fact, many of the top
international trade and sees that these MNCs have wealth exceeding the entire budgets
rules are followed. But, in practice it is of the developing country governments. With
seen that the developed countries don’t such enormous wealth, imagine the power and
follow WTO rules and retain trade influence of these MNCs.
barriers, whereas on the other hand Questions :
developing countries are forced to remove 1. Write any two conveniences for which
trade barriers. MNCs set production.
119. Read the extract and answer the questions 2. What is the difference between investment
that follow: and foreign investment?
In general, MNCs set up production where it 3. What is the common route for MNC
is close to the markets, where there is skilled investments? Give an example.
and unskilled labour available at low costs Ans
and where the availability of other factors of 1. MNCs set up production where it is close
production is assured. In addition, to the markets, where there is skilled and
MNCs might look for government policies unskilled labour available at low costs.
that look after their interests. Having assured 2. The money that is spent to buy assets
themselves of these conditions, MNCs set such as land, building, machines and
up factories and offices for production. The other equipment is called investment.
money that is spent to buy assets such as land, Investment made by MNCs is called
building, machines and other equipment is foreign investment.
called investment. Investment made by MNCs 3. The common route for MNC investments
is called foreign investment. Any investment is to buy up local companies and then
is made with the hope that these assets will to expand production. MNCs with huge
earn profits. wealth can quite easily do so. To take
an example, Cargill Foods, a very large
At times, MNCs set up production jointly Amer-ican MNC, has bought over smaller
with some of the local companies of these Indian companies such as Parakh Foods.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

3. Mention the aims of United Nations the WTO. Improvement in technology is a

Conference on Environment and fascinating area for students and you may,
Development (UNCED), which took with a few directions, encourage them to do
place at Rio de Janeiro. their own explorations.
Ans Questions :
1. Which factors are kept in mind by the
1. It was held from 3 June to 14 June, 1992 MNC’s for setting up the production?
in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. 2. How an MNC exert strong influence on
2. The reason for adopting Agenda 21 was production at distant locations?
to fight environmental damage, poverty, 3. State the factors which facilitated
disease through global cooperation on Globalisation.
common interests, mutual needs and
shared responsibilities. Ans
3. (a) To address urgent problems of 1. The factors which are kept in mind by
environmental protection and socio- the MNC’s for setting up the production
economic development at the global in another country includes
level. (i) Availability of cheap skilled labour
(b) To achieve global sustainable (ii) Proximity to markets
development. (iii)Favourable government policies
2. MNCs are exerting a strong influence on
117. Read the given extract and answer the production at distant locations by setting
following questions. up partnership with local companies, for
Most regions of the world are getting supplies and by competing with local
increasingly interconnected. While this companies or buying them.
interconnectedness across countries has many 3. Globalisation has been facilitated by
dimensions — cultural, political, social and several factors such as
economic - this chapter looks at globalisation (i) Rapid improvements in technology
in a more limited sense. It defines globalisation across the globe especially in the
as the integration between countries through developed countries.
foreign trade and foreign investments by (ii) Liberalisation of trade and investment
Multinational Corporations (MNCs). policies being adopted across the
world.
If we look at the past thirty years or so, we
find that MNCs have been a major force in 118. Read the source given below and answer the
the globalisation process connecting distant questions that follow :
regions of the world. Why are the MNCs
The agriculture sector provides the bulk of
spreading their production to other countries
employment and a significant portion of the
and what are the ways in which they are
GDP in India. Compare this to a developed
doing so? In order to discuss this rather than
country such as the US with the share of
relying on quantitative estimates, the rapid
agriculture in GDP at 1% and, its share in total
rise and influence of the MNCs has been
employment a tiny 0.5%. And, yet this very
shown through a variety of examples, mainly
small percentage of people who are engaged in
drawn from the Indian context. Globalisation
agriculture in the US receive massive sums of
has been facilitated by several factors.
money from the US government for production
Three of these have been highlighted: rapid and for exports to other countries. Due to this
improvements in technology, liberalisation of massive money that they receive, US farmers
trade and investment policies and pressures can sell the farm products at abnormally low
from international organisations such as prices. The surplus farm products are sold in

