Basic Algebra

EX 2.1
Question 1.

Solution:

3.14 ∈ Q
0, 4 are integers and 0 ∈ Z, 4 ∈ N, Z, Q
22
∈ Q
7

Question 2.
Prove that √3 is an irrational number.
(Hint: Follow the method that we have used to prove √2 ∉ Q.
Solution:
Suppose that √3 is rational P
⇒ 3 is a factor of q also
so 3 is a factor ofp and q which is a contradiction.
⇒ √3 is not a rational number
⇒ √3 is an irrational number

Question 3.
Are there two distinct irrational numbers such that their difference is a rational number? Justify.
Solution:
Taking two irrational numbers as 3 + √2 and 1 + √2
Their difference is a rational number. But if we take two irrational numbers as 2 – √3 and 4 +
√ 7.

Their difference is again an irrational number. So unless we know the two irrational numbers we
cannot say that their difference is a rational number or irrational number.

Question 4.
Find two irrational numbers such that their sum is a rational number. Can you find two irrational
numbers whose product is a rational number.
Solution:
(i) Let the two irrational numbers as 2 + √3 and 3 – √3
Their sum is 2 + √3 + 3 – 3√3 which is a rational number.
But the sum of 3 + √5 and 4 – √7 is not a rational number. So the sum of two irrational numbers
is either rational or irrational.

(ii) Again taking two irrational numbers as π and their product is √3 and √2 = √3 × √2
3

which is irrational, So the product of two irrational numbers is either rational or irrational.

Question 5.
Find a positive number smaller than 1
1000
. Justify.
2

Solution:
There will not be a positive number smaller than 0.
So there will not be a +ve number smaller than 1
1000
2

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Prove that √5 is an irrational number.
Solution:
Suppose that √5 is rational

So let p = 5c
substitute p = 5c in (1) we get
(5c)2 = 5q2 ⇒ 25c2 = 5q2

⇒ 5 is a factor of q also
So 5 is a factor of p and q which is a contradiction.
⇒ √5 is not a rational number
⇒ √5 is an irrational number
Question 2.
Prove that 0.33333 = 1

Solution:
Let x = 0.33333….
10x = 3.3333 ….
10x – x = 9x = 3
 EX 2.2

Question 1.
Solve for x.

(i) |3 – x| < 7
Solution:
⇒ -7 < 3 – x < 7 3 – x > -7
-x > -7 -3 (= -10)
-x > -10 ⇒ x < 10
3–x<7
– x < 7 – 3 (= 4)
– x < 4x > -4 … .(2)
From (1) and (2) ⇒ x > -4 and x < 10
⇒ -4 < x < 10

(ii) |4x – 5| ≥ -2
Solution:

(iii)
Solution:

(iv) |x| – 10 < -3

Solution:
|x| < -3 + 10 (= 7)
|x| < 7 ⇒ -7 < x < 7

Question 2.
Solve 1

|2x−1|
< 6 and express the solution using the interval notation.
Solution:

Question 3.
Solve -3|x| + 5 ≤ – 2 and graph the solution set in a number line.
Solution:
-3|x| + 5 ≤ – 2
⇒ -3 |x| ≤ – 2 – 5 (= -7)
-3|x| ≤ – 7 ⇒ 3 |x| ≥ 7

Question 4.
Solve 2|x + 1| – 6 ≤ 7 and graph the solution set in a number line.
Solution:

Question 5.
Solution:

Question 6.
Solve |5x – 12| < -2
Solution:

AdditionalQuestions

Question 1.

Solution:
Question 2.

Solution:

⇒ x – 2< – 1 (or) x – 2 > 1 and – 2 < x – 2 < 2

⇒ x < 1 (or) x > 3 and -2 + 2 < x < 2 + 2
⇒ x < 1 (or) x > 3 and 0 < x < 4 Hence, the required solution is (0, 1) ∪ (3, 4)

Question 3.

Solution:
Question 4.
Solve: |x – 1| ≤ 5, |x| ≥ 2
Solution:
|x – 1| ≤ 5 and |x| ≥ 2
⇒ -5 ≤ x – 1 ≤ 5 and x ≤ -2 (or) x > 2
⇒–5+1≤x≤5+1
⇒ -4 ≤ x ≤ 6 and x ≤ -2 (or) x ≥ 2
Hence x < [-4, -2] ∪ [2, 6]

Question 5.

Solution:
 EX 2.3

Question 1.
Represent the following inequalities in the interval notation:
Solution:

⇒ x ∈ [-1, 4)

[] closed interval, end points are included

() ➝ open interval
end points are excluded

(ii) x ≤ 5 and x ≥ -3[i] x ≤ 5 and x ≥ -3

Solution:

x ∈ [-3, 5)

(iii) x < -1 or x < 3

Solution:

x ∈ (-∞, -1) or x ∈ (-∞, 3)

(iv) – 2x > 0 or 3x – 4 < 11

Solution:
-2x > 0 ⇒ 2x < 0 ⇒ x < 0
x ∈ (-∞, 0)
3x – 4 < 11
⇒ 3x – 4 + 4 < 11 + 4

Question 2.
Solve 23x < 100 when
(i) x is a natural number,
(ii) x is an integer.
Solution:
23x <100
(i.e.,) x > 4.3
(i) x = 1, 2, 3, 4 (x ∈ N)
(ii) x = …. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (x ∈ Z)

Question 3.
Solve -2x ≥ 9 when
(i) x is a real number,
(ii) x is an integer,
(iii) x is a natural number.
Solution:
-2x > 9 ⇒ 2x ≤ -9

(ii) x = …. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

(iii) x = 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 4.

Solution:

(ii)
Solution:

Question 5.
To secure A grade one must obtain an average of 90 marks or more in 5 subjects each of maximum 100
marks. If one scored 84, 87, 95, 91 in first four subjects, what is the minimum mark one scored in the fifth
subject to get A grade in the course?
Solution:
Required marks = 5 × 90 = 450
Total marks obtained in 4 subjects = 84 + 87+95 + 91 = 357
So required marks in the fifth subject = 450 – 357 = 93

Question 6.
A manufacturer has 600 litres of a 12 percent solution of acid. How many litres of a 30 percent acid
solution must be added to it so that the acid content in the resulting mixture will be more than 15 percent
but less than 18 percent?
Solution:
12% solution of acid in 600 l ⇒ 600 × 12

100
= 72 l of acid
15% of 600 l ⇒ 600 × = 90 l
15

100

18% of 600 l ⇒ 600 × 18

100
= 108 l
Let x litres of 18% acid solution be added

(600 + x)15 ≥ 7200 + 30x

9000+ 15x ≥ 7200 + 30x
1800 ≥ 15x
x ≤ 120
Let x litres of 18% acid solution be added

10800 + 18 ≤ 7200 + 30x

3600 ≤ 12x
x > 300
The solution is 120 ≤ x > 300

Question 7.
Find all pairs of consecutive odd natural numbers both of which are larger than 10 and their sum is less
than 40.
Solution:
Let the two numbers be x and x + 2
x + x + 2 < 40
⇒ 2x < 38

⇒ x< 19 and x > 10

so x = 11 ⇒ x + 2 = 13
x = 13 ⇒ x + 2 = 15
x = 15 ⇒ x + 2 = 17
When x = 17 ⇒ x + 2 = 19
So the possible pairs are (11, 13), (13, 15), (15, 17), (17, 19)

Question 8.
A model rocket is launched from the ground. The height h of the rocket after t seconds from lift off is
given by h(t) = -5t2 + 100t; 0 ≤ r ≤ 20. At what time the rocket is 495 feet above the ground?
Solution:
h(t) = -5t2 + 1oot
at t = 0, h(0) = 0
at t = 1, h(1) = -5 + 100 = 95
at t = 2, h(2) = -20 + 200 = 180
at t =3, h(3) = -45 + 300 = 255
at t = 4, h(4) = -80 + 400 = 320
at t = 5, h(5) = -125 + 500 = 375
at t = 6, h(6) = – 180 + 600 = 420
at t = 7, h(7) = -245 + 700 = 455
at t = 8, h(8) = – 320 + 800 = 480
at t = 9, h(9) = -405 + 900 = 495
So, at 9 secs, the rocket is 495 feet above the ground.

Question 9.
A Plumber can be paid according to the following schemes: In the first scheme he will be paid Rs. 500
plus Rs.70 per hour, and in the second scheme he will be paid Rs. 120 per hour. If he works x hours, then
for what value of x does the first scheme give better wages?
Solution:
I scheme with x hr
500 + (x- 1) 70 = 500 + 70x – 70
= 430 + 70x
II scheme with x hours
120x
Here I > II
⇒ 430 + 70x > 120x
⇒ 120x – 70x < 430
50x < 430
50x 430
<
50 50

x < 8.6 (i.e.) when x is less than 9 hrs the first scheme gives better wages.