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company that owns or controls production in has been set up. Governments can use trade
more than one nation. MNCs set up offices barriers to increase or decrease (regulate)
and factories for production in regions where foreign trade and to decide what kinds of
they can get cheap labour and other resources. goods and how much of each, should come
into the country. The Indian government,
MNCs set up factories and offices for
after Independence, had put barriers to
production: The money that is spent to buy
foreign trade and foreign investment. This
assets such as land, building, machines
was considered necessary to protect the
and other equipment is called investment.
producers within the country from foreign
Investment made by MNCs is called foreign
competition. Industries were just coming
investment. Any investment is made with the
up in the 1950s and 1960s, and competition
hope that these assets will earn profits.
from imports at that stage would not have
Even more remarkable have been the allowed these industries to come up. Thus,
developments in information and India allowed imports of only essential items
communication technology. In recent times, such as machinery, fertilisers, petroleum etc.
technology in the areas of telecommunications, Note that all developed countries, during
computers, Internet has been changing rapidly. the early stages of development, have given
Telecommunication facilities (telegraph, protection to domestic producers through a
telephone including mobile phones, fax) variety of means. Starting around 1991, some
are used to contact one another around the far reaching changes in policy were made in
world, to access information instantly, and India. The government decided that the time
to communicate from remote areas. This has had come for Indian producers to compete
been facilitated by satellite communication with producers around the globe. It felt that
devices. competition would improve the performance of
Questions : producers within the country since they would
1. Why some companies called multinational have to improve their quality. This decision
corporations (MNCs)? was supported by powerful international
2. What do you understand by foreign organisations. Thus, barriers on foreign trade
investment? and foreign investment were removed to a
3. What type of technology are used to large extent. This meant that goods could be
contact one another around the world? imported and exported easily and also foreign
Ans companies could set up factories and offices
here. Removing barriers or restrictions
1. Some companies called multinational set by the government is what is known as
corporations (MNCs) because these liberalisation.
companies owns or controls production in Questions :
more than one nation. 1. What is trade barrier? Give one example.
2. Investment made by MNCs is called 2. What do you mean by the term
foreign investment. liberalisation?
3. Telecommunication facilities (telegraph, 3. How does government regulate foreign
telephone including mobile phones, fax) trade?
are used to contact one another around
Ans
the world.
1. When the government puts some
122. Read the extract and answer the questions restriction on the foreign trade and
that follows: foreign investment then it is called trade
Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier. barrier. One example of trade barrier is
It is called a barrier because some restriction tax.

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Ch 19 : Globalization and the Indian Economy CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

2. Removing barriers or restrictions set by

the government is known as liberalisation.
3. Governments can use trade barriers:
(i) To increase or decrease (regulate)
foreign trade.
(ii) To decide what kinds of goods and
how much of each should come into
the country.

www.nodia.i

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page 607

CHAPTER
20
Map Work

1. (a) Two places A and B have been marked on the outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the line drawn near them.
A. A place associated with Jallianwala Bagh incident.
B. A place associated with Peasants Satyagraha.

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Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three among the following
with suitable symbols.
C. A dam in Uttarakhand
D. A Software Technology Park in Karnataka
E. A seaport in Andhra Pradesh
F. Indira Gandhi International Airport
Ans

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page 609

2. (a) Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them on
the map and write their correct names on the line drawn near them.
A. A place where Congress session was held in 1920.
B. A place where Congress session was held in 1927.

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. Namrup Thermal Power Plant
D. Gandhinagar Software Technology Park
E. Tungabhadra dam
F. An International Airport in Delhi NCR.
Ans

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page 611

3. (a) Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them on
the map and write their correct names on the line drawn near them.
A. Jallianwala Bagh Incident
B. Calling of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

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Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same map of India, locate and label any three among the following with suitable
symbols.
C. Bengaluru Software Technology Park
D. Mangaluru Seaport
E. Indira Gandhi International Airport
F. Kakrapara Nuclear Plant
Ans

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page 613

4. (a) Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the line drawn near them.
A. Movement of Indigo Planters
B. Peasant Satyagraha

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Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India, locate any three features of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. An Airport in West Bengal
D. Ramagundam Thermal Power Plant
E. Thiruvananthapuram Software Technology Park
F. Tuticorin Port
Ans

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page 615

5. (a) Two places A and B are marked on that given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. A place where Civil Disobedience Movement started.
B. A place where Gandhiji went to organise a Satyagraha Movement amongst cotton mill
workers.

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Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. A major port on the South-East coast of India.
D. A major sugarcane producing state.
E. A Software Technology Park
F. A major dam in Odisha.
Ans

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page 617

6. (a) Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in September 1920.
B. The place where the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.