Question 10.
A and B are working on similar jobs but their annual salaries differ by more than Rs 6000. If B earns Rs.
27000 per month, then what are the possibilities of A’s salary per month?
Solution:
A’s monthly salary = ₹ x
B’s monthly salary = ₹ 27000
Their annual salaries differ by ₹ 6000
A’s salary – 27000 > 6000
A’s salary > ₹ 33000
B’s salary – A’s salary > 6000
27000 – A’s salary > 6000
A’s salary < ₹ 21000
A’s monthly salary will be lesser than ₹ 21,000 or greater than ₹ 33,000

AdditionalQuestions

Question 1.

Solution:

Multiplying both sides by 30, we get 15x ≥ 2(4x – 1) ⇒ 15x ≥ 8x – 2⇒ 15x – 8x ≥ -2

 Question 2.
Ravi obtained 70 and 75 marks in first two unit tests. Find the minimum marks he should get in the third
test to have an average of at least 60 marks.
Solution:
Let x be the marks obtained by Ravi in the third test.

⇒ 145 + x ≥ 180 ⇒ x >180 – 145

⇒ x ≥ 35
Thus, Ravi must obtain a minimum of 35 marks to get an average of at least 60 marks.
Note. A minimum of 35 marks.
⇒ Marks greater than or equal to 35.

Question 3.
To receive Grade ‘A’ in a course, one must obtain an average of 90 marks or more in five examinations
(each of 100 marks). If Sunita’s marks in first four examinations are 87, 92, 94 and 95, find minimum
marks that Sunita must obtain in fifth examination to get Grade ‘A’ in the course.
Solution:
Let x be the marks obtained by Sunita in the fifth examination. Then,

⇒ 368 + x ≥ 450 ⇒ x ≥ 450 – 368

⇒ x ≥ 82
Thus, Sunita must obtain marks greater than or equal to 82,
i. e., a minimum of 82 marks.

Question 4.
Find the pairs of ceonsecutive odd positive integers both of which are smaller than 10 such that their sum
is more than 11.
Solution:
Let x be the smaller of the two consecutive odd positive integers, then the other is x + 2 .
According to the given conditions.
 x < 10, x + 2 < 10 and x + (x + 2) > 11
⇒ x < 10, x < 8

So the ranges of values are 42.87 < x < 47.23

From (1) and (2), we get 9

9

2
<x<8
Also, x is an odd positive integer. x can take values 5 and 7.
So, the required possible pairs will be (x, x + 2) = (5, 7), (7, 9)

Question 5.
Find all pairs of consecutive even positive integers, both of which are larger than 5 such that their sum is
less than 23.
Solution:
Let x be the smaller of the two consecutive even positive integers, then the other is x + 2. According to
the given conditions.

Also, x is an even positive integer.

x can take the values 6, 8 and 10.
So, the required possible pairs will be (x, x + 2) = (6, 8), (8, 10), (10, 12)

Question 6.
Forensic Scientists use h = 61.4 + 2.3F to predict the height h in centimetres for a female whose thigh
bone (femur) measures F cm. If the height of the female lies between 160 to 170 cm find the range of
values for the length of the thigh bone?
Solution:
Given h = 61.4 + 2.3 F
Given h = 160 ⇒ 160 = 61.4 + 2.3 F
⇒ 2.3 F = 160 – 61.4 = 98.6

Given h = 170 ⇒ 170 = 61.4 + 2.3 F

⇒ 170 – 61.4 = 2.3 F
2.3F = 108.6

So the ranges of values are 42.87 < x < 47.23

 EX 2.4
Question 1.
Construct a quadratic equation with roots 7 and -3.
Solution:
The given roots are 7 and -3
Let α = 7 and β = -3
α+β=7–3=4
αβ = (7)(-3) = -21
The quadratic equation with roots α and β is x2 – (α + β) x + αβ = 0
So the required quadratic equation is
x2 – (4) x + (-21) = 0
(i.e.,) x2 – 4x – 21 = 0

Question 2.
A quadratic polynomial has one of its zeros 1 + √5 and it satisfies p(1) = 2. Find the quadratic
polynomial.
Solution:
Given α = 1 + √5 So, β = 1 – √5

The quadratic polynomial is

p(x) = x2 – (α + β)x + αβ
p(x) = k (x2 – 2x – 4)
p( 1) = k(1 – 2 – 4) = -5 k
Given p (1) = 2

Question 3.
If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + √2x + 3 = 0, form a quadratic polynomial with
zeroes 1/α, 1/β.
Solution:
α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + √2x + 3 = 0
11th Maths Exercise 2.4 Answers Question 4.
If one root of k(x – 1)2 = 5x – 7 is double the other root, show that k = 2 or – 25.
Solution:
k(x – 1)2 = 5x – 7
(i.e.,) k(x2 – 2x + 1) – 5x + 7 = 0
x2 (k) + x(-2k – 5) + k + 1 = 0
kx2 – x(2k + 5) + (k + 7) = 0
Here it is given that one root is double the other.
So let the roots to α and 2α
2(4k2 + 25 + 20k) = 9k (k + 7)
2(4k2 + 25 + 20k) = 9k2 + 63k
8k2 + 50 + 40k – 9k2 – 63k = 0
-k2 – 23k + 50 = 0
k2 + 23k – 5o = 0
(k + 25)(k – 2) = 0
k = -25 or 2

Exercise 2.4 Class 11 Question 5.

If the difference of the roots of the equation 2x2 – (a + 1)x + a – 1 = 0 is equal to their product then
prove that a = 2.
Solution:
Question 6.
Find the condition that one of the roots of ax2 + bx + c may be
(i) negative of the other
(ii) thrice the other
(iii) reciprocal of the other.
Solution:
(i) Let the roots be α and -β
Sum of the roots = – b/a = 0 ⇒ b = 0

(ii) Let the roots be α, 3α

Question 7.
If the equations x2 – ax + b = 0 and x2 – ex + f = 0 have one root in common and if the second
equation has equal roots that ae = 2(b + f).
Solution:

Question 8. Discuss the nature of roots of

(i) -x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
(ii) 4x2 – x – 2 = 0
(iii) 9x2 + 5x = 0
Solution:
(i) -x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
⇒ comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0
∆ = b2 – 4ac = (3)2 – 4(1)(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13 > 0
⇒ The roots are real and distinct

(ii) 4x2 – x – 2 = 0
a = 4, b = -1, c = -2
∆ = b2 – 4ac = (-1)2 – 4(4)(-2) = 1 + 32 = 33 >0
⇒ The roots are real and distinct

(iii) 9x2 + 5x = 0
a = 9, b = 5, c = 0
∆ = b2 – 4ac = 52 – 4(9)(0) = 25 > 0
⇒ The roots are real and distinct

Question 9.
Without sketching the graphs find whether the graphs of the following functions will intersect the x-
axis and if so in how many points.
(i) y = x2 + x + 2
(ii) y = x2 – 3x – 1
(iii) y = x2 + 6x + 9
Solution:
Question 10.
Write f(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 in completed square form.
Solution:

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Find the values of k so that the equation x2 = 2x (1 + 3k) + 7(3 + 2k) = 0 has real and equal roots.
Solution:
The equation is x2 – x(2) (1 + 3k) + 7 (3 + 2&) = 0
The roots are real and equal
⇒ ∆ = 0 (i.e.,) b2 – 4ac = 0
Here a = 1, b = -2 (1 + 3k), c = 7(3 + 2k)
So b2 – 4ac = 0 ⇒ [-2 (1 + 3k)]2 – 4(1) (7) (3 + 2k) = 0
(i.e.,) 4 (1 + 3k)2 – 28 (3 + 2k) = 0
(÷ by 4) (1 + 3k)2 – 7(3 + 2k) = 0
1 + 9k2 + 6k – 21 – 14k = 0
9k2 – 8k – 20 = 0
(k – 2)(9k + 10) = 0

To solve the quadratic inequalities ax2 + bx + c < 0 (or) ax2 + bx + c > 0

Question 2.
If the sum and product of the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 – 5x + c = 0 are both equal to 10
then find the values of a and c.
Solution:
The given equation is ax2 – 5x + c = 0
Let the roots be α and β Given α + β = 10 and αβ = 10

Question 3.
If α and β are the roots of the equation 3x2 – 4x + 1 = 0, form the equation whose roots are
2
α

β
and
2
β

Solution:
Question 4.
If one root of the equation 3x2 + kx – 81 = 0 is the square of the other then find k.
Solution:

Question 5.
If one root of the equation 2x2 – ax + 64 = 0 is twice that of the other then find the value of a
Solution:
 EX 2.5
Question 1.
Solve 2x2 + x – 15 ≤ 0.
Solution:
To find the solution of the inequality
ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 or ax2 + bx +c ≤ 0 (for a > 0)
First we have to solve the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
Let the roots be a and P (where a < P)
So for the inequality ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 the roots lie outside α and β
(i.e.,) x ≤ α and x ≥ β
So for the inequality ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0. The roots lie between α and β
(i.e.,) x > α and x < β (i.e.) a ≤ x ≤ β
Question 2.
Solve -x2 + 3x – 2 ≥ 0
Solution:
-x2 + 3x – 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x2 – 3x + 2 ≤ 0
(x – 1) (x – 2) ≤ 0
[(x – 1) (x – 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 or 2. Here α = 1 and β = 2. Note that α < β]
So for the inequality (x – 1) (x – 2) ≤ 2
x lies between 1 and 2
(i.e.) x ≥ 1 and x ≤ 2 or x ∈ [1, 2] or 1 ≤ x ≤ 2

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Solve for x.