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Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. Singrauli Thermal Power Plant
D. A Major Seaport in Kerala
E. An International Airport in Punjab
F. A Software Technology Park in Uttar Pradesh.
Ans

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page 619

7. (a) Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The location of Indian National Congress Session of 1927.
B. The place where the Civil Disobedience Movement started.

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Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. Airport in Punjab
D. Software Technology Park in Maharashtra
E. Marmagao Sea Port
F. Kakrapara Nuclear Power Plant
Ans

www.nodia.i

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page 621

8. (a) Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place associated with the Jallianwala Bagh incident.
B. The place where the December 1920 session of the Indian National Congress took place.

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same map of India, locate and label any three among the following with symbol.
C. Tehri Dam
D. Chennai Software Technology Park
E. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
F. Narora Nuclear Power Plant
Ans

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page 623

9. (a) Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in December 1920.
B. The place where the Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha was conducted.

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Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same political map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. Namrup Thermal Power Plant
D. Kandla Port
E. Tungabhadra Dam
F. Raja Sansi International Airport
Ans

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page 625

10. (a) Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The location of the Indian National Congress Session of 1927.
B. A place where Gandhiji ceremonially violated the Salt Law and manufactured salt by
boiling salt sea water.

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. Hirakud dam
D. Tungabhadra darm
E. Bhakra Nangal dam
F. Salal dam
Ans

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page 627

11. (a) Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place associated with the cotton Mill’s worker’s Satyagraha
B. The place where an incident occurred due to which Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-
Cooperation Movement.

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the outline map of India, mark and locate the following with suitable symbols.
C. An airport
D. A software technology park
E. A dam
F. A seaport in Goa
Ans

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page 629

12. (a) Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where Congress Session was held in September 1920.
B. A place associated with Peasant Satyagraha.

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India, locate any three features of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. Meenambakkam Airport (Chennai)
D. A major port in Andhra Pradesh
E. A Nuclear Power Plant
F. Tehri Dam
Ans

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

page 631

13. (a) Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them. Identify the following features marked on
the map.
A. The place where the Congress Session adopted the Non-Cooperation Programme.
B. The place where the Movement of Indigo Planters took place.

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. A dam in Rajasthan
D. Namrup Nuclear Power Plant
E. A Software Technology Park in Uttar Pradesh
F. A Seaport in West Bengal
Ans

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

page 633

14. (a) Two places A and B have been marked on the outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the line drawn near them.
A. The place associated with the Congress session of September 1920.
B. The place where a violent incident caused Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation
Movement.

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable
symbols.
C. Rarnagundam Thermal Power Plant
D. Mumbai Port
E. Hyderabad International Airport
F. Tehri Dam
Ans

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

page 635

15. (a) Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and
write their correct names on the lines drown near them.
A. The place where Peasant Satyagraha took place.
B. The place associated with Jallianwala Bagh incident.

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

Ch 20 : Map Work CBSE chapterwise PYQ Class 10 Social Science

(b) On the same outline map of India label any three of the following with suitable symbols.
C. Noida Software Technology Park
D. A dam located in Mahanadi river
E. An airport in Chennai
F. Tarapur nuclear power plant
Ans

Downloaded From www.mcqgpt.com

MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS SOCIAL

STANDARD BASIC SCIENCE
SCIENCE
Class 10 Class 10 Class 10 Class 10

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

POLITICAL INFORMATION
GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Class 10 Class 10 Class 10
Class 10

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

ARTIFICAL
HOME INTELIGENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Class 10 Class 10 Class 10

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MATHEMATICS PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY

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COMPUTER
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APPLIED
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History POLITICAL
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HOME
SCIENCE
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MATHEMATICS PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY

Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

COMPUTER
SCIENCE ACCOUNTANCY ECONOMICS BUSINESS
STUDIES
APPLIED
MATHEMATICS
Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

ENGLISH HINDI ENGLISH HINDI

CORE CORE ELECTIVE ELECTIVE GEOGRAPHY
Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

History POLITICAL
SCIENCE SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY
HOME
SCIENCE
Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12 Class 12

MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS SOCIAL

STANDARD BASIC SCIENCE
SCIENCE
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NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

POLITICAL INFORMATION
GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Class 9 Class 9 Class 9
Class 9

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE NODIA CBSE

ARTIFICAL
HOME INTELIGENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY
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Class 9 Class 9 Class 9

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