Solution:

Select the intervals in which (3x +1) (3x – 2) is positive

(3x + 1) > 0 and (3x – 2) > 0 or
3x +1 < 0 and 3x – 2 < 0
Question 2.

Solution:

Question 3.
Solution:
 Ex 2.6

Question 1.
Find the zeros of the polynomial function f(x) = 4x2 – 25
Solution:

Question 2.
If x = -2 is one root of x3 – x2 – 17x = 22, then find the other roots of equation.
Solution:
x = – 2 is one root

So applying synthetic division

Question 3.
Find the real roots of x4 = 16
Solution:
x4 = 16
⇒ x4 – 16 = 0
(i.e.,) x4 – 42 = 0
⇒ (x2 + 4)(x2 – 4) = 0
x2 + 4 = 0 will have no real roots
so solving x2 – 4 = 0
x2 = 4

Question 4.
Solve (2x + 1)2 – (3x + 2)2 = 0

Solution:
Additional Questions

Question 1.
Find the zeros of the polynomial function f(x) = 9x2 – 36
Solution:

If x = 2 is one root of x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 then find the other roots of the equation
Solution:
x = 2 is a root
so applying synthetic division

∴ The other factor is x2 + 4x + 3

Now x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (x – 2)(x2 + 4x + 3)
∴ x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 ⇒ (x – 2)(x2 + 4x + 3)
x – 2 = 0 or x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
x = 2 or (x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
⇒ x = -1 or -3
so the roots are x = -1, 2, -3
 Ex 2.7

Question 1.
Factorize: x4 + 1. (Hint: Try completing the square.)
Solution:

Question 2.
If x2 + x + 1 is a factor of the polynomial 3x3 + 8x2 + 8x + a, then find the value of a.
Solution:
Let 3x3 + 8x2 + 8x + a = (x2 + x + 1) (3x + a) .
Equating coefficient of x
8=a+3
8–3=a
a=5

Additional Questions Solved

Question 1.
Solve for x2 – 7x3 + 8x2 + 8x – 8 = 0. given 3 – √5 is a root
Solution:
when 3 – √5 is a root, 3 + √5 is the other root.
S.o.r. = (3 – √5) + (3 + √5) = 6
The equation is x2 – 6x + 4 = 0
Now x4 – 7x3 + 8x2 + 8x – 8 = (x2 – 6x + 4) (x2 + px – 2)
Equating co-eff of x
12 + 4p = 8
4p = 8 – 12 = -4
So the other factor is x2 – x – 2
Now solving x2 – x – 2 = 0

Question 2.
Solve the equation x3 + 5x2 – 16x – 14 = 0. given x + 7 is a root
Solution:
x3 + 5x2 – 16x – 14 = (x + 7) (x2 + px – 2)
Equating co-eff of x
7p – 2 = -16
7p = -16 + 2 = -14
⇒ p = -2
So the other factor is x2 – 2x – 2
 Ex 2.8

Question 1.
3
x (x−1)
Find all values of x for which >0
(x−2)

Solution:

Now we have to find the signs of

x3, x – 1 and x – 2 as follows
x3 = 0; x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1; x – 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
Plotting the points in a number line and finding intervals

So the solution set = (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞)

Question 2.

Solution:
Plotting the points 3/2, 2 and 4 on the number line and taking the intervals.

Question 3.

Solution:
Additional Questions

Question 1.

Solution:
 Ex 2.9

Question 1.

Solution:
Question 2.

Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:
Question 4.

Solution:

Question 5.

Solution:
Equating nuemarator on bothsides we get

Question 6.

Solution:

Equating numerator on both sides

(x – 2)2 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + c)(x)
Put x = 0
1=A
Equating co-eff of x2
1=A+B
(i.e.,) 1 + B = 1 ⇒ B = 0
put x = 1
A(2) + B + C = 0 (i.e.,) 2A + B + C = 0
2 + 0 + C = 0 ⇒ C = -2

Question 7.

Solution:
Since numerator and denominator are of same degree
we have divide the numerator by the denominator
Substituting the value in ….(1)

Question 8.

Solution:
Numerator is of greater degree than the denominator
So dividing Numerator by the denominator

⇒ 21x + 31 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 2)

Put x = -3
-63 + 31 = B(-1)
B = 32
Put x = -2
-42 + 31 = A(1) + B(0)
A = -11

Question 9.

Solution:
Question10.

Solution:
Equating Numerator on both sides we get
6x2 – x + 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + c)(x + 1)
6 + 1 + 1 = A(2) + 0 ⇒ 2A = 8 ⇒ A = 4
Equating co-eff of x2
6=A+B
(i.e.,) 4 + B = 6 ⇒ B = 6 – 4 = 2
put x = 0
1 = A+ C
4 + C = 1 ⇒ C = 1 – 4 = -3

Question 11.

Solution:
Since Numerator and are of same degree divide Numerator by the denominator

equating Numerator on both sides we get

x – 5 = A(x + 3) + B(x – 1)
Put x = -3
-3 -5 = A(0) + B(-4)
-4B = -8 ⇒ B = 2
Put x = 1
1 – 5 = A(4) + B(0)
4A = -4 ⇒ A = -1

Question 12.

Solution:
AdditionalQuestions

Question 1.

Solution:

Question 2.
Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:

Equating nemerator on b/s

9 = A(x+2)2 + B(x – 1)(x + 2) + C(x – 1)
Put x = -2
9 = A(0) + B(0) + C(-3)
-3C = 9 ⇒ C = -3
Put x = 1
9 = A (1 + 2)2 + B (0) + C(0)
9A = 9
A=1
Put x = 0
9 = 4A – 2B – C
9 = 4(1) – 2B + 3
9 – 7 = -2B
2 = -2B
B = -1

Question 4.

Solution:

Question 5.
Solution:

0 = 0 + B(1 + 2)
3B = 0 ⇒ B = 0
Put x = -2
(-2)3 – 1 = A(-2 – 1) + B(0)
-8 – 1 = -3A
-9 = -3A
A = 9/3 ⇒ A = 3
 Ex 2.10

Question 1.
x ≤ 3y, x ≥ y
Solution:
Given in equation are x ≤ 3y,x ≥ y
Suppose x = 3y ⇒ = = y
x

If x = y
Question 2.
y ≥ 2x, -2x + 3y ≤ 6
Solution:
Suppose y = 2x

-2x + 3y = 6
-2x = 6 – 3y
Question 3.
3x + 5y ≥ 45, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
If 3x + 5y = 45

x ≥ 0 is nothing but the positive portion of Y-axis and y ≥ 0 is the positive portion of X-axis.
Shaded region is the required portions.

Question 4.
2x + 3y ≤ 35, y ≥ 2, x ≥ 5
Solution:
If 2x + 3y = 35 then

y = 2 is a line parallel to X-axis at a distance 2 units

x = 5 is a line parallel to Y-axis at a distance of 5 units

The required region is below 2x + 3y = 35, above y = 2 and to the right of x = 5

Question 5.
2x + 3y ≤ 6, x + 4y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
If 2x + 3y = 6

x + 4y = 4
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 represents the area in the 1 quadrant.

The required region is below 2x + 3y = 6 and below x + 4y = 4 bounded by x-axis and y-axis.

Question 6.
x – 2y ≥ 0, 2x – y ≤ -2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution:
If x – 2y = 0

2x – y = -2
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 represents the portion in the 1 quadrant only.

Question 7.
2x + y ≥ 8, x + 2y ≥ 8, x + y ≤ 6.
Solution:
2x + y = 8

x + 2y = 8

x+y=6
AdditionalQuestions

Question 1.
3x + 2y ≤ 12, x ≥ 1, y ≥ 2
Solution:
The given inequality is 3x + 2y ≤ 12.
Draw the graph of the line 3x + 2y ≤ 12
Table of values satisfying the equation
3x + 2y ≤ 12

Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 3 × 0 + 2 × 0 ≤ 12

∴ Half plane of 3x + 2y ≤ 12 is towards origin
Also the given inequality is x ≥ 1.
Draw the graph of the line x = 1.

Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 0 ≥ 1 which is false.

∴ Half plane of x ≥ 1 is away from origin.
The given inequality is y ≥ 2.
Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 0 ≥ 2 which is false.
∴ Half plane of y ≥ 2 is away from origin.

Question 2.
x + y ≥ 4, 2x – y > 0
Solution:
The given inequality is x + y ≥ 4.
Draw the graph of the line x + y = 4.
Table of values satisfying the equation
x+y=4

Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 0 + 0 ≥ 4 ⇒ 0 ≥ 4, which is false.

∴ Half plane of x + y ≥ 4 is away from origin.
Also the given inequality is 2x – y > 0.
Draw the graph of the line 2x – y = 0.
Table of values satisfying the equation
2x – y = 0

Putting (3, 0) in the given inequation, we have 2 × 3 – 0 > 0 ⇒ 6 > 0, which is true.
∴ Half plane of 2x – y > 0 containing (3, 0)

Question 3.
x + y ≤ 9, y > x, x ≥ 0
Solution:
The given inequality is x + y ≤ 9.
Draw the graph of the line x + y = 9.
Table of values satisfying the equation
x+y=9

Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 0 + 0 ≤ 9⇒ 0 ≤ 9, is towards is origin.

∴ Half plane of x + y ≤ 9 is away from origin.
Also the given inequality is x – y < 0.
Draw the graph of the line x -y = 0.
Table of values satisfying the equation
x–y=0

Putting (0, 3) in the given inequation, we have 0 – 3 – 0 < 0 ⇒ -3 < 0, which is true.
∴ Half plane of x – y < 0 containing the points (0, 3).
Question 4.
5x + 4y ≤ 20, x ≥ 1, y ≥ 2
Solution:
The given inequality is 5x + 4y ≤ 20.
Draw the graph of the line 5x + 4y = 20.

Table of values satisfying the equation

5x + 4y = 20

Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 5 × 0 + 4 × 0 ≤ 20 ⇒ 0 ≤ 20, which is true.

∴ Half plane of 5x + 4y ≤ 20 is away from origin.
Also the given inequality is x ≥ 1.
Draw the graph of the line x = 1.
Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 0 ≥ 1, which is false.
∴ Half plane of x ≥ 1 is y ≥ 2.
Draw the graph of the line y = 2.
Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 0 ≥ 2, which is false.
∴ Half plane of y ≥ 2 is away from origin.

Question 5.
3x +4y ≤ 60, x + 3y ≤ 30, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution:
The given inequality is 3x + 4y ≤ 60.
Draw the graph of the line 3x + 4y = 60.
Table of values satisfying the equation
3x + 4y = 60
Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 3 × 0 + 4 × 0 ≤ 60 ⇒ 0 ≤ 60, which is true.
∴ Half plane of 3x + 4y ≤ 60 is towards origin.
Also the given inequality is x + 3y ≤ 30.
Draw the graph of the line x + 3y = 30.
Table of values satisfying the equation .
x + 3y = 30

Putting (0, 0) in the given inequation, we have 0 + 3 × 0 ≤ 30 ⇒ 0 ≤ 30, which is true.

∴ Half plane of x + 3y ≤ 30 is towards origin.
 Ex 2.11

Question 1.

Solution:
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)
Question 2.

Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.
Simplify and hence find the value of n : 32n92m-n/33n = 27
Solution:
Question 5.
Find the radius of the spherical tank whose volume is 32π/3 units.
Solution:

Question 6.

Solution:

Question 7.
Solution:

Question 8.

Solution:
Additional Questions Solved

Question 1.
Simplify (343)2/3
Solution:

Question 2.
Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:
squaring on bothsides
Question 5.

Solution:

L.C.M. of 2 and 3 is 6 & Raising to the power 6

since constant term is – 28
we can have a factor as (x ± 2) or (x ± 4) or (x ± 7)
By trial and error method we find that (x – 7) is a factor
 Ex 2.12

Question 1.
Let b > 0 and b ≠ 1. Express y = bx in logarithmic form. Also state the domain and range of the
logarithmic function.
Solution:
Given y = bx ⇒ logby = x, x ∈ R with range (0, ∞) (-∞, ∞)

Question 2.
Compute log927 – log279.
Solution:
Let log927 = x ⇒ 27 = 9x ⇒ 33 = (32)x = 32x
⇒ 2x = 3 ⇒ x = 3/2
Let log279 = x

Question 3.
Solve log8x + log4x + log2x = 11
Solution:
Question 4.

Solution:

Question 5.
Solution:

Question 6.

Solution:

Another methods

Question 7.
Solution:

Question 8.

Solution:

Question 9.

Solution:
Question 10.

Solution:

Question 11.
Solution:

Question 12.
Solve log5 – x(x2 – 6x + 65) = 2
Solution:
log5 – x(x2 – 6x + 65) = 2
⇒ x2 – 6x + 65 = (5 – x)2
x2 – 6x + 65 = 25 + x2 – 10x
⇒ x2 – 6x + 65 – 25 – x2 + 10x = 0
4x + 40 = 0 ⇒ 4x = -40
x = -10

AdditionalQuestions

Question 1.
Solution:

Question 2.

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:
 Ex 2.13

Choose the correct or the most suitable questions.

Question 1.
If |x + 2| ≤ 9, then x belongs to
(a) (-∞, -7)
(b) [-11, 7]
(c) (-∞, -7) ∪ [11, ∞)
(d)(-11, 7)
Solution:
(b) [-11, 7]
Hint:
-x – 2 ≤ 9 x + 2 ≤ 9
-x < 9 + 2 = 11 x ≤ 9 – 2 = 7
⇒ x ≥ -11
so x ∈ [-11, 7]

Question 2.
Given that x, y and b are real numbers x < y, b ≥ 0, then ……..
(a) xb < yb (b) xb > yb
(c) xb ≤ vb
(d) xlb ≥ ylb
Solution:
(a) xb < yb
Hint:

Question 3.

(a) [2, ∞]
(b) (2, ∞)
(c) (-∞, 2)
(d) (-2, ∞)
Solution:
(b) (2, ∞)
Hint:

Question 4.
The solution of 5x – 1 < 24 and 5x + 1 > -24 is …….
(a) (4, 5)
(b) (-5, -4)
(c) (-5, 5)
(d) (-5, 4)
Solution:
(c) (-5, 5)
Hint:

Question 5.
The solution set of the following inequality |x – 1| ≥ |x – 3| is …….
(a) [0, 2]
(b) (2, ∞)
(c) (0, 2)
(d) (-∞, 2)
Solution:
(b) (2, ∞)

Question 6.

(a) 16
(b) 18
(c) 9
(d) 12
Solution:
(b) 18
Hint:

Question 7.

(a) -2
(b) -8
(c) -4
(d) -9
Solution:
(c) -4
Hint:

Question 8.

(a) 0.5
(b) 2.5
(c) 1.5
(d) 1.25
Solution:
(a) 0.5
Hint:

Question 9.

(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 4
Solution:
(b) 1
Hint:

Question 10.
If 3 is the logarithm of 343, then the base is ……
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 6
(d) 9
Solution:
(b) 7
Hint.
⇒ logx343 = 3 ⇒ 343 = x3
(.i.e.,) 73 = x3 ⇒ x = 7
⇒x=7

Question 11.
Find a so that the sum and product of the roots of the equation 2x2 + (a – 3)x + 3a – 5 = 0 are equal
is ……..
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) 4
Solution:
(b) 2
Hint:

Question 12.
If a and b are the roots of the equation x2 – kx + 16 = 0 and satisfy a2 + b2 = 32, then the value of k
is ……
(a) 10
(b) -8
(c) (-8, 8)
(d) 6
Solution:
(c) -8, 8
Hint:
a + b = k ….(1) ab = 16 ….(2)
a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab = 32 .
k2 – 32 = 32 ⇒ k2 = 64 ⇒ k = ±8

Question 13.
The number of solutions of x2 + |x – 1| = 1 is ………
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 3
Solution:
(c) 2

We have two solutions 0, 1

Question 14.
The equations whose roots are numerically equal but opposite in sign to the roots of 3x2 – 5x – 7 =
0 is ……
(a) 3x2 – 5x – 7 = 0
(b) 3x2 + 5x – 7 = 0
(c) 3x2 – 5x + 7 = 0
(d) 3x2 + x – 7 = 0
Solution:
(b) 3x2 + 5x – 7 = 0
Hint:
Question 15.
If 8 and 2 are the roots of x2 + ax + c = 0 and 3, 3 are the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0, then the roots of
the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 are …….
(a) 1, 2
(b) -1, 1
(c) 9, 1
(d) -1, 2
Solution:
(c) 9, 1
Hint:
Sum = 8 + 2 = 10 = -a ⇒ a = -10
Product = 3 × 3 = 9 = b ⇒ b = 9
Now the equation x2 + ax + b = 0
⇒ x2 – 10x + 9 = 0
⇒ (x- 9) (x – 1) = 0
x = 1 or 9

Question 16.
If a and b are the real roots of the equation x2 – kx + c = 0, then the distance
between the points (a, 0) and (b, 0) is ……..

Solution:

Hint:
a + b = k, ab = c

Question 17.

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Solution:
(c) 3

Question 18.

(a) -1/2
(b) -2/3
(c) 1/2
(d) 2/3
Solution:
(a) -1/2
Hint:

Question 19.
The number of real roots of (x + 3)4 + (x + 5)4 = 16 is ……
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0
Solution:
(a) 4
Hint:
The equation is (x + 3)4 + (x + 5)4 = 16
(x + 3)4 + (x + 5)4 = 24
This is biquadratic equation. It has 4 roots.
Question 20.
The value of log3 11 . log11 13 . log13 15 . log15 27 . log27 81 is …….
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Solution:
(d) 4
Solution:
(d) 4
Hint.